In [1]:
# This Python 3 environment comes with many helpful analytics libraries installed
# It is defined by the kaggle/python docker image: https://github.com/kaggle/docker-python
# For example, here's several helpful packages to load in 

import numpy as np # linear algebra
import pandas as pd # data processing, CSV file I/O (e.g. pd.read_csv)
import spacy
from spacy.matcher import PhraseMatcher
from collections import defaultdict
from IPython.core.display import display, HTML
In [2]:
# Input data files are available in the "../input/" directory.
# For example, running this (by clicking run or pressing Shift+Enter) will list all files under the input directory

import os
for dirname, _, filenames in os.walk('kaggle/input'):
    for filename in filenames:
        print(os.path.join(dirname, filename))

# Any results you write to the current directory are saved as output.

kaggle/input\covid19-literature\df_covid.csv
In [3]:
data = pd.read_csv("kaggle/input/covid19-literature/df_covid.csv")
data.head()
Out[3]:
paper_id abstract body_text authors title journal abstract_summary abstract_word_count body_word_count
0 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f the human interferon ifninduced mxa protein is... influenza a viruses iav are severe human patho... Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H.... SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are<br>re... Sci Rep The human interferon (IFN)-induced MxA<br>pro... 924 5136
1 7db22f7f81977109d493a0edf8ed75562648e839 scorpine a small cationic peptide from the ven... the oldest known scorpions lived around 430 mi... Zhang, Chao. He, Xinlong... Recombinant Scorpine Produced Using SUMO<br>F... PLoS One Scorpine, a small cationic peptide from the<b... 253 3543
2 a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a background the complex interplay between viral... the emergence of severe acute respiratory synd... McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D.... The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα<br>s... BMC Syst Biol Background: The complex interplay between<br>... 255 5137
3 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6 NaN sjgrens syndrome ss is a connective tissue dis... Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo... Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Ce... J Immunol Res Not provided. 0 5977
4 2ce201c2ba233a562ee605a9aa12d2719cfa2beb background human adenovirus type 55 is a reeme... human adenovirus hadv is a common pathogen amo... Yi, Lina. Zou, LiRong... A cluster of adenovirus type B55 infection in... Influenza Other Respir Viruses Background: Human adenovirus type 55 is a<br>... 250 1289

Intro to NLP using SpaCy as taught in the Kaggle mini course

This is mostly a copy and paste job so certain variable names may not make sense.

In [4]:
# Full term list.
menu = ["infection","incubation","environmental stability",]

# To limit searches to a partial term list.
menu = menu[:3]

# Load the SpaCy model
nlp = spacy.blank('en')
nlp.max_length = 2000000

# Create the PhraseMatcher object. The tokenizer is the first argument. Use attr = 'LOWER' to make consistent capitalization
matcher = PhraseMatcher(nlp.vocab, attr='LOWER')

# Create a list of tokens for each item in the menu
menu_tokens_list = [nlp(item) for item in menu]

matcher.add("MENU",            # Just a name for the set of rules we're matching to
            None,              # Special actions to take on matched words
            *menu_tokens_list)
In [5]:
# item_ratings is a dictionary of lists. If a key doesn't exist in item_ratings,
# the key is added with an empty list as the value.
item_ratings = defaultdict(list)

for idx, review in data.iterrows():
    doc = nlp(review["body_text"])
    # Using the matcher from the previous exercise
    matches = matcher(doc)
    
    # Create a set of the items found in the review text
    found_items = [{"item":doc[item[1]:item[2]],
                    "match_excerpt":doc[item[1]-50:item[2]+50]}
                   for item in matches]
        
    # Update item_ratings with rating for each item in found_items
    # Transform the item strings to lowercase to make it case insensitive
    for item in found_items:
        item_ratings[str(item["item"]).lower()].append({"title":review["title"],
                                                        "authors":review["authors"],
                                                        "journal":review["journal"],
                                                        "index":idx,
                                                        "id":review["paper_id"],
                                                        "matches":len(matches),
                                                        "match_excerpt":item["match_excerpt"]})

Display search results

In [ ]:
for item in item_ratings.items():
    display(HTML(f'<h1>{item[0].upper()}</h1>'))
    for i in item[1]:
        marked_excerpt = str(i["match_excerpt"]).replace(item[0], f"<mark>{item[0]}</mark>")
        display(HTML(f"""<p>
                <strong>Title:</strong> {i["title"]}</br>
                <strong>Authors:</strong> {i["authors"]}</br>
                <strong>Journal:</strong> {i["journal"]}</br>
                <strong>Item:</strong> {item[0].capitalize()}</br>
                <strong>Index:</strong> {i["index"]}</br>
                <strong>ID:</strong> {i["id"]}</br>
                <strong>Number of matches:</strong> {i["matches"]}
            </p>
            <blockquote>...{marked_excerpt}...</blockquote>"""))

INFECTION

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

......

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...suitable for highthroughput screening supplementary figure s2a an arrayed genomewide sirna library of sirna pools 4 sirnas per gene targeting a total of 18119 human genes was transfected into a549mxa cells in triplicate 72 hours post transfection cells were infected with the h5n1rl reporter virus at a multiplicity of infection moi of 8 and 24 h later luciferase activity was determined utilizing renillaglo promega substrate fig 1a the ssmd was used to validate the quality of each plate ssmd 3 26 and hits were selected based on an average zscore 2 across triplicates supplementary figure s2bc this...

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...29 therefore a549 cells expressing aminoterminally streptavidintagged mxa strepmxa under control of a doxycyclineinducible promoter were generated alongside control cells expressing strepgfp strepmxa and strepgfp were induced with doxycycline for 24 hours and the cells were then either infected with h5n1rl or mock infected in triplicate 24 hours post infection cells were lysed and the streptagged proteins precipitated by affinity purification with streptactin sepharose beads precipitated proteins were digested and identified by mass fig 1b supplementary figure s3 mass spectrometry files were searched using maxquant and statistical analysis performed using msstats 30 31 none of the factors...

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...fig 1b supplementary figure s3 mass spectrometry files were searched using maxquant and statistical analysis performed using msstats 30 31 none of the factors were virusencoded 15 host cell factors qualified as highconfidence hits based on enrichment with the mxa bait vs the gfp bait during h5n1rl infection log2fc 2 pvalue 005 under statistical conditions to minimize false negatives or log2fc 2 pvalue 01 under statistical conditions to minimize false positives supplementary table s3 bioinformatic analysis of the combined rnai and proteomic datasets in the genomic and proteomic screens we identified 41 and...

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...s4a within this network of 13 factors 7 including mxa were identified in the sirna screen and 6 in the proteomic screen to validate the requirement of these 13 factors for mxa antiviral activity we transfected a549mxa cells with sirnas targeting the respective gene 4 sirnas per gene following infection with h5n1rl luciferase activity was measured to assess the antiviral effect we considered a factor to be validated if at least 2 out of 4 sirnas significantly increased virus replication by 90 log2fc 093 pvalue 005 compared to a nontargeting nt control sirna supplementary figure s4b those...

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...activity of mxa but do not act as mxaindependent restriction factors we made use of a549 wild type cells a549wt and the established cell line a549shmxa which stably overexpresses a short hairpin rna targeting mxa shmxa 16 due to the stable expression of shmxa even mxa induced by viral infection is expected to be immediately silenced upon infection with h5n1rl or a renillaexpressing reporter virus based on the mxasensitive iav strain asealmassachusetts11980 1011 h7n7rl high reporter activity was observed in a549wt and a549shmxa cells but replication was considerably reduced in a549mxa cells due to the presence of mxa supplementary figure...

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...mxaindependent restriction factors we made use of a549 wild type cells a549wt and the established cell line a549shmxa which stably overexpresses a short hairpin rna targeting mxa shmxa 16 due to the stable expression of shmxa even mxa induced by viral infection is expected to be immediately silenced upon infection with h5n1rl or a renillaexpressing reporter virus based on the mxasensitive iav strain asealmassachusetts11980 1011 h7n7rl high reporter activity was observed in a549wt and a549shmxa cells but replication was considerably reduced in a549mxa cells due to the presence of mxa supplementary figure s5a sirna knockdown of mxa mx1 casp9...

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...of smarca2 and casp9 to efficiently restrict influenza a viruses and in the absence of mxa smarca2 and casp9 do not display antiviral properties that smarca2 is required for the antiviral activity of mxa not only in the context of a reporter virus but also with wild type virus infection we performed sirna knockdown as before and infected a549mxa cells and a549shmxa cells with the mxasensitive h5n1 strain athailand1kan12004 at an moi of 0001 918 36 hours post infection viral titers were measured by plaque assay and knockdown efficiency was determined by western blot analysis fig 1f silencing...

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...the antiviral activity of mxa not only in the context of a reporter virus but also with wild type virus infection we performed sirna knockdown as before and infected a549mxa cells and a549shmxa cells with the mxasensitive h5n1 strain athailand1kan12004 at an moi of 0001 918 36 hours post infection viral titers were measured by plaque assay and knockdown efficiency was determined by western blot analysis fig 1f silencing of mxa mx1 in a549mxa cells elevated the virus titer by approximately 3 log 10 compared to cells treated with the nontargeting control sirna nt in which the virus was...

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...of simxa alone which is similar to that observed with both wildtype and reporter viruses in sismarca2treated a549shmxa cells fig 1e f supplementary figure s5b in summary these data confirm that smarca2 is required for efficient antiviral activity of mxa in the context of an h5n1 wild type virus infection smarca2 is required for isg induction but not for expression of mxa smarca2 is the atpase subunit of the baf chromatin remodeling complex this complex has been shown to have chromatin remodeling activity either in conjunction with smarca2 or another atpase subunit smarca4 depending on the development stage and...

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...depletion does not alter mxa induction by ifn this finding leads us to conclude that smarca2 is required for robust induction of isgs other than mxa which in turn support the antiviral activity of mxa thus in the absence of smarca2 cells expressing mxa should show increased susceptibility to iav infection analysis of smarca2silenced a549wt cells pretreated with 1000 uml ifn 24 h prior to h7n7rl infection revealed that in fact 8 table s5 gene ontology go term enrichment analysis revealed that the dataset was highly enriched in gene categories associated with ifn alpha and gamma responses fig 3b which...

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...is required for robust induction of isgs other than mxa which in turn support the antiviral activity of mxa thus in the absence of smarca2 cells expressing mxa should show increased susceptibility to iav infection analysis of smarca2silenced a549wt cells pretreated with 1000 uml ifn 24 h prior to h7n7rl infection revealed that in fact 8 table s5 gene ontology go term enrichment analysis revealed that the dataset was highly enriched in gene categories associated with ifn alpha and gamma responses fig 3b which is in line with our previous finding that smarca2 is required for establishment of an antiviral...

Title: SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are
required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses
Authors: Dornfeld, Dominik. Dudek, Alexandra H....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 0
ID: 25621281691205eb015383cbac839182b838514f
Number of matches: 13

...smarca2regulated factors are required for the antiviral activity of mxa sirna pools were used to silence each gene in a549mxa cells which were subsequently infected with h7n7rl to ensure sufficient induction of the selected factors and thus allow for knockdown the cells received 25 uml ifn 6 h prior to infection which was the minimal amount found to reduce viral reporter activity indicative of isg induction without diminishing it completely supplementary figure s7a none of the sirnas had cytotoxic effects supplementary figure s7b the effect of each sirna pool on virus replication ifn was determined and ranked according...

Title: Recombinant Scorpine Produced Using SUMO
Fusion Partner in Escherichia coli Has the Activities
against Clinically Isolated Bacteria and Inhibits the
Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia In Vitro
Authors: Zhang, Chao. He, Xinlong...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 1
ID: 7db22f7f81977109d493a0edf8ed75562648e839
Number of matches: 4

...arising from the venom of pandinus imperator was shown to have antibacterial and antiplasmodial activity in vitro [7] and has shown a potent toxic effect on sexual and asexual stages of plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum respectively and also a strong inhibition of dengue 2 virus denv2 infection [8] native scorpine purified from venom glands has a molecular mass of 8 350 da it has a peculiar structure compared to other known amps its nterminal amino acid sequence is similar to cecropins whereas its cterminal region has several disulfide bridges similar to the structure of...

Title: Recombinant Scorpine Produced Using SUMO
Fusion Partner in Escherichia coli Has the Activities
against Clinically Isolated Bacteria and Inhibits the
Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia In Vitro
Authors: Zhang, Chao. He, Xinlong...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 1
ID: 7db22f7f81977109d493a0edf8ed75562648e839
Number of matches: 4

...[38] [39] [40] our data showed that the recombinant scorpine was able to inhibit not only the growth of bacteria but aslo the biofilm formation of bacteria suggest that the potential clinical use of scorpine in the future malaria caused by plasmodium infection is one of the most debilitating parasitic diseases of humans with an estimated 225 million clinical cases and 781000 deaths per year [41] scorpine was shown to have antiplasmodial activities [7 8] so we investigated effects of recombinant scorpine on p falciparum as shown...

Title: Recombinant Scorpine Produced Using SUMO
Fusion Partner in Escherichia coli Has the Activities
against Clinically Isolated Bacteria and Inhibits the
Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia In Vitro
Authors: Zhang, Chao. He, Xinlong...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 1
ID: 7db22f7f81977109d493a0edf8ed75562648e839
Number of matches: 4

...5 the tested concentrations reduced plasmodium falciparum parasitemia over the time course of the experiment using p falciparum trophozoite stage cultures that were exposed to recombinant scorpine these data suggest that similar to that originally shown for native scorpine recombinant scorpine in e coli was able to inhibit the infection of plasmodium spp in summary the sumo fusion partner and customized expression and purification protocol described here have further improved the efficiency and lowered the costs of scorpine production the sumo fusion partner could also be widely applied to the industrial production of a variety of enzyme proteins in...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...extensively studied for decades yet the root causes remain poorly understood furthermore high mutation rates of rna viruses allow them to quickly adapt to changes in their host environment resulting in a complex system of virus and host restriction factor evolution [6] while several endpoints of viral infection can be measured in animal models of disease eg viral replication immune cell infiltration body weight loss time to death the molecular and cellular mechanisms that determine the severity of these effects are not wellresolved however high throughput molecular approaches offer a way to discover novel host response genes proteins...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...not clear that topology of coexpression networks derived from complex tissues with multiple cell types will be effective in prediction of wholeorganism phenotypes additionally little if any systematic experimental validation of networkbased predictions made from whole organism studies has been undertaken previously we published time course studies of sarscov infection in mice gathering transcriptomic data from multiple time points and doses we analyzed these data to identify critical targets using weighted gene correlation network analysis wgcna an approach which groups similarly behaving genes into modules then identifies genes with the most representative expression behavior within each module [20]...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...identify critical targets using weighted gene correlation network analysis wgcna an approach which groups similarly behaving genes into modules then identifies genes with the most representative expression behavior within each module [20] here we select additional targets using the previous dataset and determine their role in sarscov infection in mice weight loss phenotypes from infections in selected null mice were examined in new experiments reported here as well as from previously published studies we identified a novel player in the immune response to virus infection kepi an inhibitory subunit of the pp1 complex which protects against sarscov pathogenesis...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...select additional targets using the previous dataset and determine their role in sarscov infection in mice weight loss phenotypes from infections in selected null mice were examined in new experiments reported here as well as from previously published studies we identified a novel player in the immune response to virus infection kepi an inhibitory subunit of the pp1 complex which protects against sarscov pathogenesis we also found that receptors for the proinflammatory cytokine tnf promote pathogenesis presumably through excessive inflammation our results reveal new insight into the critical balance between overand understimulating the innate immune response to infection we validated several...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...response to virus infection kepi an inhibitory subunit of the pp1 complex which protects against sarscov pathogenesis we also found that receptors for the proinflammatory cytokine tnf promote pathogenesis presumably through excessive inflammation our results reveal new insight into the critical balance between overand understimulating the innate immune response to infection we validated several networkbased approaches systematically using multiple ko mouse strains from this and previous studies and found that ranking genes based on their network topology makes even better predictions of effect on pathogenesis than does wgcna or simple differential expression this study represents a critical step toward the validation...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...process this is the first instance of confirmation that network topology can be used to predict phenotypes in mice with experimental validation also the confirmed role of tnf receptors and the new role of kepi are novel contributions to sarscov literature to generate networks representing host response to viral infection we analyzed the transcriptional response to sarscov infection from a recently published study [20] in the previous study 20weekold c57bl6 j mice were mockinfected or infected with sarscov at 10 2 10 3 10 4 and 10 5 plaque forming units pfu lung tissues...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...that network topology can be used to predict phenotypes in mice with experimental validation also the confirmed role of tnf receptors and the new role of kepi are novel contributions to sarscov literature to generate networks representing host response to viral infection we analyzed the transcriptional response to sarscov infection from a recently published study [20] in the previous study 20weekold c57bl6 j mice were mockinfected or infected with sarscov at 10 2 10 3 10 4 and 10 5 plaque forming units pfu lung tissues were collected at 1 2 4 and 7...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...infected with sarscov at 10 2 10 3 10 4 and 10 5 plaque forming units pfu lung tissues were collected at 1 2 4 and 7 days postinfection dpi for microarray analysis mice infected with the highest dose experienced severe weight loss and either succumbed to infection or required humane euthanasia [20 21] mice infected with all other doses experienced transient weight loss and recovered from infection we used the transcriptomic data from this experiment to generate modules using the weighted gene correlation network analysis wgcna which establishes groups or modules of genes representing...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...collected at 1 2 4 and 7 days postinfection dpi for microarray analysis mice infected with the highest dose experienced severe weight loss and either succumbed to infection or required humane euthanasia [20 21] mice infected with all other doses experienced transient weight loss and recovered from infection we used the transcriptomic data from this experiment to generate modules using the weighted gene correlation network analysis wgcna which establishes groups or modules of genes representing the main expression patterns in the process being studied [20] wgcna identifies genes that are highly central to modules groups...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...the systemslevel phenotypes being studied in the experiments [12 [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] in the current study genes identified as topological hubs and bottlenecks are predicted to play important roles in regulating the host response to viral infection and may affect virusinduced disease severity we hypothesized that in general centrality in association networks and gene expression modules could identify important components of the host response to sarscov to examine this hypothesis we ranked all genes in our transcriptional network using betweenness centrality [28] and...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...to examine this hypothesis we ranked all genes in our transcriptional network using betweenness centrality [28] and degree centrality as well as k me values from wgcna analysis [20] to evaluate the performance of the rankings we gathered a set of 11 previously published sarscov infection studies [20 29 30] with ko mouse strains table 1 we considered studies where weight loss was used as a measure of pathogenicity using the compiled weight loss data we evaluated different ranking approaches for their ability to predict phenotypic outcome we assessed the ability of...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...predictions and it will be 05 for rankings that are equivalent to random choice of examples this assessment revealed that network measures could predict phenotype very well yielding roc aucs of 09 093 and 083 for betweenness centrality degree centrality and wgcna k me respectively differential expression after infection performed slightly worse than network measures giving an roc auc of 077 though these results were promising we wanted to validate the approach on novel predictions to further characterize the method we therefore followed up on more candidates by conducting sarscov infections in null mice in the previous study...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...given the fact that tnfrsf1b and tnfrsf1a constitute the primary receptor for tnf as a heterocomplex we included the tnfrsf1a1b double ko as well cxcr3 ido1 and ptgs2 were also selected based on prior interest in identifying critical mediators of the immuneinflammatory response not previously known to influence sarscov infection importantly all choices were heavily influenced by ko mouse availability we reasoned that allowing ko availability to influence target selection instead of choosing candidates at the absolute top of network rankings was a reasonable approach since networkbased scores are not expected to rank genes in the precise order of their...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...and importantly in the studies we used to validate our network method because the combined previous and current experiments provided data for genes occupying a wide range of network score values we assessed the effectiveness of network betweenness network degree centrality and wgcna analysis in identifying genes relevant to sarscov infection thus our assessment considers whether network topology can discriminate between presenceabsence of phenotype table 1 the results of performing an roc analysis on the combined set of published and novel targets fig 1 show a clear ability of network approaches to accurately classify pathogenesis phenotypes of null mutants as...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...weight loss data not shown titers from infected mice show a trend toward a modest increase in kepi null mice although the difference does not reach significance additional file 2 the tnf receptor 2 tnfrsf1b was identified by our analysis as having high degree centrality but we found that infection of tnfrsf1b mice had only a modest and nonsignificant effect on the weight loss phenotype data not shown tnf has two main receptors tnfrsf1a and tnfrsf1b and is a primary mediator of inflammation that has been implicated as important in response to upper respiratory virus infection [33]...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...we found that infection of tnfrsf1b mice had only a modest and nonsignificant effect on the weight loss phenotype data not shown tnf has two main receptors tnfrsf1a and tnfrsf1b and is a primary mediator of inflammation that has been implicated as important in response to upper respiratory virus infection [33] [34] [35] accordingly we also investigated the response of doublenull tnfrsf1a1b mice to infection with sarscov as can be seen in fig 2 the doublenull mouse is significantly protected from weight loss associated with infection indicating that tnf may promote...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...tnf has two main receptors tnfrsf1a and tnfrsf1b and is a primary mediator of inflammation that has been implicated as important in response to upper respiratory virus infection [33] [34] [35] accordingly we also investigated the response of doublenull tnfrsf1a1b mice to infection with sarscov as can be seen in fig 2 the doublenull mouse is significantly protected from weight loss associated with infection indicating that tnf may promote pathogenesis in sarscov infection through two redundant receptors though the effects on weight loss in these mutant mice were somewhat modest the...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...response to upper respiratory virus infection [33] [34] [35] accordingly we also investigated the response of doublenull tnfrsf1a1b mice to infection with sarscov as can be seen in fig 2 the doublenull mouse is significantly protected from weight loss associated with infection indicating that tnf may promote pathogenesis in sarscov infection through two redundant receptors though the effects on weight loss in these mutant mice were somewhat modest the results were consistent and repeatable across the five mice tested for each target providing a reasonable assessment of statistical significance for the...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...[34] [35] accordingly we also investigated the response of doublenull tnfrsf1a1b mice to infection with sarscov as can be seen in fig 2 the doublenull mouse is significantly protected from weight loss associated with infection indicating that tnf may promote pathogenesis in sarscov infection through two redundant receptors though the effects on weight loss in these mutant mice were somewhat modest the results were consistent and repeatable across the five mice tested for each target providing a reasonable assessment of statistical significance for the results obtained our transcriptional network model identified key...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...albeit at a lower resolution then deletion of a target gene in an experimental system should disrupt the expression of genes adjacent to the target in the predicted network or network neighbors in order to test this hypothesis we identified network neighbors of kepi and tnfrsf1b from the wild type infection studies as well as genes cooccupying the same wgcna modules of these genes we then analyzed the transcriptomes of the ko mouse strains during sarscov infection see methods and compared the genes predicted to be altered in the ko strain the network neighbors with those that were actually altered by...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...the predicted network or network neighbors in order to test this hypothesis we identified network neighbors of kepi and tnfrsf1b from the wild type infection studies as well as genes cooccupying the same wgcna modules of these genes we then analyzed the transcriptomes of the ko mouse strains during sarscov infection see methods and compared the genes predicted to be altered in the ko strain the network neighbors with those that were actually altered by transcriptome analysis because our network models do not predict activation or repression effects we can only predict that deletion of a target will have a significant...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...on the expression of its direct neighbors as compared to all other genes in the network figure 3 shows the expression changes in the target genes modules and network neighborhoods in infected ko mice deletion of the target genes caused predicted neighborhood genes to be significantly differentially regulated relative to infection of wild type mice p values 0001 for all cases examined not only were the gene expression values of neighborhood genes significantly different from other network genes the overlap between neighborhood genes and differentially expressed genes was significant as well p 05 by permutation test these results support...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...that the phenotypes of the resistant tnfrsf1a1b mice and susceptible kepi mice respectively would be reflected in the expression profiles of functional gene subsets and that this information could provide insight into the mechanisms behind the observed phenotypes gene expression in the ko mice was examined after sarscov infection and differentially expressed genes between infected wild type and ko mice were clustered based on their expression profiles and associated with functional gene ontology go categories arising from enrichment analysis fig 4a average fold changes for each cluster are provided in additional file 3 a heatmap of gene...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...4a average fold changes for each cluster are provided in additional file 3 a heatmap of gene fold change values for the indicated clusters is provided in additional file 4 the marked increase in pathogenesis we observed in the kepi mice was accompanied by modest increases relative to infection of wild type mice across most immune responserelated clusters only clusters with discernible functionality are shown the tnfrsf1a1b deletion showed a somewhat opposite decrease for most clusters at day 4 with this trend resolving or partially reversing at day 7 previous studies with various influenza strains found that increases in...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...found that increases in proinflammatory processes were correlated with increased levels of pathogenesis [36] our results for tnfrsf1a1b seem to agree with this finding since day 4 data reveals that the inflammationrelated cluster is significantly downregulated although day 7 shows a partial reversal of this effect the infection is largely resolved at this point and therefore this reversal is unrelated to pathogenicity interestingly the kepi demonstrated an increase in expression for genes in the same cluster it could therefore be surmised that the increased pathogenicity in the kepi is a direct result of increased inflammatory activity...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...neutrophils and monocytes are known to be key players in an inflammatory loop induced in influenza pathogenesis [36] accordingly we examined expression profiles of genes specific to these cells in kepiand tnfrsf1a1b mutant mice consistent with the role of infiltrating neutrophils and monocytes in response to infection we observed significant downregulation of both monocyte pvalue 000038 and neutrophil pvalue 00036 markers in the protected tnfrsf1a1b mice at day 4 postinfection but not at day 7 additional file 6 the susceptible kepi mice have somewhat elevated expression of neutrophil and monocyte markers at both...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...time points but as discussed above and the discussion section this is not likely to be a direct result of kepi losspp1activation but is likely a compensatory effect in this study we employed networkbased models of host response to sarscov to predict target nodes critical to the pathogenesis of infection we make two contributions in this paper firstly we demonstrate that ranking genes using unbiased network analysis provides good prediction of pathogenic phenotype in ko mice relative to levels expected by random chance second our work highlights the critical balance involved in regulating inflammatory machinery during sarscov infection and suggests...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...pathogenesis of infection we make two contributions in this paper firstly we demonstrate that ranking genes using unbiased network analysis provides good prediction of pathogenic phenotype in ko mice relative to levels expected by random chance second our work highlights the critical balance involved in regulating inflammatory machinery during sarscov infection and suggests that inhibition of tnf or pp1 signaling may represent viable avenues for future investigations into effective pharmaceutical therapies our network models of mouse lung response to infection with sarscov were based only on transcriptional data from infection of wild type mice to demonstrate the efficacy of our...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...to levels expected by random chance second our work highlights the critical balance involved in regulating inflammatory machinery during sarscov infection and suggests that inhibition of tnf or pp1 signaling may represent viable avenues for future investigations into effective pharmaceutical therapies our network models of mouse lung response to infection with sarscov were based only on transcriptional data from infection of wild type mice to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach we compiled results of ko mice from this and other studies that tested the role of various genes in sarscov infection of mice these candidates resulted in roughly equal...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...the critical balance involved in regulating inflammatory machinery during sarscov infection and suggests that inhibition of tnf or pp1 signaling may represent viable avenues for future investigations into effective pharmaceutical therapies our network models of mouse lung response to infection with sarscov were based only on transcriptional data from infection of wild type mice to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach we compiled results of ko mice from this and other studies that tested the role of various genes in sarscov infection of mice these candidates resulted in roughly equal numbers of positive and negative outcomes and thus represented an...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...our network models of mouse lung response to infection with sarscov were based only on transcriptional data from infection of wild type mice to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach we compiled results of ko mice from this and other studies that tested the role of various genes in sarscov infection of mice these candidates resulted in roughly equal numbers of positive and negative outcomes and thus represented an effective test of our approach target candidate identification through network analysis has been used previously but in silicoin vitro validation has only occurred in cell culture and bacterial systems [14 24...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...from our transcriptional analysis of the ko mice that the effect on predicted downstream genes is not complete future studies can use these data to refine the network model and provide predictions of dependency and directionality our results reveal opposite effects of kepi and tnf receptor removal during sarscov infection figure 5 depicts possible mechanisms for the effects of removing tnf or kepi during sarscov infection as shown in fig 5a kepi is known to inhibit pp1 which drives apoptosis in neutrophils in general pp1 exerts an antiinflammatory effect on innate immune machinery such that kepimediated pp1 inhibition promotes...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...not complete future studies can use these data to refine the network model and provide predictions of dependency and directionality our results reveal opposite effects of kepi and tnf receptor removal during sarscov infection figure 5 depicts possible mechanisms for the effects of removing tnf or kepi during sarscov infection as shown in fig 5a kepi is known to inhibit pp1 which drives apoptosis in neutrophils in general pp1 exerts an antiinflammatory effect on innate immune machinery such that kepimediated pp1 inhibition promotes inflammatory processes removing kepi fig 5b releases the restraint on pp1 likely resulting in a general...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...which drives apoptosis in neutrophils in general pp1 exerts an antiinflammatory effect on innate immune machinery such that kepimediated pp1 inhibition promotes inflammatory processes removing kepi fig 5b releases the restraint on pp1 likely resulting in a general downregulation of innate immunity and decreased capacity to resist the effects of infection and increased pathogenicity tnf is a potent driver of leukocytemediated inflammation which in the case of normal sarscov infection likely causes significant tissue damage removal of tnfrs fig 5c may disable a component of the inflammatory response such that tissue damage is diminished however nontnfrelated mechanisms eg through il1...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...pp1 inhibition promotes inflammatory processes removing kepi fig 5b releases the restraint on pp1 likely resulting in a general downregulation of innate immunity and decreased capacity to resist the effects of infection and increased pathogenicity tnf is a potent driver of leukocytemediated inflammation which in the case of normal sarscov infection likely causes significant tissue damage removal of tnfrs fig 5c may disable a component of the inflammatory response such that tissue damage is diminished however nontnfrelated mechanisms eg through il1 tlr4 etc could still be able to control progress of the infection and the net result is decreased pathogenicity...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...which in the case of normal sarscov infection likely causes significant tissue damage removal of tnfrs fig 5c may disable a component of the inflammatory response such that tissue damage is diminished however nontnfrelated mechanisms eg through il1 tlr4 etc could still be able to control progress of the infection and the net result is decreased pathogenicity thus our studies appear to have highlighted the role of a critical balance between too little and too much inflammation in pathogenesis during murine sarscov infection interestingly we found that the expression of kepi doubles in tnfrsf1a1b mice during infection not shown...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...however nontnfrelated mechanisms eg through il1 tlr4 etc could still be able to control progress of the infection and the net result is decreased pathogenicity thus our studies appear to have highlighted the role of a critical balance between too little and too much inflammation in pathogenesis during murine sarscov infection interestingly we found that the expression of kepi doubles in tnfrsf1a1b mice during infection not shown suggesting the presence of a negative feedback loop between kepi and tnf signaling while kepi and tnf signaling do not directly oppose each other and they are clearly not the only two important...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...of the infection and the net result is decreased pathogenicity thus our studies appear to have highlighted the role of a critical balance between too little and too much inflammation in pathogenesis during murine sarscov infection interestingly we found that the expression of kepi doubles in tnfrsf1a1b mice during infection not shown suggesting the presence of a negative feedback loop between kepi and tnf signaling while kepi and tnf signaling do not directly oppose each other and they are clearly not the only two important components of inflammatory regulation study of both null mice reveals that simultaneously promoting kepimediated repression...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...signaling while kepi and tnf signaling do not directly oppose each other and they are clearly not the only two important components of inflammatory regulation study of both null mice reveals that simultaneously promoting kepimediated repression of pp1 signaling and limiting tnfdriven inflammation may lessen the pathogenic effects of sarscov infection this balance has been demonstrated previously by showing that targeting sarscovdriven inflammation through nfkappab signaling can alleviate sarscov pathogenicity in mice [41] targeting inflammation during sars through tnf inhibition has been previously recommended based on bioinformatics analysis and expert opinion however the current study provides the...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...avoid an overactive immune response and toxicity may be an issue inhibition of tnf receptor signaling may represent a more promising potential therapy since total deletion of tnfrs led to a favorable outcome the presence of semiredundant innate immune signaling remaining in tnfrnull mice is apparently sufficient to control sarscov infection so that signaling through these receptors can be aggressively targeted future studies will investigate the effects of these pharmaceutical therapies using the mouse model one seemingly contradictory result was the elevated expression of inflammationrelated genes in kepi mice this appears surprising given the antagonistic nature of pp1 signaling...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...on weight loss exhibited in our study the effects of kepi and tnfrsf1a1b on pathogenesis are likely to be part of a larger picture involving inflammation and their roles will require further investigation the current study provides 1 validation of network modeling approaches for identifying important players in virus infection pathogenesis and 2 a step forward in understanding the host response to an important infectious disease the results presented here suggest the role of kepi in the host response to sarscov as well as inflammatory activity driving pathogenesis through tnf signaling in sarscov infections these results will be further investigated...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...for 5 mice ko and wt controls groups of 3 mice were harvested for each strain and time point for titration and transcriptomic analysis mice were lightly anesthetized with ketaminexylazine and infected with 10 5 pfu of sarscov in a volume of 50 ml or given pbs for a mock infection all animals were given food and water ad libitum and weighed daily housing and husbandry was in accordance with unc iacuc protocols all ko mice tested were in c57bl6 background which is somewhat less sensitive to sarscov infection than balbc used in some other studies...

Title: The effect of inhibition of PP1 and TNFα
signaling on pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus
Authors: McDermott, Jason E.. Mitchell, Hugh D....
Journal: BMC Syst Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2
ID: a137eb51461b4a4ed3980aa5b9cb2f2c1cf0292a
Number of matches: 43

...in a volume of 50 ml or given pbs for a mock infection all animals were given food and water ad libitum and weighed daily housing and husbandry was in accordance with unc iacuc protocols all ko mice tested were in c57bl6 background which is somewhat less sensitive to sarscov infection than balbc used in some other studies...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...in a minority of cases in fact ss can progress to b cell lymphoma usually a mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue malt lymphoma [2] the initial trigger of ss is still unknown but subjects with a permissive genetic background are more likely to develop the disease following a microbial infection polymorphic variants of the genes involved in the immune response have been associated with susceptibility to ss and microorganisms such as hepatitis c virus hcv epsteinbarr virus ebv and t lymphotropic virus type i have been considered putative inducers of the disease as well as being implicated in carcinogenesis the...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...a permissive background to latent viral infections such as those due to ebv and favours the process of b cell transformation into malignant clones [11] whereas others have reported that irf5 may prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and that this mediator is characteristically downregulated during hcv infection [12] both ebv and hcv are associated with ss and may give rise to an aberrant activation of the immune system in genetically predisposed subjects moreover both viruses may develop a latent phase and induce genetic changes inside host cells thus leading to a malignant phenotype interestingly...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...of ifn can overpass the type i ifn signature represented by the ifn cascade [13] ifn secreted by t lymphocytes natural killer cells and macrophages plays an antimicrobial role and its increased levels during lymphomagenesis may represent the attempt of the immune system to counteract a chronic infection once the inflammatory cascade has been triggered glandular epithelial cells undergo apoptotic and proinflammatory processes that recruit cells belonging to both innate and acquired immunity histological studies of salivary glands have demonstrated the presence of infiltrates of macrophages dendritic cells natural killer cells and b and t lymphocytes b...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...ss patients and 30 controls revealed a cd8 lymphocyte signature associated with the expression of a disintegrin and metalloprotease adam thus indicating an activated phenotype [22] cd8 lymphocytes are involved in the defence against intracellular pathogens such as viruses and may represent a further link between viral infection and lymphomagenesis in this context the increase in cd8 lymphocytes in patients with more severe ss who are prone to develop lymphomas may represent an attempt of the immune system to prevent infected b cell proliferation among the cd4 lymphocytes t helper 17 th17 cells have been associated with...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

... the expression of micrornas is tissuerelated and may be induced by infectious stimuli for example infections due to helicobacter pylori seem to modulate the expression of some micrornas controlling cell proliferation and survival floch et al have demonstrated in a gastric malt lymphoma mouse model that chronic helicobacter pylori infection may induce the overexpression of micrornas 21a 135b 142a 150 and 155 which prevents the transcription of the gene coding for the proapoptotic protein tumor protein p53inducible nuclear protein 1 tp53inp1 [52] some of these micrornas control the production of antibodies including autoantibodies [53] ...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...transcription of the gene coding for the proapoptotic protein tumor protein p53inducible nuclear protein 1 tp53inp1 [52] some of these micrornas control the production of antibodies including autoantibodies [53] and others may belong to viruses infecting host cells as in the case of ebv infection [54] viral micrornas such as ebv microrna 181a may be overexpressed in infected cells and favour cell survival and proliferation thus paving the way for the development of proliferative disease the expression of microrna 155 which is involved in b cell growth is enhanced in lymphomas and...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...as ebv microrna 181a may be overexpressed in infected cells and favour cell survival and proliferation thus paving the way for the development of proliferative disease the expression of microrna 155 which is involved in b cell growth is enhanced in lymphomas and its overexpression may be driven by ebv infection through two ebvencoded proteins latent membrane protein1 lmp1 and eb nuclear antigen2 ebna2 [55] microbial infections may therefore modulate cell fate by means of epigenetic control and lead to the final development of a proinflammatory or neoplastic phenotype the human microbiome which consists of 100 trillion...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...bifidobacteriaceae that is finally responsible for autoimmunity [62] viral infections especially those due to ebv and hepatitis viruses are quite frequent in ss patients these viruses share the ability to integrate themselves into the host cell genome and use its transcriptional machinery to change latent to lytic infection [63 64] this is ultimately responsible for dna breaks and aberrant gene transcription ebv infection has been associated with the risk of developing a lymphoma the virus infects hematopoietic and epithelial cells and escapes clearance by the immune system by expressing different antigens at different stages of...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...and hepatitis viruses are quite frequent in ss patients these viruses share the ability to integrate themselves into the host cell genome and use its transcriptional machinery to change latent to lytic infection [63 64] this is ultimately responsible for dna breaks and aberrant gene transcription ebv infection has been associated with the risk of developing a lymphoma the virus infects hematopoietic and epithelial cells and escapes clearance by the immune system by expressing different antigens at different stages of the infection during latency it expresses six ebnas which immortalise b lymphocytes by preventing the activation of the...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...63 64] this is ultimately responsible for dna breaks and aberrant gene transcription ebv infection has been associated with the risk of developing a lymphoma the virus infects hematopoietic and epithelial cells and escapes clearance by the immune system by expressing different antigens at different stages of the infection during latency it expresses six ebnas which immortalise b lymphocytes by preventing the activation of the p53 pathway or enhancing kinase activity [65] in comparison with controls a colombian study of 82 ss patients found a significant increase in antiebv early antigen ebvea immunoglobulin g igg which...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...ebnas which immortalise b lymphocytes by preventing the activation of the p53 pathway or enhancing kinase activity [65] in comparison with controls a colombian study of 82 ss patients found a significant increase in antiebv early antigen ebvea immunoglobulin g igg which is indicative of a lytic infection and directly correlates with antirossassa52 and antilassb antibody titres and inversely with antirnp68 titres [66] ebvea is structurally and functionally similar to protooncogene b cell lymphoma 2 bcl2 which is involved in cell proliferation and survival and carcinogenesis [67] ebvinfected epithelial cells and b...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...titres [66] ebvea is structurally and functionally similar to protooncogene b cell lymphoma 2 bcl2 which is involved in cell proliferation and survival and carcinogenesis [67] ebvinfected epithelial cells and b lymphocytes may therefore express different viral antigens depending on the phase of the infection and the relative changes in transcriptomes may underlie the emergence of a neoplastic phenotype retroviruses can insert themselves into host cell dna modulate the transcription of cellular genes or generate aberrant transcripts that activate the innate immune response infections due to human immunodeficiency virus1 hiv1 and type 1 human...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...contribute to the disease by chronically stimulating b lymphocyte clones patients with pss produce polyclonal antibodies and have increased levels of c19 dim cd138 plasmablasts following h1n1 influenza vaccination as a result of hyperactive b cells [78] like other autoimmune diseases in ss the primary site of infection is often unknown and it is possible that lymphomas may be triggered by a previous infection that epigenetically primes the immune system and whose final repercussions affect districts that may be far from the original site of infection in support of this hypothesis experimental fasdeficient c57bl6lprlpr mice models have shown...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...and have increased levels of c19 dim cd138 plasmablasts following h1n1 influenza vaccination as a result of hyperactive b cells [78] like other autoimmune diseases in ss the primary site of infection is often unknown and it is possible that lymphomas may be triggered by a previous infection that epigenetically primes the immune system and whose final repercussions affect districts that may be far from the original site of infection in support of this hypothesis experimental fasdeficient c57bl6lprlpr mice models have shown that infection with murine cytomegalovirus is followed by the development of salivary gland infiltrates with undetectable...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...] like other autoimmune diseases in ss the primary site of infection is often unknown and it is possible that lymphomas may be triggered by a previous infection that epigenetically primes the immune system and whose final repercussions affect districts that may be far from the original site of infection in support of this hypothesis experimental fasdeficient c57bl6lprlpr mice models have shown that infection with murine cytomegalovirus is followed by the development of salivary gland infiltrates with undetectable virus [79] in addition multiple consecutive infections may epigenetically modify target cells to develop a final cancerous or proinflammatory...

Title: Microbial Agents as Putative Inducers of B Cell
Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome through an Impaired
Epigenetic Control: The State-of-The-Art
Authors: Talotta, Rossella. Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 3
ID: 6c3e1a43f0e199876d4bd9ff787e1911fd5cfaa6
Number of matches: 16

...often unknown and it is possible that lymphomas may be triggered by a previous infection that epigenetically primes the immune system and whose final repercussions affect districts that may be far from the original site of infection in support of this hypothesis experimental fasdeficient c57bl6lprlpr mice models have shown that infection with murine cytomegalovirus is followed by the development of salivary gland infiltrates with undetectable virus [79] in addition multiple consecutive infections may epigenetically modify target cells to develop a final cancerous or proinflammatory phenotype the risk of b cell lymphoma increases with the duration of ss approximately...

Title: A cluster of adenovirus type B55 infection in a
neurosurgical inpatient department of a general hospital in
Guangdong, China
Authors: Yi, Lina. Zou, LiRong...
Journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 4
ID: 2ce201c2ba233a562ee605a9aa12d2719cfa2beb
Number of matches: 5

...before the outbreak we also interviewed all the chief doctors and nurses working in these three units and enquired about the staffs routine practice in the involved neurosurgical department there are separated doctor offices nurse stations and nurse resting rooms within each unit the staff had basically followed the standard infection control procedures when they cared for the patients in the nurse stations and the resting rooms the nurses preferred not to wear any protective equipment they shared most office supplies such as computers medical records and examination records more often it was the nurses who visited the doctors offices for...

Title: A cluster of adenovirus type B55 infection in a
neurosurgical inpatient department of a general hospital in
Guangdong, China
Authors: Yi, Lina. Zou, LiRong...
Journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 4
ID: 2ce201c2ba233a562ee605a9aa12d2719cfa2beb
Number of matches: 5

...in nurse station a from which nurses from unit b and the nsicu sometimes pick up medicines other interactions between units were fewer one day before the outbreak nurses from unit a had a party in a karaoke bar control measures were implemented from june 23 when the hospital infection control committee was informed of this possible nosocomial infection environmental cleaning was enhanced selfprotections including hand hygiene and surgical mask wearing were reenforced all cases and their close contacts were followed up on june 27 due to the increasing number of cases further control measures were implemented staff with...

Title: A cluster of adenovirus type B55 infection in a
neurosurgical inpatient department of a general hospital in
Guangdong, China
Authors: Yi, Lina. Zou, LiRong...
Journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 4
ID: 2ce201c2ba233a562ee605a9aa12d2719cfa2beb
Number of matches: 5

...b and the nsicu sometimes pick up medicines other interactions between units were fewer one day before the outbreak nurses from unit a had a party in a karaoke bar control measures were implemented from june 23 when the hospital infection control committee was informed of this possible nosocomial infection environmental cleaning was enhanced selfprotections including hand hygiene and surgical mask wearing were reenforced all cases and their close contacts were followed up on june 27 due to the increasing number of cases further control measures were implemented staff with symptoms were either given medical leave or treated in...

Title: A cluster of adenovirus type B55 infection in a
neurosurgical inpatient department of a general hospital in
Guangdong, China
Authors: Yi, Lina. Zou, LiRong...
Journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 4
ID: 2ce201c2ba233a562ee605a9aa12d2719cfa2beb
Number of matches: 5

...isolated in the outbreak sequences of each gene were completely identical suggesting the outbreak was caused by the single viral introduction phylogenetic trees of fiber hexon and penton genes were constructed by integrating all closely related adenovirus sequences from this study identified a cluster of adenovirus type b55 infection in the neurosurgical inpatient department of a general hospital through targeted surveys the possibility of inpatients as the source of this outbreak was excluded we suggested that the pathogen of this outbreak may have been introduced into the hospital by nurses in unit a they had a party in a...

Title: A cluster of adenovirus type B55 infection in a
neurosurgical inpatient department of a general hospital in
Guangdong, China
Authors: Yi, Lina. Zou, LiRong...
Journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 4
ID: 2ce201c2ba233a562ee605a9aa12d2719cfa2beb
Number of matches: 5

...make a reliable distinction among these pathogens based on clinical signs and symptoms 26 to ensure case findings we used a sensitive definition of possible cases in this outbreak which may include both adenovirus and nonadenovirus infections as well as infected patients who may not have been involved in this infection cycle our investigation found 27 throat swab specimens with a hadvpositive status while pathogens for the remaining cases were not fully clarified therefore the attack rate may have been overestimated more laboratory tests should be carried out to understand pathogenic characteristics second based on our investigation we implicated...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...diseases when viruses infect the lungs respiratory viruses commonly target epithelial cells of the a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 airways and lungs these epithelial cells are responsible for detecting viral pathogens and initiating antiviral responses at the level of infected cells and the immune system and therefore their response to infection has an important role in determining disease outcomes knowledge of the shared and virusspecific responses of respiratory epithelial cells to infection by diverse viruses is fundamental to understanding viral pathogenesis and developing therapies to treat severe respiratory infections murine models of respiratory viral infections have been widely used to...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...lungs these epithelial cells are responsible for detecting viral pathogens and initiating antiviral responses at the level of infected cells and the immune system and therefore their response to infection has an important role in determining disease outcomes knowledge of the shared and virusspecific responses of respiratory epithelial cells to infection by diverse viruses is fundamental to understanding viral pathogenesis and developing therapies to treat severe respiratory infections murine models of respiratory viral infections have been widely used to identify the mechanisms that determine disease severity in the respiratory tract while these models are invaluable for evaluating pathology and host...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...viruses is fundamental to understanding viral pathogenesis and developing therapies to treat severe respiratory infections murine models of respiratory viral infections have been widely used to identify the mechanisms that determine disease severity in the respiratory tract while these models are invaluable for evaluating pathology and host responses to infection parallel in vitro studies can be used to identify gene expression and signaling pathway changes that occur in infected cells to mediate pathogenesis in this study we compare the gene expression response of murine lung epithelial cells to infection by three respiratory viruses used in murine models rhinovirus serotype rv1b...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...these models are invaluable for evaluating pathology and host responses to infection parallel in vitro studies can be used to identify gene expression and signaling pathway changes that occur in infected cells to mediate pathogenesis in this study we compare the gene expression response of murine lung epithelial cells to infection by three respiratory viruses used in murine models rhinovirus serotype rv1b in the family picornaviridae mouse hepatitis virus mhv strain 1 in the family coronaviridae and influenza a virus strain pr8 in the family orthomyxoviridae viruses from different families and with different replication strategies were chosen to identify which responses...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...three respiratory viruses used in murine models rhinovirus serotype rv1b in the family picornaviridae mouse hepatitis virus mhv strain 1 in the family coronaviridae and influenza a virus strain pr8 in the family orthomyxoviridae viruses from different families and with different replication strategies were chosen to identify which responses to infection in respiratory epithelial cells are shared and which are virusspecific in the following paragraphs we describe some of the key features of these three viruses in murine models minor group rhinoviruses including rv1b use lowdensity lipoprotein receptor to enter either human or murine cells because rv1b can replicate in...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...in ajstrain mice and milder pathology in other mouse strains [6 8] mouse straindependent disease severity corresponds to inflammatory responses fibrin deposition and reduced type i interferon ifn production [6] further type i ifnmediated signaling is required for protection from severe disease during mhv1 infection of resistant mice [8] mhv1 has been detected in pulmonary macrophages of infected mice but has not been reported to infect respiratory epithelial cells in vivo [6] although primary murine alveolar epithelial cells are susceptible to mhv1 infection in vitro their role during in...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...protection from severe disease during mhv1 infection of resistant mice [8] mhv1 has been detected in pulmonary macrophages of infected mice but has not been reported to infect respiratory epithelial cells in vivo [6] although primary murine alveolar epithelial cells are susceptible to mhv1 infection in vitro their role during in vivo infection is not clear [9] mice have been used for decades to study the pathogenesis of influenza one of the most commonly used strains of influenza a virus pr8 has been serially passaged in mice to produce a model for...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...resistant mice [8] mhv1 has been detected in pulmonary macrophages of infected mice but has not been reported to infect respiratory epithelial cells in vivo [6] although primary murine alveolar epithelial cells are susceptible to mhv1 infection in vitro their role during in vivo infection is not clear [9] mice have been used for decades to study the pathogenesis of influenza one of the most commonly used strains of influenza a virus pr8 has been serially passaged in mice to produce a model for pulmonary infection pr8 infection results in a range...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...vitro their role during in vivo infection is not clear [9] mice have been used for decades to study the pathogenesis of influenza one of the most commonly used strains of influenza a virus pr8 has been serially passaged in mice to produce a model for pulmonary infection pr8 infection results in a range of disease severities that is mouse straindependent [10] although susceptible mice mount a type i ifn response to pr8 infection lethal infection is associated with spread of virus to the alveoli and an excessive inflammatory response [10] [11...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...role during in vivo infection is not clear [9] mice have been used for decades to study the pathogenesis of influenza one of the most commonly used strains of influenza a virus pr8 has been serially passaged in mice to produce a model for pulmonary infection pr8 infection results in a range of disease severities that is mouse straindependent [10] although susceptible mice mount a type i ifn response to pr8 infection lethal infection is associated with spread of virus to the alveoli and an excessive inflammatory response [10] [11] [...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...most commonly used strains of influenza a virus pr8 has been serially passaged in mice to produce a model for pulmonary infection pr8 infection results in a range of disease severities that is mouse straindependent [10] although susceptible mice mount a type i ifn response to pr8 infection lethal infection is associated with spread of virus to the alveoli and an excessive inflammatory response [10] [11] [12] [13] pr8 replicates in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells of the lower respiratory tract in vivo and in primary murine respiratory epithelial...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...used strains of influenza a virus pr8 has been serially passaged in mice to produce a model for pulmonary infection pr8 infection results in a range of disease severities that is mouse straindependent [10] although susceptible mice mount a type i ifn response to pr8 infection lethal infection is associated with spread of virus to the alveoli and an excessive inflammatory response [10] [11] [12] [13] pr8 replicates in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells of the lower respiratory tract in vivo and in primary murine respiratory epithelial cells in...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...type ii cells although they do not maintain a highly differentiated type ii phenotype [16] strain a aj mice are highly susceptible to respiratory viral infections including mhv1 and influenza a viruses [6 10] other studies have demonstrated that la4 cells are susceptible to infection by pr8 and rv1b [15 17] in this study we show that la4 cells are also susceptible to infection by mhv1 hereafter referred to as mhv the gene expression response of la4 cells to infection by mhv pr8 and rv1b hereafter referred to as rv differed in...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...are highly susceptible to respiratory viral infections including mhv1 and influenza a viruses [6 10] other studies have demonstrated that la4 cells are susceptible to infection by pr8 and rv1b [15 17] in this study we show that la4 cells are also susceptible to infection by mhv1 hereafter referred to as mhv the gene expression response of la4 cells to infection by mhv pr8 and rv1b hereafter referred to as rv differed in timing and magnitude of the changes while we expected to see highly divergent transcription responses to these three viruses they induced expression...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...] other studies have demonstrated that la4 cells are susceptible to infection by pr8 and rv1b [15 17] in this study we show that la4 cells are also susceptible to infection by mhv1 hereafter referred to as mhv the gene expression response of la4 cells to infection by mhv pr8 and rv1b hereafter referred to as rv differed in timing and magnitude of the changes while we expected to see highly divergent transcription responses to these three viruses they induced expression of a surprisingly large overlapping set of shared genes including genes involved in antiviral responses however...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...with the three viruses at times t 0 h and t 12 h and harvest rna for microarray analysis at t 24 h controls were mockinoculated at both time points preliminary experiments were done to establish the growth kinetics of each virus and determine a multiplicity of infection moi that resulted in comparable numbers of cells positive for viral antigen at 24 h postinfection s1 fig based on this la4 cells were inoculated with 3 tcid 50 cell rv 1 pfucell pr8 or 3 pfucell mhv triplicate wells of la4 cells in 6well plates were inoculated with...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...vertebrate homology database provided by the jackson laboratory [25] as well as the annotate package in r mhv pr8 and rv alter cellular gene expression by different magnitudes and with different timing our goal was to evaluate the gene expression response of murine respiratory epithelial cells to infection by three unrelated respiratory viruses studied in murine models a preliminary study was undertaken to identify a murine cell line that was susceptible to infection by the three viruses la4 cells were chosen because mhv rv and pr8 established productive infections in this line as shown by increased viral titers...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...cellular gene expression by different magnitudes and with different timing our goal was to evaluate the gene expression response of murine respiratory epithelial cells to infection by three unrelated respiratory viruses studied in murine models a preliminary study was undertaken to identify a murine cell line that was susceptible to infection by the three viruses la4 cells were chosen because mhv rv and pr8 established productive infections in this line as shown by increased viral titers released from infected cultures over a 24 h infection s1 fig additionally comparable numbers of viral antigenpositive cells were observed for the three viruses 24...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...models a preliminary study was undertaken to identify a murine cell line that was susceptible to infection by the three viruses la4 cells were chosen because mhv rv and pr8 established productive infections in this line as shown by increased viral titers released from infected cultures over a 24 h infection s1 fig additionally comparable numbers of viral antigenpositive cells were observed for the three viruses 24 h after inoculation of la4 cells s1 fig to compare how unrelated respiratory viruses mhv pr8 and rv alter gene expression of murine epithelial cells we inoculated la4 cells with each of the...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...h after inoculation of la4 cells s1 fig to compare how unrelated respiratory viruses mhv pr8 and rv alter gene expression of murine epithelial cells we inoculated la4 cells with each of the three viruses and evaluated cellular gene expression by microarray analysis after 12 and 24 h of infection compared to mockinoculated controls fig 1 shows the log 2 fold change in expression level of genes that were differentially expressed in virusinfected compared to mockinoculated cells by plotting the changes in gene expression at 12 vs 24 hours we observed differences in magnitude and timing of gene expression changes...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...hours we observed differences in magnitude and timing of gene expression changes mediated by the three viruses the genes with significantly different expression in mhvinfected cells had low fold change values fig 1a at 24 h when gene expression changes were the highest genes that were upregulated by mhv infection had log 2 fold change values of less than five in contrast pr8 and rv induced expression of many genes by greater than five log 2 fold at 24 h and genes were spread consistently across the full range of values by 24 h the genes most strongly upregulated by...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...rv induced expression of large subsets of host genes they did so with different timing pr8induced changes in gene expression occurred at a constant rate the expression level of most genes at 24 h was approximately twice the expression value at 12 h fig 1b in contrast rv infection altered expression of a large number of genes by 12 h and the expression levels were maintained at approximately the same levels at the 24 h time point fig 1c taken together we observed differences in magnitude and timing of gene expression changes mediated by the three viruses the...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...large number of genes by 12 h and the expression levels were maintained at approximately the same levels at the 24 h time point fig 1c taken together we observed differences in magnitude and timing of gene expression changes mediated by the three viruses the limited response to mhv infection is in agreement with studies of other coronaviruses such as mhva59 [26] and sarscov [27 28] in addition to inducing minor transcriptional upregulation of host genes mhva59 shuts down host gene expression by enhancing mrna degradation [26] a related coronavirus sarscov also...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...addition to inducing minor transcriptional upregulation of host genes mhva59 shuts down host gene expression by enhancing mrna degradation [26] a related coronavirus sarscov also induces degradation of host mrnas [29] the low numbers of host mrnas that were altered in response to mhv infection in our study could be due to one or both of these mechanisms while rhinoviruses are known to downregulate host gene expression by inhibiting transcription [30] upon rv infection we saw robust early increases in host mrna expression fig 1c this is in agreement with other...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...host mrnas [29] the low numbers of host mrnas that were altered in response to mhv infection in our study could be due to one or both of these mechanisms while rhinoviruses are known to downregulate host gene expression by inhibiting transcription [30] upon rv infection we saw robust early increases in host mrna expression fig 1c this is in agreement with other transcriptome studies of major and minor serogroup rhinoviruses in human respiratory epithelial cells and experimental infections of humans [24 [31] [32] [33] [34...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...major and minor serogroup rhinoviruses in human respiratory epithelial cells and experimental infections of humans [24 [31] [32] [33] [34] the plateau in gene expression changes in rvinfected cells at 24 h may be due to transcriptional inhibition later in infection or the death of infected cells pr8 infection induced a strong transcriptional response in la4 cells which has also been seen with multiple strains of influenza a viruses in primary human and mouse airway or lung epithelial cells [35] [36] [37] [38]...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...epithelial cells and experimental infections of humans [24 [31] [32] [33] [34] the plateau in gene expression changes in rvinfected cells at 24 h may be due to transcriptional inhibition later in infection or the death of infected cells pr8 infection induced a strong transcriptional response in la4 cells which has also been seen with multiple strains of influenza a viruses in primary human and mouse airway or lung epithelial cells [35] [36] [37] [38] interestingly the differences in kinetics of host...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...] [38] interestingly the differences in kinetics of host cell gene expression did not correspond with differences in the kinetics of viral replication in this cell line s1 fig despite inducing 1 these data also demonstrate that the limited response of cellular gene expression to mhv infection was not due to limited infection of la4 cells s1 fig host genes have shared and unique responses to rv pr8 and mhv infection we identified which genes were altered by each virus at 24 h compared to mock and the degree of overlap among the differentially expressed genes...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...the differences in kinetics of host cell gene expression did not correspond with differences in the kinetics of viral replication in this cell line s1 fig despite inducing 1 these data also demonstrate that the limited response of cellular gene expression to mhv infection was not due to limited infection of la4 cells s1 fig host genes have shared and unique responses to rv pr8 and mhv infection we identified which genes were altered by each virus at 24 h compared to mock and the degree of overlap among the differentially expressed genes at 24 h rv infection resulted...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...viral replication in this cell line s1 fig despite inducing 1 these data also demonstrate that the limited response of cellular gene expression to mhv infection was not due to limited infection of la4 cells s1 fig host genes have shared and unique responses to rv pr8 and mhv infection we identified which genes were altered by each virus at 24 h compared to mock and the degree of overlap among the differentially expressed genes at 24 h rv infection resulted in upregulation of the largest number of genes followed by pr8 then mhv fig 2a a similar...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...limited infection of la4 cells s1 fig host genes have shared and unique responses to rv pr8 and mhv infection we identified which genes were altered by each virus at 24 h compared to mock and the degree of overlap among the differentially expressed genes at 24 h rv infection resulted in upregulation of the largest number of genes followed by pr8 then mhv fig 2a a similar pattern was seen with downregulated genes fig 2b while one might worry that some of the small number of significant genes that were altered by mhv could be false positives...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...while the majority of genes affected by pr8 and mhv were shared by at least one other virus s1 table contains the list of genes whose expression was significantly upregulated by all three viruses compared to mockinoculated cells these genes may reflect a global response of epithelial cells to viral infection several of the genes with the highest fold change values are involved in antiviral defense at the level of infected cells eg mx1 bst2 oas2 gbp10 or recruitment of immune cells eg cxcl10 cxcl11 cxcl1 these genes are upregulated by type i ifns suggesting that induction of a...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...relative magnitudes of gene expression changes between viruses to compare gene expression changes between viruses we plotted the log 2 fold change of each gene at 24 h for mhv vs rv vs pr8 fig 3a we only included genes that were differentially expressed in at least one viral infection compared to mock like fig 1 this 3d plot illustrates that pr8 and rv not only caused a larger number of genes to be upregulated compared to mhv but they also induced higher fold change values fig 3a for each of the three viruses we defined a signature gene...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...along the diagonal in fig 3b as expected rv had the largest number of signature genes followed by pr8 then mhv fig 3b interestingly the genes with the highest fold change values compared to mock were not signature genes but were upregulated by both pr8 and rv infection a pairwise analysis was performed to identify the number of genes with altered expression compared with mock in two viruses compared with the third this analysis shown in fig 3b reveals that rv and pr8 had the most similarities in both upand downregulated genes fig 3b purple blocks the...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...number of genes with altered expression compared with mock in two viruses compared with the third this analysis shown in fig 3b reveals that rv and pr8 had the most similarities in both upand downregulated genes fig 3b purple blocks the pattern of upregulated gene expression changes during mhv infection was more similar to pr8 24 genes than rv 6 genes this may reflect the fact that pr8 and mhv cause severe pathogenesis in mice whereas rvinfected mice do not exhibit clinical signs of disease among the six genes coupregulated by mhv and pr8 was tnf a key proinflammatory cytokine...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...that pr8 and mhv cause severe pathogenesis in mice whereas rvinfected mice do not exhibit clinical signs of disease among the six genes coupregulated by mhv and pr8 was tnf a key proinflammatory cytokine not shown several host defense genes were identified as signature genes uniquely upregulated by pr8 infection s3 table these genes included cytokines and chemokines cxcl9 ccl5 il12b ccl8 ifn response genes ifitm6 ifi27l2a ifna2 ifit2 ifitm5 ifna11 and genes involved in processing mhc class i antigens psmb10 tap2 h2q2 h2k1 psmd9 psme2 psme1 the significant upregulation of host defense genes in response to...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

... and genes involved in processing mhc class i antigens psmb10 tap2 h2q2 h2k1 psmd9 psme2 psme1 the significant upregulation of host defense genes in response to pr8 in the la4 cell line corresponds with the expression profile of murine type ii alveolar epithelial cells in response to pr8 infection in mice [39] pr8 infection in highly susceptible mouse strains results in dramatic upregulation of inflammationassociated genes when compared to resistant mouse strains [11] many studies in murine models of influenza a virus infection have demonstrated a relationship between an excessive inflammatory response and...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...i antigens psmb10 tap2 h2q2 h2k1 psmd9 psme2 psme1 the significant upregulation of host defense genes in response to pr8 in the la4 cell line corresponds with the expression profile of murine type ii alveolar epithelial cells in response to pr8 infection in mice [39] pr8 infection in highly susceptible mouse strains results in dramatic upregulation of inflammationassociated genes when compared to resistant mouse strains [11] many studies in murine models of influenza a virus infection have demonstrated a relationship between an excessive inflammatory response and disease severity [10] [11]...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...murine type ii alveolar epithelial cells in response to pr8 infection in mice [39] pr8 infection in highly susceptible mouse strains results in dramatic upregulation of inflammationassociated genes when compared to resistant mouse strains [11] many studies in murine models of influenza a virus infection have demonstrated a relationship between an excessive inflammatory response and disease severity [10] [11] [12] 15] furthermore infection of tlr3mice with influenza a virus results in a reduced inflammatory response and increased survival [40] our data support the role...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...dramatic upregulation of inflammationassociated genes when compared to resistant mouse strains [11] many studies in murine models of influenza a virus infection have demonstrated a relationship between an excessive inflammatory response and disease severity [10] [11] [12] 15] furthermore infection of tlr3mice with influenza a virus results in a reduced inflammatory response and increased survival [40] our data support the role of alveolar epithelial cells in generating this excessive inflammatory response in vivo several genes that were uniquely downregulated by pr8 are involved in cellular metabolic pathways...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...defense these were largely shared by pr8 so were not identified as signature genes the signature genes upregulated by rv included kallikrein1 and ten kallikrein1related peptidases and additional proteins involved in tissue remodeling s4 table although tissue remodeling is not likely to be relevant in murine models of rhinovirus infection alone due to the limited damage it may be an important factor in murine models of rhinovirusinduced allergic asthma [1 2 41] rhinovirus infections are a significant cause of asthma exacerbations which correspond with inflammatory responses in the airways kallikreins generate kinins and contribute to many disease...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...of rhinovirusinduced allergic asthma [1 2 41] rhinovirus infections are a significant cause of asthma exacerbations which correspond with inflammatory responses in the airways kallikreins generate kinins and contribute to many disease processes including inflammation kinins are induced by rhinovirus infections and kallikrein1 is upregulated by rhinovirus infection in humans especially those with asthma [42 43] upregulation of these genes in mouse cells upon rv infection would provide a tractable animal model in which to study the roles of kallikreins in rhinovirusinduced asthma exacerbations mucins which contribute to mucus hypersecretion are upregulated by rhinovirus infection...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...with inflammatory responses in the airways kallikreins generate kinins and contribute to many disease processes including inflammation kinins are induced by rhinovirus infections and kallikrein1 is upregulated by rhinovirus infection in humans especially those with asthma [42 43] upregulation of these genes in mouse cells upon rv infection would provide a tractable animal model in which to study the roles of kallikreins in rhinovirusinduced asthma exacerbations mucins which contribute to mucus hypersecretion are upregulated by rhinovirus infection of airway epithelial cells in vitro and in mice [1 44] muc2 was the only mucin gene upregulated...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...infection in humans especially those with asthma [42 43] upregulation of these genes in mouse cells upon rv infection would provide a tractable animal model in which to study the roles of kallikreins in rhinovirusinduced asthma exacerbations mucins which contribute to mucus hypersecretion are upregulated by rhinovirus infection of airway epithelial cells in vitro and in mice [1 44] muc2 was the only mucin gene upregulated by rv in our study and was unique to rv infection s4 table mhv infection resulted in regulation of a small set of signature genes fig 3b s5...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...the roles of kallikreins in rhinovirusinduced asthma exacerbations mucins which contribute to mucus hypersecretion are upregulated by rhinovirus infection of airway epithelial cells in vitro and in mice [1 44] muc2 was the only mucin gene upregulated by rv in our study and was unique to rv infection s4 table mhv infection resulted in regulation of a small set of signature genes fig 3b s5 table signature genes that were uniquely upregulated by mhv infection included multiple transcription factors from the double homeobox duxf3 dux dux4 and zinc finger and scan domain zscan4d zscan4c zscan4ps1 2...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...rhinovirusinduced asthma exacerbations mucins which contribute to mucus hypersecretion are upregulated by rhinovirus infection of airway epithelial cells in vitro and in mice [1 44] muc2 was the only mucin gene upregulated by rv in our study and was unique to rv infection s4 table mhv infection resulted in regulation of a small set of signature genes fig 3b s5 table signature genes that were uniquely upregulated by mhv infection included multiple transcription factors from the double homeobox duxf3 dux dux4 and zinc finger and scan domain zscan4d zscan4c zscan4ps1 2 and 3 families despite upregulating...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...1 44] muc2 was the only mucin gene upregulated by rv in our study and was unique to rv infection s4 table mhv infection resulted in regulation of a small set of signature genes fig 3b s5 table signature genes that were uniquely upregulated by mhv infection included multiple transcription factors from the double homeobox duxf3 dux dux4 and zinc finger and scan domain zscan4d zscan4c zscan4ps1 2 and 3 families despite upregulating expression of transcription factors mhv infection had a minor impact on the host cell transcriptome this may be due to enhanced degradation of mrnas...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...small set of signature genes fig 3b s5 table signature genes that were uniquely upregulated by mhv infection included multiple transcription factors from the double homeobox duxf3 dux dux4 and zinc finger and scan domain zscan4d zscan4c zscan4ps1 2 and 3 families despite upregulating expression of transcription factors mhv infection had a minor impact on the host cell transcriptome this may be due to enhanced degradation of mrnas as discussed above which has been shown to occur during other coronaviral infections [26 29] therefore la4 cells may be upregulating transcription in response to mhv infection through expression...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...factors mhv infection had a minor impact on the host cell transcriptome this may be due to enhanced degradation of mrnas as discussed above which has been shown to occur during other coronaviral infections [26 29] therefore la4 cells may be upregulating transcription in response to mhv infection through expression of various transcription factors while mhv causes degradation of these transcripts which would reflect the small number of upregulated transcripts in mhv infected samples in contrast to mhva59 mhv1 infection did not cause downregulation of a substantial number of host genes differences could be due to virus strain...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...coronaviral infections [26 29] therefore la4 cells may be upregulating transcription in response to mhv infection through expression of various transcription factors while mhv causes degradation of these transcripts which would reflect the small number of upregulated transcripts in mhv infected samples in contrast to mhva59 mhv1 infection did not cause downregulation of a substantial number of host genes differences could be due to virus strain host cell type and timing differences between the studies in contrast to the robust upregulation of genes involved in innate immunity and inflammatory responses by pr8 and rv the limited response of...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...a substantial number of host genes differences could be due to virus strain host cell type and timing differences between the studies in contrast to the robust upregulation of genes involved in innate immunity and inflammatory responses by pr8 and rv the limited response of infected epithelial cells to mhv infection may reflect the ability of mhv to replicate s1 fig without being detected by the host cell coronaviruses including mhv delay induction of antiviral responses multiple mechanisms have been proposed to account for this including replicating within double membrane vesicles ribose 2omethylation of viral mrna and endonuclease activity within the...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...ifnrelated genes whose expression was induced by at least one of the three viruses fig 4 pr8 induced expression of the greatest number of ifnrelated genes a majority of which were shared by at least one other virus rv upregulated slightly fewer ifninduced genes compared to pr8 and mhv infection resulted in upregulation of the fewest ifninduced genes it was somewhat surprising that pr8 induced a higher type i ifn response than rv given that rv induced expression of nearly twice as many genes than pr8 fig 2 however some of these genes contribute to inflammatory responses which could...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...genes it was somewhat surprising that pr8 induced a higher type i ifn response than rv given that rv induced expression of nearly twice as many genes than pr8 fig 2 however some of these genes contribute to inflammatory responses which could explain the excessive inflammatory response to pr8 infection vs the selflimited inflammation during rv infection in mice [10] [11] [12] 15] there was strong overlap between the ifninduced genes upregulated by each virus the timing of ifnrelated gene expression followed the same trend as was seen for all significant genes...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...induced a higher type i ifn response than rv given that rv induced expression of nearly twice as many genes than pr8 fig 2 however some of these genes contribute to inflammatory responses which could explain the excessive inflammatory response to pr8 infection vs the selflimited inflammation during rv infection in mice [10] [11] [12] 15] there was strong overlap between the ifninduced genes upregulated by each virus the timing of ifnrelated gene expression followed the same trend as was seen for all significant genes in fig 1 data not shown ...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...significant genes in fig 1 data not shown most of the ifnrelated genes upregulated by mhv were only increased at 24 h pr8 induced expression of 110 ifnrelated genes at 12 h and these genes were a subset of the 179 genes upregulated at 24 h in contrast rv infection induced expression of more ifnrelated genes at 12 h 148 genes than at 24 h 123 genes relative to upregulation few ifnrelated genes were downregulated at the 24 h time point mhv 5 pr8 10 rv 26 type i ifns induce expression of genes with different...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...by any of the three viruses were separated into functional groups heatmaps that demonstrate differences in fold change color scale and significant differences outlined boxes in expression compared to mockinoculated controls were generated figs 4 and s3 as shown in the venn diagram this analysis also demonstrates that pr8 infection resulted in upregulation of the most genes involved in type i ifn responses followed by rv then mhv the fold change values induced by pr8 infection were also generally higher than the other two viruses however there was not a significant association between virus identity and functional group for most...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...expression compared to mockinoculated controls were generated figs 4 and s3 as shown in the venn diagram this analysis also demonstrates that pr8 infection resulted in upregulation of the most genes involved in type i ifn responses followed by rv then mhv the fold change values induced by pr8 infection were also generally higher than the other two viruses however there was not a significant association between virus identity and functional group for most of the functional groups mhv upregulated expression of a smaller subset of the same genes as pr8 and rv with the exception of the mhc class...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...responses have complex roles in mhv1 infections as they contribute to protection in resistant mouse strains but mediate pathology in susceptible strains [49] however mice with the cd8 t cell repertoire of a resistant strain in the background of a susceptible strain remain susceptible to severe mhv1 infection [50] the failure of mhv1 to activate processing and presentation of mhc class i antigens could explain the inability of a broadly reactive cd8 t cell response to protect these mice the interferome analysis focuses on ifninduced gene expression but not expression of the type i...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...ifn receptor [51] type i ifns can induce autocrine and paracrine signaling thus the ifninduced genes we detected could be from both infected and uninfected cells in the cultures to determine if differential expression of type i ifns explains the differences in ifninduced gene expression upon infection by pr8 rv and mhv we analyzed the expression of type i ifn and receptor genes for each virus compared to mock fig 5 probes for ifn1 and ten subtypes of ifn were present on the arrays in agreement with expression of ifninduced genes pr8 induced expression of the...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...and only ifnab was uniquely upregulated by rv only pr8 induced expression of ifnar2 which encodes the high affinity chain of the type i ifn receptor [54] this may allow for enhanced positivefeedback signaling and account for the larger number of ifninduced genes upregulated by pr8 infection differential signaling through mda5 and rigi pathways may contribute to the differences in type i ifn responses by rv and pr8 rhinoviruses and influenza a viruses are known to induce type i ifn responses through recognition by mda5 and rigi respectively [55 56] furthermore both viruses...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...type i ifn responses through recognition by mda5 and rigi respectively [55 56] furthermore both viruses are recognized by tlr3 in infected epithelial cells [55 56] however tlr3 predominantly induces expression of proinflammatory genes rather than type i ifndependent genes during influenza a virus infection [55] zaritsky et al have demonstrated that the type i ifn response to sendai virus differs when cells are infected by different doses [57] they further showed that these differences were mediated by differential signaling through the ifn receptor with robust signaling in...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...through the ifn receptor with robust signaling in uninfected cells this supports our findings that pr8 induces expression of ifnar2 and additional type i ifn genes that are not upregulated by rv fig 5 none of the type i ifns or receptors had significantly altered expression upon mhv infection fig 5 despite upregulation of a modest number of ifnstimulated genes fig 4 this could be due to ifnindependent expression of these genes or induction by a type i ifn that was not represented on the microarray coronaviruses are notorious for being able to replicate within cells without...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...[58] [59] [60] other studies have shown that the ifn response to mhv1 is a critical determinant of susceptibility severe disease in aj mice compared to c57bl6 mice correlates with lower type i ifns detected in the lungs of aj mice upon mhv1 infection [6 61] similarly the expression of various type i ifns in response to mhv1 infection in vitro is cell linedependent [61] because the cell line we used la4 was derived from the lungs of a he mice we would expect it to have a...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...to mhv1 is a critical determinant of susceptibility severe disease in aj mice compared to c57bl6 mice correlates with lower type i ifns detected in the lungs of aj mice upon mhv1 infection [6 61] similarly the expression of various type i ifns in response to mhv1 infection in vitro is cell linedependent [61] because the cell line we used la4 was derived from the lungs of a he mice we would expect it to have a similar response as aj mice thus the lack of type i ifns induced by mhv1 in la4 cells...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...expect it to have a similar response as aj mice thus the lack of type i ifns induced by mhv1 in la4 cells in vitro corresponds with pathogenesis observed in aj mice in vivo the finding that la4 cells mount a stronger response to pr8 than rv or mhv infection may be due to differences in the viral recognition and signaling pathways used to detect these different viruses and amplification of the type i ifn response as discussed above alternatively it could be due to the timing of our analysis rvinfected cells have started dying by the 24 h time...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...response as discussed above alternatively it could be due to the timing of our analysis rvinfected cells have started dying by the 24 h time point not shown therefore expression of host genes may be declining by that time point in contrast coronaviruses are known to delay cellular responses to infection [62] so the 24 h time point may be too early to evaluate the innate response to mhv infection alternatively the cells may detect mhv and upregulate transcription of ifn response genes but mrna degradation would mask this process by quantifying mrna transcripts at two time points...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...24 h time point not shown therefore expression of host genes may be declining by that time point in contrast coronaviruses are known to delay cellular responses to infection [62] so the 24 h time point may be too early to evaluate the innate response to mhv infection alternatively the cells may detect mhv and upregulate transcription of ifn response genes but mrna degradation would mask this process by quantifying mrna transcripts at two time points after viral infection our study cannot distinguish between these possibilities one limitation of our study is the analysis of three...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...] so the 24 h time point may be too early to evaluate the innate response to mhv infection alternatively the cells may detect mhv and upregulate transcription of ifn response genes but mrna degradation would mask this process by quantifying mrna transcripts at two time points after viral infection our study cannot distinguish between these possibilities one limitation of our study is the analysis of three viruses that do not share a natural host mhv is a natural pathogen of mice and pr8 is a highly mouseadapted strain of influenza a virus however rv1b is a human...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...our mouse microarray and the human microarray chip used by chen et al respectively 10847 genes are shared using the same 2fold increase in expression cutoff and restricting our list only to homologous human genes studied by chen et al we found that 196 mouse genes were upregulated by rv1b infection comparing this list of 196 genes to the 48 upregulated human genes identified by chen et al we found that 20 genes s6 table were upregulated by rv1b infection in both human and mouse cells a chisquared test confirmed the significance of this shared number of upregulated genes 2...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...list only to homologous human genes studied by chen et al we found that 196 mouse genes were upregulated by rv1b infection comparing this list of 196 genes to the 48 upregulated human genes identified by chen et al we found that 20 genes s6 table were upregulated by rv1b infection in both human and mouse cells a chisquared test confirmed the significance of this shared number of upregulated genes 2 4317 df 1 p0001 interestingly all 20 of the shared genes we identified are involved in type i ifn responses while far from identical the similarity of...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...the similarity of the responses in the two cell types suggests conserved activation of type i ifn responses by these different hosts and supports the validity of a murine model for studying rhinovirus infections in humans alveolar epithelial cells have a key role in alerting the immune system to infection by respiratory viruses and shaping immune responses [39 64 65] as viruses from several different families all target respiratory epithelial cells it is important to understand the similarities and differences in how these cells respond to a diverse set of viruses a significant number of genes were...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...immune responses [39 64 65] as viruses from several different families all target respiratory epithelial cells it is important to understand the similarities and differences in how these cells respond to a diverse set of viruses a significant number of genes were upor downregulated in response to infection by three distinct viruses from different families genes that were associated with a shared response to the three viruses included those involved in defense against viruses and particularly genes induced by type i ifns however there were differences in the timing numbers of genes altered and expression levels of these...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...the three viruses included those involved in defense against viruses and particularly genes induced by type i ifns however there were differences in the timing numbers of genes altered and expression levels of these genes this may reflect differences in viral replication cycles and signaling pathways that are activated by infection which may reflect differences in pathogenesis of these viruses in murine models la4 cells were inoculated with virus using the same mois as for the microarray study and rna was extracted at 24 h postinfection using trizol ambion rna was converted to cdna using random hexamers and superscript vilo invitrogen...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...venn diagram in fig 2a xlsx s2 table genes whose expression was significantly downregulated by all three viruses compared to mockinoculated cells these genes were from the center of the venn diagram in fig 2b xlsx s3 table signature genes for pr8 these genes were significantly different in pr8 infection compared to mock rv and mhv xlsx s4 table signature genes for rv these genes were significantly different in rv infection compared to mock pr8 and mhv xlsx s5 table signature genes for mhv these genes were significantly different in mhv infection compared to mock rv and pr8 xlsx s6...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...mockinoculated cells these genes were from the center of the venn diagram in fig 2b xlsx s3 table signature genes for pr8 these genes were significantly different in pr8 infection compared to mock rv and mhv xlsx s4 table signature genes for rv these genes were significantly different in rv infection compared to mock pr8 and mhv xlsx s5 table signature genes for mhv these genes were significantly different in mhv infection compared to mock rv and pr8 xlsx s6 table genes upregulated by rv in both murine and human cells these genes were identified to be upregulated in our study...

Title: Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and
shared gene expression responses to infection by
diverse respiratory viruses
Authors: VanLeuven, James T.. Ridenhour, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 5
ID: b460e5b511b4e2c3233f9476cd4e0616d6f405ac
Number of matches: 76

...pr8 these genes were significantly different in pr8 infection compared to mock rv and mhv xlsx s4 table signature genes for rv these genes were significantly different in rv infection compared to mock pr8 and mhv xlsx s5 table signature genes for mhv these genes were significantly different in mhv infection compared to mock rv and pr8 xlsx s6 table genes upregulated by rv in both murine and human cells these genes were identified to be upregulated in our study by rv1b in murine cells and also were found by chen et al 23 to be upregulated by rv1b in human...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...first detected in 1957 [2 3] and it is still prevalent in poultry until now causing considerable economical loss in the global poultry industry [4] [5] [6] efficient and simple detecting methods may be helpful to control and prevent arv infection [7] horizontal transmission is the main route of infection with infrequent egg transmission [8] though arv was found to be ubiquitous in poultry flocks several strains could cause severe diseases [9] these pathogenic strains can cause tenosynovitis individually [9]...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...still prevalent in poultry until now causing considerable economical loss in the global poultry industry [4] [5] [6] efficient and simple detecting methods may be helpful to control and prevent arv infection [7] horizontal transmission is the main route of infection with infrequent egg transmission [8] though arv was found to be ubiquitous in poultry flocks several strains could cause severe diseases [9] these pathogenic strains can cause tenosynovitis individually [9] and additionally usually cause mixed infections together with other pathogens such...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...epizootiology of arv have been well studied but the pathogenesis at the molecular level is poorly understood an excellent review on the structural and biological characteristics of arv was published 10 years ago [8] though many researchers have done brilliant work to reveal the pathogenesis of arv infection at the molecular level in recent years several major questions raised in the review remain unresolved previous studies showed that c and p10 can induce apoptosis in different ways [13 14] and a subsequent study correlated arvinduced apoptosis with tissue injury [15] another study...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...approximately 2 10 6 df1 cells were seeded into 75 cm 2 flasks corning me usa when monolayer was complete approximately 7 10 6 cells culture medium was discarded and the cells were rinsed with phosphate buffered saline once the purified virus was diluted to 10 multiplicity of infection moi per 5 ml with hgdmem and applied into each flask of the arvinfected group and an equal volume of hgdmem was added in the mockinfected group after incubated at 37c for 15 h the medium was changed to hgdmem supplemented with 2 fbs then the cells were continued to...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...volume of hgdmem was added in the mockinfected group after incubated at 37c for 15 h the medium was changed to hgdmem supplemented with 2 fbs then the cells were continued to be incubated at 37c for 2 10 18 and 24 h fig 1a at specified hours post infection hpi the medium was discarded and total rna was extracted from triplicate samples of uninfected or arv infected groups using the ultrapure rna kit cwbio beijing china according to manufacturers protocol rna degradation and contamination was monitored on 1 agarose gels rna purity was checked using the nanophotometer spectrophotometer implen...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...the number of as events in each sample was estimated separately because the chicken genome has been recently updated [42] the differentially expressed novel transcripts were retrieved by the blast tool on national center for biotechnology information ncbi to further study the molecular mechanism of arv infection df1 cells were infected with the virus for different time points at 10 moi the high dosage of virus was used to overcome the influence of uninfected cells [43 44] infection and mockinfection were performed in biological triplicate for each time point and total rna was extracted...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...on national center for biotechnology information ncbi to further study the molecular mechanism of arv infection df1 cells were infected with the virus for different time points at 10 moi the high dosage of virus was used to overcome the influence of uninfected cells [43 44] infection and mockinfection were performed in biological triplicate for each time point and total rna was extracted from both groups the replication of the viral genome was determined by rtqpcr and the fold change of m3 and s1 showed similar trends fig 1c cytopathic fig 1 overview of rnaseq approach...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...big differences fig 3c this interference might result from cell culture and so should be discarded in the future studies all of the degs were clustered and the results exhibited a clear timedependent change in gene expression additional file 2 the distinct effect on gene expression upon arv infection was carefully examined compared with mock infected controls 168 changes in the transcriptome with 64 upregulated and 104 downregulated degs were observed in response to arv infection at 10 hpi fig 3d additional file 3 interestingly only 47 upregulated degs with 31 genes in accordance with the 10 hpi...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...and the results exhibited a clear timedependent change in gene expression additional file 2 the distinct effect on gene expression upon arv infection was carefully examined compared with mock infected controls 168 changes in the transcriptome with 64 upregulated and 104 downregulated degs were observed in response to arv infection at 10 hpi fig 3d additional file 3 interestingly only 47 upregulated degs with 31 genes in accordance with the 10 hpi group and a single downregulated novel gene were identified at 18 hpi fig 3e additional file 3 these novel genes among the degs were retrieved by...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...major pathogens that can cause immunosuppression in poultry [7] though the pathology and some molecular characteristics of arv have been well studied [2 8 48] there are only a few reports that can be used to help us understand the molecular basis of arv infection in this study the deg listed in table 2 show that df1 cells exerted a prolonged antiviral response upon arv infection the upregulation of rsad2 radical sadenosyl methionine domain containing 2 ifit5 interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 oasl 25oligoadenylate synthetaselike isg122 interferonstimulated genes and mx myxovirus resistance have...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...have been well studied [2 8 48] there are only a few reports that can be used to help us understand the molecular basis of arv infection in this study the deg listed in table 2 show that df1 cells exerted a prolonged antiviral response upon arv infection the upregulation of rsad2 radical sadenosyl methionine domain containing 2 ifit5 interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 oasl 25oligoadenylate synthetaselike isg122 interferonstimulated genes and mx myxovirus resistance have been reported in the infection of infectious bursal disease virus ibdv which is another important pathogen similar to arv but can...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...deg listed in table 2 show that df1 cells exerted a prolonged antiviral response upon arv infection the upregulation of rsad2 radical sadenosyl methionine domain containing 2 ifit5 interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 oasl 25oligoadenylate synthetaselike isg122 interferonstimulated genes and mx myxovirus resistance have been reported in the infection of infectious bursal disease virus ibdv which is another important pathogen similar to arv but can cause much higher mortality and much more serious immunosuppression [43] epsti1 epithelialstromal interaction 1 does not have a gene ontology go annotation a recent report indicated that epsti1 plays a key...

Title: Transcriptome analysis of avian
reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken
fibroblast DF-1 cells
Authors: Niu, Xiaosai. Wang, Yuyang...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 6
ID: 602fbb4e85804b8ca5c0842b46afd343981181e4
Number of matches: 13

...kinase eif2ak3 was found to be downregulated in our results eif2ak3 also known as perk pkrlike endoplasmic reticulumresident kinase is one of eif2 kinases regulating gene expression in the unfolded protein response upr and in amino acid starved cells [57] protein synthesis can be inhibited during viral infection due to er stress triggered by upr and different viruses may adapt different strategies to interfere with the activity of perk [58 59] the depressed expression of perk may reflect that arv can impair the stress response and activate protein translation in df1 cells the regulation of...

Title: Decreased Pattern Recognition Receptor
Signaling, Interferon-Signature, and
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Gene Expression in Cord Blood of Term
Low Birth Weight Human Newborns
Authors: Singh, Vikas Vikram. Chauhan, Sudhir Kumar...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 8
ID: 76d39ac4634db5a0fcc8cddbefd965c463c0ace0
Number of matches: 14

......

Title: Decreased Pattern Recognition Receptor
Signaling, Interferon-Signature, and
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Gene Expression in Cord Blood of Term
Low Birth Weight Human Newborns
Authors: Singh, Vikas Vikram. Chauhan, Sudhir Kumar...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 8
ID: 76d39ac4634db5a0fcc8cddbefd965c463c0ace0
Number of matches: 14

...respiratory syndrome sars and bleeding of lungs were important diseases associated with lbw newborns the important downregulated genes associated with respiratory infectious diseases were leukotriene b4 receptor ltb4r cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide camp lactotransferrin ltf bpi tlr8 rig1 and mda5 other infections such as flavivirus hepatitis c virus hiv and infection of mammalian were also the prominent infectious diseases found to be related with downregulated genes in lbw newborns the important downregulated genes in lbw newborns associated with these infectious diseases were tlr8 rig1 and mda5 inflammatory response was an important biological function involving immune response cell movement of neutrophils antimicrobial...

Title: Decreased Pattern Recognition Receptor
Signaling, Interferon-Signature, and
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Gene Expression in Cord Blood of Term
Low Birth Weight Human Newborns
Authors: Singh, Vikas Vikram. Chauhan, Sudhir Kumar...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 8
ID: 76d39ac4634db5a0fcc8cddbefd965c463c0ace0
Number of matches: 14

...of prrs involved in the role of pattern recognition receptors in recognition of bacteria and viruses pathway suggest impaired innate immune signaling against the invading pathogens in the lbw newborns c5ar cytosolic prr is the receptor for an anaphylatoxin c5a which chemoattracts granulocytes particularly the neutrophils at the site of infection and contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammation and sepsis [21 22] reduced expression of c5ar on neonatal neutrophils contributes to poor chemotaxis and transmigration compared to adult neutrophils [23] tlr1 and 5 extracellular prrs mainly recognize bacterial products whereas tlr8 intracellular prr can detect...

Title: Decreased Pattern Recognition Receptor
Signaling, Interferon-Signature, and
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Gene Expression in Cord Blood of Term
Low Birth Weight Human Newborns
Authors: Singh, Vikas Vikram. Chauhan, Sudhir Kumar...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 8
ID: 76d39ac4634db5a0fcc8cddbefd965c463c0ace0
Number of matches: 14

...newborns has not been studied so far in this study we found that the basal expression of tlr1 tlr5 and tlr8 at mrna and tlr5 and tlr8 at protein level is downregulated in lbw newborns as compared to nbw newborns although direct evidence of tlr1and tlr5mediated protection of newborns against infection is not available a study in adults reports that individuals with low expression of tlr1 were hyporesponsive to vaccination against lyme disease [27] and tlr5 signaling has a protective role against pneumococcal infection in mice [28] tlr8 agonists are potent inducer of cytokines in newborns...

Title: Decreased Pattern Recognition Receptor
Signaling, Interferon-Signature, and
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Gene Expression in Cord Blood of Term
Low Birth Weight Human Newborns
Authors: Singh, Vikas Vikram. Chauhan, Sudhir Kumar...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 8
ID: 76d39ac4634db5a0fcc8cddbefd965c463c0ace0
Number of matches: 14

...as compared to nbw newborns although direct evidence of tlr1and tlr5mediated protection of newborns against infection is not available a study in adults reports that individuals with low expression of tlr1 were hyporesponsive to vaccination against lyme disease [27] and tlr5 signaling has a protective role against pneumococcal infection in mice [28] tlr8 agonists are potent inducer of cytokines in newborns and implicated as a candidate vaccine adjuvant in both early life and adulthood [29 30] decreased tlr8 expression in monocytes of respiratory syncytial virus rsvinfected newborns dampens early antiviral cytokine production [...

Title: Decreased Pattern Recognition Receptor
Signaling, Interferon-Signature, and
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Gene Expression in Cord Blood of Term
Low Birth Weight Human Newborns
Authors: Singh, Vikas Vikram. Chauhan, Sudhir Kumar...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 8
ID: 76d39ac4634db5a0fcc8cddbefd965c463c0ace0
Number of matches: 14

...prrs that sense viral infections through recognition of viral dsrna leading to activation of tbk and ikka and result in induction of type i ifns through activation of irf7 transcription factor induction of type i ifns in turn induces the apoptosis of virusinfected cells and provides cellular resistance to virus infection [36 37] additionally activation of type i ifns leads to transcription of isgs like isg15 and isg54 through jakstat pathway that result in an antiviral response in infected and neighboring cells [38 39 40] the reduced production of ifna significantly increases the risk of...

Title: Decreased Pattern Recognition Receptor
Signaling, Interferon-Signature, and
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Gene Expression in Cord Blood of Term
Low Birth Weight Human Newborns
Authors: Singh, Vikas Vikram. Chauhan, Sudhir Kumar...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 8
ID: 76d39ac4634db5a0fcc8cddbefd965c463c0ace0
Number of matches: 14

...through phosphorylation of the a subunit of eif2 [45 46] given that eif2a phosphorylation is crucial for virusinduced translation termination [47] and apoptosis [48 49] downregulation of pkr and other members of eif2 signaling may provide a favorable ground for progression of viral infection in the lbw newborns additionally the reduced expression of a large number of small and large ribosomal proteins implicated in eif2 signaling may suggest severe translational dysfunction in the host cell resulting in lower turnover of cellular proteins which may be an indication of developmental insufficiency we found an...

Title: Decreased Pattern Recognition Receptor
Signaling, Interferon-Signature, and
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Gene Expression in Cord Blood of Term
Low Birth Weight Human Newborns
Authors: Singh, Vikas Vikram. Chauhan, Sudhir Kumar...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 8
ID: 76d39ac4634db5a0fcc8cddbefd965c463c0ace0
Number of matches: 14

...the possible mechanism involved in these processes include activation infiltration chemotaxis and recruitment of various leukocytes like myeloid granulocytes neutrophils and macrophages at the sites of infections the observed downregulation of chemokine ccl4 and chemokine receptors ccr1 cxcr2 cx3cr1 c5ar could impair the proper inflammatory response at the site of infection as they play a crucial role in immune cell trafficking [69] c5ar ccr1 and cxcr2 regulate leukocyte trafficking [22 70 71] similarly ccl4 which acts on neutrophils monocytes and lymphocytes plays a pivotal role in the development function and homeostasis of the immune system...

Title: Decreased Pattern Recognition Receptor
Signaling, Interferon-Signature, and
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Gene Expression in Cord Blood of Term
Low Birth Weight Human Newborns
Authors: Singh, Vikas Vikram. Chauhan, Sudhir Kumar...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 8
ID: 76d39ac4634db5a0fcc8cddbefd965c463c0ace0
Number of matches: 14

...leukocyte trafficking [22 70 71] similarly ccl4 which acts on neutrophils monocytes and lymphocytes plays a pivotal role in the development function and homeostasis of the immune system of the host [70] furthermore cxcr2 is predominantly responsible for neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection [71] whereas the cx3cr1 receptor regulates infiltration of peripheral macrophages and plays important role in immune surveillance [72] this suggests that the downregulation of chemokines and chemokine receptors may cause the impaired recruitment of leukocytes at the site of infection reduced expressions of granzymes...

Title: Decreased Pattern Recognition Receptor
Signaling, Interferon-Signature, and
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Gene Expression in Cord Blood of Term
Low Birth Weight Human Newborns
Authors: Singh, Vikas Vikram. Chauhan, Sudhir Kumar...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 8
ID: 76d39ac4634db5a0fcc8cddbefd965c463c0ace0
Number of matches: 14

...recruitment to the site of infection [71] whereas the cx3cr1 receptor regulates infiltration of peripheral macrophages and plays important role in immune surveillance [72] this suggests that the downregulation of chemokines and chemokine receptors may cause the impaired recruitment of leukocytes at the site of infection reduced expressions of granzymes and bpi in lbw newborns are also linked with antimicrobial responses granzymes are produced by cytotoxic t cells and natural killer cells and are released upon interaction with target cells to date five different granzymes have been described in humans granzymes a b h k...

Title: Decreased Pattern Recognition Receptor
Signaling, Interferon-Signature, and
Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Gene Expression in Cord Blood of Term
Low Birth Weight Human Newborns
Authors: Singh, Vikas Vikram. Chauhan, Sudhir Kumar...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 8
ID: 76d39ac4634db5a0fcc8cddbefd965c463c0ace0
Number of matches: 14

...pathways and genes that may have a predominant role in determining the strength of the immune responses in the lbw newborns against microbial infections ongoing functional investigations focused on the deficient immune factors identified through this study may provide valuable information on the possible underlying mechanisms of increased susceptibility to infection in the term lbw newborns although dangers of administering new molecules to newborns are of utmost importance development of innate immune system mediated adjunctive therapy targeting the genes identified in these pathways and biofunctions may help protect the lbw newborns from the enhanced susceptibility and severity of infections further research...

Title: Estimation of Time-Dependent Reproduction
Numbers for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome across Different Regions and Production
Systems of the US
Authors: Arruda, Andréia G.. Alkhamis, Moh A....
Journal: Front Vet Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 9
ID: e8f4d22d624e8deec9597ce88e53b1751386cd1d
Number of matches: 4

...1 of note for the s region the vast majority of sites reporting outbreaks were vaccinating the herd prior to the outbreak which was not observed in such proportion for other regions the se region had a higher proportion of sites breaking that were classified as status 1 active infection when compared to sites that reported outbreaks from other regions table 1 betweenregion difference on median tdr values was evident on the kruskalwallis test which showed that at least one of the regions had a different median p 003 further post hoc pairwise comparison showed that the...

Title: Estimation of Time-Dependent Reproduction
Numbers for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome across Different Regions and Production
Systems of the US
Authors: Arruda, Andréia G.. Alkhamis, Moh A....
Journal: Front Vet Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 9
ID: e8f4d22d624e8deec9597ce88e53b1751386cd1d
Number of matches: 4

...to the incursion of an emerging strain in the region the authors hypothesize that the reason why no further considerable outbreaks were observed after these is a combination between control measures being taken after the epidemic event and the existence of a certain level of immunity in the herd after infection for future studies collection of such information is important to allow for testing of these and other hypotheses we also recognize that at time of writing of this manuscript peerreviewed publications on this matter are largely lacking therefore it is challenging to compare our study results with previous work done...

Title: Estimation of Time-Dependent Reproduction
Numbers for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome across Different Regions and Production
Systems of the US
Authors: Arruda, Andréia G.. Alkhamis, Moh A....
Journal: Front Vet Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 9
ID: e8f4d22d624e8deec9597ce88e53b1751386cd1d
Number of matches: 4

...results with previous work done in prrs or any other swine infectious disease this study has some limitations first it is important to highlight that our source population corresponded to sow sites only and did not include growing pig sites even though growing pig sites are responsible for adding infection pressure at a regional level one could argue that this population is somewhat distinct from the sow farm population in terms of disease management infection of sow herds results in more dramatic consequences due to the fact that pigs produced in such facilities are commonly transported to other sites and...

Title: Estimation of Time-Dependent Reproduction
Numbers for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome across Different Regions and Production
Systems of the US
Authors: Arruda, Andréia G.. Alkhamis, Moh A....
Journal: Front Vet Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 9
ID: e8f4d22d624e8deec9597ce88e53b1751386cd1d
Number of matches: 4

...that our source population corresponded to sow sites only and did not include growing pig sites even though growing pig sites are responsible for adding infection pressure at a regional level one could argue that this population is somewhat distinct from the sow farm population in terms of disease management infection of sow herds results in more dramatic consequences due to the fact that pigs produced in such facilities are commonly transported to other sites and therefore decisions in regards to disease prevention and control are markedly different between these distinct animal populations on a similar note our analysis included data...

Title: Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer
Immunotherapy
Authors: Lasfar, Ahmed. Abushahba, Walid...
Journal: Clin Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 10
ID: 8856e1f2644acc2d51c57d3ead6dd14a929a014b
Number of matches: 10

...[5] [6] [7] [8] it has been demonstrated that ifn induces antiviral activity against vsv vesicular stomatitis virus and emcv encephalomyocarditis in many human cell lines [2 3 9 10] however by using different mouse models of viral infection ank et al demonstrated that ifn was effective against dna virus simplex virus 2 hsv2 but not rna viruses such as emcv and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus lcmv [6] several other studies demonstrated that type iii ifns can also inhibit replication of hepatitis c virus hcv and hepatitis...

Title: Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer
Immunotherapy
Authors: Lasfar, Ahmed. Abushahba, Walid...
Journal: Clin Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 10
ID: 8856e1f2644acc2d51c57d3ead6dd14a929a014b
Number of matches: 10

...] [14] these studies were important since they underlined the fact that ifn could be used as an alternative to ifn for hcv patients who are resistant to ifn treatment it has been reported that ifn has the ability to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 hiv1 infection of blood monocytederived macrophages that expressed ifn receptors [15] and the herpes simplex virus type 1 hsv1 infection of human astrocytes and neurons [16] however in most other cases the antiviral potency of ifn against several viruses seems to be lower than that of ifn...

Title: Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer
Immunotherapy
Authors: Lasfar, Ahmed. Abushahba, Walid...
Journal: Clin Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 10
ID: 8856e1f2644acc2d51c57d3ead6dd14a929a014b
Number of matches: 10

...an alternative to ifn for hcv patients who are resistant to ifn treatment it has been reported that ifn has the ability to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 hiv1 infection of blood monocytederived macrophages that expressed ifn receptors [15] and the herpes simplex virus type 1 hsv1 infection of human astrocytes and neurons [16] however in most other cases the antiviral potency of ifn against several viruses seems to be lower than that of ifn [2 3 8 9 13 17] in addition ifn and ifn may induce distinct signal transduction and...

Title: Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer
Immunotherapy
Authors: Lasfar, Ahmed. Abushahba, Walid...
Journal: Clin Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 10
ID: 8856e1f2644acc2d51c57d3ead6dd14a929a014b
Number of matches: 10

...the ifn response through the ifn receptors recently it has been shown in mice that in contrast to the hepatocytes prominent response to ifn was observed in intestinal epithelial cells in comparison with ifn this response is higher and plays a critical role in protecting the intestinal epithelium from viral infection [41] strongly suggesting the prominent role of ifn in organs with mucosal surface at least in mice [6 42 43] in addition to the direct effect of ifn on the mucosal epithelium local immunomodulations can also be promoted [44] the functional...

Title: Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer
Immunotherapy
Authors: Lasfar, Ahmed. Abushahba, Walid...
Journal: Clin Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 10
ID: 8856e1f2644acc2d51c57d3ead6dd14a929a014b
Number of matches: 10

...and the severe acute respiratory syndrome sars coronavirus however the lassa fever virus which replicates in the liver was not affected by the lack of ifnr1 [50] although this study clearly demonstrated that ifn played an important role in protecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts against virus infection in comparison with type i ifn the protection provided by type iii ifn remains limited however in combination type i and type iii may provide a better viral protection when the response to both type i and type iii is deficient the mice are not able to clear the sars...

Title: Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer
Immunotherapy
Authors: Lasfar, Ahmed. Abushahba, Walid...
Journal: Clin Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 10
ID: 8856e1f2644acc2d51c57d3ead6dd14a929a014b
Number of matches: 10

...by acting as a first line of defense for the mucosa [8 50] use of type iii ifn the first use of ifn in the clinic has started for hepatitis c the phase 1b study has been conducted in patients with chronic genotype 1 hepatitis c virus infection hcv [51] pegylated ifn1 in combination or not with ribavirin rbv which belongs to a class of antiviral medications called the nucleoside analogues has been used in this study to assess the efficacy and the potential cytotoxicity the study was performed in 3 parts the first part...

Title: Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer
Immunotherapy
Authors: Lasfar, Ahmed. Abushahba, Walid...
Journal: Clin Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 10
ID: 8856e1f2644acc2d51c57d3ead6dd14a929a014b
Number of matches: 10

...for 4 weeks is associated with a clear antiviral activity in patients with chronic hcv however this study lacks a direct comparison between ifn and ifn and the influence of viral and patient genotypes now it is well accepted that the response to ifn or the natural clearance of hcv infection is depending on singlenucleotide polymorphisms snps upstream of ifn3 which could be used as biomarkers to help determine the treatment outcome [52] the first genomewide association studies gwas in hcv infection were reported by ge et al they evaluated the treatment outcome in a group of...

Title: Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer
Immunotherapy
Authors: Lasfar, Ahmed. Abushahba, Walid...
Journal: Clin Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 10
ID: 8856e1f2644acc2d51c57d3ead6dd14a929a014b
Number of matches: 10

...now it is well accepted that the response to ifn or the natural clearance of hcv infection is depending on singlenucleotide polymorphisms snps upstream of ifn3 which could be used as biomarkers to help determine the treatment outcome [52] the first genomewide association studies gwas in hcv infection were reported by ge et al they evaluated the treatment outcome in a group of 1671 patients of mixed ethnicity receiving pegylated ifn and ribavirin an association was discovered between sustained viral response svr to treatment and a cluster of seven snps linked to the ifn3 gene with the...

Title: Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer
Immunotherapy
Authors: Lasfar, Ahmed. Abushahba, Walid...
Journal: Clin Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 10
ID: 8856e1f2644acc2d51c57d3ead6dd14a929a014b
Number of matches: 10

...to liver failure from cirrhosis [77 78] hcc occurs most frequently in patients with cirrhosis as a result of chronic hbv hepatitis b virus and hcv hepatitis c virus infections and alcohol abuse [72 79] although the link between the cancer and the viral infection is not fully understood yet there is some suggestion that viral infection interferes with signal transduction and consequently disrupts the normal controlled growth of cells since ifn is used in the clinic for the treatment of chronic hcv and hbv infections several studies evaluated the effect of ifn treatment...

Title: Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer
Immunotherapy
Authors: Lasfar, Ahmed. Abushahba, Walid...
Journal: Clin Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 10
ID: 8856e1f2644acc2d51c57d3ead6dd14a929a014b
Number of matches: 10

...most frequently in patients with cirrhosis as a result of chronic hbv hepatitis b virus and hcv hepatitis c virus infections and alcohol abuse [72 79] although the link between the cancer and the viral infection is not fully understood yet there is some suggestion that viral infection interferes with signal transduction and consequently disrupts the normal controlled growth of cells since ifn is used in the clinic for the treatment of chronic hcv and hbv infections several studies evaluated the effect of ifn treatment on the incidence of hcc [72] it was previously...

Title: Excretion of Eimeria spp. oocysts in young
lambs following iron supplementation
Authors: Odden, Ane. Vatn, Synnøve...
Journal: Acta Vet Scand
Item: Infection
Index: 12
ID: aafce0ff10bc7077faedbbc334c60a1d7021409c
Number of matches: 1

...is unknown clinical signs of coccidiosis in lambs in norway tend to occur 23 weeks after turnout and it has been assumed that the lambs are primarily infected following ingestion of oocysts on permanent spring pastures [15 39 40] nevertheless the present study shows that indoor infection with eimeria spp may not be unusual in norway as oocysts were detected in the faecal samples at turnout in four of the five flocks all five flocks participating in the treatment trial experienced diarrhoea and perianal soiling signs related to both coccidiosis and nematodirosis [21 41]...

Title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to
avian influenza among poultry workers in Nepal: a
cross sectional study
Authors: Neupane, Dinesh. Khanal, Vishnu...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 14
ID: 1c0ae4beee003ecb59ff15f81ed8f22cd9451353
Number of matches: 1

...media were significantly more likely to be in the group with high knowledge than those who did not also there was an inverse relationship between knowledge and fear indicating that being less afraid was associated with knowing more about preventive behaviours when it came to protective behaviours against personal infection one major significant difference occurred for occupational status indicating that paid employees were considerably more likely to practice a larger number of preventive behaviours than owners of poultry farms mass media use while associated with knowledge was not related with precautionary practices while level of knowledge did make a difference...

Title: Immunogenicity of adenovirus-vector vaccine
targeting hepatitis B virus: non-clinical safety
assessment in non-human primates
Authors: Zhang, Xuefeng. Wang, Jing...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 16
ID: 03bb746ba6fb4c250b5f8f9ff0e5013b2c49b8f7
Number of matches: 9

......

Title: Immunogenicity of adenovirus-vector vaccine
targeting hepatitis B virus: non-clinical safety
assessment in non-human primates
Authors: Zhang, Xuefeng. Wang, Jing...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 16
ID: 03bb746ba6fb4c250b5f8f9ff0e5013b2c49b8f7
Number of matches: 9

...to mortality in many areas of the world [1 2] currently the utility of firstline antiviral agents or immune system modulators recommended by the world health organization can only help to reduce and control the viral load and minimize liver damage but cannot effectively clear the infection and seldom achieve a cure [3 4] thus these current therapies remain far from satisfactory in particular the wide spread of multidrugresistant hbv strains is increasingly threatening the efficacy of currently available antiviral drugs [5 6] therefore there is an urgent need to actively...

Title: Immunogenicity of adenovirus-vector vaccine
targeting hepatitis B virus: non-clinical safety
assessment in non-human primates
Authors: Zhang, Xuefeng. Wang, Jing...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 16
ID: 03bb746ba6fb4c250b5f8f9ff0e5013b2c49b8f7
Number of matches: 9

...after 4 weeks of recovery day 68 fig 3 the neutralization activity of the highesttiters serum samples from every animal in the ad5null control group and the three adhbv groups low mid and high doses were then measured by the ad vector luciferaseexpressing inhibition assay at 24 h of infection the fluorescence intensity in the a549 cells gradient increased in proportion with the ad5luc2 concentration to improve the sensitivity and sensitivity of this model we selected 10 6 vpml of ad5luc2 to infect a549 cells in the neutralization experiment compared with the predosing serum samples diluted serum samples 1100...

Title: Immunogenicity of adenovirus-vector vaccine
targeting hepatitis B virus: non-clinical safety
assessment in non-human primates
Authors: Zhang, Xuefeng. Wang, Jing...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 16
ID: 03bb746ba6fb4c250b5f8f9ff0e5013b2c49b8f7
Number of matches: 9

...001 vs vehicle control antidrug antibodypositive animals decreased the fluorescence intensity to different extents in the infected a549 cells by ad5luc2 the serum neutralizing effects of the highdose and adnull groups were significantly higher than those of the lowdose and middose groups indicating that the antidrug antibodypositive serum inhibited the infection activity of ad5luc2 and that the neutralization activity is dosedependent fig 4 thus although the antiad antibody was produced in almost all animals after the first immunization these antibodies could partially neutralize the ability of ad infection since ad vectors are predominantly sequestered by the liver after administration...

Title: Immunogenicity of adenovirus-vector vaccine
targeting hepatitis B virus: non-clinical safety
assessment in non-human primates
Authors: Zhang, Xuefeng. Wang, Jing...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 16
ID: 03bb746ba6fb4c250b5f8f9ff0e5013b2c49b8f7
Number of matches: 9

...lowdose and middose groups indicating that the antidrug antibodypositive serum inhibited the infection activity of ad5luc2 and that the neutralization activity is dosedependent fig 4 thus although the antiad antibody was produced in almost all animals after the first immunization these antibodies could partially neutralize the ability of ad infection since ad vectors are predominantly sequestered by the liver after administration and a previous study revealed that ad infection could significantly improve the expression of antiviral immune cytokines we analyzed the levels of ifn il2 and tnf proteins in the liver by ihc to explore the immune response strategy...

Title: Immunogenicity of adenovirus-vector vaccine
targeting hepatitis B virus: non-clinical safety
assessment in non-human primates
Authors: Zhang, Xuefeng. Wang, Jing...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 16
ID: 03bb746ba6fb4c250b5f8f9ff0e5013b2c49b8f7
Number of matches: 9

...activity is dosedependent fig 4 thus although the antiad antibody was produced in almost all animals after the first immunization these antibodies could partially neutralize the ability of ad infection since ad vectors are predominantly sequestered by the liver after administration and a previous study revealed that ad infection could significantly improve the expression of antiviral immune cytokines we analyzed the levels of ifn il2 and tnf proteins in the liver by ihc to explore the immune response strategy in the liver as shown in table 3 and fig 5 administration with adhbv significantly improved the ifn and...

Title: Immunogenicity of adenovirus-vector vaccine
targeting hepatitis B virus: non-clinical safety
assessment in non-human primates
Authors: Zhang, Xuefeng. Wang, Jing...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 16
ID: 03bb746ba6fb4c250b5f8f9ff0e5013b2c49b8f7
Number of matches: 9

...dilutions 1100 1500 and 11000 neutralization efficiency was calculated from triplicate measurements quadrate measurements are shown for 10 10 6 viral particles vp of ad5luc2 and 5 10 4 a549 cells per well p 005 and p 001 antibody could partially neutralize the ability of adenovirus infection adhbv still induced strong and broad ifn cell responses and displayed a whole array of immunogenic characteristics which showed the highly immunogenic potential of adhbv vaccine because adenovirus vectors are predominantly sequestered by the liver after administration we analyzed the levels of ifn and il2 protein in the live by...

Title: Immunogenicity of adenovirus-vector vaccine
targeting hepatitis B virus: non-clinical safety
assessment in non-human primates
Authors: Zhang, Xuefeng. Wang, Jing...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 16
ID: 03bb746ba6fb4c250b5f8f9ff0e5013b2c49b8f7
Number of matches: 9

...immunochemistry assay and found that these two antiviral cytokines in the highdose and ad5null control group were higher expressed than those in the vehicle control group the current study has several limitations first natural killer nk cells naturally enriched in liver [26] and both of hbv infection [27] and adenovirus vector delivery [28] can affect the function of nk cells however we did not properly evaluate the function of nk cells in this study in addition it should be noted we did not further investigate which cells targeted the 3 hbv antigensdomains encoded...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...human rhabdomyosarcoma rd cells to determine the volume required to yield 10 4 rlu luciferase activity in cell lysates 48 hours postinfection two pseudotype virus neutralization assays were performed as previously described [21] pseudotype virus was incubated with serial dilutions of sera 150 1250 11250 16250 before infection of rd cells all infections were completed in duplicate wells and each plate contained identical controls including uninfected cells cells infected in absence of serum and cells infected in presence of negative control serum us donor or positive control serum from a recent confirmed ebola survivor infection rates in presence...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...11250 16250 before infection of rd cells all infections were completed in duplicate wells and each plate contained identical controls including uninfected cells cells infected in absence of serum and cells infected in presence of negative control serum us donor or positive control serum from a recent confirmed ebola survivor infection rates in presence of human serum samples were expressed as percentage of infection in presence of negative control serum to determine neutralizing capability serum from the patients had to at least neutralize approximately 50 of virus compared to appropriate control ebov zairelike particles vlps produced using vp40glucn were prepared...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...wells and each plate contained identical controls including uninfected cells cells infected in absence of serum and cells infected in presence of negative control serum us donor or positive control serum from a recent confirmed ebola survivor infection rates in presence of human serum samples were expressed as percentage of infection in presence of negative control serum to determine neutralizing capability serum from the patients had to at least neutralize approximately 50 of virus compared to appropriate control ebov zairelike particles vlps produced using vp40glucn were prepared as previously described [22] and used in a gluciferase gluc complementation...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...individuals were identified as survivors of the 1976 ebov outbreak in yambuku drc data on survivor characteristics are presented in table 1 eight participants were male and 6 were female ranging from 55 to 86 years of age between 15 and 46 years of age at the time of infection six of these individuals were classified as confirmed ebov cases and the additional 8 were classified as suspected cases based on the drc ministry of health records obtained from the original outbreak investigation of 197677 [2] ethical approval was obtained from all participating institutions and informed consent...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...one es5 demonstrated borderline capacity to neutralize in both assays 5040 and 4991 again using a serum dilution factor of 150 collectively between these 2 assays 4 survivors 290 were identified as retaining neutralizing antibodies figure 3 after the establishment that a subset of survivors 40 years after initial infection showed neutralization capabilities using pseudotype viral assays we next sought to test neutralization capacity using live ebov four survivors es4 8 12 and 13 were able to neutralize live virus using a prnt 2 of which es4 and 8 demonstrated strong neutralization using the pseudovirus assay as well as strong...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

... the recent evd outbreak highlights the need to develop effective therapeutics or vaccines that limit pathogenesis and viral spread currently there is a growing body of evidence that offers hope for finding ways to pharmacologically mimic or boost the natural resistance that some individuals appear to have towards ebov infection viral proteins play a key role in hostvirus interactions in ebov infection [25] and the gp is the major determinant of entry and cellular tropism an important protein involved in pathogenesis [14] and the primary target for protective immunity however in addition to gp np...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...or vaccines that limit pathogenesis and viral spread currently there is a growing body of evidence that offers hope for finding ways to pharmacologically mimic or boost the natural resistance that some individuals appear to have towards ebov infection viral proteins play a key role in hostvirus interactions in ebov infection [25] and the gp is the major determinant of entry and cellular tropism an important protein involved in pathogenesis [14] and the primary target for protective immunity however in addition to gp np or other viral proteins could individually or synergistically constitute effective targets for...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...of evd survivors may provide critical data to inform strategies for mimicking the resilience which some individuals have demonstrated when infected with ebov here we describe the first documentation of live ebov neutralizing antibody persistence within a subset of the oldest known evd survivors 40 years after acute ebov infection additionally these data represent the longest documented serological response to individual recombinant ebola viral proteins gp np and vp40 and live ebov until now the longest duration of antibody responses to ebov infection measured had been 11 years [9] thus our study provides evidence that antibody responses...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...neutralizing antibody persistence within a subset of the oldest known evd survivors 40 years after acute ebov infection additionally these data represent the longest documented serological response to individual recombinant ebola viral proteins gp np and vp40 and live ebov until now the longest duration of antibody responses to ebov infection measured had been 11 years [9] thus our study provides evidence that antibody responses against ebov can be longlived and extend significantly further beyond known filovirus infections than previously documented while the number of available survivors from this outbreak is limited this is the only study to...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...related sudan ebola virus ebovs suggesting that vp40 appears to be less commonly immunogenic than gp or np [27] as a gold standard live ebov neutralization was measured using a prnt to determine if these evd survivor samples could neutralize actual virus in vitro 40 years after infection four 29 survivors had antiebola neutralizing titers 2 of which also demonstrated strong neutralization using the pseudovirus assay as noted the prnt curve for es12 is atypical raising the possibility that the mode of neutralization for this particular survivor may not be ebov specific but rather nonspecific inhibition of the...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...been documented another possibility is that related viruses may also stimulate ebov humoral immunity enabling this continued protective response observed in some survivors [27] alternatively these individuals may have inherent genetic or regulatory differences that enable them to retain ebov response and neutralization capabilities long after initial infection whereas others lose this ability at a more rapid rate irrespective of mechanism these survivors with specific potent and enduring immunological responses may guide beneficial research in preventing or treating evd in inevitable future reoccurrences participants in this study represent the longterm survivors of evd from the 1976 yambuku outbreak...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...the aperture for studies of this nature is rapidly closing additional studies of the yambuku survivors may provide an understanding of the health challenges that will face the survivors from the large west african ebola outbreak this report documents antiebola immunity to viral antigens 40 years after the initial infection but most interestingly we demonstrate that a subset of these survivors are still capable of neutralizing live virus the duration of the antiebola humoral response fills a knowledge gap within the field and provides evidence that infection with ebov can trigger a lifelong humoral immune response and in instances neutralize...

Title: Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies
Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40
Years after Infection
Authors: Rimoin, Anne W. Lu, Kai...
Journal: J Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 17
ID: 2e3c6d9e2a2a8d2d9b43d5ae7b882c9a82557274
Number of matches: 17

...this report documents antiebola immunity to viral antigens 40 years after the initial infection but most interestingly we demonstrate that a subset of these survivors are still capable of neutralizing live virus the duration of the antiebola humoral response fills a knowledge gap within the field and provides evidence that infection with ebov can trigger a lifelong humoral immune response and in instances neutralize live virus in vitro preparation k l i s l k y c s and g s generated analyzed and interpreted data generated under bsl2 conditions and contributed to the final manuscript g o j p j...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...in body fluids were found at the end of the incubation period before the onset of clinical symptoms the highest neopterin levels occur just before specific antibodies against the virus become detectable which is about two to four weeks after onset of increased neopterin production in acute varicella zoster virus infection peak neopterin levels were observed at the end of the appearance of the rash and in measles virus infection one to three days after appearance of the rash [12 13] immunisation with live viruses for example measles mumps and rubella and virus vaccine resulted in a significant...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...highest neopterin levels occur just before specific antibodies against the virus become detectable which is about two to four weeks after onset of increased neopterin production in acute varicella zoster virus infection peak neopterin levels were observed at the end of the appearance of the rash and in measles virus infection one to three days after appearance of the rash [12 13] immunisation with live viruses for example measles mumps and rubella and virus vaccine resulted in a significant increase of neopterin independent of presence of any symptoms in measles vaccination neopterin levels were observed to rise at...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...cytopathic effect of coxsackie b5 virus in hep2 cells [16] a proposed mechanism is the stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression leading to an increase in nitric oxide production other mechanisms include the induction of the translocation of the nuclear factorkappa b to the nucleus infection testing of 328 samples of 29 hiv infected individuals found that 4468 647 of samples which were hiv1 rna and p24 antigen positive had elevated neopterin levels 10 nmoll 6216 28 samples which were both hiv1 and p24 antigen negative had elevated neopterin levels [17] neopterin levels...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...found that 4468 647 of samples which were hiv1 rna and p24 antigen positive had elevated neopterin levels 10 nmoll 6216 28 samples which were both hiv1 and p24 antigen negative had elevated neopterin levels [17] neopterin levels were also found to be significantly elevated in hiv2 infection compared to controls [18] studies investigated markers of immune activation for their usefulness as prognostic markers in hiv infection and showed an increase of neopterin levels in people with hiv infection compared to patients without hiv infection [19] [20] [21] [...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...samples which were both hiv1 and p24 antigen negative had elevated neopterin levels [17] neopterin levels were also found to be significantly elevated in hiv2 infection compared to controls [18] studies investigated markers of immune activation for their usefulness as prognostic markers in hiv infection and showed an increase of neopterin levels in people with hiv infection compared to patients without hiv infection [19] [20] [21] [22] neopterin levels hereby were found to increase early in the course of hiv infection preceeding cd4tcell decline and clinical...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...levels [17] neopterin levels were also found to be significantly elevated in hiv2 infection compared to controls [18] studies investigated markers of immune activation for their usefulness as prognostic markers in hiv infection and showed an increase of neopterin levels in people with hiv infection compared to patients without hiv infection [19] [20] [21] [22] neopterin levels hereby were found to increase early in the course of hiv infection preceeding cd4tcell decline and clinical manifestations of aids [23 24] plasma neopterin levels were...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...levels were also found to be significantly elevated in hiv2 infection compared to controls [18] studies investigated markers of immune activation for their usefulness as prognostic markers in hiv infection and showed an increase of neopterin levels in people with hiv infection compared to patients without hiv infection [19] [20] [21] [22] neopterin levels hereby were found to increase early in the course of hiv infection preceeding cd4tcell decline and clinical manifestations of aids [23 24] plasma neopterin levels were found to correlate with plasma hiv...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...as prognostic markers in hiv infection and showed an increase of neopterin levels in people with hiv infection compared to patients without hiv infection [19] [20] [21] [22] neopterin levels hereby were found to increase early in the course of hiv infection preceeding cd4tcell decline and clinical manifestations of aids [23 24] plasma neopterin levels were found to correlate with plasma hiv viral load [25] neopterin levels were found to predict hiv related mortality [26 27] a retrospective study compared 2 microglobulin immunoglobulin...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...load [25] neopterin levels were found to predict hiv related mortality [26 27] a retrospective study compared 2 microglobulin immunoglobulin a g and m adenosine deaminase and neopterin levels above normal range as predictors of clinical or immunological deterioration in 256 patients with hiv infection changes in 2 microglobulin levels showed the greatest sensitivity to detect worsening 43 with neopterin slightly less sensitive 419 followed by immunoglobulin levels 26835 2 and adenosine deaminase levels with 218 having the lowest sensitivity [28] marker for viral load to monitor response to antiretroviral treatment in...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...adenosine deaminase levels with 218 having the lowest sensitivity [28] marker for viral load to monitor response to antiretroviral treatment in a land mark study the effects of dual reverse transcriptase inhibitor rt therapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy haart on neopterin levels in patients with hiv infection were compared to hiv uninfected controls hiv infected patients not on treatment and patients who had stopped treatment [22] rt inhibitor treatment decreased circulating levels of neopterin mean of 156 for treated versus a mean of 223 ngml for untreated hiv patients 004 haart decreased neopterin...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...setting see table 1 for list of diseases in which neopterin levels have been used to monitor treatment response hepatitis the first study investigating the role of neopterin in specific forms of viral hepatitis tested urinary levels in patients with hepatitis a hepatitis b and nona nonb hepatitis virus infection [9] the authors noted that in 51 patients with acute viral hepatitis 49 patients had elevated urinary neopterin levels with the highest levels found in patients with acute hepatitis a while all patients with active hepatitis b had elevated neopterin levels 4962 hbsag carriers 77 had normal...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...hbsag carriers 77 had normal urinary neopterin levels the authors noted that neopterin levels were not a reflection of hepatocellular damage as 3 patients with alcoholic hepatitis had normal urinary neopterin levels in order to address the question whether neopterin is a useful marker for early detection of viral infection in donated blood products before seroconversion one study investigated neopterin levels in antihcvnegative specimens which were hcv rna and hcv core antigen positive the investigators found that 8217 37 had elevated neopterin levels 10 nmoll 4115 35 specimens positive for hbv dna had elevated neopterin levels [17] ...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...anti hcv antibody positive had elevated blood neopterin levels compared to patients with siderosis of the liver [45] alanine aminotransferase levels in hcv infected persons correlated significantly with neopterin levels serum neopterin levels were found to be a useful predictor of response to treatment of chronic hcv infection with pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin neopterin concentrations were evaluated in 260 hcv patients treated by pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin mean and median pretreatment neopterin concentrations were lower in patients with sustained virological response than in nonresponders the rate of response was twofold higher among patients with pretreatment neopterin...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

... replicative hbv carriage was defined as hbv dna 5 pgml by hybrid capture system neopterin levels had a mean of 145 nmoll in replicative versus 88 nmoll in nonreplicative hbv carriers 005 this result was not reproducible in another study which found that in patients with replicative hbv infection 30 mean serum neopterin level was 2473 nmoll and in nonreplicative hbv 30 148 nmoll a difference which was not statistically significant [47] this may have been due to large standard deviations and small numbers in groups a more recent investigation found that in chronic...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...discriminate viral and bacterial etiology of respiratory tract infections in a study conducted in hong kong sera obtained on the day of hospitalization for lrti from 139 patients with confirmed bacterial etiology and 128 patients with viral etiology were examined a further 146 sera from healthy chinese subjects with no infection were included as controls the area under the receiver operating characteristic roc curve area under curve [auc] for distinguishing bacterial from viral infections was 0838 for crp and 0770 for pct the auc for distinguishing viral from bacterial infections was 0832 for neopterin when the markers were used...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...than with viral aetiology 125 versus 12 mgnmol 00001 and 42 times higher than those in healthy subjects 125 versus 03 mgnmol 00001 the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for the cn ratio was 0840 a cutoff value of cn ratio 3 for ruling inout bacterialviral infection yielded optimal sensitivity and specificity of 795 and 815 respectively [51] early studies showed elevated neopterin levels in cerebrospinal fluid csf of patients with aseptic meningitis and herpes simplex and measles virus encephalomyelitis [52] [53] [54] csf levels of neopterin...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...count patients with various forms of encephalitis including those caused by herpes simplex virus varicella zoster virus and tick borne encephalitis virus had significantly elevated csf neopterin levels compared to controls and higher levels than in patients with viral meningitis without overlap of levels in the two conditions in hiv infection there was a clear relationship between the severity of aidsrelated dementia and csf neopterin levels [12 [30] [31] [32] higher csf hiv viral loads were associated with higher csf neopterin levels [33] after commencement of combination antiretroviral therapy art...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...infectious etiology neopterin levels were found to have a specificity of 78 for discriminating infectious and noninfectious etiology of critical illness [66] bacterial meningitis was associated with both elevated serum and csf neopterin levels compared to controls [55] in lyme neuroborreliosisa late complication of infection by the tickborn spirochete borrelia burgdorferihigh neopterin concentrations were found in csf of patients whereas serum neopterin levels were not markedly increased confirming intrathecal neopterin production [67] infection with treponema pallidum subsp pallidum syphilis was not associated with elevated neopterin levels [18] in melioidosis...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...elevated serum and csf neopterin levels compared to controls [55] in lyme neuroborreliosisa late complication of infection by the tickborn spirochete borrelia burgdorferihigh neopterin concentrations were found in csf of patients whereas serum neopterin levels were not markedly increased confirming intrathecal neopterin production [67] infection with treponema pallidum subsp pallidum syphilis was not associated with elevated neopterin levels [18] in melioidosis by pseudomonas pseudomallei neopterin concentrations were found to be significantly higher than controls [12] in brucellosis neopterin levels were with a mean 525 mmolml significantly higher than healthy...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...significant decline of levels to near normal levels within 6 months of treatment [41] in the context of emerging multiple drug resistance and difficulties in monitoring compliance and drug absorption neopterin needs to be explored as a tool for monitoring of success in treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection it may also help to distinguish active from latent disease people with hivm tuberculosis coinfection with active tuberculosis responded with a reduction of plasma neopterin to antituberculotic treatment but neopterin levels remained above the baseline levels of hiv negative tuberculosis patients and levels were higher in patients with lower cd4...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...volunteers experimentally infected with plasmodium falciparum [79] serial monitoring revealed that urinary neopterin levels were not elevated until peripheral blood parasite densities had increased through 3 to 4 cycles of intraerythrocytic schizogony a sharp rise in urinary neopterin was detectable at the beginning of day 14 after infection there was an increase one day after onset of fever in one patient a urinary neopterin increase was noted without the occurrence of fever neopterin production in falciparum malaria seems to be a direct effect of plasmodial antigens on monocytesmacrophages in vitro studies showed that the monocytic cell line u937...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...resolved within 37 days of treatment neopterin levels normalized rapidly [42] neopterin levels in nonimmune patients and young children were higher than were those of semiimmune individuals csf csf neopterin levels were investigated for ability to discriminate between different stages of cerebral trypanosoma t brucei b gambiense infection in an investigation of 512 t b gambiense patients originating from angola chad and the democratic republic of the congo csf igm and neopterin were the best in discriminating between the two stages s1 and s2 of disease with 864 and 841 specificity respectively at 100 sensitivity when a...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...with 864 and 841 specificity respectively at 100 sensitivity when a validation cohort 412 patients was tested neopterin 143 nmoll correctly classified 88 of s1 and s2 patients confirming its high staging power [82] serum neopterin was also assessed as a disease marker in human schistosoma mansoni infection and levels were found to reflect the extent of hepatic involvement with higher levels found in patients with hepatomegaly treatment with praziquantel led to a normalisation of serum neopterin levels as a result of a reduction of egg induced immunopathology [43 44 83] the detection of new...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...routine measurement of neopterin levels in all donated blood in 1986 a cutoff of 10 nmoll was used and led to the exclusion of 16 of donors total number of donors 76587 the most common cause of elevated levels was in 123 67 of cases a viral respiratory tract infection 6 donors with elevated neopterin had an acute toxoplasmosis and 4 had hiv infection or nonanon bhepatitis [84] in another study 526 of 1767 donations with increased neopterin levels were positive for cmv igm indicating acute infection 03 of patients with low neopterin levels had cmv igm...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...10 nmoll was used and led to the exclusion of 16 of donors total number of donors 76587 the most common cause of elevated levels was in 123 67 of cases a viral respiratory tract infection 6 donors with elevated neopterin had an acute toxoplasmosis and 4 had hiv infection or nonanon bhepatitis [84] in another study 526 of 1767 donations with increased neopterin levels were positive for cmv igm indicating acute infection 03 of patients with low neopterin levels had cmv igm seroconversion was detected in 10 patients with initially elevated neopterin levels on a second...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...was in 123 67 of cases a viral respiratory tract infection 6 donors with elevated neopterin had an acute toxoplasmosis and 4 had hiv infection or nonanon bhepatitis [84] in another study 526 of 1767 donations with increased neopterin levels were positive for cmv igm indicating acute infection 03 of patients with low neopterin levels had cmv igm seroconversion was detected in 10 patients with initially elevated neopterin levels on a second serum sample indicating that neopterin may precede the appearance of cmv antibodies by 24 weeks [85] a further study of austrian blood donors...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...detected in 10 patients with initially elevated neopterin levels on a second serum sample indicating that neopterin may precede the appearance of cmv antibodies by 24 weeks [85] a further study of austrian blood donors showed that neopterin levels were significantly higher in early compared to late infection or carrier state all early infections seroconversions had elevated neopterin levels while only 17 of late and carrier states [86] a recent study found that using a neopterin elisa 61 of cmv dnapositive samples had elevated neopterin levels [87] with regard to other viruses...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...86] a recent study found that using a neopterin elisa 61 of cmv dnapositive samples had elevated neopterin levels [87] with regard to other viruses 55 of donors with above normal neopterin had epsteinbarr virus igm generating an almost threefold greater chance of acute ebv infection in donors with increased neopterin odds ratio 285 95 confidence interval 1556 with regard to parvovirus b19 infection 731060 69 donors were found to be seropositive for parvovirus b19 igm [88] a later study by the same group found no hpv dna positive results amongst 1200 patients...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...elevated neopterin levels [87] with regard to other viruses 55 of donors with above normal neopterin had epsteinbarr virus igm generating an almost threefold greater chance of acute ebv infection in donors with increased neopterin odds ratio 285 95 confidence interval 1556 with regard to parvovirus b19 infection 731060 69 donors were found to be seropositive for parvovirus b19 igm [88] a later study by the same group found no hpv dna positive results amongst 1200 patients with normal neopterin levels [89] an investigation of the association of neopterin levels with chronic...

Title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Eisenhut, Michael
Journal: J Biomark
Item: Infection
Index: 18
ID: 5934262a2b502aa5c1312dca72507395da00ccbe
Number of matches: 31

...were found to be seropositive for parvovirus b19 igm [88] a later study by the same group found no hpv dna positive results amongst 1200 patients with normal neopterin levels [89] an investigation of the association of neopterin levels with chronic hepatitis c virus infection revealed that significantly more patients with elevated neopterin levels and hcv antibodies were hcv pcr positive for hcv rna odds ratio 376 0002 [90] neopterin is a nonspecific marker of activated cell mediated immunity involving release of interferon gamma neopterin may be a useful marker for...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

......

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...mode of entry is through mucous membranes and cuts or abrasions on the skin [1] upon entry the organisms travel through the bloodstream to multiple sites and may cause liver and kidney damage meningitis and a variety of other inflammatory conditions if the host survives the acute infection leptospires can persist in the proximal renal tubules for weeks to months protected from antibodies and causing little to no inflammation the bacteria are then shed in the urine and animal urine contamination of water is the primary source of human exposure although little is known about how leptospira...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...persist in the proximal renal tubules for weeks to months protected from antibodies and causing little to no inflammation the bacteria are then shed in the urine and animal urine contamination of water is the primary source of human exposure although little is known about how leptospira species establish infection in their hosts adhesion to the host cell surface and extracellular matrix ecm by pathogens is often the first critical step in the initiation of infection several groups have investigated the adhesion of leptospira interrogans to endothelial fibroblast kidney epithelial and monocytemacrophage cell lines cultured in vitro [3]...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...urine and animal urine contamination of water is the primary source of human exposure although little is known about how leptospira species establish infection in their hosts adhesion to the host cell surface and extracellular matrix ecm by pathogens is often the first critical step in the initiation of infection several groups have investigated the adhesion of leptospira interrogans to endothelial fibroblast kidney epithelial and monocytemacrophage cell lines cultured in vitro [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] it is likely that pathogenic leptospires can...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...fibroblast kidney epithelial and monocytemacrophage cell lines cultured in vitro [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] it is likely that pathogenic leptospires can attach to several different types of mammalian receptors to establish the infection in fact infectious strains of leptospira have been shown to adhere to ecm components including collagen type iv fibronectin and laminin and also to the plasma protein fibrinogen [4 [10] [11] [12] adhesion to several ecm components is mediated at least in...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...gene expression in response to incubation with different strains of leptospira human gene arrays were probed with cdna derived from the rna purified from infected cells and uninfected controls in this study we discuss how global analysis of gene expression allows us to gain insights into host specific responses to infection with pathogenic leptospira the human microvascular endothelial cell line of dermal origin hmec1 [15] was obtained from dr ades centers for disease control and prevention atlanta georgia and cultured in endothelial basal medium clonetics san diego ca supplemented with 15 heatinactivated fetal bovine serum hyclone logan ut...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...hat media supplement sigmaaldrich both cell lines were cultured in the medium recommended by the supplier in a humidified atmosphere of 5 co 2 and both cell media were supplemented with 1 uml penicillin 1 mgml streptomycin and 2 mm lglutamine for routine propagation cells to be used for experimental infection with leptospira strains were cultured without the antibiotics the roles of proteoglycans in the endothelial cell response to l interrogans were tested based on previously published protocols [17] briefly chondroitin sulfate b was shown to bind l interrogans and to competitively inhibit l interrogans to mammalian...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...and enumerated using a hemocytometer counting chamber 2610 7 cells per sample were incubated in suspension with either l biflexa serovar patoc or l interrogans serovar canicola or without any bacteria for 1 h and 3 h at room temperature in the cell medium without antibiotics the moi multiplicity of infection used was 10 bacteria per mammalian cell after incubation cells were washed with phosphate buffered saline pbs and harvested for rna isolation the rna was purified using rneasy kit qiagen valencia ca with dnase digestion according to manufacturers manual the quality of rna was checked using a bioanalyzer agilent santa...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...the same array slide for 38 to 42 hr according to manufacturers instruction after a series of washes using the buffers provided in the kit slides were spun dry and scanned under two laser channels in a scanarray 4000 scanner packard bioscience meriden ct leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic infection that primarily affects residents of tropical regions but is seen occasionally in temperate regions as well leptospirosis can vary in severity from a mild nonspecific illness to severe disease that includes multiorgan failure and widespread endothelial damage and hemorrhage to investigate how pathogenic leptospires affect endothelial cells we compared the...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...but is seen occasionally in temperate regions as well leptospirosis can vary in severity from a mild nonspecific illness to severe disease that includes multiorgan failure and widespread endothelial damage and hemorrhage to investigate how pathogenic leptospires affect endothelial cells we compared the responses of two endothelial cell lines to infection by pathogenic versus nonpathogenic leptospires our analyses suggested that pathogenic l interrogans and nonpathogenic l biflexa caused changes in expression of genes whose products are involved in cellular architecture and interactions with the matrix but that the changes were in opposite directions with infection by l biflexa primarily maintaining cell...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...of two endothelial cell lines to infection by pathogenic versus nonpathogenic leptospires our analyses suggested that pathogenic l interrogans and nonpathogenic l biflexa caused changes in expression of genes whose products are involved in cellular architecture and interactions with the matrix but that the changes were in opposite directions with infection by l biflexa primarily maintaining cell layer integrity while l interrogans disrupted cell layers in fact l interrogans caused significant disruption of endothelial cell layers but this damage could be abrogated by the endothelial protective drug lisinopril our results suggest that l interrogans binds to endothelial cells and disrupts endothelial...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...to the pathogenic leptospires in comparison to the uninfected controls and upregulated in response to the nonpathogen the effect of decreased gna13 may be to decrease stimulation of rho while the changes in expression of several additional genes are consistent with changes in cellular architecture as a result of leptospiral infection of these endothelial cells for example decreases in the mrnas for radixin rdx a protein that links the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma caveolins 1 and 2 cav1 and cav2 which couple integrins to the raserk pathway titin the ecm component laminin b1 and integrin subunits a v and b...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...or 3 hours at 37uc then were washed and fixed the slides were stained with phalloidinfitc which illuminates f actin plus antileptospira antibodies followed by tritcconjugated secondary antibody retraction of the cell bodies in response to l interrogans canicola but not l biflexa patoc is evident particularly at 3 hr infection the brighter staining of rounded and retracted cells with fitcphalloidin may be due to disorganization of cellular architecture without complete depolymerization of the actin which in the increased depth and decreased area of the cytoplasm would appear more concentrated and therefore brighter changes in endothelial cell morphology were most evident...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...the host cell signaling to achieve the same result decreased cellular adhesion to the ecm and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton may facilitate the migration of leptospira through endothelial barriers as it disseminates from the site of inoculation to further explore the possibility that actin rearrangements are triggered by leptospira infection at the functional level endothelial cells plated in chamber slides were infected at an moi of 10 for 1 hour and 3 hours as shown in figure 1 the bacteria were clearly more adherent to the cells than to the extracellular space and the pathogenic bacteria caused dramatically more...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...noted was a reduction in cortical actin so the cell edges are less defined and appearance of gaps in confluent cell layers followed by loss of stress fibers and rounding of the cells the images shown in figure 1 are from cell layers that were just below confluence prior to infection to allow better visualization of changes in individual cells for example while the cortical actin has largely disappeared in cells infected with l interrogans canicola by 1 hour postinfection and stress fibers have disappeared and cell rounding is evident by 3 hours the cells are largely unaffected at the same...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...visualization of changes in individual cells for example while the cortical actin has largely disappeared in cells infected with l interrogans canicola by 1 hour postinfection and stress fibers have disappeared and cell rounding is evident by 3 hours the cells are largely unaffected at the same time points after infection with l biflexa patoc figure 1 l biflexa endothelial cell responses to leptospira wwwplosntdsorg does adhere to mammalian cells in culture less efficiently than does l interrogans as shown and reviewed in [17] but even when bacterial contact with the cells was facilitated by centrifugation the...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...performed using adherent cells the morphologic changes are consistent with changes in mrna levels seen using lifted cells in the microarray experiments despite the alterations in cellular architecture and monolayer integrity no decrease in endothelial cell viability was found by any of several criteria see materials and methods even after infection times extended as long as 48 hours figure 2 the disruptions in the layers did however result in the ability of the pathogenic strain to cross the monolayers more efficiently than did the nonpathogenic bacteria figure 3 after a brief period in which the endothelial layer did prevent...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...shown but does not abolish bacterial attachment consistent with the hypothesis that additional nonproteoglycan molecules serve as substrates for l interrogans attachment to cells direct bacterial attachment to the cells does appear to be required for the damage to the endothelial cell layers as supernatants harvested from infected cell layers infection times of 124 hr and sterilized by centrifugation and filtration through 01 mm filters did not affect endothelial cell layer integrity data not shown therefore nonproteoglycan cell surface receptors are likely to be those primarily involved in the responses of the endothelial cells to l interrogans attachment and efforts to...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...containing leucinerich repeats which are involved in many proteinprotein interactions [29] as stated in the publication of the l biflexa genome it is intriguing eahy926 cell layers were treated with the proteoglycan synthesis inhibitor bxyloside or the control agalactoside as described in [17] prior to infection with l interrogans sv copenhageni after 3 hr the cell layers were washed and fixed then stained with phalloidinfitc neither reagent significantly reduced disruption of the cell layers by l interrogans as alterations in cell morphology and significant gaps between cells were seen when l interrogans was present and transendothelial...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...is an anion transport blocker and is used as a diuretic but has antihypertensive activity as a consequence and was used as a control not expected to preserve endothelial layer integrity while telmisartan furosemide and dopamine did not protect the endothelial layers from the damage due to l interrogans copenhageni infection lisinopril did at 100 nm 1 mm and 10 mm figure 5 representing 3 independent experiments and data not shown there are several possible explanations for this including 1 lisinopril inhibits l interrogans attachment to the cells and 2 that attachment is unaffected but the interaction of the...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...] a different spirochete treponema denticola produces the protein msp which disrupts the actin cytoskeleton in neutrophils and fibroblasts preventing phagocytosis of the bacterium and inhibiting the cellular migration required to respond to and repair the damage caused by the pathogen and the host response at the site of infection [43 44] these activities are likely to facilitate invasion and colonization of periodontal tissues by t denticola previous work by another laboratory demonstrated that l interrogans copenhageni crosses mdck canine kidney epithelial cell layers in culture more rapidly than does l biflexa patoc [45] ...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...the bacteria are able to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton indirectly even the pore forming toxin activity reported for leptospira [46 47] does not appear to have as large an effect as the endothelial cells here were viable throughout the experiments the leptospires may be able to establish disseminated infection in part due to the binding of the bacteria to one or more mammalian cell surface receptors that in turn regulate the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton in the mammalian cell deciphering the role of and mechanisms behind actin rearrangement in response to pathogenic leptospira will provide insights into the...

Title: Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to
Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Martinez-Lopez, Denise G.. Fahey, Mark...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 19
ID: 8d8ab6d3f0c6ff09e306c23c87f823f9382ff32e
Number of matches: 27

...cell surface receptors that in turn regulate the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton in the mammalian cell deciphering the role of and mechanisms behind actin rearrangement in response to pathogenic leptospira will provide insights into the mechanisms that leptospires uses to disseminate to different organs of the host to cause infection and disease and provides a possible avenue for therapeutic intervention in conjunction with antimicrobial therapy...

Title: Identification of Diaryl-Quinoline
Compounds as Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus
Authors: Cui, Qinghua. Cheng, Han...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 20
ID: eccc33ccb0e981e31f4d18d258274a7dae3ca2bc
Number of matches: 10

......

Title: Identification of Diaryl-Quinoline
Compounds as Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus
Authors: Cui, Qinghua. Cheng, Han...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 20
ID: eccc33ccb0e981e31f4d18d258274a7dae3ca2bc
Number of matches: 10

...which was first reported in may [2] the development of antiebov agents has been hampered partly due to the biosafety level 4 bsl4 containment requirement to handle the infectious ebola virus three types of antiebola agents have been reported as potential prophylactics andor therapies against ebola virus infection 1 vaccines or antibodies a few potential vaccines and monoclonal antibody cocktail zmapp have been shown to be highly effective in protecting nonhuman primates against lethal ebola virus infections [3 4] 2 small molecule inhibitors either targeting the viral proteins including rna polymerase inhibitors favipiravir and remdesivir...

Title: Identification of Diaryl-Quinoline
Compounds as Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus
Authors: Cui, Qinghua. Cheng, Han...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 20
ID: eccc33ccb0e981e31f4d18d258274a7dae3ca2bc
Number of matches: 10

...which was first reported in may [2] the development of antiebov agents has been hampered partly due to the biosafety level 4 bsl4 containment requirement to handle the infectious ebola virus three types of antiebola agents have been reported as potential prophylactics andor therapies against ebola virus infection 1 vaccines or antibodies a few potential vaccines and monoclonal antibody cocktail zmapp have been shown to be highly effective in protecting nonhuman primates against lethal ebola virus infections [3 4] 2 small molecule inhibitors either targeting the viral proteins including rna polymerase inhibitors favipiravir and remdesivir...

Title: Identification of Diaryl-Quinoline
Compounds as Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus
Authors: Cui, Qinghua. Cheng, Han...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 20
ID: eccc33ccb0e981e31f4d18d258274a7dae3ca2bc
Number of matches: 10

...chinese academy of medical sciences beijing china the structural information of these compounds is provided in the supplementary table s1 these compounds were dissolved in dmso and stored at a stock concentration of 10 mm a549 cells were seeded in 384well plates 1000 cells per well one day before infection with hiv1ebov hiv1h5n1 or hiv1lasv pseudoviruses the compounds were added into the wells together with the viruses at a final concentration of 10 m in 00625 dmso and the plates were incubated for 48 h the luciferase activity in the infected cells was quantified by a neolite reporter gene detection...

Title: Identification of Diaryl-Quinoline
Compounds as Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus
Authors: Cui, Qinghua. Cheng, Han...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 20
ID: eccc33ccb0e981e31f4d18d258274a7dae3ca2bc
Number of matches: 10

...buffer fresh dmem was added into the cells and cells were then incubated at 37 c in co 2 incubator at different time points compounds were added with the final concentration of 10 m the experiment was performed in triplicate wells using benztropine 25 m as a control virus infection was quantified by luciferase signals 48 h after infection for each time point the data were normalized by the values from the dmso vehicletreated control wells infectious ebola virus assays were performed in the biosafety level 4 bsl4 facility at the texas biomedical research institute usa the infectious ebov...

Title: Identification of Diaryl-Quinoline
Compounds as Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus
Authors: Cui, Qinghua. Cheng, Han...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 20
ID: eccc33ccb0e981e31f4d18d258274a7dae3ca2bc
Number of matches: 10

...cells were then incubated at 37 c in co 2 incubator at different time points compounds were added with the final concentration of 10 m the experiment was performed in triplicate wells using benztropine 25 m as a control virus infection was quantified by luciferase signals 48 h after infection for each time point the data were normalized by the values from the dmso vehicletreated control wells infectious ebola virus assays were performed in the biosafety level 4 bsl4 facility at the texas biomedical research institute usa the infectious ebov was produced as previously described [27] ...

Title: Identification of Diaryl-Quinoline
Compounds as Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus
Authors: Cui, Qinghua. Cheng, Han...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 20
ID: eccc33ccb0e981e31f4d18d258274a7dae3ca2bc
Number of matches: 10

...grown in vero cells for 7 days and the culture supernatants containing the viruses were centrifuged through a 20 sucrose cushion 141118 g for 2 h at 4 c the virus pellets were suspended in pbs buffer and stored in aliquots at 80 c until use for infection assays hela cells were first seeded in 384well tissue culture plates 4000 cells per well and cultured overnight in dmem medium with 10 fbs next the cells were infected by ebovgfp virus moi 005 to 015 in the presence of the test compounds at various concentrations bafilomycin 10 m...

Title: Identification of Diaryl-Quinoline
Compounds as Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus
Authors: Cui, Qinghua. Cheng, Han...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 20
ID: eccc33ccb0e981e31f4d18d258274a7dae3ca2bc
Number of matches: 10

...that compound syl1712 like benztropine blocks ebola gpmediated viral entry in the endosome relative luciferase signal at 100 means the drug has no effect on the ebov entry at each time point the antivirus effect of compound syl1712 was further evaluated and validated in hela cells against infectious ebov infection in a bsl4 facility the highcontent imaging detection method with ebola mayinga isolate was used for this study [27] compound syl1712 was effective at blocking the replication of infectious ebov with an ic50 of 199 m figure 3a consistent with the results from the pseudovirus...

Title: Identification of Diaryl-Quinoline
Compounds as Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus
Authors: Cui, Qinghua. Cheng, Han...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 20
ID: eccc33ccb0e981e31f4d18d258274a7dae3ca2bc
Number of matches: 10

...cells figure 3b the selective index si of compound syl1712 was 372 relative luciferase signal at 100 means the drug has no effect on the ebov entry at each time point the antivirus effect of compound syl1712 was further evaluated and validated in hela cells against infectious ebov infection in a bsl4 facility the highcontent imaging detection method with ebola mayinga isolate was used for this study [27] compound syl1712 was effective at blocking the replication of infectious ebov with an ic 50 of 199 m figure 3a consistent with the results from the...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

......

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

......

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

......

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

......

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...unchanged during hsv2 infection in response to hsv1 infection we previously found that autophagy levels may be slightly inhibited or in most cases remain unchanged during productive hsv1 infection 29 the autophagic response to hsv2 infection was not previously assessed thus we monitored autophagy flux in cells during hsv2 infection using sequestosome1 or p62 immunoblotting p62 is a protein that is degraded mainly by autophagy and thus its levels represent a reliable indicator of autophagy flux in cells [30] [31] [32] id est accumulation of p62 marks suppression of the autophagy flux...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...a reliable indicator of autophagy flux in cells [30] [31] [32] id est accumulation of p62 marks suppression of the autophagy flux whereas its depletion reflects autophagy induction [30] [31] [32] we found that hsv2 infection does not cause any significant changes in autophagy flux in host cells fig 1ad this result indicated that hsv2 similarly to hsv1 prevents autophagy induction in response to infection but meanwhile maintains the basal autophagy activity of the host mostly unhampered having found that hsv2 maintains the basal...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...whereas its depletion reflects autophagy induction [30] [31] [32] we found that hsv2 infection does not cause any significant changes in autophagy flux in host cells fig 1ad this result indicated that hsv2 similarly to hsv1 prevents autophagy induction in response to infection but meanwhile maintains the basal autophagy activity of the host mostly unhampered having found that hsv2 maintains the basal autophagic activity of host cells we hypothesized that this basal autophagic activity could play a role in infection to investigate such a role of autophagy in hsv2 infection we used...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...indicated that hsv2 similarly to hsv1 prevents autophagy induction in response to infection but meanwhile maintains the basal autophagy activity of the host mostly unhampered having found that hsv2 maintains the basal autophagic activity of host cells we hypothesized that this basal autophagic activity could play a role in infection to investigate such a role of autophagy in hsv2 infection we used pharmacological means to suppress cellular autophagy levels first we used chloroquine to suppress autophagy we found that chloroquine treatment of the cells led to reduced viral yields in cells data not shown various chemical agents have been classically...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...response to infection but meanwhile maintains the basal autophagy activity of the host mostly unhampered having found that hsv2 maintains the basal autophagic activity of host cells we hypothesized that this basal autophagic activity could play a role in infection to investigate such a role of autophagy in hsv2 infection we used pharmacological means to suppress cellular autophagy levels first we used chloroquine to suppress autophagy we found that chloroquine treatment of the cells led to reduced viral yields in cells data not shown various chemical agents have been classically used in the field to suppress autophagy however some of...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...confirmed by the accumulation of p62 along with lc3ii fig 2a to rule out any possible effects of bfn on viral entry we incubated the cells with hsv2 for 2 hrs and the cells were then untreated or treated with bfn using hsv2gfp virus we monitored the progress of infection microscopically we observed a significant drop in virus levels in bfntreated relative to mocktreated cells fig 2bc to confirm this finding we employed a quantitative facsbased assay to measure virus yields in cells we found that bfnmediated block of autophagy suppressed viral yields and hsv2 infection fig 2de ...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...the progress of infection microscopically we observed a significant drop in virus levels in bfntreated relative to mocktreated cells fig 2bc to confirm this finding we employed a quantitative facsbased assay to measure virus yields in cells we found that bfnmediated block of autophagy suppressed viral yields and hsv2 infection fig 2de to further confirm we determined virus levels in the cells via qpcr virus genome quantification qpcr assay confirmed that bfn treatment significantly reduces hsv2 infection fig 2f moreover the possibility of cell death upon bfn treatment was ruled out fig 2g these results demonstrated...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...a quantitative facsbased assay to measure virus yields in cells we found that bfnmediated block of autophagy suppressed viral yields and hsv2 infection fig 2de to further confirm we determined virus levels in the cells via qpcr virus genome quantification qpcr assay confirmed that bfn treatment significantly reduces hsv2 infection fig 2f moreover the possibility of cell death upon bfn treatment was ruled out fig 2g these results demonstrated that suppression of basal autophagy in host cells interferes with viral replication and the progress of infection monitoring hsv2 infection under genetic deficiency of autophagy due to...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...genome quantification qpcr assay confirmed that bfn treatment significantly reduces hsv2 infection fig 2f moreover the possibility of cell death upon bfn treatment was ruled out fig 2g these results demonstrated that suppression of basal autophagy in host cells interferes with viral replication and the progress of infection monitoring hsv2 infection under genetic deficiency of autophagy due to the limitations of pharmacological assays and the difficulty to completely rule out nonspecific effects of chemicals we sought to confirm the effect of basal autophagy on hsv2 infection using genetic means therefore we used mouse embryonic fibroblasts mefs that...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...confirmed that bfn treatment significantly reduces hsv2 infection fig 2f moreover the possibility of cell death upon bfn treatment was ruled out fig 2g these results demonstrated that suppression of basal autophagy in host cells interferes with viral replication and the progress of infection monitoring hsv2 infection under genetic deficiency of autophagy due to the limitations of pharmacological assays and the difficulty to completely rule out nonspecific effects of chemicals we sought to confirm the effect of basal autophagy on hsv2 infection using genetic means therefore we used mouse embryonic fibroblasts mefs that are incapable of executing...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...in host cells interferes with viral replication and the progress of infection monitoring hsv2 infection under genetic deficiency of autophagy due to the limitations of pharmacological assays and the difficulty to completely rule out nonspecific effects of chemicals we sought to confirm the effect of basal autophagy on hsv2 infection using genetic means therefore we used mouse embryonic fibroblasts mefs that are incapable of executing autophagy due to a genetic knockout of the autophagyessential gene atg5 19 36 out of the 31 autophagyrelated atg genes 18 genes including atg5 and atg7 are essential for development and maturation of autophagosomes...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...levels in atg5 cells fig 3ac in addition atg5 cells were also defective in mounting an autophagic response to starvation fig 3ac these results validated the autophagydeficient nature of these cells then we infected wt or atg5 mefs with hsv2gfp at various multiplicities of infection mois and assessed the infection with fluorescence microscopy we found that while wt mefs showed signs of robust hsv2 infection including viral gene expression viral spread and syncytia formation fig 4a atg5 cells showed extremely reduced infection signs at all the mois tested fig 4b these findings...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...fig 3ac in addition atg5 cells were also defective in mounting an autophagic response to starvation fig 3ac these results validated the autophagydeficient nature of these cells then we infected wt or atg5 mefs with hsv2gfp at various multiplicities of infection mois and assessed the infection with fluorescence microscopy we found that while wt mefs showed signs of robust hsv2 infection including viral gene expression viral spread and syncytia formation fig 4a atg5 cells showed extremely reduced infection signs at all the mois tested fig 4b these findings suggested that autophagy deficiency interferes...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...response to starvation fig 3ac these results validated the autophagydeficient nature of these cells then we infected wt or atg5 mefs with hsv2gfp at various multiplicities of infection mois and assessed the infection with fluorescence microscopy we found that while wt mefs showed signs of robust hsv2 infection including viral gene expression viral spread and syncytia formation fig 4a atg5 cells showed extremely reduced infection signs at all the mois tested fig 4b these findings suggested that autophagy deficiency interferes with hsv2 infection having observed low infection of cells deficient in autophagy we sought...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...wt or atg5 mefs with hsv2gfp at various multiplicities of infection mois and assessed the infection with fluorescence microscopy we found that while wt mefs showed signs of robust hsv2 infection including viral gene expression viral spread and syncytia formation fig 4a atg5 cells showed extremely reduced infection signs at all the mois tested fig 4b these findings suggested that autophagy deficiency interferes with hsv2 infection having observed low infection of cells deficient in autophagy we sought to confirm quantitatively the effect of autophagy deficiency on viral levels in infected cells we thus utilized various quantitative...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...microscopy we found that while wt mefs showed signs of robust hsv2 infection including viral gene expression viral spread and syncytia formation fig 4a atg5 cells showed extremely reduced infection signs at all the mois tested fig 4b these findings suggested that autophagy deficiency interferes with hsv2 infection having observed low infection of cells deficient in autophagy we sought to confirm quantitatively the effect of autophagy deficiency on viral levels in infected cells we thus utilized various quantitative assays of infection facs assay qpcr viral genome quantification and virus titer determination by plaque assay compared to wt...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...wt mefs showed signs of robust hsv2 infection including viral gene expression viral spread and syncytia formation fig 4a atg5 cells showed extremely reduced infection signs at all the mois tested fig 4b these findings suggested that autophagy deficiency interferes with hsv2 infection having observed low infection of cells deficient in autophagy we sought to confirm quantitatively the effect of autophagy deficiency on viral levels in infected cells we thus utilized various quantitative assays of infection facs assay qpcr viral genome quantification and virus titer determination by plaque assay compared to wt cells atg5 cells showed...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...all the mois tested fig 4b these findings suggested that autophagy deficiency interferes with hsv2 infection having observed low infection of cells deficient in autophagy we sought to confirm quantitatively the effect of autophagy deficiency on viral levels in infected cells we thus utilized various quantitative assays of infection facs assay qpcr viral genome quantification and virus titer determination by plaque assay compared to wt cells atg5 cells showed significantly lower viral yields and seemed highly resistant to infection fig 5a b even at higher mois atg5 mefs still showed significant block of infection fig 5ab...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...quantitatively the effect of autophagy deficiency on viral levels in infected cells we thus utilized various quantitative assays of infection facs assay qpcr viral genome quantification and virus titer determination by plaque assay compared to wt cells atg5 cells showed significantly lower viral yields and seemed highly resistant to infection fig 5a b even at higher mois atg5 mefs still showed significant block of infection fig 5ab qpcr assay also showed that atg5 knockout in cells dramatically diminishes the infection fig 5c finally we determined virus titer from wt or atg5 cells using plaque assay...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...quantitative assays of infection facs assay qpcr viral genome quantification and virus titer determination by plaque assay compared to wt cells atg5 cells showed significantly lower viral yields and seemed highly resistant to infection fig 5a b even at higher mois atg5 mefs still showed significant block of infection fig 5ab qpcr assay also showed that atg5 knockout in cells dramatically diminishes the infection fig 5c finally we determined virus titer from wt or atg5 cells using plaque assay while wt cells secreted approximately 10 2 10 3 plaqueforming units pfumonolayer atg5 cells secreted...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...compared to wt cells atg5 cells showed significantly lower viral yields and seemed highly resistant to infection fig 5a b even at higher mois atg5 mefs still showed significant block of infection fig 5ab qpcr assay also showed that atg5 knockout in cells dramatically diminishes the infection fig 5c finally we determined virus titer from wt or atg5 cells using plaque assay while wt cells secreted approximately 10 2 10 3 plaqueforming units pfumonolayer atg5 cells secreted approximately 10 6 10 7 pfu monolayer fig 5d additionally in order to rule out the...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...autophagy deficiency may interfere with virus entry into cells we assessed internalized virus levels in wt or atg5 cells we found that autophagy deficiency does not affect virus entry into the cells fig 5e together our results indicate that basal autophagic activity of the host cells supports hsv2 infection which is consistent with results of pharmacological autophagy inhibition fig 2 we then sought to evaluate the role of autophagy in hsv2 infection under various productive infection conditions and in multiple infection systems first we tested the effect of autophagy inhibition on infection in other cell types we found...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...deficiency does not affect virus entry into the cells fig 5e together our results indicate that basal autophagic activity of the host cells supports hsv2 infection which is consistent with results of pharmacological autophagy inhibition fig 2 we then sought to evaluate the role of autophagy in hsv2 infection under various productive infection conditions and in multiple infection systems first we tested the effect of autophagy inhibition on infection in other cell types we found that autophagy suppression caused a significant reduction of infection in a retinal pigment epithelial cell line fig 6a b or in human foreskin fibroblast...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...virus entry into the cells fig 5e together our results indicate that basal autophagic activity of the host cells supports hsv2 infection which is consistent with results of pharmacological autophagy inhibition fig 2 we then sought to evaluate the role of autophagy in hsv2 infection under various productive infection conditions and in multiple infection systems first we tested the effect of autophagy inhibition on infection in other cell types we found that autophagy suppression caused a significant reduction of infection in a retinal pigment epithelial cell line fig 6a b or in human foreskin fibroblast cells fig 6cd ...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...fig 5e together our results indicate that basal autophagic activity of the host cells supports hsv2 infection which is consistent with results of pharmacological autophagy inhibition fig 2 we then sought to evaluate the role of autophagy in hsv2 infection under various productive infection conditions and in multiple infection systems first we tested the effect of autophagy inhibition on infection in other cell types we found that autophagy suppression caused a significant reduction of infection in a retinal pigment epithelial cell line fig 6a b or in human foreskin fibroblast cells fig 6cd second using atg5 cells...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...of the host cells supports hsv2 infection which is consistent with results of pharmacological autophagy inhibition fig 2 we then sought to evaluate the role of autophagy in hsv2 infection under various productive infection conditions and in multiple infection systems first we tested the effect of autophagy inhibition on infection in other cell types we found that autophagy suppression caused a significant reduction of infection in a retinal pigment epithelial cell line fig 6a b or in human foreskin fibroblast cells fig 6cd second using atg5 cells we assessed the importance of autophagy for infection at various time...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...inhibition fig 2 we then sought to evaluate the role of autophagy in hsv2 infection under various productive infection conditions and in multiple infection systems first we tested the effect of autophagy inhibition on infection in other cell types we found that autophagy suppression caused a significant reduction of infection in a retinal pigment epithelial cell line fig 6a b or in human foreskin fibroblast cells fig 6cd second using atg5 cells we assessed the importance of autophagy for infection at various time points and under infection with various mois we found that autophagy deficiency was always associated...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...autophagy inhibition on infection in other cell types we found that autophagy suppression caused a significant reduction of infection in a retinal pigment epithelial cell line fig 6a b or in human foreskin fibroblast cells fig 6cd second using atg5 cells we assessed the importance of autophagy for infection at various time points and under infection with various mois we found that autophagy deficiency was always associated with diminished viral replication levels and infection under all these condition fig 6ef finally this requirement of autophagy for infection was independent of the virus strain used fig 6g ...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...types we found that autophagy suppression caused a significant reduction of infection in a retinal pigment epithelial cell line fig 6a b or in human foreskin fibroblast cells fig 6cd second using atg5 cells we assessed the importance of autophagy for infection at various time points and under infection with various mois we found that autophagy deficiency was always associated with diminished viral replication levels and infection under all these condition fig 6ef finally this requirement of autophagy for infection was independent of the virus strain used fig 6g collectively these results confirm that basal autophagy...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...line fig 6a b or in human foreskin fibroblast cells fig 6cd second using atg5 cells we assessed the importance of autophagy for infection at various time points and under infection with various mois we found that autophagy deficiency was always associated with diminished viral replication levels and infection under all these condition fig 6ef finally this requirement of autophagy for infection was independent of the virus strain used fig 6g collectively these results confirm that basal autophagy is an important factor required for a robust hsv2 infection autophagy plays a pivotal role as a...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...using atg5 cells we assessed the importance of autophagy for infection at various time points and under infection with various mois we found that autophagy deficiency was always associated with diminished viral replication levels and infection under all these condition fig 6ef finally this requirement of autophagy for infection was independent of the virus strain used fig 6g collectively these results confirm that basal autophagy is an important factor required for a robust hsv2 infection autophagy plays a pivotal role as a quality control mechanism and in regulating infections and coordinating the cellular response to a...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...always associated with diminished viral replication levels and infection under all these condition fig 6ef finally this requirement of autophagy for infection was independent of the virus strain used fig 6g collectively these results confirm that basal autophagy is an important factor required for a robust hsv2 infection autophagy plays a pivotal role as a quality control mechanism and in regulating infections and coordinating the cellular response to a pathogen attack induction of autophagy was previously shown to enhance hsv1 viral clearance and diminish viral growth 23 39 hsv1 establishes virulence through inhibiting cellular autophagy 22...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...and in regulating infections and coordinating the cellular response to a pathogen attack induction of autophagy was previously shown to enhance hsv1 viral clearance and diminish viral growth 23 39 hsv1 establishes virulence through inhibiting cellular autophagy 22 23 or at least preventing its activation 29 during infection in this study we show that hsv2 prevents autophagy induction but maintains the basal levels of the pathway fig 1 although reports suggested that hsv1 may inhibit autophagy via icp345mediated beclin1 binding while hsv2 icp345 was not tested for its ability to bind beclin1 our results may suggest that...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...for its ability to bind beclin1 our results may suggest that hsv2 icp345 also binds beclin1 to a certain extent however this hypothesis remains to be experimentally investigated notably a closely related herpesvirus varicellazoster virus vzv which lacks the icp345 gene can allow robust induction of autophagy responses to infection 40 41 moreover in similarity to hsv2 results shown here autophagy suppression downregulated vzv virus replication and growth in cells 40 thus these findings together suggest that these different viruses may benefit from the autophagy pathway to varying extents and perhaps the viral autophagymodulating genes serve to optimize...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...all died at the same time within 1 day of birth 38 suggesting that the reason of death is not due to nutrient deprivation and that it may be due to disruption of a cellular function performed by basal autophagy the absence of induced autophagy in hsv1 and hsv2 infection and persistence of basal autophagy suggest a role for this basal autophagy that supports infection as we show here for hsv2 for possible reasons for the contribution of basal autophagy to infection some scenarios may be proposed based on lessons learned from other viruses first the virus may in...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...the reason of death is not due to nutrient deprivation and that it may be due to disruption of a cellular function performed by basal autophagy the absence of induced autophagy in hsv1 and hsv2 infection and persistence of basal autophagy suggest a role for this basal autophagy that supports infection as we show here for hsv2 for possible reasons for the contribution of basal autophagy to infection some scenarios may be proposed based on lessons learned from other viruses first the virus may in fact be protected in the autophagosomes from more severe innate immune defense mechanisms 43 ...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...of a cellular function performed by basal autophagy the absence of induced autophagy in hsv1 and hsv2 infection and persistence of basal autophagy suggest a role for this basal autophagy that supports infection as we show here for hsv2 for possible reasons for the contribution of basal autophagy to infection some scenarios may be proposed based on lessons learned from other viruses first the virus may in fact be protected in the autophagosomes from more severe innate immune defense mechanisms 43 second autophagosomal inclusion of the virus might support a step in the viral life cycle such as using...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...envelopment [46] [47] [48] third autophagic vesicles may facilitate intracellular trafficking of the virions for example virions can be released from the cell via fusion of the lysosomes with the plasma membrane 46 fourth autophagy performs many homeostatic functions which might support infection future work is to determine the exact mechanism by which constitutive autophagic activity or machinery supports hsv infection another possibility for the reason of resistance of atg5 cells to hsv2 infection may be attributed to an aberrant proinflammatory cytokine response to infection in these cells for example hsv1...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...of the virions for example virions can be released from the cell via fusion of the lysosomes with the plasma membrane 46 fourth autophagy performs many homeostatic functions which might support infection future work is to determine the exact mechanism by which constitutive autophagic activity or machinery supports hsv infection another possibility for the reason of resistance of atg5 cells to hsv2 infection may be attributed to an aberrant proinflammatory cytokine response to infection in these cells for example hsv1 blocks nalp3 or nlrp3 inflammasome activity during the course of infection 49 inflammasomes induce maturation and secretion...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...the lysosomes with the plasma membrane 46 fourth autophagy performs many homeostatic functions which might support infection future work is to determine the exact mechanism by which constitutive autophagic activity or machinery supports hsv infection another possibility for the reason of resistance of atg5 cells to hsv2 infection may be attributed to an aberrant proinflammatory cytokine response to infection in these cells for example hsv1 blocks nalp3 or nlrp3 inflammasome activity during the course of infection 49 inflammasomes induce maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines 50 which represent powerful antiviral effectors [51] [52...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...many homeostatic functions which might support infection future work is to determine the exact mechanism by which constitutive autophagic activity or machinery supports hsv infection another possibility for the reason of resistance of atg5 cells to hsv2 infection may be attributed to an aberrant proinflammatory cytokine response to infection in these cells for example hsv1 blocks nalp3 or nlrp3 inflammasome activity during the course of infection 49 inflammasomes induce maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines 50 which represent powerful antiviral effectors [51] [52] [53] autophagydeficient cells lacking lc3b or beclin1...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...constitutive autophagic activity or machinery supports hsv infection another possibility for the reason of resistance of atg5 cells to hsv2 infection may be attributed to an aberrant proinflammatory cytokine response to infection in these cells for example hsv1 blocks nalp3 or nlrp3 inflammasome activity during the course of infection 49 inflammasomes induce maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines 50 which represent powerful antiviral effectors [51] [52] [53] autophagydeficient cells lacking lc3b or beclin1 showed increased nalp3 inflammasome activity and caspase1 levels and exhibited enhanced inflammatory responses eg interleukin il1 ...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...type i ifn 56 57 also atg9 was shown to regulate sting stimulator of interferon genes cytoplasmic localization and thus control ifni responses 58 59 it is thus possible to hypothesize that autophagydeficient cells inherently possess elevated cytokine levels that help confer on these cells resistance to hsv2 infection in addition to the role of autophagy in regulating an innate immune response to infection housekeeping functions of autophagy may also provide a possible reason for supporting hsv2 infection first autophagymediated removal of damaged organelles such as mitochondria mitophagy prevents accumulation of reactive oxygen species ros ref 60 ...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...genes cytoplasmic localization and thus control ifni responses 58 59 it is thus possible to hypothesize that autophagydeficient cells inherently possess elevated cytokine levels that help confer on these cells resistance to hsv2 infection in addition to the role of autophagy in regulating an innate immune response to infection housekeeping functions of autophagy may also provide a possible reason for supporting hsv2 infection first autophagymediated removal of damaged organelles such as mitochondria mitophagy prevents accumulation of reactive oxygen species ros ref 60 ros may induce nalp3 inflammasomes 61 typei ifn responses 62 or cytokine production in...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...possible to hypothesize that autophagydeficient cells inherently possess elevated cytokine levels that help confer on these cells resistance to hsv2 infection in addition to the role of autophagy in regulating an innate immune response to infection housekeeping functions of autophagy may also provide a possible reason for supporting hsv2 infection first autophagymediated removal of damaged organelles such as mitochondria mitophagy prevents accumulation of reactive oxygen species ros ref 60 ros may induce nalp3 inflammasomes 61 typei ifn responses 62 or cytokine production in response to infection 63 compounds that enhance ros production suppress hsv infection 64...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...of autophagy may also provide a possible reason for supporting hsv2 infection first autophagymediated removal of damaged organelles such as mitochondria mitophagy prevents accumulation of reactive oxygen species ros ref 60 ros may induce nalp3 inflammasomes 61 typei ifn responses 62 or cytokine production in response to infection 63 compounds that enhance ros production suppress hsv infection 64 while factors that relieve herpesvirusinduced oxidative stress 65 significantly enhance infection 66 67 second protein aggregation under autophagydeficient conditions 38 could also present a reason for infection halt third dysregulation in atg5 cells of metabolism and...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...hsv2 infection first autophagymediated removal of damaged organelles such as mitochondria mitophagy prevents accumulation of reactive oxygen species ros ref 60 ros may induce nalp3 inflammasomes 61 typei ifn responses 62 or cytokine production in response to infection 63 compounds that enhance ros production suppress hsv infection 64 while factors that relieve herpesvirusinduced oxidative stress 65 significantly enhance infection 66 67 second protein aggregation under autophagydeficient conditions 38 could also present a reason for infection halt third dysregulation in atg5 cells of metabolism and turnover of metabolites known to regulate infection 6869 may contribute...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...accumulation of reactive oxygen species ros ref 60 ros may induce nalp3 inflammasomes 61 typei ifn responses 62 or cytokine production in response to infection 63 compounds that enhance ros production suppress hsv infection 64 while factors that relieve herpesvirusinduced oxidative stress 65 significantly enhance infection 66 67 second protein aggregation under autophagydeficient conditions 38 could also present a reason for infection halt third dysregulation in atg5 cells of metabolism and turnover of metabolites known to regulate infection 6869 may contribute to their resistance to hsv2 infection finally a distinct role of autophagy machinery...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...ifn responses 62 or cytokine production in response to infection 63 compounds that enhance ros production suppress hsv infection 64 while factors that relieve herpesvirusinduced oxidative stress 65 significantly enhance infection 66 67 second protein aggregation under autophagydeficient conditions 38 could also present a reason for infection halt third dysregulation in atg5 cells of metabolism and turnover of metabolites known to regulate infection 6869 may contribute to their resistance to hsv2 infection finally a distinct role of autophagy machinery in enodosomal trafficking and endolysosomal functions was recently reported 70 perhaps impairment in autophagydeficient cells of...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...production suppress hsv infection 64 while factors that relieve herpesvirusinduced oxidative stress 65 significantly enhance infection 66 67 second protein aggregation under autophagydeficient conditions 38 could also present a reason for infection halt third dysregulation in atg5 cells of metabolism and turnover of metabolites known to regulate infection 6869 may contribute to their resistance to hsv2 infection finally a distinct role of autophagy machinery in enodosomal trafficking and endolysosomal functions was recently reported 70 perhaps impairment in autophagydeficient cells of intracellular endosomal trafficking of viral or infectionregulating cellular components participates to infection suppression in these cells ...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...relieve herpesvirusinduced oxidative stress 65 significantly enhance infection 66 67 second protein aggregation under autophagydeficient conditions 38 could also present a reason for infection halt third dysregulation in atg5 cells of metabolism and turnover of metabolites known to regulate infection 6869 may contribute to their resistance to hsv2 infection finally a distinct role of autophagy machinery in enodosomal trafficking and endolysosomal functions was recently reported 70 perhaps impairment in autophagydeficient cells of intracellular endosomal trafficking of viral or infectionregulating cellular components participates to infection suppression in these cells in conclusion this study demonstrates the importance of basal...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...of metabolites known to regulate infection 6869 may contribute to their resistance to hsv2 infection finally a distinct role of autophagy machinery in enodosomal trafficking and endolysosomal functions was recently reported 70 perhaps impairment in autophagydeficient cells of intracellular endosomal trafficking of viral or infectionregulating cellular components participates to infection suppression in these cells in conclusion this study demonstrates the importance of basal autophagy in hsv2 infection induced and basal autophagy may serve distinct functions and their dysregulation causes morbidities and mortalities 19 71 72 and influences susceptibility to various pathogens 73 74 importantly this study draws a...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...role of autophagy machinery in enodosomal trafficking and endolysosomal functions was recently reported 70 perhaps impairment in autophagydeficient cells of intracellular endosomal trafficking of viral or infectionregulating cellular components participates to infection suppression in these cells in conclusion this study demonstrates the importance of basal autophagy in hsv2 infection induced and basal autophagy may serve distinct functions and their dysregulation causes morbidities and mortalities 19 71 72 and influences susceptibility to various pathogens 73 74 importantly this study draws a difference between induced and basal autophagy in hsv infections and will incite future mechanistic studies of the basal...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...may serve distinct functions and their dysregulation causes morbidities and mortalities 19 71 72 and influences susceptibility to various pathogens 73 74 importantly this study draws a difference between induced and basal autophagy in hsv infections and will incite future mechanistic studies of the basal autophagymediated support of herpesvirus infection viruses hsv2 strain 333 and hsv2 333gfp viruses were provided by j vieira university of washington hsv2 strain g was provided by p spear northwestern university chicago il viruses were propagated on vero cells according to standard procedures antibodies antilc3 polyclonal antibodies were from novus biologicals catalog number nb1002220...

Title: Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex
Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Yakoub, Abraam M.. Shukla, Deepak
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 21
ID: d31b2db65b2e8d40eee096d5e67185099c10c4d2
Number of matches: 61

...propagated on vero cells according to standard procedures antibodies antilc3 polyclonal antibodies were from novus biologicals catalog number nb1002220 antigapdh and antisqstm1p62 polyclonal antibodies were purchased from santa cruz catalog number sc25778 and sc25575 respectively horseradish peroxidaseconjugated secondary antirabbit antibodies were purchased from jackson immunoresearch catalog number 111005144 infection the cells were incubated with the virus in phosphatebuffered saline pbs supplemented with 01 glucose and 1 serum at 37 c5 co 2 conditions after 2 hrs the virus was removed and fresh medium was added to the cells immunoblotting the cells were harvested and lysed in ripa buffer...

Title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme
2/angiotensin-(1–7)/Mas axis prevents lipopolysaccharide–induced
apoptosis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells
by inhibiting JNK/NF–κB pathways
Authors: Li, Yingchuan. Cao, Yongmei...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 22
ID: 66309c65612bed65732f79f347693a170e10e1f8
Number of matches: 4

...mrna and protein and to select a recombinant shrna lentivirus with the most sufficient sirna viral titer was evaluated by gradient dilution the recombinant lentiviruses were named lvace2 and lvshrnaace2 lentiviral transduction one day after seeding pmvecs cells were infected with lvace2 or lvshrnaace2 and diluted at a multiplicity of infection moi of 20 in endothelial cell medium which was refreshed 24 h later the infection efficiency was assessed by fluorescence microscopy 96 h after infection one hundred microliters of pmvecs normal or lentivirusinfected lvace2 or lvshrnaace2 were seeded into 96well plates 1 3 10 4 cellswell and incubated with...

Title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme
2/angiotensin-(1–7)/Mas axis prevents lipopolysaccharide–induced
apoptosis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells
by inhibiting JNK/NF–κB pathways
Authors: Li, Yingchuan. Cao, Yongmei...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 22
ID: 66309c65612bed65732f79f347693a170e10e1f8
Number of matches: 4

...viral titer was evaluated by gradient dilution the recombinant lentiviruses were named lvace2 and lvshrnaace2 lentiviral transduction one day after seeding pmvecs cells were infected with lvace2 or lvshrnaace2 and diluted at a multiplicity of infection moi of 20 in endothelial cell medium which was refreshed 24 h later the infection efficiency was assessed by fluorescence microscopy 96 h after infection one hundred microliters of pmvecs normal or lentivirusinfected lvace2 or lvshrnaace2 were seeded into 96well plates 1 3 10 4 cellswell and incubated with serumfree dmem for 24 h pmvecs whether normal or infected were then pretreated or not...

Title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme
2/angiotensin-(1–7)/Mas axis prevents lipopolysaccharide–induced
apoptosis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells
by inhibiting JNK/NF–κB pathways
Authors: Li, Yingchuan. Cao, Yongmei...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 22
ID: 66309c65612bed65732f79f347693a170e10e1f8
Number of matches: 4

...were named lvace2 and lvshrnaace2 lentiviral transduction one day after seeding pmvecs cells were infected with lvace2 or lvshrnaace2 and diluted at a multiplicity of infection moi of 20 in endothelial cell medium which was refreshed 24 h later the infection efficiency was assessed by fluorescence microscopy 96 h after infection one hundred microliters of pmvecs normal or lentivirusinfected lvace2 or lvshrnaace2 were seeded into 96well plates 1 3 10 4 cellswell and incubated with serumfree dmem for 24 h pmvecs whether normal or infected were then pretreated or not with 100 nm a779 for 2 h and then stimulated...

Title: Interrelationship between Climatic,
Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting
Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and
Their Implications for Zika Response
Authors: Matysiak, Angela. Roess, Amira
Journal: J Trop Med
Item: Infection
Index: 23
ID: 602e006ebff0a1b81a8d922ce9504421f218bfb7
Number of matches: 10

...hemorrhagic fever dhf and 22000 deaths annually mainly among children under the age of five [2 3] dhf fatality rates exceed 20 without proper treatment [4] an estimated 25 billion people 40 of the worlds population in over 100 countries are at risk of infection and approximately 975 million of these live in urban areas in tropical and subtropical countries in the americas southeast asia and the western pacific [5] dengue is classified as a neglected tropical disease ntd that disproportionally affects lowincome and underprivileged populations in developing regions with a low...

Title: Interrelationship between Climatic,
Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting
Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and
Their Implications for Zika Response
Authors: Matysiak, Angela. Roess, Amira
Journal: J Trop Med
Item: Infection
Index: 23
ID: 602e006ebff0a1b81a8d922ce9504421f218bfb7
Number of matches: 10

...joint pains and introduce lifelong immunity that is specific to the infecting serotype dengue infections can also lead to dhf and excessive capillary permeability that can lead to dengue shock syndrome dss and death [4 8] the risk of developing dhf appears to increase with a secondary infection with a different serotype [2] individuals experiencing a second infection eg den3 followed by den1 are at least 15 times more likely to contract dhfdss [10] dengue epidemics inflict a significant health economic and social burden on the populations of endemic areas [11...

Title: Interrelationship between Climatic,
Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting
Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and
Their Implications for Zika Response
Authors: Matysiak, Angela. Roess, Amira
Journal: J Trop Med
Item: Infection
Index: 23
ID: 602e006ebff0a1b81a8d922ce9504421f218bfb7
Number of matches: 10

...dengue infections can also lead to dhf and excessive capillary permeability that can lead to dengue shock syndrome dss and death [4 8] the risk of developing dhf appears to increase with a secondary infection with a different serotype [2] individuals experiencing a second infection eg den3 followed by den1 are at least 15 times more likely to contract dhfdss [10] dengue epidemics inflict a significant health economic and social burden on the populations of endemic areas [11 12] in endemic areas in asia and the americas the burden...

Title: Interrelationship between Climatic,
Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting
Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and
Their Implications for Zika Response
Authors: Matysiak, Angela. Roess, Amira
Journal: J Trop Med
Item: Infection
Index: 23
ID: 602e006ebff0a1b81a8d922ce9504421f218bfb7
Number of matches: 10

...climate change and climate variability have the greatest adverse effect on small island states [28] [29] [30] flavivirus was initially isolated from a rhesus monkey in the zika forest in uganda in 1947 [31] the classic clinical picture of zikv infection resembles that of other arboviruses found in the locations where dengue occurs including dengue fever and chikungunya symptoms include fever headache arthralgia myalgia and maculopapular rash thus differential diagnosis is difficult [31] zikv is transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus and sexually transmitted cases have...

Title: Interrelationship between Climatic,
Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting
Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and
Their Implications for Zika Response
Authors: Matysiak, Angela. Roess, Amira
Journal: J Trop Med
Item: Infection
Index: 23
ID: 602e006ebff0a1b81a8d922ce9504421f218bfb7
Number of matches: 10

...in the locations where dengue occurs including dengue fever and chikungunya symptoms include fever headache arthralgia myalgia and maculopapular rash thus differential diagnosis is difficult [31] zikv is transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus and sexually transmitted cases have been reported [32] infection can be asymptomatic can result in acute febrile illness with rash [33] and is associated with guillainbarr syndrome gbs [34] and severe thrombocytopenia [35 36] infection during pregnancy can lead to microcephaly and other severe birth defects [37] sporadic...

Title: Interrelationship between Climatic,
Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting
Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and
Their Implications for Zika Response
Authors: Matysiak, Angela. Roess, Amira
Journal: J Trop Med
Item: Infection
Index: 23
ID: 602e006ebff0a1b81a8d922ce9504421f218bfb7
Number of matches: 10

...aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus and sexually transmitted cases have been reported [32] infection can be asymptomatic can result in acute febrile illness with rash [33] and is associated with guillainbarr syndrome gbs [34] and severe thrombocytopenia [35 36] infection during pregnancy can lead to microcephaly and other severe birth defects [37] sporadic cases have been reported in southeast asia and subsaharan africa [38] with major epidemics in french polynesia new caledonia the cook islands and easter island in 2013 and 2014 [39 40...

Title: Interrelationship between Climatic,
Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting
Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and
Their Implications for Zika Response
Authors: Matysiak, Angela. Roess, Amira
Journal: J Trop Med
Item: Infection
Index: 23
ID: 602e006ebff0a1b81a8d922ce9504421f218bfb7
Number of matches: 10

...] sporadic cases have been reported in southeast asia and subsaharan africa [38] with major epidemics in french polynesia new caledonia the cook islands and easter island in 2013 and 2014 [39 40] in 2015 there was a dramatic increase in reports of zikv infection in the americas brazil is the most affected country with preliminary estimates up to 13 million cases [41] in december 2015 the puerto rico department of health prdh reported the first locally acquired case of zika virus infection and as of july 29 2016 5572 cases have...

Title: Interrelationship between Climatic,
Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting
Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and
Their Implications for Zika Response
Authors: Matysiak, Angela. Roess, Amira
Journal: J Trop Med
Item: Infection
Index: 23
ID: 602e006ebff0a1b81a8d922ce9504421f218bfb7
Number of matches: 10

...there was a dramatic increase in reports of zikv infection in the americas brazil is the most affected country with preliminary estimates up to 13 million cases [41] in december 2015 the puerto rico department of health prdh reported the first locally acquired case of zika virus infection and as of july 29 2016 5572 cases have been confirmed [41] puerto rico is the fourth largest island after cuba hispaniola haiti and the dominican republic and jamaica in the greater antilles puerto ricos population has increased over the last four decades by almost 40 from...

Title: Interrelationship between Climatic,
Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting
Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and
Their Implications for Zika Response
Authors: Matysiak, Angela. Roess, Amira
Journal: J Trop Med
Item: Infection
Index: 23
ID: 602e006ebff0a1b81a8d922ce9504421f218bfb7
Number of matches: 10

...it can improve costeffectiveness of larval control programs [60] there are several limitations in this literature review first this review was not exhaustive as only extrinsic transmission factors were included in the analysis other factors such as intrinsic factors pertaining to human immunity and the dengue virus infection parity passively acquired antibodies enhancing antibodies absence of protective antibodies viral strain age sex race nutritional status and preceding host conditions are important to consider in future studies second there is an inherent risk of bias in the studies included in this review since only peerreviewed studies were included reporting...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...towards other developmental stages that are in contact with the host in addition to the antigens in glycocalyx penetration glands and tegument of cercariae also the tegument of schistosomula and adults is recognized by antibodies from infected mice [9] here we show the antibody response during the infection by t regenti in specific hosts ducks bird humoral immunity has some specifics compared to mammals since the divergence of birds and mammals ca 300 million years ago some differences in the antibody responses of those two vertebrate groups have evolved [13] the most significant departures from...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...it is predominant in body secretions and participates in mucosal immunity igm is the first class of immunoglobulins being expressed during the embryonic development it is the predominant isotype produced after initial exposure to a new antigen in primary antibody response production of igy is stimulated in subsequent stages of infection [15] the igy molecule is an evolutionary precursor of mammalian antibody classes igg and ige [16 17] there are two isoforms of igy in ducks complete igy and a smaller version of igy called igyfc which lacks the fc part of the heavy chain...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...chlumec nad cidlinou czech rep parental animals breeder ducks have been vaccinated against viral hepatitis dhav1 salmonella typhimurium and riemerella anatipestifer ducklings were kept in the animal facility in cages under lamps producing radiant heatfirst week at 28c second week at 25c third week at 23c and onwards at 1820c infection by cercariae of t regenti was performed between 5th and 10th day of life ducklings of wild mallards anas platyrhynchos were obtained at the age of 14 days from the duck farm myslv klatovsk rybstv plc czech rep at the farm ducklings have been kept in a heated hall...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...heated hall on straw bedding without contact with external environment breeder mallards have been vaccinated against newcastle disease viral hepatitis dhav1 and duck herpesviral enteritis upon arrival to the animal facility they were kept in a pen at 20c the animals were 22 days old at the time of first infection followed by repeated infections or 40 days in the case of single infections the age when serum levels of igm and igg reach values similar to those in adult animals [20 21] the life cycle of trichobilharzia regenti has been maintained in the laboratory using snails radix...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...single exposure dose 24 domestic ducks group sd and 4 mallards group sm were used as for the repeated infections 6 domestic ducks group rd and 6 mallards group rm were used reinfection was performed with the same dose of 1500 cercariae on days 10 20 30 after the initial infection in a group simulating weak infections expected under natural circumstances the dose for 5 domestic ducks was 100 cercariae per animal group ld in total 35 domestic ducks and 10 wild mallards were used for experimental infections and 14 domestic ducks and 3 mallards served as negative noninfected controls ...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...groups rm sm rd and first ten animals from the group sd to refine the picture of the early onset of igm response sampling intervals needed to get shortened therefore in the case of the other 14 animals from group sd and the whole group ld blood was collected before infection day 0 and on days 2 4 the infected snails were placed in 100 ml beakers filled with tap water cercariae of t regenti emerged after illumination for 1 h suspensions of cercariae were cooled to 0c concentrated by centrifugation at 1600 g washed once with cold water...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...course of igy response against the antigens of cercariae is similar between domestic ducks and mallards but in mallards there was a quicker onset and earlier peak of igy response and the levels of antibodies were higher this could be caused by the age of mallards at the time of infection especially in the group of mallards infected at the age of 40 days group sm the immune system reached almost its maturity [20 21] nevertheless the results showed that significant levels of specific antibodies can be detected even in ducklings infected at a low agethis means that...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...regular exposures to 1500 cercariae suggesting that immunodiagnostics of t regenti infections may be useful under natural conditions where the birds are probably invaded by low numbers of larvae high levels of specific igy remained in duck sera 40 days pi when the experiments were terminated at this time the infection by t regenti was already inactive and parasitological dissections did not detect adult worms or eggs in the nasal mucosa [2 26] furthermore pathological changes typical for t regenti infections could be observed in the nasal mucosa [26] in mice infected by t regenti...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...not detect adult worms or eggs in the nasal mucosa [2 26] furthermore pathological changes typical for t regenti infections could be observed in the nasal mucosa [26] in mice infected by t regenti the response against cercarial antigens increased rapidly after the first infection and stayed at a relatively high level till day 120 postinfection [11] as it is evident that t regenti is a shortliving schistosome immunodiagnostics seems to be a good tool for uncovering the history of infections by this species in both natural and accidental hosts unfortunately the...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...presentation of those antigens which were recognized by less than 10 of sera and have therefore been considered irrelevant for immunodiagnostics among the 29 antigens recognized to a higher extent fig 3 and additional file 1 some were tagged also by igy from animals which have not encountered infection by bird schistosomes these were considered not enough specific for diagnostic purposes in fact many other antigens have been recognized by sera with specificity above 90 but the overall sensitivity was always below 25 and often less than 10 the most specific and sensitive reactions include four...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...dropped towards day 40 pi more rapidly for tr32 and tr19 suggesting that specific igy in some infected animals started to disappear this seems to be in accordance with the results of elisa where the peak or igy responses occurred around day 30 pi in the time course of infection the number of antigens recognized by igy from more than 10 of tested sera has been increasing in this regard a peak occurred 20 dpi when 22 antigens were detected on blots on day 30 pi there were 17 antigens tagged and the number further dropped on day 40...

Title: Antibody response of definitive hosts against
antigens of two life stages of the neuropathogenic
schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti
Authors: Turjanicová, Libuše. Mikeš, Libor...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 24
ID: 902feae616d8f0ffb508ef3a4a1fbc344bb63133
Number of matches: 12

...was low in most cases in addition to 8 antigens specifically recognized by immune sera at least in some cases 2 antigens 64 and 62 kda were considered to be recognized specifically but with rather low sensitivity this made the possibility of immunodetection by igm in the early phases of infection doubtful as schistosomula can be obtained from the cns of infected animals only at necropsy we tested on blots only a limited number of sera with this kind of antigentherefore the specificitysensitivity values were not calculated few antigens were identified 64 54 50 47 44 39 and 18 kda...

Title: Pneumonia Incidence and Mortality in Mainland
China: Systematic Review of Chinese and English
Literature, 1985–2008
Authors: Guan, Xuhua. Silk, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 25
ID: 99a643136f67ee7f56c5abdea714a2a2ca89c10e
Number of matches: 3

...literature that can be addressed through surveillance and epidemiologic research projects in the future no ethical review was required since all results are from the published literature using pubmed we searched the national library of medicine database for manuscripts published before october 31 2008 the reference terms``pneumonia``acute respiratory infection and`l ower respiratory tract infection were each combined with`c hina and``mainland china using equivalent terms we performed additional searches for publications in the chinese medical literature using the wanfang httpwwwwanfangdata com and chongqingvip wwwcqvipcom databases [10 11] in these databases publications were available since 1982 and 1989...

Title: Pneumonia Incidence and Mortality in Mainland
China: Systematic Review of Chinese and English
Literature, 1985–2008
Authors: Guan, Xuhua. Silk, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 25
ID: 99a643136f67ee7f56c5abdea714a2a2ca89c10e
Number of matches: 3

...through surveillance and epidemiologic research projects in the future no ethical review was required since all results are from the published literature using pubmed we searched the national library of medicine database for manuscripts published before october 31 2008 the reference terms``pneumonia``acute respiratory infection and`l ower respiratory tract infection were each combined with`c hina and``mainland china using equivalent terms we performed additional searches for publications in the chinese medical literature using the wanfang httpwwwwanfangdata com and chongqingvip wwwcqvipcom databases [10 11] in these databases publications were available since 1982 and 1989 respectively the english search terms...

Title: Pneumonia Incidence and Mortality in Mainland
China: Systematic Review of Chinese and English
Literature, 1985–2008
Authors: Guan, Xuhua. Silk, Benjamin J....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 25
ID: 99a643136f67ee7f56c5abdea714a2a2ca89c10e
Number of matches: 3

...studies i the world health organization who case definition of pneumonia for integrated management of childhood illness [12] ii chinese medical association guidelines iia communityacquired pneumonia cap [13] or iib hospitalacquired pneumonia hap [14] and iii physician assessment iiia acute lower respiratory infection iiib newborn pneumonia or iiic pneumonia as a cause of death in children under 5 years of age the specific signs and symptoms for each case definition are detailed in table s1 for each study that we identified through the systematic review we critically reviewed the quality of each...

Title: The Role of Microglia in Bacterial Meningitis:
Inflammatory Response, Experimental Models and New
Neuroprotective Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Thorsdottir, Sigrun. Henriques-Normark, Birgitta...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 26
ID: aaa7d4e5136a4175368222cba1f76b0a33f5a688
Number of matches: 1

...levels blocking chemotaxis of immune cells into the brain was therefore suggested to have applications in preventing brain injury however survival of rats with experimental pneumococcal meningitis treated with fucoidin an inhibitor of leukocyte rolling was compromised reflected by elevated bacterial load in the blood and inability to clear the infection brandt et al 2005 recently adjuvant granulocyte colonystimulating factor gcsf therapy which increases the numbers of neutrophils in the circulation was shown to have positive effects on spatial learning and neurogenesis in mice with experimental pneumococcal meningitis gcsf treatment had no effect on microglia or astrocyte activation schmidt et...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...ongoing widespread transmission of the virus in the united states they are being implemented to 1 slow the spread of illness 2 provide time to better prepare health care systems and the general public to be ready if widespread transmission with substantial associated illness occurs and 3 better characterize 2019ncov infection to guide public health recommendations and the development of medical countermeasures including diagnostics therapeutics and vaccines public health authorities are monitoring the situation closely as more is learned about this novel virus and this outbreak cdc will rapidly incorporate new knowledge into guidance for action by cdc and state and...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...exact origin has not yet been determined persontoperson spread is evident 7 however how easily the virus is transmitted between persons is currently unclear 2019ncov is similar to coronaviruses that cause mers and sars which are transmitted mainly by respiratory droplets signs and symptoms of patients with confirmed 2019ncov infection include fever cough and shortness of breath 8 based on the incubation period of illness from mers and sars coronaviruses cdc believes that symptoms of 2019ncov infection occur within 2 to 14 days following infection preliminary information suggests that older adults and persons with underlying health conditions or compromised...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...to coronaviruses that cause mers and sars which are transmitted mainly by respiratory droplets signs and symptoms of patients with confirmed 2019ncov infection include fever cough and shortness of breath 8 based on the incubation period of illness from mers and sars coronaviruses cdc believes that symptoms of 2019ncov infection occur within 2 to 14 days following infection preliminary information suggests that older adults and persons with underlying health conditions or compromised immune systems might be at higher risk for severe illness from this virus 9 however many characteristics of this novel coronavirus and how it might affect individual persons...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...are transmitted mainly by respiratory droplets signs and symptoms of patients with confirmed 2019ncov infection include fever cough and shortness of breath 8 based on the incubation period of illness from mers and sars coronaviruses cdc believes that symptoms of 2019ncov infection occur within 2 to 14 days following infection preliminary information suggests that older adults and persons with underlying health conditions or compromised immune systems might be at higher risk for severe illness from this virus 9 however many characteristics of this novel coronavirus and how it might affect individual persons and potentially vulnerable population subgroups such as the...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...this novel coronavirus and how it might affect individual persons and potentially vulnerable population subgroups such as the elderly or those with chronic health conditions remain unclear pui definitions and also included those being evaluated because they are close contacts of these puis 11 patients have confirmed 2019ncov infection using a realtime reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction rtpcr assay developed by cdc these 11 cases were diagnosed in the following states arizona one california six illinois two massachusetts one and washington one table nine cases were in travelers from wuhan eight of these nine cases were identified as a...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

... criteria to guide evaluation and testing of patients under investigation for 2019ncov include 1 fever or signs or symptoms of lower respiratory tract illness eg cough or shortness of breath in any person including a health care worker who has had close contact with a patient with laboratoryconfirmed 2019ncov infection within 14 days of symptom onset 2 fever and signs or symptoms of lower respiratory tract illness eg cough or shortness of breath in any person with a history of travel from hubei province china within 14 days of symptom onset or 3 fever and signs or symptoms of lower...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...2019ncov is needed to better understand transmission disease severity and risk to the general population although cdc and partners are actively learning about 2019ncov initial cdc guidance is based on guidance for management and prevention of respiratory illnesses including influenza mers and sars no vaccine or specific treatment for 2019ncov infection is currently available at present medical care for patients with 2019ncov is supportive on january 31 cdc published its third health advisory with interim guidance for clinicians and public health practitioners in addition cdc issued a clinical action alert through its clinician outreach and communication activity network on...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...action alert through its clinician outreach and communication activity network on january 31 interim guidance for health care professionals is available at httpswwwcdc govcoronavirus2019ncovhcpclinicalcriteriahtml httpsemergencycdcgovhanhan00427asp httpsemergencycdcgovcocacalls2020callinfo_013120asp health care providers should identify patients who might have been exposed and who have signs or symptoms related to 2019ncov infection isolate these patients and inform public health departments this includes obtaining a detailed travel history for patients being evaluated with fever and lower respiratory tract illness criteria to guide evaluation and testing of puis for 2019ncov include 1 fever or signs or symptoms of lower respiratory tract illness eg cough...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...respiratory tract illness criteria to guide evaluation and testing of puis for 2019ncov include 1 fever or signs or symptoms of lower respiratory tract illness eg cough or shortness of breath in any person including health care workers who has had close contact with a patient with laboratoryconfirmed 2019ncov infection within 14 days of symptom onset 2 fever and signs or symptoms of lower respiratory tract illness eg cough or shortness of breath in any person with a history of travel from hubei province china within 14 days of symptom onset or 3 fever and signs or symptoms of lower...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...these patients should be asked to wear a surgical mask as soon as they are identified and directed to a separate area if possible separated by at least 6 ft 2 m from other persons patients should be evaluated in a private room with the door closed ideally an airborne infection isolation room if available health care personnel entering the room should use standard precautions contact precautions airborne precautions and eye protection eg goggles or a face shield clinicians should immediately notify the health care facilitys infection control personnel and local health department the health department will determine whether the...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...be evaluated in a private room with the door closed ideally an airborne infection isolation room if available health care personnel entering the room should use standard precautions contact precautions airborne precautions and eye protection eg goggles or a face shield clinicians should immediately notify the health care facilitys infection control personnel and local health department the health department will determine whether the patient needs to be considered a pui for 2019ncov and be tested for infection if directed by the health department to increase the likelihood of detecting 2019ncov infection cdc recommends collecting and testing both upper and lower...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...precautions contact precautions airborne precautions and eye protection eg goggles or a face shield clinicians should immediately notify the health care facilitys infection control personnel and local health department the health department will determine whether the patient needs to be considered a pui for 2019ncov and be tested for infection if directed by the health department to increase the likelihood of detecting 2019ncov infection cdc recommends collecting and testing both upper and lower respiratory tract specimens additional specimen types eg stool or urine close contact is defined as 1 being within approximately 6 ft 2 m of a 2019ncov...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

... clinicians should immediately notify the health care facilitys infection control personnel and local health department the health department will determine whether the patient needs to be considered a pui for 2019ncov and be tested for infection if directed by the health department to increase the likelihood of detecting 2019ncov infection cdc recommends collecting and testing both upper and lower respiratory tract specimens additional specimen types eg stool or urine close contact is defined as 1 being within approximately 6 ft 2 m of a 2019ncov patient for a prolonged period while not wearing recommended personal protective equipment ppe eg...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...direct contact with infectious secretions of a 2019ncov patient eg being coughed on while not wearing recommended ppe httpswwwcdcgovcoronavirus2019ncovlabguidelinesclinicalspecimenshtml may be collected and stored specimens should be collected as soon as possible once a pui is identified regardless of time since symptom onset for persons who might have 2019ncov infection and their close contacts information and guidance on how to reduce the risk for transmitting and acquiring infection is available at httpswwwcdcgovcoronavirus2019ncovhcpguidancepreventspreadhtml close contacts should immediately call their health care providers if they develop symptoms in addition cdc is working closely with state and local health partners to develop and...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

... httpswwwcdcgovcoronavirus2019ncovlabguidelinesclinicalspecimenshtml may be collected and stored specimens should be collected as soon as possible once a pui is identified regardless of time since symptom onset for persons who might have 2019ncov infection and their close contacts information and guidance on how to reduce the risk for transmitting and acquiring infection is available at httpswwwcdcgovcoronavirus2019ncovhcpguidancepreventspreadhtml close contacts should immediately call their health care providers if they develop symptoms in addition cdc is working closely with state and local health partners to develop and disseminate information to the public on general prevention of respiratory illness including the 2019ncov this includes everyday preventive...

Title: Initial Public Health Response and Interim
Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Outbreak — United States, December 31, 2019–February 4,
2020
Authors: Patel, Anita. Jernigan, Daniel B....
Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 28
ID: 11f13e2859eb22b349dbef68fd8124b8ba445aac
Number of matches: 17

...viruses are highly prevalent to prevent influenza all persons aged 6 months should receive an annual influenza vaccine and vaccination is still available and effective in helping to prevent influenza 10 reducing the number of persons in the united states with seasonal influenza will reduce possible confusion with 2019ncov infection and possible additional risk to patients with seasonal influenza public health authorities are monitoring the situation closely as more is learned about this novel virus and this outbreak cdc will rapidly incorporate new knowledge into guidance for action...

Title: Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German
children with respiratory tract infections
Authors: Weissbrich, Benedikt. Neske, Florian...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 30
ID: 976dd497031581e697cbf2d98042f7c184e9fb40
Number of matches: 8

...understand the epidemiological pattern of hbov infections and to analyze its clinical relevance further studies on larger groups of patients are necessary therefore we retrospectively tested nasopharyngeal aspirates of patients from the university of wrzburg childrens hospital germany for the presence of hbov dna the samples tested for hbov infection consisted of stored nasopharyngeal aspirates npa that were sent by the university of wrzburg childrens hospital for screening of respiratory viruses from january 2002 to september 2005 on arrival in the viral diagnostic laboratory the samples were routinely tested for the presence of respiratory virus antigens with an immunofluorescence assay...

Title: Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German
children with respiratory tract infections
Authors: Weissbrich, Benedikt. Neske, Florian...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 30
ID: 976dd497031581e697cbf2d98042f7c184e9fb40
Number of matches: 8

...from sweden with a frequency of 31 and reports from australia japan canada and france with frequencies of 56 57 15 and 34 respectively in our study hbov infections were almost as frequently found as infections with influenza a virus the second most common respiratory infection and they were considerably more frequent than infections with influenza b parainfluenzae and adenoviruses however in contrast to the pcr method used for hbov detection the other respiratory viruses in our study were examined by ifa when comparing the detection frequencies this difference in detection methods has to be taken...

Title: Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German
children with respiratory tract infections
Authors: Weissbrich, Benedikt. Neske, Florian...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 30
ID: 976dd497031581e697cbf2d98042f7c184e9fb40
Number of matches: 8

...able to show that our assay regularly detects approximately 10 copies of hbov dna per reaction in order to obtain information on the amount of hbov dna present in the npas and in other secretions a realtime pcr assay is currently under development a second potential reason for differing infection frequencies between studies may be due to regional and temporal differences in the incidence of hbov infection in contrast to the previous reports which have studied samples from only one or two winter seasons the npas in our studies have been collected during four consecutive years in general seasonal differences...

Title: Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German
children with respiratory tract infections
Authors: Weissbrich, Benedikt. Neske, Florian...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 30
ID: 976dd497031581e697cbf2d98042f7c184e9fb40
Number of matches: 8

...order to obtain information on the amount of hbov dna present in the npas and in other secretions a realtime pcr assay is currently under development a second potential reason for differing infection frequencies between studies may be due to regional and temporal differences in the incidence of hbov infection in contrast to the previous reports which have studied samples from only one or two winter seasons the npas in our studies have been collected during four consecutive years in general seasonal differences of sample acquisition may account for varying incidence numbers in our study for example proportions of influenza...

Title: Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German
children with respiratory tract infections
Authors: Weissbrich, Benedikt. Neske, Florian...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 30
ID: 976dd497031581e697cbf2d98042f7c184e9fb40
Number of matches: 8

... the age distribution of hbov infections found in our study is similar to previous reports [3 [6] [7] [8] [9] most hbov infections occurred between 6 months and 3 years of age this distribution is compatible with protection from infection by maternal antibodies in the first year of life future studies of the seroprevalence of hbov antibodies in different age groups will shed light on this issue analysis of a potential association between hbov infection and clinical manifestations is limited by the retrospective nature of our study by the...

Title: Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German
children with respiratory tract infections
Authors: Weissbrich, Benedikt. Neske, Florian...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 30
ID: 976dd497031581e697cbf2d98042f7c184e9fb40
Number of matches: 8

...6 months and 3 years of age this distribution is compatible with protection from infection by maternal antibodies in the first year of life future studies of the seroprevalence of hbov antibodies in different age groups will shed light on this issue analysis of a potential association between hbov infection and clinical manifestations is limited by the retrospective nature of our study by the high number of double infections and by the fact that clinical information was obtained only for hbov positive patients however it seems that there is no obvious association between hbov infection and a distinct clinical manifestation...

Title: Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German
children with respiratory tract infections
Authors: Weissbrich, Benedikt. Neske, Florian...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 30
ID: 976dd497031581e697cbf2d98042f7c184e9fb40
Number of matches: 8

...a potential association between hbov infection and clinical manifestations is limited by the retrospective nature of our study by the high number of double infections and by the fact that clinical information was obtained only for hbov positive patients however it seems that there is no obvious association between hbov infection and a distinct clinical manifestation instead a broad spectrum of both upper and lower respi ratory tract diseases was observed when clinical diagnoses of hbov dna positive patients with and without coinfections were compared pneumonia was found more frequently in children without coinfection however this association of borderline significance p...

Title: Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German
children with respiratory tract infections
Authors: Weissbrich, Benedikt. Neske, Florian...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 30
ID: 976dd497031581e697cbf2d98042f7c184e9fb40
Number of matches: 8

...diseases was observed when clinical diagnoses of hbov dna positive patients with and without coinfections were compared pneumonia was found more frequently in children without coinfection however this association of borderline significance p 0044 should be regarded with caution because of small numbers if pneumonia was caused by hbov infection it is unclear how a coinfection could result in a less frequent manifestation of this disease the assumption in the first description of hbov that this virus might be an etiologic agent of respiratory tract disease was based on the fact that hbov infections were found significantly more often...

Title: “TRP inflammation” relationship in
cardiovascular system
Authors: Numata, Tomohiro. Takahashi, Kiriko...
Journal: Semin Immunopathol
Item: Infection
Index: 31
ID: 9221c3ed344b506c1208f8c2c4f9bf31f60b89da
Number of matches: 9

...immune reactions the inflammasome is composed of pattern recognition receptors apoptosisassociated specklike protein containing a card asc [7] and caspase1 which by cleaving their inactive precursors generate major inflammatory cytokines interleukin il1 and il18 because of its interesting connections to both pathogenand nonpathogenderived celltoxic signals such as infection tissue damage metabolic disorders and other dysfunctional states of cells see below the activation of inflammasome is thought to be a key process leading to chronic inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases [8] yet the mechanisms of the activation still remains poorly understood there are however intriguing suggestions that...

Title: “TRP inflammation” relationship in
cardiovascular system
Authors: Numata, Tomohiro. Takahashi, Kiriko...
Journal: Semin Immunopathol
Item: Infection
Index: 31
ID: 9221c3ed344b506c1208f8c2c4f9bf31f60b89da
Number of matches: 9

...connection of adaptive immunopathophysiology to various ca 2mobilizing mechanisms are advised to consult with a few excellent reviews published elsewhere [12] the innate immune system has an ancient origin and is well conserved across species plants invertebrates and vertebrates this system defends on the frontline against microbial infection and tissue damage consisting of environmental sensors cellular signaling cascades and production of antimicrobial peptides [13] [14] [15] [16] the recognition of pathogenassociated molecular patterns pamps or nonpathogenassociated or dangeror damageassociated molecular patterns damps is the first step of activating the...

Title: “TRP inflammation” relationship in
cardiovascular system
Authors: Numata, Tomohiro. Takahashi, Kiriko...
Journal: Semin Immunopathol
Item: Infection
Index: 31
ID: 9221c3ed344b506c1208f8c2c4f9bf31f60b89da
Number of matches: 9

...serve as germlineencoded prrs that play a central role in host cell recognition and responses however how tlrdependent signaling links to trp channel was unclear until very recently several studies in the past few years revealed intriguing connections of tlrs to trp channels one study reported that hemolytic streptococcal infection affects the expression levels of at least seven trp members ie trpc4 trpm6 trpm7 trpm8 trpv1 trpv4 and trpa1 [30 31] another study showed that trpc1 plays a functional role in host defense against gramnegative bacteria upon infection trpc1 mice exhibited decreased survival severe lung injury...

Title: “TRP inflammation” relationship in
cardiovascular system
Authors: Numata, Tomohiro. Takahashi, Kiriko...
Journal: Semin Immunopathol
Item: Infection
Index: 31
ID: 9221c3ed344b506c1208f8c2c4f9bf31f60b89da
Number of matches: 9

...to trp channels one study reported that hemolytic streptococcal infection affects the expression levels of at least seven trp members ie trpc4 trpm6 trpm7 trpm8 trpv1 trpv4 and trpa1 [30 31] another study showed that trpc1 plays a functional role in host defense against gramnegative bacteria upon infection trpc1 mice exhibited decreased survival severe lung injury and systemic bacterial dissemination furthermore sirna silencing of trpc1 resulted in decreased ca 2 entry reduced proinflammatory cytokine production and lowered bacterial clearance importantly bacteriummediated activation of trpc1 was coupled with a cascade of tlr4 signaling tlr4dependent trpc1mediated ca 2 entry...

Title: “TRP inflammation” relationship in
cardiovascular system
Authors: Numata, Tomohiro. Takahashi, Kiriko...
Journal: Semin Immunopathol
Item: Infection
Index: 31
ID: 9221c3ed344b506c1208f8c2c4f9bf31f60b89da
Number of matches: 9

...a t e d w i t h a h e l m i n t h mesocestoides corti [33 34] it has been known that humans infected with a related helminth cestode taenia solium have immunosuppressive rather than inflammatory responses in the asymptomatic phase after the infection experiments using intracellular ca 2 elevation and ros may induce inflammasome activity moreover dysfunction of trp channel in mitochondria or lysosome can also activate inflammasome it should be noted that appropriate operation of autophagy is essential to suppress the caspase1 activity which would prevent the production of inflammatory cytokine il1...

Title: “TRP inflammation” relationship in
cardiovascular system
Authors: Numata, Tomohiro. Takahashi, Kiriko...
Journal: Semin Immunopathol
Item: Infection
Index: 31
ID: 9221c3ed344b506c1208f8c2c4f9bf31f60b89da
Number of matches: 9

...ca 2 ] i elevation serves as a key regulator for endotoxininduced endothelial fibrosis through endothelial to mesenchymal transition [23] this channel is also implicated in lpsinduced endothelial cell migration via tlr4nfb pathway [37] trpm2deficient mice shows compromised innate immunity against listeria monocytogenes infection which allows uncontrolled replication of the bacteria with significantly reduced production of il12 and interferon [38] consistent with this finding in a cecal ligation and puncture clpinduced mouse sepsis model genetic disruption of trpm2 was found to cause impaired host defense leading to increased mortality associated with...

Title: “TRP inflammation” relationship in
cardiovascular system
Authors: Numata, Tomohiro. Takahashi, Kiriko...
Journal: Semin Immunopathol
Item: Infection
Index: 31
ID: 9221c3ed344b506c1208f8c2c4f9bf31f60b89da
Number of matches: 9

...eg nfb nuclear factor of activated t cell nfat stat3 and hif1 by inflammatory cytokines appears crucial for the amplification loop of inflammasomes [94] [95] [96] [97] therefore the suppression of this amplification loop is of key importance to effectively eliminate infection by stopping acute inflammation andor restoring homeostatic regulation concentrations of both extracellular and intracellular ca 2 can increase at the sites of infection inflammation or immune cell activation it has been shown that increased extracellular calcium could act as a danger signal and an amplifier of inflammation via activation...

Title: “TRP inflammation” relationship in
cardiovascular system
Authors: Numata, Tomohiro. Takahashi, Kiriko...
Journal: Semin Immunopathol
Item: Infection
Index: 31
ID: 9221c3ed344b506c1208f8c2c4f9bf31f60b89da
Number of matches: 9

...94] [95] [96] [97] therefore the suppression of this amplification loop is of key importance to effectively eliminate infection by stopping acute inflammation andor restoring homeostatic regulation concentrations of both extracellular and intracellular ca 2 can increase at the sites of infection inflammation or immune cell activation it has been shown that increased extracellular calcium could act as a danger signal and an amplifier of inflammation via activation of the g proteincoupled calcium sensing receptorphosphatidylinositolca 2 nlrp3 inflammasome signaling pathway [98] therefore ca 2 influx may serve as an...

Title: “TRP inflammation” relationship in
cardiovascular system
Authors: Numata, Tomohiro. Takahashi, Kiriko...
Journal: Semin Immunopathol
Item: Infection
Index: 31
ID: 9221c3ed344b506c1208f8c2c4f9bf31f60b89da
Number of matches: 9

...hypertophic proliferation [102] [103] [104] the stat3 has a dual role both transducing signals through the cytoplasm and functioning as a transcription factor in the nucleus stat3 can be activated by extrinsic pathways ie environmental factors such as ultraviolet uv radiation chemical carcinogens infection stress and cigarette smoke through growth factor cytokine tolllike adrenergic and nicotinic receptors respectively [95] persistently activated stat3 mediates cell proliferation survival and invasion during inflammasome activation several studies suggest that trp channels may regulate stat3 activity receptorinduced phosphorylation of cellular janus kinase 2 jak2 or...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

... confirmation of earlier work by the reed commission in cuba demonstrating that yellow fever was caused by a filterable agent yellow fever virus yfv that was transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes aedes aegypti 2 discovery that the rhesus monkey and the white mouse are susceptible to infection with yfv providing models for subsequent studies on the pathogenesis transmission epidemiology and control of the disease 3 demonstration that convalescent sera of humans and animals infected with yfv neutralize the virus this discovery led to the development of the mouse neutralization test which allowed investigators to map the...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...2] in egypt the cairo laboratory was associated with the us naval medical research unit no 3 scientists in these field laboratories were involved in the detection and investigation of human diseases in their respective geographic regions surveying human and animal populations for serologic evidence of past viral infection and searching for viruses in a wide variety of arthropods mammals birds reptiles and amphibians [2] all virus isolations were done on site using the classic technique of intracranial inoculation of newborn white mice but later as vertebrate cell cultures became available inoculation of cell cultures was...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...1996 an injured female fruit bat pteropus alecto was found at ballina in new south wales tissue homogenates from the euthanized bat were injected into mice resulting in the isolation of a novel lyssavirus subsequently named australian bat lyssavirus ablv [93] three fatal human cases of ablv infection have subsequently been reported [94] [95] [96] the virus is now known to occur at low prevalence in five of six families of bats endemic to the northern territory queensland and western australia [97] in april 1997 another novel paramyxovirus...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...first of several closely related viruses including the thcar virus which was isolated from a pool of cx tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes collected in chiang mai thailand in 1992 [109] the sitiawan virus from sick broiler chicks in malaysia [110] and the duck tembusu virus an infection of ducks and geese causing an eggdrop syndrome in china and southeast asia [111 112] neutralising antibodies were found in humans in malaysia [113] but the virus has not been implicated in human disease two other mosquitoborne flaviviruses have been described jugra virus and sepik...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...[120] and the japanaut virus isolated from a mixed pool of culicine mosquitoes from papua new guinea [108] new rhabdoviruses first isolated in south asia include the chandipura virus and joinjakaka virusthe former a major human pathogen in india was isolated from a human infection in 1965 near nagpur city [121] whereas the latter isolated in 1966 from a mixed culicine pool in the sepik district of papua new guinea is not associated with disease in humans or animals chandipura infection is characterized by fever chills arthralgia myalgia vomiting and weakness ...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...a major human pathogen in india was isolated from a human infection in 1965 near nagpur city [121] whereas the latter isolated in 1966 from a mixed culicine pool in the sepik district of papua new guinea is not associated with disease in humans or animals chandipura infection is characterized by fever chills arthralgia myalgia vomiting and weakness two novel alphaviruses were reported in kuala lumpurbebaru and getah viruses bebaru was first isolated from cx lophoceraomyia spp collected in 1956 but although neutralising antibodies have been found in human sera it has not been associated with human...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...orthoreovirus related to the melaka virus and also causing acute respiratory disease [137] the importance of orthoreoviruses originating in pteropid bats was assessed in an outpatient clinic where it was found that pteropine orthoreoviruses are among one of the common causative agents of acute upper respiratory tract infection urti with a cough and sore throat as the most common presenting clinical features [138] the history of arbovirus research in the ussr began in 1937 when an expedition under the leadership of lev a zilber at the time the head of central virological laboratory of narkomzdrav...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...150] genetic data that has been accumulating since the late 1980s confirms the existence of three main tbev subtypes or genotypes the nucleotide difference between genotypes reaches 1520 when comparing complete genomes [151] [152] [153] tbe is the most important arboviral infection in russia despite significant progress in the development of antitbev vaccines thousands of cases are recorded annually in russia mainly in siberian and far eastern regions [154] in the modern classification tbev belongs to the species tickborne encephalitis virus of the genus flavivirus flaviviridae [155]...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...the introduction by humans of muskrats ondatra zibethicus to this region in 19351936 [162] muskrats are highly susceptible to ohfv and serve as an extremely effective amplifying host the appearance and growth of the muskrat population in the natural foci of ohf led to an increase in infection rates in other animals and ticks [162 163] in addition to transmission of ohfv by ticks humans can get infected while hunting and skinning by direct contact with blood and excretions of infected animals such muskrat outbreaks among hunters and their family members have been registered in...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...presence of the influenza a virus and that virusspecific antibodies inhibited agglutination forming the foundation for the hemagglutination inhibition hi test [207] a decade later and on theilers suggestion casals showed that many arboviruses also agglutinated erythrocytes establishing the hi test as a diagnostic tool for arbovirus infection and identification [4] the gold standard for arbovirus identification the plaque reduction neutralization test prnt has its origins in the observations of stokes and colleagues dating back in the 1920s when monkeys could be protected against yfv by the inoculation of convalescent sera from patients who had...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...diagnosis for many years augmenting electron microscopy see section below which allowed the visualization of viruses in infected tissues and cell cultures however an inherent limitation of the serologybased assays has been their inability to determine whether antibodies in the examined serum were the result of a recent or past infection this conundrum was solved by determining whether antibodies were igm recent infection or igg past infection using the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay elisa [222] the introduction of elisa revolutionized the field by also offering increased specificity and sensitivity for the accurate detection of many viruses overall although...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...the visualization of viruses in infected tissues and cell cultures however an inherent limitation of the serologybased assays has been their inability to determine whether antibodies in the examined serum were the result of a recent or past infection this conundrum was solved by determining whether antibodies were igm recent infection or igg past infection using the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay elisa [222] the introduction of elisa revolutionized the field by also offering increased specificity and sensitivity for the accurate detection of many viruses overall although identification of pathologic agents through serologic assays is quite straightforward there are...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...in infected tissues and cell cultures however an inherent limitation of the serologybased assays has been their inability to determine whether antibodies in the examined serum were the result of a recent or past infection this conundrum was solved by determining whether antibodies were igm recent infection or igg past infection using the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay elisa [222] the introduction of elisa revolutionized the field by also offering increased specificity and sensitivity for the accurate detection of many viruses overall although identification of pathologic agents through serologic assays is quite straightforward there are instances where accurate identification...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...culture supernatants for some viruses tem can be conducted on contents of skin lesions eg poxviruses and herpesviruses or concentrated stool material rotaviruses and noroviruses for successful detection of viruses in ultrathin sections of infected cells at least 70 of cells must be infected and so either high multiplicity of infection moi or rapid virus multiplication is required viruses can be differentiated by their specific morphology ultrastructure shape size intracellular location or for some viruses from the ultrastructural cytopathology and specific structures forming in the host cell during virus replication usually ultrastructural characteristics are sufficient for the identification of a...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...that are so divergent that they are considered as likely new virus families or orders also the sequencing of transcriptomes of gut liver and lung or gill tissue of fish reptiles amphibians and birds identified 214 novel vertebrateassociated viruses representing every family or genus of rna virus associated with vertebrate infection including those containing important human pathogens orthomyxoviruses arenaviruses and filoviruses [259] these and other similar studies have heralded a new era in virology revealing new dimensions in viral biodiversity and providing largely unexpected insights into the deep evolutionary history of viruses however only a minor subset of...

Title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
Authors: Vasilakis, Nikos. Tesh, Robert B....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 32
ID: 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511
Number of matches: 16

...nigeria [261] however once again neither virus was isolated interestingly several other tibroviruses had previously been isolated from healthy cattle or biting midges culicoides spp in australia and florida [79 83 262 263] none have been associated with either disease in livestock or the infection of humans [83 264] these and other studies raise important issues regarding the significance of ngs data even when providing complete or nearcomplete viral genome sequences when investigating disease etiology most viruses can cause asymptomatic infections and many newly discovered viruses may be benign in their natural...

Title: First infection by all four non-severe acute
respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place
during childhood
Authors: Zhou, Weimin. Wang, Wen...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 34
ID: 287efc07973e7b2d046c7664771dc2e2a00b501b
Number of matches: 12

...genome encodes the canonical set of structural protein genes in the order 5spike s envelope e membrane m nucleocapsid n3 [1 10] the s proteins is the most immunodominant cov protein [1 6 10] the most common method for diagnosing hcov infection is reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rtpcr or realtime rtpcr using rna extracted from respiratory tract samples such as nasopharyngeal aspirates [6 11 12] on the other hand serological assays for detection of antibody to hcov are more complex to establish [1 6] however...

Title: First infection by all four non-severe acute
respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place
during childhood
Authors: Zhou, Weimin. Wang, Wen...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 34
ID: 287efc07973e7b2d046c7664771dc2e2a00b501b
Number of matches: 12

...other hand serological assays for detection of antibody to hcov are more complex to establish [1 6] however determining the levels of immunoglobulin m igm and immunoglobulin g igg antibodies in appropriate serum or plasma samples allows the researcher to define the point in time of primary infection as well as exposure rates seroepidemiological studies are also important tools for hcov infection diagnosis and research [6 [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] previous reports have indicated that immunofluorescence assays ifas for the detection of seroconversion with igg...

Title: First infection by all four non-severe acute
respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place
during childhood
Authors: Zhou, Weimin. Wang, Wen...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 34
ID: 287efc07973e7b2d046c7664771dc2e2a00b501b
Number of matches: 12

...establish [1 6] however determining the levels of immunoglobulin m igm and immunoglobulin g igg antibodies in appropriate serum or plasma samples allows the researcher to define the point in time of primary infection as well as exposure rates seroepidemiological studies are also important tools for hcov infection diagnosis and research [6 [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] previous reports have indicated that immunofluorescence assays ifas for the detection of seroconversion with igg antibodies against the main structural n and s proteins of sarscov are useful for...

Title: First infection by all four non-severe acute
respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place
during childhood
Authors: Zhou, Weimin. Wang, Wen...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 34
ID: 287efc07973e7b2d046c7664771dc2e2a00b501b
Number of matches: 12

...[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] previous reports have indicated that immunofluorescence assays ifas for the detection of seroconversion with igg antibodies against the main structural n and s proteins of sarscov are useful for the diagnosis of acute sarscov infection [18 19] little is currently known about the prevalence of antis antibodies specific for nonsars hcov infection among children and adults we propose that an ifa for the detection of igg against structural n and s proteins of nonsars hcov may be suitable for seroepidemiological studies ...

Title: First infection by all four non-severe acute
respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place
during childhood
Authors: Zhou, Weimin. Wang, Wen...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 34
ID: 287efc07973e7b2d046c7664771dc2e2a00b501b
Number of matches: 12

...that immunofluorescence assays ifas for the detection of seroconversion with igg antibodies against the main structural n and s proteins of sarscov are useful for the diagnosis of acute sarscov infection [18 19] little is currently known about the prevalence of antis antibodies specific for nonsars hcov infection among children and adults we propose that an ifa for the detection of igg against structural n and s proteins of nonsars hcov may be suitable for seroepidemiological studies to expand the epidemiological knowledge of four nonsarsrelated endemic hcovs in china we expressed s proteins in a eukaryotic system...

Title: First infection by all four non-severe acute
respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place
during childhood
Authors: Zhou, Weimin. Wang, Wen...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 34
ID: 287efc07973e7b2d046c7664771dc2e2a00b501b
Number of matches: 12

...of the healthy adult population 15 years of age this is the first comprehensive study to evaluate antis igg and igm for four nonsars hcovs among the general population in china we first time show that antis igm is only present in children indicating that for all viruses first infection takes place during childhood age 14 years the sars epidemic that originated from southern china in 2003 sparked interest in all areas of coronavirus research [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] four endemic nonsarsrelated hcovs...

Title: First infection by all four non-severe acute
respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place
during childhood
Authors: Zhou, Weimin. Wang, Wen...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 34
ID: 287efc07973e7b2d046c7664771dc2e2a00b501b
Number of matches: 12

...seropositivity appeared to increase with age up to 6 years and decline sharply after 14 years of age however no antis igm to individual hcovs was detected in the healthy adult population these results suggest that primary seroconversion to these viruses occurs mainly during childhood and youth in addition hcov infection might result in seroconversion in children with asymptomatic or subclinical manifestations these results are also in agreement with hcov molecular epidemiological surveys [12 34] which have indicated that primary exposure occurs mainly in childhood and youth we conclude that sbased ifa might be a useful specific...

Title: First infection by all four non-severe acute
respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place
during childhood
Authors: Zhou, Weimin. Wang, Wen...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 34
ID: 287efc07973e7b2d046c7664771dc2e2a00b501b
Number of matches: 12

...asymptomatic or subclinical manifestations these results are also in agreement with hcov molecular epidemiological surveys [12 34] which have indicated that primary exposure occurs mainly in childhood and youth we conclude that sbased ifa might be a useful specific serological platform for epidemiologic investigation of hcov infection high proportions of children and adults in beijing show antis igg seropositivity against the four hcovs and antis igm antibodies were detected in the sera of asymptomatic children these four nonsarsrelated hcovs appear be circulating in the general population and sustained hcov infection becomes more likely with increasing age this...

Title: First infection by all four non-severe acute
respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place
during childhood
Authors: Zhou, Weimin. Wang, Wen...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 34
ID: 287efc07973e7b2d046c7664771dc2e2a00b501b
Number of matches: 12

...serological platform for epidemiologic investigation of hcov infection high proportions of children and adults in beijing show antis igg seropositivity against the four hcovs and antis igm antibodies were detected in the sera of asymptomatic children these four nonsarsrelated hcovs appear be circulating in the general population and sustained hcov infection becomes more likely with increasing age this study may serve as a basis for the prevention and control of nonsarsrelated hcov infection however further research is needed to determine the falsepositivity and negativity rates associated with this antis ifa by determining antibody titres during the acute and convalescent phases after...

Title: First infection by all four non-severe acute
respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place
during childhood
Authors: Zhou, Weimin. Wang, Wen...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 34
ID: 287efc07973e7b2d046c7664771dc2e2a00b501b
Number of matches: 12

...four hcovs and antis igm antibodies were detected in the sera of asymptomatic children these four nonsarsrelated hcovs appear be circulating in the general population and sustained hcov infection becomes more likely with increasing age this study may serve as a basis for the prevention and control of nonsarsrelated hcov infection however further research is needed to determine the falsepositivity and negativity rates associated with this antis ifa by determining antibody titres during the acute and convalescent phases after primary hcov infection comparison of serological methods and antigen preparations as well as sample exchange will facilitate validation of the assays for...

Title: First infection by all four non-severe acute
respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place
during childhood
Authors: Zhou, Weimin. Wang, Wen...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 34
ID: 287efc07973e7b2d046c7664771dc2e2a00b501b
Number of matches: 12

...likely with increasing age this study may serve as a basis for the prevention and control of nonsarsrelated hcov infection however further research is needed to determine the falsepositivity and negativity rates associated with this antis ifa by determining antibody titres during the acute and convalescent phases after primary hcov infection comparison of serological methods and antigen preparations as well as sample exchange will facilitate validation of the assays for individual hcov antibody determination...

Title: Analysis and prediction of protective
continuous B-cell epitopes on pathogen proteins
Authors: Sollner, Johannes. Grohmann, Rainer...
Journal: Immunome Res
Item: Infection
Index: 35
ID: 44f3796bf7bdaa361b977d350bc71190b31cf558
Number of matches: 2

...is an actively investigated field although historically disfavored the application of peptides in vaccine design is currently experiencing a renaissance [1] while the focus is often on tcell responses especially the generation of bcell responses is of relevance against certain pathogens such as hiv to prevent initial infection [2] it is thus not surprising that since the early days of computational biology scientists have attempted to predict the relevance of protein domains and peptides in several areas of application initial hallmarks of the field are represented among many others by work of hopp and woods...

Title: Analysis and prediction of protective
continuous B-cell epitopes on pathogen proteins
Authors: Sollner, Johannes. Grohmann, Rainer...
Journal: Immunome Res
Item: Infection
Index: 35
ID: 44f3796bf7bdaa361b977d350bc71190b31cf558
Number of matches: 2

...selection routines primarily falter in the domain of suboptimal scores as has been indicated by sollner and mayer [9] however immunologically subdominant or even cryptic bcell epitopes can be of special interest regarding protectivity and interstrain crossreactivity [16] and are sometimes consistently immunosilent during natural infection [17 18] as a consequence we focus on conserved and therefore presumably functionally constrained epitopes without posttranslational modifications which still exhibit amenable antigenicity scores regarding the previous definition these epitopes may often fall into class i of protective continuous epitopes such principles are primarily valid for...

Title: GOST: A generic ordinal sequential trial
design for a treatment trial in an emerging pandemic
Authors: Whitehead, John. Horby, Peter
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 37
ID: ab2e4c7ae023d55fde4ae3df32825484d00fcb3f
Number of matches: 1

...if the trial is to yield an early conclusion gost is presented for the case of an ordinal response because expected sample sizes will be reduced if more than two outcome categories can be reliably identified [3] furthermore at the outset of a trial concerning a new infection it may not be clear whether the key issue will be the prevention of death or the reduction of morbidity using a categorisation that distinguishes between a number of outcome states will allow the trial to be informative if life or death proves to be the major issue or if...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...the cats for further analyses coinfection by fiv or felv positive or negative general condition good fair and poor and distributions of lesions l1 l2 and l3 with regards to the coinfection with felv only progressively felvinfected cats were included in the statistical analyses and compared to cats without retrovirus infection cats with regressive felv infection were excluded from these analyses concerning fiv cats were considered fivpositive when they were confirmed to be positive by western blot the pearsons chisquare test for independence was used to determine a significant association between the categorical variables fishers exact test pf was applied to...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...coinfection by fiv or felv positive or negative general condition good fair and poor and distributions of lesions l1 l2 and l3 with regards to the coinfection with felv only progressively felvinfected cats were included in the statistical analyses and compared to cats without retrovirus infection cats with regressive felv infection were excluded from these analyses concerning fiv cats were considered fivpositive when they were confirmed to be positive by western blot the pearsons chisquare test for independence was used to determine a significant association between the categorical variables fishers exact test pf was applied to the comparison of variables with...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...one false negative case of fiv the cat was fivelisa negative but fiv western blot positive and was regarded as fivinfected one felvexposed cat was provirus positive without detectable antigenemia this cat was not considered in the statistical analyses concerning retrovirus infections since it was categorized as having regressive felv infection a poor general condition was observed in two out of three fiv positive cats and it was associated to fiv infection when compared to retrovirusnegative cats p f 001 in cats with progressive felv infection a poor general condition was observed in one out of five cats among...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...felvexposed cat was provirus positive without detectable antigenemia this cat was not considered in the statistical analyses concerning retrovirus infections since it was categorized as having regressive felv infection a poor general condition was observed in two out of three fiv positive cats and it was associated to fiv infection when compared to retrovirusnegative cats p f 001 in cats with progressive felv infection a poor general condition was observed in one out of five cats among cats that tested negative for both retroviruses n 21 952 were in a good general condition 48 were in a fair...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...statistical analyses concerning retrovirus infections since it was categorized as having regressive felv infection a poor general condition was observed in two out of three fiv positive cats and it was associated to fiv infection when compared to retrovirusnegative cats p f 001 in cats with progressive felv infection a poor general condition was observed in one out of five cats among cats that tested negative for both retroviruses n 21 952 were in a good general condition 48 were in a fair general condition and none of them presented a poor general condition thus all the cats...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...among cats that tested negative for both retroviruses n 21 952 were in a good general condition 48 were in a fair general condition and none of them presented a poor general condition thus all the cats that presented with poor general condition were coinfected with either felv progressive infection or fiv while none of the retrovirusnegative cats presented poor general condition p f 001 the assessment of cytokine profile by means of quantitative rtpcr was performed in all 30 animals when comparing the 21 retrovirusnegative cats with sporotrichosis no significant differences were found among cats in groups...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...with no retrovirus coinfection according to their general condition due to the small number n 1 of animals in fair general condition when analyzing the cytokine levels according to the retrovirus status significantly higher il10 transcription levels were found in fivpositive cats and in cats with progressive felv infection compared to retrovirusnegative cats fig 1 moreover cats with progressive felv infection also had significantly lower il4 levels and fivinfected cats had significantly lower il12 fig 1 when compared to retrovirusnegative cats no significant differences were found in il6 ifn and tnf transcription levels this analysis was done...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...number n 1 of animals in fair general condition when analyzing the cytokine levels according to the retrovirus status significantly higher il10 transcription levels were found in fivpositive cats and in cats with progressive felv infection compared to retrovirusnegative cats fig 1 moreover cats with progressive felv infection also had significantly lower il4 levels and fivinfected cats had significantly lower il12 fig 1 when compared to retrovirusnegative cats no significant differences were found in il6 ifn and tnf transcription levels this analysis was done in 29 out of the 30 cats in the study since live cell...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...s3 table when considering retroviral infections fivpositive cats with sporotrichosis had significantly lower cd4 and higher cd8 cells than retrovirusnegative cats with sporotrichosis fig 2 the inversion of cd4cd8 ratio was present in two out of three fivpositive cats but was not observed in cats with progressive felv infection or in retrovirusnegative cats fivpositive cats had significantly lower cd4cd8 ratio compared to retrovirusnegative cats p mwu 0006 no significant differences were observed between fivpositive and retrovirusnegative cats in cd5 feline t cells and cd21 b cells additionally there was no significant difference in any of the tested lymphocytes...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...had significantly lower cd4cd8 ratio compared to retrovirusnegative cats p mwu 0006 no significant differences were observed between fivpositive and retrovirusnegative cats in cd5 feline t cells and cd21 b cells additionally there was no significant difference in any of the tested lymphocytes subsets when cats with progressive felv infection were compared to retrovirusnegative cats based on the data collected from the medical records 24 cats were followed up until treatment outcome four retrovirusnegative cats and one cat with progressive felv infection were lost to follow up among the remaining retrovirusnegative cats n 17 clinical cure was...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...there was no significant difference in any of the tested lymphocytes subsets when cats with progressive felv infection were compared to retrovirusnegative cats based on the data collected from the medical records 24 cats were followed up until treatment outcome four retrovirusnegative cats and one cat with progressive felv infection were lost to follow up among the remaining retrovirusnegative cats n 17 clinical cure was observed in sixteen and therapeutic failure in one cat among the remaining cats with progressive felv infection n 4 three were treated with itzki and all of them were cured all fivpositive...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...cats were followed up until treatment outcome four retrovirusnegative cats and one cat with progressive felv infection were lost to follow up among the remaining retrovirusnegative cats n 17 clinical cure was observed in sixteen and therapeutic failure in one cat among the remaining cats with progressive felv infection n 4 three were treated with itzki and all of them were cured all fivpositive cats n 3 were treated with itz alone and two of them were cured the cure rates were not related to the treatment protocol or to the retrovirus status the s4 table shows...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...study according to their retrovirus status the treatment length was not statistically different between the groups regardless of therapeutic protocol or retrovirus status among cats that were clinically cured the overall median treatment length was 12 weeks 12 weeks in retrovirusnegative cats 95 weeks in cats with progressive felv infection and 205 weeks in fivpositive cats the median treatment length in retrovirusnegative cats was higher in the therapeutic protocol using itz alone median 12 weeks when compared to itz ki median 9 weeks in cats with progressive felv infection the treatment length was also higher in cats...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...cats 95 weeks in cats with progressive felv infection and 205 weeks in fivpositive cats the median treatment length in retrovirusnegative cats was higher in the therapeutic protocol using itz alone median 12 weeks when compared to itz ki median 9 weeks in cats with progressive felv infection the treatment length was also higher in cats treated with itz alone median 13 weeks in comparison to those treated with itzki median 9 weeks in this study 30 cats with sporotrichosis were investigated for feline retrovirus coinfection and immunological aspects based on cytokine expression profiles of...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...reported in calzolari et al [25] when four out of 194 cats tested negative for the fiv tm elisa and positive in the western blot as previously observed that lack of reactivity with the recombinant tm of some fiv infected domestic cats may indeed be due to infection with a fiv distinct from that the tm antigen utilized in the elisa [25] realtime pcr was employed to detected and quantify felv provirus in addition to felv p27 antigen detection by elisa pcr is a more sensitive measure for felv exposure than antigen detection felv proviruspositiveantigennegative...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...antigen utilized in the elisa [25] realtime pcr was employed to detected and quantify felv provirus in addition to felv p27 antigen detection by elisa pcr is a more sensitive measure for felv exposure than antigen detection felv proviruspositiveantigennegative cats have been described as having regressive felv infection [22] in the current study only one cat had a regressive felvinfection because of the small number n 1 of felv regressive infection cases this cat was not included in the statistical analysis as a separate group moreover it was also not included with the cats...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...elisa pcr is a more sensitive measure for felv exposure than antigen detection felv proviruspositiveantigennegative cats have been described as having regressive felv infection [22] in the current study only one cat had a regressive felvinfection because of the small number n 1 of felv regressive infection cases this cat was not included in the statistical analysis as a separate group moreover it was also not included with the cats with progressive felv infection cats since the cat was not expected to present major immunological changes at this stage however since this cat is latently infected a...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

... in the current study only one cat had a regressive felvinfection because of the small number n 1 of felv regressive infection cases this cat was not included in the statistical analysis as a separate group moreover it was also not included with the cats with progressive felv infection cats since the cat was not expected to present major immunological changes at this stage however since this cat is latently infected a subsequent reactivation of the viremia cannot be ruled out especially in cases of comorbidities immunosuppression or chronic stress [18] cats with regressive felv...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...cats since the cat was not expected to present major immunological changes at this stage however since this cat is latently infected a subsequent reactivation of the viremia cannot be ruled out especially in cases of comorbidities immunosuppression or chronic stress [18] cats with regressive felv infection should be further monitored for reappearance of felv antigen if they become positive again they need to be considered as potential sources of felv infection and will most probably show immunological changes [18] studies regarding immune response in human sporotrichosis are scarce however the correlation between severe...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...of the viremia cannot be ruled out especially in cases of comorbidities immunosuppression or chronic stress [18] cats with regressive felv infection should be further monitored for reappearance of felv antigen if they become positive again they need to be considered as potential sources of felv infection and will most probably show immunological changes [18] studies regarding immune response in human sporotrichosis are scarce however the correlation between severe sporotrichosis and coinfection with hiv has been established [33] [34] [35] the clinical and pathological presentation of sporotrichosis...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...with sporotrichosis and coinfection with fiv or with feline retroviruses in general suggesting that retrovirus coinfections may influence the clinical presentation in cats with sporotrichosis were normalized to the geometric means of the housekeeping genes yaxes il4 was significantly lower p mwu 002 in cats with progressive felv infection while il12 was significantly lower p mwu 001 in fivpositive cats in comparison to retrovirusnegative cats il10 was significantly higher in both cats with progressive felv infection p mwu 004 and in fivpositive cats p mwu 005 in comparison to retrovirusnegative cats p mwu 005 the...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...to the geometric means of the housekeeping genes yaxes il4 was significantly lower p mwu 002 in cats with progressive felv infection while il12 was significantly lower p mwu 001 in fivpositive cats in comparison to retrovirusnegative cats il10 was significantly higher in both cats with progressive felv infection p mwu 004 and in fivpositive cats p mwu 005 in comparison to retrovirusnegative cats p mwu 005 the reduced transcription levels of il12 in fiv coinfected cats when compared to retrovirusnegative cats in this study suggested alteration and perhaps compromise of the th1 cellular immune response...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...response to retrovirussporothrix coinfection in cats reported to suppress cellular immune response by inhibiting cytokine production by th1 cells and activated macrophages [38] [39] fivpositive cats are susceptible to some intracellular pathogens including toxoplasma gondii and listeria monocytogenes even in early stages of the retrovirus infection when clinical signs are not yet observed due to increasing levels of il10 and decreased levels of il12 [40] [41] [42] such as described in fivinfected cats in the present study the balance between the antiinflammatory il10 and proinflammatory cytokines such as il12...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...il10 and decreased levels of il12 [40] [41] [42] such as described in fivinfected cats in the present study the balance between the antiinflammatory il10 and proinflammatory cytokines such as il12 seems to be a key factor for an adequate inflammation in fungal infection since il10 might be required for limiting high levels of inflammation and the consequent host damage [43] in experimental murine sporotrichosis il10 is involved with impairment of fungicidal activity of macrophage as well as with unresponsiveness of tcells [44] in humans high levels of...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

... the evaluation of lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry showed a lower percentage of cd4 cells and a higher percentage of cd8 cells as well as a lower cd4cd8 ratio in fivpositive cats when compared to retrovirusnegative cats this finding is consistent with what has been reported for fiv infection in which the inversion of cd4cd8 ratio is commonly detected along with decreasing cd4 levels and increasing cd8 levels [56] this might be linked to the low concentration of il12 in fivpositive cats described in this study as well as to their poor general condition cellular...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...correlated with disseminated sporotrichosis [57] the poor general condition and the disseminated lesions with high fungal burden in cats with sporotrichosis were related to higher cd8 low cells percentage which is suggested to be elicited by a th2 immunity background [58] in coronavirus infection cats that did not develop feline infectious peritonitis fip a fatal granulomatous disease had higher tissue levels of il10 which probably prevented excessive macrophage activation and the development of fip [59] although further studies are still necessary to determine the mechanisms driving ineffective granulomas in feline sporotrichosis...

Title: Co-infection with feline retrovirus is
related to changes in immunological parameters of cats
with sporotrichosis
Authors: de Miranda, Luisa Helena Monteiro. Meli, Marina...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 40
ID: 7387ab0ad7fdb62b372043fc912931583e5c7af0
Number of matches: 28

...increased in rats coinfected with the worm these animals showed a less organized inflammatory infiltrate and a higher fungal burden as previously speculated for fiv the sporothrixhelminths coinfection could lead to the imbalance of cytokines resulting in impaired response to sporothrix and in the lack of control over the fungal infection in cats therefore other comorbidities should be considered as potential challenges and the presence of immunosuppressive conditions during the course of sporotrichosis in cats could explain the occurrence of relapses the worsening on clinical condition after the beginning of the treatment and therapeutic failure in this study the...

Title: Ecohealth research in Southeast Asia: past,
present and the way forward
Authors: Nguyen-Viet, Hung. Doria, Siobhan...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 41
ID: 1495c1fa93db3b9a5d12b5ae15ff0c8639b83452
Number of matches: 6

...factors correlating to the salmonella contamination in 2008 the research institute for humanity and nature rihn launched ecohealth projects in sea to examine the relationship between endemic infectious diseases ecosystem and societal transformation in lao pdr the rihn engaged multiple partners to conduct studies on liver fluke and malaria infection in the savannakhet province [29] small liver fluke infection was studied in the lowland area in relation to the development of wet rice fields and irrigation systems study results from this project show that deforestation has led to the expansion of wet rice fields and irrigation and...

Title: Ecohealth research in Southeast Asia: past,
present and the way forward
Authors: Nguyen-Viet, Hung. Doria, Siobhan...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 41
ID: 1495c1fa93db3b9a5d12b5ae15ff0c8639b83452
Number of matches: 6

...for humanity and nature rihn launched ecohealth projects in sea to examine the relationship between endemic infectious diseases ecosystem and societal transformation in lao pdr the rihn engaged multiple partners to conduct studies on liver fluke and malaria infection in the savannakhet province [29] small liver fluke infection was studied in the lowland area in relation to the development of wet rice fields and irrigation systems study results from this project show that deforestation has led to the expansion of wet rice fields and irrigation and an increase of population density thus increasing the population at risk of...

Title: Ecohealth research in Southeast Asia: past,
present and the way forward
Authors: Nguyen-Viet, Hung. Doria, Siobhan...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 41
ID: 1495c1fa93db3b9a5d12b5ae15ff0c8639b83452
Number of matches: 6

...in the lowland area in relation to the development of wet rice fields and irrigation systems study results from this project show that deforestation has led to the expansion of wet rice fields and irrigation and an increase of population density thus increasing the population at risk of opisthorchis viverrini infection [29] in the mountainous area a transborder study of the laosvietnam border was conducted to examine malaria in relation to forest degradation these results found a large difference in malaria incidence this project established two health and demographic surveillance systems hdsss and one mobile phone network in...

Title: Ecohealth research in Southeast Asia: past,
present and the way forward
Authors: Nguyen-Viet, Hung. Doria, Siobhan...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 41
ID: 1495c1fa93db3b9a5d12b5ae15ff0c8639b83452
Number of matches: 6

...governments topdown nationwide liver fluke campaigns conducted since the 1980s that failed to impact much of the northeast concentrating on ten villages near lawa lake in the khon kaen province kkutdrs programme has apparently resulted in significant reductions in prevalence locally the recognition of a general association of o viverrini infection prevalence and cca incidence with populations whose livelihoods are tied to reservoirwetland ecosystem complexes represented an important research contribution [31] particularly in light of this associating with ecoeid in 2011 and incorporating elements of the ecohealth approach offered the opportunity to develop the lawa project as a...

Title: Ecohealth research in Southeast Asia: past,
present and the way forward
Authors: Nguyen-Viet, Hung. Doria, Siobhan...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 41
ID: 1495c1fa93db3b9a5d12b5ae15ff0c8639b83452
Number of matches: 6

...developing an integrated control strategy include overcoming gaps in the scientific understanding of o viverrini transmission and its contribution to disease details of the transmission dynamics of opisthorchis spp particularly regarding ecology and social ecology remain largely unknown the same is true for the health risk of the o viverrini infection that raw fish consumption actually poses in terms of cca as other dietary factors as well as genetic polymorphisms may be more important see [32] and references cited therein the kkutdr among other research groups has recently initiated research to address these gaps southeast asia is experiencing...

Title: Ecohealth research in Southeast Asia: past,
present and the way forward
Authors: Nguyen-Viet, Hung. Doria, Siobhan...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 41
ID: 1495c1fa93db3b9a5d12b5ae15ff0c8639b83452
Number of matches: 6

...groups salmonella spp was an important hazard for smallscale chicken slaughterhouses exposure to leptospirosis retrospective study questionnaire and biological sampling exposure was common but infected pigs did not pose a significant risk to humans rather both pigs and people had risk factors related to environmental sources of infection questionnaire and biological sampling of blood and mile from animalshumans there is low awareness of the diseases an early ecohealth project that had great influence in sea was the land use change and human health in the eastern himalayas initiated in 2006 supported by the idrc the...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...including np nucleoprotein vp35 polymerase cofactor vp40 matrix protein gp glycoprotein vp30 transcription activator vp24 secondary matrix protein and an rnadependent rna polymerase l protein these genes and their products represent potential targets for the development of therapeutic agents there are currently no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies for marv infection although several approaches are actively being pursued for postexposure therapeutic interventions daddariodicaprio et al showed the first complete postexposure protection of nonhuman primates against marv infection using a liveattenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine vector expressing the marv gp [4] however the construct was given just 2030...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...genes and their products represent potential targets for the development of therapeutic agents there are currently no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies for marv infection although several approaches are actively being pursued for postexposure therapeutic interventions daddariodicaprio et al showed the first complete postexposure protection of nonhuman primates against marv infection using a liveattenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine vector expressing the marv gp [4] however the construct was given just 2030 min after viral challenge and safety and efficacy of this therapeutic modality in human subjects remains unproven postexposure administration of recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2 a...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...positive charges may enhance both cellular penetration and avidity to the negatively charged rna target sequence of the virus we previously showed that administration of pmoplus in a combination therapy containing antisense agents targeting np and vp24 of marv provided 100 protection of cynomolgus macaques when given 3060 min after infection [22] subsequently we showed that a single agent designated avi7288 targeting the np of marv was as effective as the combination therapy [23] in the present study we evaluated the efficacy of avi7288 alone in cynomolgus macaques in a delayed timetotreatment study in which...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...designated avi7288 targeting the np of marv was as effective as the combination therapy [23] in the present study we evaluated the efficacy of avi7288 alone in cynomolgus macaques in a delayed timetotreatment study in which the pmoplus was administered 1 24 48 or 96 h following infection with marv animal research at us army medical research institute of infectious diseases usamriid was conducted under an institutional animal care and use committee iacuc approved protocol in compliance with the animal welfare act phs policy and other federal statutes and regulations relating to animals and experiments involving animals...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...using prism graphpad software graphpad inc lajolla ca when sample sizes permitted physiologic responses were assessed using students ttest or anova a total of 30 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with a lethal dose of marv initiation of avi7288 treatment occurred at 1 24 48 and 96 h after viral infection infection controls were administrated saline one salinetreated monkey died on day 9 and all the animals in this control group succumbed by day 11 pi fig 1 after developing characteristic mvd signs such as fever and petechial rash in contrast 83 five of six of the monkeys in the 1...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...prism graphpad software graphpad inc lajolla ca when sample sizes permitted physiologic responses were assessed using students ttest or anova a total of 30 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with a lethal dose of marv initiation of avi7288 treatment occurred at 1 24 48 and 96 h after viral infection infection controls were administrated saline one salinetreated monkey died on day 9 and all the animals in this control group succumbed by day 11 pi fig 1 after developing characteristic mvd signs such as fever and petechial rash in contrast 83 five of six of the monkeys in the 1 24...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...however viral titers in these tissues were generally low range 15 x 10 2 55 x 10 3 pfug tissue and viral antigen was not detected by immunohistochemistry the low titers of infectious virus in these tissues and undetectable levels in the remaining survivor tissues indicate the resolution of virus infection population genomic analysis of bloodborne marv revealed that virus from one animal 9301 in the 24 h pi treatment group acquired a mutation in a region flanking the avi7288 binding site this mutation did not appear to result in a drugresistant phenotype as the nucleotide change was tolerated and...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...analysis of bloodborne marv revealed that virus from one animal 9301 in the 24 h pi treatment group acquired a mutation in a region flanking the avi7288 binding site this mutation did not appear to result in a drugresistant phenotype as the nucleotide change was tolerated and the animal survived infection with marv there was no evidence of this mutation seen in virus from any other animals in the study liver damage and subsequent increases in liver enzymes is a common disease manifestation of vhfs including that caused by marv many of the animals exhibited marked increases in serum aspartate...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...marvspecific igg was detected in all surviving animals and titers generally increased from day 14 to day 21 pi and plateaued thereafter through the end of the study with titers ranging from 190 to 12430 elevated levels of several proinflammatory chemokines including eotaxin ip10 and mcp1 were observed late in infection peaking at days [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] in animals in all treatment groups however peak levels of eotaxin mcp1 fig 6a and ip10 were lower in avi7288treated animals salinetreated animals also showed...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...to the end of the study one animal in the 1h pi treatment group died while under anesthesia on day 7 of the experiment and the marvinduced lesions in its organs were very mild compared to the controls the cause of death was attributed to anesthetic complications rather than marv infection the other two avi7288 treated monkeys that failed to survive one from the 24 h pi group and one from the 96 h pi group had lesions indicating that marv infection was the cause of their death however in each case there were microscopic lesions andor ihc results that...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...very mild compared to the controls the cause of death was attributed to anesthetic complications rather than marv infection the other two avi7288 treated monkeys that failed to survive one from the 24 h pi group and one from the 96 h pi group had lesions indicating that marv infection was the cause of their death however in each case there were microscopic lesions andor ihc results that were not typical of those present in the control animals which suggests that the avi7288 treatments had affected the viral infection in contrast to the control animals the livers of the...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...from the 96 h pi group had lesions indicating that marv infection was the cause of their death however in each case there were microscopic lesions andor ihc results that were not typical of those present in the control animals which suggests that the avi7288 treatments had affected the viral infection in contrast to the control animals the livers of the 21 avi7288 treated monkeys that survived to the end of the study had only minimal virusinduced damage and no marv antigen was detected by ihc fig 7c and 7d rather than lymphoid depletion as occurred in the controls...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...from marvangola strain with treatment delay up to 3 days [7] avi7288 has previously been shown to be highly effective in providing survival benefit in cynomolgus macaques infected with the musoke strain of marv however the pmoplus therapy in these experimental studies began on the day of infection [23] in contrast a treatment regimen for infected humans would usually need to be initiated in a longer post infection time period hence it is important to determine the potential benefit of avi7288 when initiation of treatment is significantly delayed after infection thus the primary objective of...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...in providing survival benefit in cynomolgus macaques infected with the musoke strain of marv however the pmoplus therapy in these experimental studies began on the day of infection [23] in contrast a treatment regimen for infected humans would usually need to be initiated in a longer post infection time period hence it is important to determine the potential benefit of avi7288 when initiation of treatment is significantly delayed after infection thus the primary objective of this study was to determine the survival benefit provided by avi7288 when initially administered up to four days after infection with the musoke...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...began on the day of infection [23] in contrast a treatment regimen for infected humans would usually need to be initiated in a longer post infection time period hence it is important to determine the potential benefit of avi7288 when initiation of treatment is significantly delayed after infection thus the primary objective of this study was to determine the survival benefit provided by avi7288 when initially administered up to four days after infection with the musoke strain of marv utilizing the cynomolgus macaque animal model all of the control animals in this study succumbed to marv infection...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...a longer post infection time period hence it is important to determine the potential benefit of avi7288 when initiation of treatment is significantly delayed after infection thus the primary objective of this study was to determine the survival benefit provided by avi7288 when initially administered up to four days after infection with the musoke strain of marv utilizing the cynomolgus macaque animal model all of the control animals in this study succumbed to marv infection whereas 21 of the 24 animals 875 treated with avi7288 survived the difference in survival rate between the control groups and the treated animals was...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...infection thus the primary objective of this study was to determine the survival benefit provided by avi7288 when initially administered up to four days after infection with the musoke strain of marv utilizing the cynomolgus macaque animal model all of the control animals in this study succumbed to marv infection whereas 21 of the 24 animals 875 treated with avi7288 survived the difference in survival rate between the control groups and the treated animals was highly significant furthermore differences in survival between groups receiving avi7288 treatments at different times pi were not statistically distinguishable two of the three avi7288 treated...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...the control groups and the treated animals was highly significant furthermore differences in survival between groups receiving avi7288 treatments at different times pi were not statistically distinguishable two of the three avi7288 treated animals 0197 in the 24 h group and 9172 in the 96 h group that succumbed to infection were slow to mount an igg immune response 130 and 1270 titers respectively however a low igg titer was not adequate to provide a reliable marker of survival as several of the survivors had low igg titers on day 14 pi there was no notable relationship between the magnitude or...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...igg response and the time of avi7288 dosing or macaque survival overall the results of this study indicate that when administered iv once per day for a total of 14 days avi7288 protects cynomolgus macaques against marv even when the treatments are initiated as late as 96 h after viral infection of the 21 treated macaques that survived the viral challenge ihc revealed the presence of marv antigen in organs of nine animals one monkey had faint staining for viral antigen in macrophages within foci of inflammation in the thyroid gland although it is possible that this is an indication...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...21 treated macaques that survived the viral challenge ihc revealed the presence of marv antigen in organs of nine animals one monkey had faint staining for viral antigen in macrophages within foci of inflammation in the thyroid gland although it is possible that this is an indication of persistent viral infection in the thyroid it is more likely that these macrophages contain viral antigen due to phagocytosis of cellular debris containing viral antigen similarly another animal had viral antigen in acellular debris within a tonsillar crypt this probably reflects persistence of isolated viral antigen rather than the presence of intact viable...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...indicate that these macaques had persistent marv infections at the time of their deaths this is consistent with findings in humans who died of marv during the original 1967 outbreak in which autopsy revealed large necrotic lesions in the testicles [29] furthermore a man who survived marv infection during this outbreak is believed to have infected his wife via sexual contact more than 6 weeks after his clinical recovery and viable marv was subsequently recovered from his seminal samples as late as 16 weeks after his discharge from the hospital [30] the possibility of venereal...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...tissues yielded viable virus by plaque assay suggesting that the treatment suppressed viral replication in the animals testes additional research needs to be done to clarify the potential for viral persistence in the testis in this study we showed that the antisense compound avi7288 was highly effective against marv infection we demonstrated the efficacy of this compound administered up to four days after infection with marv in a cynomolgus macaque animal model it should be noted that infected animals first became pcr positive on day 5 and first showed clinical signs of disease on day 8 post infection administration of...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...in the animals testes additional research needs to be done to clarify the potential for viral persistence in the testis in this study we showed that the antisense compound avi7288 was highly effective against marv infection we demonstrated the efficacy of this compound administered up to four days after infection with marv in a cynomolgus macaque animal model it should be noted that infected animals first became pcr positive on day 5 and first showed clinical signs of disease on day 8 post infection administration of avi7288 resulted in marked improvement in survival and amelioration of laboratory and pathological manifestations...

Title: Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense
Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg
Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Warren, Travis K.. Whitehouse, Chris A....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 42
ID: de0bb38fe24062ae86287891a21a9851a0e6b7f3
Number of matches: 25

...against marv infection we demonstrated the efficacy of this compound administered up to four days after infection with marv in a cynomolgus macaque animal model it should be noted that infected animals first became pcr positive on day 5 and first showed clinical signs of disease on day 8 post infection administration of avi7288 resulted in marked improvement in survival and amelioration of laboratory and pathological manifestations of marv disease the current ebola virus outbreak in west africa reminds us of the need to identify effective antiviral products in advance of such emergency situations as such this is an area of...

Title: Immortalized common marmoset (Callithrix
jacchus) hepatic progenitor cells possess
bipotentiality in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Guo, Zhenglong. Jing, Renwei...
Journal: Cell Discov
Item: Infection
Index: 43
ID: bee209540848ded10add285c6a2d90906961baea
Number of matches: 5

...in vitro indefinitely therefore establishment of immortalized common marmoset hepatocytes or progenitor cells will provide a valuable tool for the development of effective treatments for liver diseases here we describe the derivation of an immortalized hepatic progenitor cell line marmoset hepatic progenitor cell mhpc from common marmoset fetal liver infection of fetal liver cells with simian virus 40 large t antigen sv40texpressing lentivirus enables their indefinite proliferation in vitro without chromosomal alteration and telomere shortening examination on the gene expression profiles of this immortalized cell clone revealed a hepatic progenitor cellspecific gene expression confirmed by semiquantitative reverse transcriptionpcr and immunohistochemistry...

Title: Immortalized common marmoset (Callithrix
jacchus) hepatic progenitor cells possess
bipotentiality in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Guo, Zhenglong. Jing, Renwei...
Journal: Cell Discov
Item: Infection
Index: 43
ID: bee209540848ded10add285c6a2d90906961baea
Number of matches: 5

...property for disease modeling we targeted p53 a known tumor suppressor gene 31 with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat crispr cas9 system two different singleguide sg rnas were designed sgrnap531 and 2 targeting different sites of the marmoset p53 exon 5 and introduced into mhpcs by lentivirus infection sequence analysis of two transfected mhpcs clones clones 1 and 2 revealed two identical deletions in p53 exon 5 fig 6c and further examination showed the absence of p53 protein as demonstrated by western blot fig 6d indicating that mhpcs can be readily genetically modified with crispr cas9 system...

Title: Immortalized common marmoset (Callithrix
jacchus) hepatic progenitor cells possess
bipotentiality in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Guo, Zhenglong. Jing, Renwei...
Journal: Cell Discov
Item: Infection
Index: 43
ID: bee209540848ded10add285c6a2d90906961baea
Number of matches: 5

...of sciences shanghai china or lenticas9blast or lentiguidepuro purchased from addgene mixed in a ratio of 314 and 293ft cells were transiently transfected using calcium phosphate method viral supernatant from transfected 10 cm dish was collected every 24 h up to 2 days after the transfection for sv40texpressing lentivirus infection fetal liver cells passage 2 510 10 5 were seeded in 6well plates and infected three times with 15 ml viral supernatant mixed with 05 ml fresh dmem medium containing 11000 polybrene for 10 h and replaced with fresh dmem medium for another 14 h prior to observation...

Title: Immortalized common marmoset (Callithrix
jacchus) hepatic progenitor cells possess
bipotentiality in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Guo, Zhenglong. Jing, Renwei...
Journal: Cell Discov
Item: Infection
Index: 43
ID: bee209540848ded10add285c6a2d90906961baea
Number of matches: 5

...passage 2 510 10 5 were seeded in 6well plates and infected three times with 15 ml viral supernatant mixed with 05 ml fresh dmem medium containing 11000 polybrene for 10 h and replaced with fresh dmem medium for another 14 h prior to observation for cas9expressing lentivirus infection mhpcs passage 50 5 10 5 were seeded in 12well plates and infected with concentrated viral supernatant for 12 h as described above followed by 2 gml blasticidin selection for 1 week cas9expressing mhpcs were seeded in 6well plates 1 10 6 and transfected with two...

Title: Characterization of a novel orthoreovirus
isolated from fruit bat, China
Authors: Hu, Tingsong. Qiu, Wei...
Journal: BMC Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 44
ID: bbe74d62d65366418b61cb33a4ffe5ffcd3a8fce
Number of matches: 1

...virus isolation was carried out in vero e6 cells to refer [23] kohl et al [26] vero e6 cells were maintained at 37c with 5 co 2 unless stated otherwise cells were seeded into 24well cellculture plates and incubated overnight until 8090 confluent for infection homogenates of the intestine samples for each bat were centrifuged at lowspeed 6000 g for 10 min at 4c treated with 100000 uml penicillin and 100 gml streptomycin and then inoculated into vero e6 cells for 1 hour under standard cellculture conditions and washed the cells three times with...

Title: Survey and Visual Detection of Zaire
ebolavirus in Clinical Samples Targeting the
Nucleoprotein Gene in Sierra Leone
Authors: Li, Huan. Wang, Xuesong...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 45
ID: 4ecd138ab31f520b06c5cf095657fab2685a8209
Number of matches: 6

...largest to date in west african countries frieden et al 2014 hampton 2014 it spread through direct contact with infected individuals or by touching the blood organs bodily secretions and fluids or the contaminated clothes of such people macneil and rollin 2012 because the initial symptoms of ebolavirus infection can be confused with those of other febrile illnesses such as endemic malaria chertow et al 2014 and because the infection cannot be detected rapidly in patients living in remote areas world health organization [who] 2014 1 the numbers of infected people and deaths...

Title: Survey and Visual Detection of Zaire
ebolavirus in Clinical Samples Targeting the
Nucleoprotein Gene in Sierra Leone
Authors: Li, Huan. Wang, Xuesong...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 45
ID: 4ecd138ab31f520b06c5cf095657fab2685a8209
Number of matches: 6

...or by touching the blood organs bodily secretions and fluids or the contaminated clothes of such people macneil and rollin 2012 because the initial symptoms of ebolavirus infection can be confused with those of other febrile illnesses such as endemic malaria chertow et al 2014 and because the infection cannot be detected rapidly in patients living in remote areas world health organization [who] 2014 1 the numbers of infected people and deaths were the highest yet recorded to control infection and to prevent further transmission during outbreaks of filoviruses such as ebov rapid detection...

Title: Survey and Visual Detection of Zaire
ebolavirus in Clinical Samples Targeting the
Nucleoprotein Gene in Sierra Leone
Authors: Li, Huan. Wang, Xuesong...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 45
ID: 4ecd138ab31f520b06c5cf095657fab2685a8209
Number of matches: 6

...febrile illnesses such as endemic malaria chertow et al 2014 and because the infection cannot be detected rapidly in patients living in remote areas world health organization [who] 2014 1 the numbers of infected people and deaths were the highest yet recorded to control infection and to prevent further transmission during outbreaks of filoviruses such as ebov rapid detection is therefore essential grolla et al 2005 current methods for the detection and diagnosis of ebov infection include virus isolation electron microscopy immunohistochemistry zaki et al 1999 enzymelinked immunosorbent assay testing reverse transcriptionpolymerase...

Title: Survey and Visual Detection of Zaire
ebolavirus in Clinical Samples Targeting the
Nucleoprotein Gene in Sierra Leone
Authors: Li, Huan. Wang, Xuesong...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 45
ID: 4ecd138ab31f520b06c5cf095657fab2685a8209
Number of matches: 6

... 2014 1 the numbers of infected people and deaths were the highest yet recorded to control infection and to prevent further transmission during outbreaks of filoviruses such as ebov rapid detection is therefore essential grolla et al 2005 current methods for the detection and diagnosis of ebov infection include virus isolation electron microscopy immunohistochemistry zaki et al 1999 enzymelinked immunosorbent assay testing reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction rtpcr serologic testing for igmigg virusspecific antibodies ksiazek et al 1999a saijo et al 2001 and pointofcare biosensors baca et al 2015 in general when the ebov viral...

Title: Survey and Visual Detection of Zaire
ebolavirus in Clinical Samples Targeting the
Nucleoprotein Gene in Sierra Leone
Authors: Li, Huan. Wang, Xuesong...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 45
ID: 4ecd138ab31f520b06c5cf095657fab2685a8209
Number of matches: 6

...in clinical diagnosis twentysix genomes of respiratory pathogens including artificial rnas of sudan ebov subtype sudan strain gulu zaire ebov and marv sars coronavirus influenza a h7n9 h1n1 h2n3 human parainfluenza viruses piv type 123 and 4 adenoviruses adv serotype 3 serotype 5 and serotype 55 respiratory syncytial virus infection rsvarsvb mers rna human metapneumovirus hmpv human coronavirus hcov229e hcovoc43hcovnl63 and hcovhku1 bocavirus bov as well as three respiratory bacterial pathogens such as legionella pneumophila 9135 mycobacterium tuberculosis 005 and haemophilus influenza atcc 49247 were used in this study total viral rnas were extracted from 200 l of each culture...

Title: Survey and Visual Detection of Zaire
ebolavirus in Clinical Samples Targeting the
Nucleoprotein Gene in Sierra Leone
Authors: Li, Huan. Wang, Xuesong...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 45
ID: 4ecd138ab31f520b06c5cf095657fab2685a8209
Number of matches: 6

...sensitivity to rtpcr assays indicating that it is sufficiently sensitive to detect low copy numbers of rna furthermore the rtlamp assay showed a high level of specificity with no crossreactivity with other species of ebov or other viruses it was also comparable with realtime rtpcr at confirming cases of ebov infection in clinical samples the rtlamp assay can detect the presence of virus in a single step in which reverse transcription and dna amplification proceed in a single tube at a constant temperature of 61 c compared with rtpcr the sensitivity of the rtlamp assay is far greater in...

Title: Hepatitis B Virus Genotype G forms core-like
particles with unique structural properties
Authors: Cotelesage, J J H. Osiowy, C...
Journal: J Viral Hepat
Item: Infection
Index: 46
ID: 621648da481a06d1a2bb80c56e998f7373215be6
Number of matches: 1

......

Title: Efficacy and safety of Ban-Lan-Gen granules in
the treatment of seasonal influenza: study
protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li, Zheng-tu. Li, Li...
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 47
ID: 310122c497498a3be55d1984730142fcf414a4c3
Number of matches: 11

...h5n1 h7n9 and influenza b it has a strong capability of spreading globally leading to adverse health effects [1] such respiratory diseases are usually caused by type a or type b influenza and the symptoms include headache muscle aches cough and sudden fever [2] infection by the pandemic h1n1 2009 virus emerged initially in mexico in early 2009 and has become a global pandemic [3] [4] [5] now influenza a h1n1 h3n2 and pandemic h1n1 2009 and influenza b have induced coinfection worldwide thereby causing considerable panic among...

Title: Efficacy and safety of Ban-Lan-Gen granules in
the treatment of seasonal influenza: study
protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li, Zheng-tu. Li, Li...
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 47
ID: 310122c497498a3be55d1984730142fcf414a4c3
Number of matches: 11

...] whether such antiviral agents can be used to address influenza epidemics is not clear furthermore the true effectiveness of oseltamivir treatment against influenza is controversial [21] traditional chinese herbal medicine tchm is richly used in chinese clinics and widely used to treat and prevent respiratory infection disease unlike western medicine tchm has different mechanisms and targets of action and potentially could be used to overcome drug resistance and side effects therefore exporting the new antiviral medicine from tchm will be a new choice for example the starting material shikimic acid for the synthesis of the oseltamivir...

Title: Efficacy and safety of Ban-Lan-Gen granules in
the treatment of seasonal influenza: study
protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li, Zheng-tu. Li, Li...
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 47
ID: 310122c497498a3be55d1984730142fcf414a4c3
Number of matches: 11

...2010 respectively additionally blg was one of the eight major medicines recommended by the chinese government for the prevention and control of severe acute respiratory syndrome sars several clinical studies have evaluated the efficacy of blg granules on treatment of acute pharyngitis among which 50 are caused by viruses infection of the upper respiratory tract and influenza h1n1 [22 23] however none of those studies were evidencebased clinical trials the isatis indigotica root iir is the single largest component of blg granules our previous studies suggested that the isatis indigotica root polysaccharide irps and clemastanin b...

Title: Efficacy and safety of Ban-Lan-Gen granules in
the treatment of seasonal influenza: study
protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li, Zheng-tu. Li, Li...
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 47
ID: 310122c497498a3be55d1984730142fcf414a4c3
Number of matches: 11

...indigotica root iir is the single largest component of blg granules our previous studies suggested that the isatis indigotica root polysaccharide irps and clemastanin b derived from iir can inhibit various subtypes of the influenza virus in vitro inhibiting the hemagglutinin ha of the virus at its early stage of infection is an important antiviral mechanism of iir [24] [25] [26] in vivo experiments revealed clemastanin b to significantly inhibit pneumonia and virus proliferation in lung tissue zifeng yang and zhengtu li unpublished work we also found that the lignin group iir isolated inhibits...

Title: Efficacy and safety of Ban-Lan-Gen granules in
the treatment of seasonal influenza: study
protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li, Zheng-tu. Li, Li...
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 47
ID: 310122c497498a3be55d1984730142fcf414a4c3
Number of matches: 11

...that the lignin group iir isolated inhibits the nuclear factorkappa b signaling activated by the influenza virus and blocks exportation of the np protein of the influenza virus article in press other studies have also shown that indirubin also contains iir and its derivatives have antiviral and antiinflammatory effects in infection due to the influenza a h5n1 virus [27] studies have suggested that blg and its active ingredients may inhibit the influenza virus little concrete clinical evidence has been provided however for the efficacy of blg in the treatment of seasonal influenza we wished to evaluate the efficacy...

Title: Efficacy and safety of Ban-Lan-Gen granules in
the treatment of seasonal influenza: study
protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li, Zheng-tu. Li, Li...
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 47
ID: 310122c497498a3be55d1984730142fcf414a4c3
Number of matches: 11

...influenzalike illnesses ilis were used as the basis for influenza surveillance if a patient presents with an acute cough and fever clinicians must be highly vigilant to test for infections caused by the influenza virus in general the rate of ili cases that lead to a clinical diagnosis of influenza infection is approximately 18 to 80 which is higher than other clinical diagnoses for example acute infections of the upper respiratory tract [28] we selected adult ili patients for inclusion into the study the study was designed to enroll 177 cases specimen collection included pharyngealthroat swabs and...

Title: Efficacy and safety of Ban-Lan-Gen granules in
the treatment of seasonal influenza: study
protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li, Zheng-tu. Li, Li...
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 47
ID: 310122c497498a3be55d1984730142fcf414a4c3
Number of matches: 11

...one of the exclusion criteria rejection criteria or termination standards furthermore it is the responsibility of participant to cooperate with the doctors treatment additionally they should cooperate with our followup and provide us with information that is not beyond the ethical approval inclusion criteria are patients i with confirmed infection by the influenza a h1n1 h3n2 or influenza b virus according to realtime polymerase chain reaction pcr or viral culture ii aged 18 to 65 years axillary temperature 38c at least two constitutional symptoms headache chill myalgia or fatigue and one respiratory symptom cough sore throat or rhinitis [30...

Title: Efficacy and safety of Ban-Lan-Gen granules in
the treatment of seasonal influenza: study
protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li, Zheng-tu. Li, Li...
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 47
ID: 310122c497498a3be55d1984730142fcf414a4c3
Number of matches: 11

...as to whether blg granules are suitable and safe for treating and preventing seasonal influenza blg seems to display a clinical effect during the early onset of illness our previous study showed that iprs clemastanin b and lignin which are separated from iir have antiviral roles in the early infection stage of the influenza virus [24] [25] [26] accordingly we defined the time of illness onset to be 36 hours unfortunately this criterion made patient recruitment quite difficult however this design which is based on a combination of traditional medical experience and modern...

Title: Efficacy and safety of Ban-Lan-Gen granules in
the treatment of seasonal influenza: study
protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li, Zheng-tu. Li, Li...
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 47
ID: 310122c497498a3be55d1984730142fcf414a4c3
Number of matches: 11

...immunemodulating and antiinflammation effects in vitro and in vivo polysaccharides from iir can promote production of interleukin2 and interferon as well as the proliferation of lymphocytes and macrophages in mice [33] also indirubin and its derivatives can suppress the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines induced by influenza infection in human macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells [27] hence an evidencebased clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of blg in treating inflammation induced by influenza infection certainly has merit in summary we have described the first clinical trial for treatment using a single herb against influenza...

Title: Efficacy and safety of Ban-Lan-Gen granules in
the treatment of seasonal influenza: study
protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li, Zheng-tu. Li, Li...
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 47
ID: 310122c497498a3be55d1984730142fcf414a4c3
Number of matches: 11

...mice [33] also indirubin and its derivatives can suppress the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines induced by influenza infection in human macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells [27] hence an evidencebased clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of blg in treating inflammation induced by influenza infection certainly has merit in summary we have described the first clinical trial for treatment using a single herb against influenza a and b viruses in china we will hold a largescale clinical trial to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness and safety of blg against influenza infection based on the results...

Title: Efficacy and safety of Ban-Lan-Gen granules in
the treatment of seasonal influenza: study
protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li, Zheng-tu. Li, Li...
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 47
ID: 310122c497498a3be55d1984730142fcf414a4c3
Number of matches: 11

...inflammation induced by influenza infection certainly has merit in summary we have described the first clinical trial for treatment using a single herb against influenza a and b viruses in china we will hold a largescale clinical trial to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness and safety of blg against influenza infection based on the results of this pilot study additional file 1 the product inspection report of banlangen the chinese edition the banlangen blg granules were produced by hutchisom whampoa guangzhou baiyunshan chinese medicine company limited the items including shape and properties solubility bacterial count etcetera of the blg granules...

Title: Synchronized shift of oral, faecal and urinary
microbiotas in bats and natural infection dynamics during
seasonal reproduction
Authors: Dietrich, Muriel. Kearney, Teresa...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 49
ID: 3633ffe6e8c7f4af342b1a5d23821169f7f9e1b2
Number of matches: 2

......

Title: Establishment of Primary Transgenic Human
Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures to Study Respiratory
Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Jonsdottir, Hulda R.. Marti, Sabrina...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 50
ID: f442fd7cf9f7ab6a2939acae3d1eea548dafac20
Number of matches: 13

...although protocols for the generation of transgenic airway epithelium for various purposes have been described [23] [24] [25] thus far there have been no reports describing whether lentivirus modification of welldifferentiated haec cultures alters the host innate immune response andor susceptibility to viral infection in order to establish homogeneously transgenic haec cultures suitable for the characterization of virushost interactions we adapted our current cell culture protocol to generate genetically modified welldifferentiated haec cultures with uniform transgene distribution as a proofofprinciple we assessed whether the host gene expression can be modulated postdifferentiation via inducible...

Title: Establishment of Primary Transgenic Human
Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures to Study Respiratory
Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Jonsdottir, Hulda R.. Marti, Sabrina...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 50
ID: f442fd7cf9f7ab6a2939acae3d1eea548dafac20
Number of matches: 13

...our current cell culture protocol to generate genetically modified welldifferentiated haec cultures with uniform transgene distribution as a proofofprinciple we assessed whether the host gene expression can be modulated postdifferentiation via inducible short hairpin shrnamediated knockdown and determined whether this affected the innate immune response or the susceptibility to viral infection by two common cold viruses the human cell lines 293ltv ltv100 cellbiolabs san diego ca usa and huh7 gift from v lohmann were maintained in dulbeccos modified eagle mediumglutamax supplemented with 1 mm sodium pyruvate 10 heatinactivated fetal bovine serum 100 gml streptomycin 100 iuml penicillin and 01 mm...

Title: Establishment of Primary Transgenic Human
Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures to Study Respiratory
Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Jonsdottir, Hulda R.. Marti, Sabrina...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 50
ID: f442fd7cf9f7ab6a2939acae3d1eea548dafac20
Number of matches: 13

...mixture was seeded in t25 culture flasks in 4 ml total begm medium was changed after 24 h bringing the total lentiviral incubation time to 28 h using this protocol we were able to transduce primary bronchial cells with an efficacy of 3070 depending on the donor and multiplicity of infection moi used since the distinctive cellular composition of welldifferentiated haec cultures is essential to all virushost interaction studies the morphology of transgenic and nave cultures must be interchangeable to preserve the functionality of the culture system using the established transduction protocol we first evaluated whether haec cultures differentiated normally...

Title: Establishment of Primary Transgenic Human
Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures to Study Respiratory
Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Jonsdottir, Hulda R.. Marti, Sabrina...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 50
ID: f442fd7cf9f7ab6a2939acae3d1eea548dafac20
Number of matches: 13

...detected through the recognition of pathogenassociated molecular patterns pamps by pattern recognition receptors prrs which are expressed in the haec cultures akin to human airway epithelium in vivo [38] polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid polyic is a synthetic analogue of double stranded rna dsrna a molecular pattern associated with viral infection that can be recognized by the prrs tlr3 rigi and mda5 [39 40] the subsequent signaling cascade initiates the production of interferon ifn that leads to the induction of several hundred interferonstimulated genes isgs such as the well characterized myxovirus resistance protein 1 mxa [41]...

Title: Establishment of Primary Transgenic Human
Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures to Study Respiratory
Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Jonsdottir, Hulda R.. Marti, Sabrina...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 50
ID: f442fd7cf9f7ab6a2939acae3d1eea548dafac20
Number of matches: 13

...detected through the recognition of pathogenassociated molecular patterns pamps by pattern recognition receptors prrs which are expressed in the haec cultures akin to human airway epithelium in vivo [38] polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid polyic is a synthetic analogue of double stranded rna dsrna a molecular pattern associated with viral infection that can be recognized by the prrs tlr3 rigi and mda5 [39 40] the subsequent signaling cascade initiates the production of interferon ifn that leads to the induction of several hundred interferonstimulated genes isgs such as the well characterized myxovirus resistance protein 1 mxa [41]...

Title: Establishment of Primary Transgenic Human
Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures to Study Respiratory
Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Jonsdottir, Hulda R.. Marti, Sabrina...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 50
ID: f442fd7cf9f7ab6a2939acae3d1eea548dafac20
Number of matches: 13

...the well characterized myxovirus resistance protein 1 mxa [41] in order to determine whether our genetic modification influences the host innate immune response in transgenic haec cultures we treated both nave and homogenously transgenic cultures shgfp1 shgfp2 and shscr with exogenous polyic as a proxy for viral infection after 6day pretreatment with 0 or 2 mm iptg to induce both mrna and protein knockdown of gfp 24 h post polyic treatment we assessed the expression level of mxa mrna transcripts revealing similar gene expression levels in both nave and transgenic cultures regardless of shrna construct and iptg treatment...

Title: Establishment of Primary Transgenic Human
Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures to Study Respiratory
Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Jonsdottir, Hulda R.. Marti, Sabrina...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 50
ID: f442fd7cf9f7ab6a2939acae3d1eea548dafac20
Number of matches: 13

...] therefore we repeated the experiment with a gfpexpressing human respiratory syncytial virus hrsvgfp which exhibits a ciliary cell tropism [29] the obtained results were in accordance with our previous observations no difference in viral kinetics between nave and homogenously transgenic haec cultures was observed after infection with hrsvgfp moreover as with hcov229egfp we did not observe any reduction of viral replication kinetics in induced cultures expressing gfpdirected shrnas figure 6c this suggests that in the context of our experiments neither hcov229egfp nor hrsvgfp are susceptible to shrnamediated knockdown however it also indicates that our...

Title: Establishment of Primary Transgenic Human
Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures to Study Respiratory
Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Jonsdottir, Hulda R.. Marti, Sabrina...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 50
ID: f442fd7cf9f7ab6a2939acae3d1eea548dafac20
Number of matches: 13

...insufficient amount of available shrna within infected cells to negatively influence the exponential increase of viral gfp mrna expression while the levels of cellular gfp mrna are more suitable for shrnamediated knockdown in light of these results we evaluated whether viral replication could be influenced by shrnamediated knockdown during haec infection with gfp expressing human coronavirus 229e hcov229egfp as stated previously both nave and homogenously transgenic haec cultures were pretreated with 0 or 2 mm iptg for 6 days prior to inoculation with 10000 pfu of hcov229egfp quantification of viral rna in apical wash revealed similar replication kinetics for all conditions...

Title: Establishment of Primary Transgenic Human
Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures to Study Respiratory
Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Jonsdottir, Hulda R.. Marti, Sabrina...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 50
ID: f442fd7cf9f7ab6a2939acae3d1eea548dafac20
Number of matches: 13

...] therefore we repeated the experiment with a gfpexpressing human respiratory syncytial virus hrsvgfp which exhibits a ciliary cell tropism [29] the obtained results were in accordance with our previous observations no difference in viral kinetics between nave and homogenously transgenic haec cultures was observed after infection with hrsvgfp moreover as with hcov229egfp we did not observe any reduction of viral replication kinetics in induced cultures expressing gfpdirected shrnas figure 6c this suggests that in the context of our experiments neither hcov229egfp nor hrsvgfp are susceptible to shrnamediated knockdown however it also indicates that our...

Title: Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral
Proteins of Nipah Virus
Authors: Sun, Bangyao. Jia, Lijia...
Journal: Virol Sin
Item: Infection
Index: 51
ID: e63edd41c1aca8fe732d5285a64fcbd45357cdfb
Number of matches: 11

......

Title: Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral
Proteins of Nipah Virus
Authors: Sun, Bangyao. Jia, Lijia...
Journal: Virol Sin
Item: Infection
Index: 51
ID: e63edd41c1aca8fe732d5285a64fcbd45357cdfb
Number of matches: 11

...kampung sungai nipah nipah river village in malaysia where it was first isolated in 1998 before its subsequent spread into singapore via exported pigs in 1999 leading to the abattoir worker infections cdc 1999a b paton et al 1999 epstein et al 2006 in 2001 human cases of niv infection were discovered independently in india and bangladesh and since then infections have been observed annually in bangladesh and humantohuman transmission through direct contact with infected individuals is common hsu et al 2004 chadha et al 2006a b in 2007 an niv outbreak occurred in india killing five people arankalle...

Title: Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral
Proteins of Nipah Virus
Authors: Sun, Bangyao. Jia, Lijia...
Journal: Virol Sin
Item: Infection
Index: 51
ID: e63edd41c1aca8fe732d5285a64fcbd45357cdfb
Number of matches: 11

...and since then infections have been observed annually in bangladesh and humantohuman transmission through direct contact with infected individuals is common hsu et al 2004 chadha et al 2006a b in 2007 an niv outbreak occurred in india killing five people arankalle et al 2011 in 2018 niv infection was ongoing in kerala india with 16 cases succumbed paul 2018 in 2014 a serious illness most probably caused by niv was reported in several people after contact with infected horses or patients in the philippines ching et al 2015 niv infection can cause fever and encephalitis in...

Title: Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral
Proteins of Nipah Virus
Authors: Sun, Bangyao. Jia, Lijia...
Journal: Virol Sin
Item: Infection
Index: 51
ID: e63edd41c1aca8fe732d5285a64fcbd45357cdfb
Number of matches: 11

...al 2011 in 2018 niv infection was ongoing in kerala india with 16 cases succumbed paul 2018 in 2014 a serious illness most probably caused by niv was reported in several people after contact with infected horses or patients in the philippines ching et al 2015 niv infection can cause fever and encephalitis in humans and a neurological and respiratory syndrome in pigs or horses cdc 1999a b to date over 600 human cases of niv infection have been reported in south asia and southeast asia with fatality ranging from 40 to 70 accordingly it poses a...

Title: Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral
Proteins of Nipah Virus
Authors: Sun, Bangyao. Jia, Lijia...
Journal: Virol Sin
Item: Infection
Index: 51
ID: e63edd41c1aca8fe732d5285a64fcbd45357cdfb
Number of matches: 11

...reported in several people after contact with infected horses or patients in the philippines ching et al 2015 niv infection can cause fever and encephalitis in humans and a neurological and respiratory syndrome in pigs or horses cdc 1999a b to date over 600 human cases of niv infection have been reported in south asia and southeast asia with fatality ranging from 40 to 70 accordingly it poses a major threat to human health clayton 2017 belonging to the genus henipavirus [the other pathogenic member of the genus is hendra virus hev reviewed in middleton 2014 enchry...

Title: Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral
Proteins of Nipah Virus
Authors: Sun, Bangyao. Jia, Lijia...
Journal: Virol Sin
Item: Infection
Index: 51
ID: e63edd41c1aca8fe732d5285a64fcbd45357cdfb
Number of matches: 11

...consuming horsemeat ching et al 2015 no cases of persontoperson spread have been found in malaysia or singapore but in the philippines direct humantohuman virus transmission has been reported ching et al 2015 in india humantohuman transmission of niv was discovered in 2001 in a case of niv infection in a human in 2007 date palm sap contaminated by bats was considered to mediate niv spillover from bats to humans chadha et al 2006a chadha et al 2006b arankalle et al 2011 in bangladesh where people consume palm sap frequent infection by niv and persontoperson niv transmission...

Title: Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral
Proteins of Nipah Virus
Authors: Sun, Bangyao. Jia, Lijia...
Journal: Virol Sin
Item: Infection
Index: 51
ID: e63edd41c1aca8fe732d5285a64fcbd45357cdfb
Number of matches: 11

...2001 in a case of niv infection in a human in 2007 date palm sap contaminated by bats was considered to mediate niv spillover from bats to humans chadha et al 2006a chadha et al 2006b arankalle et al 2011 in bangladesh where people consume palm sap frequent infection by niv and persontoperson niv transmission has occurred recently it was demonstrated that syrian hamster infection could occur after drinking artificial palm sap mixed with niv wit et al 2014 and infrared camera monitoring showed that bats frequently fly around or directly contact palm sap trees to urinate or...

Title: Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral
Proteins of Nipah Virus
Authors: Sun, Bangyao. Jia, Lijia...
Journal: Virol Sin
Item: Infection
Index: 51
ID: e63edd41c1aca8fe732d5285a64fcbd45357cdfb
Number of matches: 11

...by bats was considered to mediate niv spillover from bats to humans chadha et al 2006a chadha et al 2006b arankalle et al 2011 in bangladesh where people consume palm sap frequent infection by niv and persontoperson niv transmission has occurred recently it was demonstrated that syrian hamster infection could occur after drinking artificial palm sap mixed with niv wit et al 2014 and infrared camera monitoring showed that bats frequently fly around or directly contact palm sap trees to urinate or defecate khan et al 2010 3 5 fig 1 schematic representation of the viral structure upper...

Title: Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral
Proteins of Nipah Virus
Authors: Sun, Bangyao. Jia, Lijia...
Journal: Virol Sin
Item: Infection
Index: 51
ID: e63edd41c1aca8fe732d5285a64fcbd45357cdfb
Number of matches: 11

...for palm sapmediated battoperson transmission despite the lack of nipah virus detection in natural date palm sap until now fig 3 measures have been taken to prevent bat access to sap using bamboo skirts or lime smudged on date palm trees further steps to prevent the transmission of niv infection are necessary genomic and amino acid differences may explain differences in viral pathogenicity and virulence between isolates in bangladesh and malaysia particularly given the contributions of the n p and l proteins to viral replication and transcription and the role of the nonstructural protein c in the virulence of...

Title: Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral
Proteins of Nipah Virus
Authors: Sun, Bangyao. Jia, Lijia...
Journal: Virol Sin
Item: Infection
Index: 51
ID: e63edd41c1aca8fe732d5285a64fcbd45357cdfb
Number of matches: 11

...information about viral tropism vaccines and antiviral strategies of niv was reviewed in references broder et al 2016 ang et al 2018 ] these results provide potential targets for drug or vaccine design knowing the geographic distribution and transmission of a virus is the priority for the control of infection and resolving the structure and function of viral protein is the basis for antiviral drug development in this review we are focusing on these aspects of the niv as a huge natural reservoir of viruses including niv bats have been under renewed interest bats appear asymptomatic when infected by many...

Title: Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral
Proteins of Nipah Virus
Authors: Sun, Bangyao. Jia, Lijia...
Journal: Virol Sin
Item: Infection
Index: 51
ID: e63edd41c1aca8fe732d5285a64fcbd45357cdfb
Number of matches: 11

...a novel batoriginated coronavirus swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus sadscov which led to more than 24000 piglet deaths at four pig farms in guangdong province china was reported zhou et al 2018 in particular a similar transmission pathway between sadscov and niv bats to pigs occurs although no human infection was found more exposure to areas of bat movement augments extremely risk of infecting batderived viral diseases unfortunately human activities are altering the frequency of contact with bats for instance deforestation in tropical zones forces bats to migrate from their habitats to human areas daszak et al 2001 and...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

......

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...or to conduct preclinical studies of antiviral compounds since 2008 multiple studies have evaluated a mouse model for rhinovirusinduced disease and exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation bartlett et al 2008 mclean et al 2012 glanville et al 2013 using minor group hrv1b serotype bartlett et al 2008 demonstrated that infection in balbc mouse is localized in the lungs and induces strong airway and pulmonary inflammation and mucin production albeit accompanied by low viral replication in addition a model for major group hrv16 serotype infection was also reported by using transgenic mice expressing a humanmouse icam1 chimeric receptor bartlett et al...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...glanville et al 2013 using minor group hrv1b serotype bartlett et al 2008 demonstrated that infection in balbc mouse is localized in the lungs and induces strong airway and pulmonary inflammation and mucin production albeit accompanied by low viral replication in addition a model for major group hrv16 serotype infection was also reported by using transgenic mice expressing a humanmouse icam1 chimeric receptor bartlett et al 2008 this model showed a strong inflammatory response to infection with low levels of viral replication similar to hrv1b in balbc mice however use of a transgenic mouse for infection with 90 major...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...strong airway and pulmonary inflammation and mucin production albeit accompanied by low viral replication in addition a model for major group hrv16 serotype infection was also reported by using transgenic mice expressing a humanmouse icam1 chimeric receptor bartlett et al 2008 this model showed a strong inflammatory response to infection with low levels of viral replication similar to hrv1b in balbc mice however use of a transgenic mouse for infection with 90 major group viruses for in vivo crossprotection studies could become challenging therefore development of an alternative small animal model that is susceptible to infection by major group hrvs...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...group hrv16 serotype infection was also reported by using transgenic mice expressing a humanmouse icam1 chimeric receptor bartlett et al 2008 this model showed a strong inflammatory response to infection with low levels of viral replication similar to hrv1b in balbc mice however use of a transgenic mouse for infection with 90 major group viruses for in vivo crossprotection studies could become challenging therefore development of an alternative small animal model that is susceptible to infection by major group hrvs would be a step forward to vaccine development our group has recently showed that intranasal in infection of cotton...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...strong inflammatory response to infection with low levels of viral replication similar to hrv1b in balbc mice however use of a transgenic mouse for infection with 90 major group viruses for in vivo crossprotection studies could become challenging therefore development of an alternative small animal model that is susceptible to infection by major group hrvs would be a step forward to vaccine development our group has recently showed that intranasal in infection of cotton rats with hrv16 resulted in measurable isolation of infective virus in nose and lung tissues lower respiratory tract pathology mucus production and expression of interferon ifnactivated...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...mouse for infection with 90 major group viruses for in vivo crossprotection studies could become challenging therefore development of an alternative small animal model that is susceptible to infection by major group hrvs would be a step forward to vaccine development our group has recently showed that intranasal in infection of cotton rats with hrv16 resulted in measurable isolation of infective virus in nose and lung tissues lower respiratory tract pathology mucus production and expression of interferon ifnactivated genes without any genetic modification of either the host or the virus blanco et al 2014 the cotton rat is an...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...vaccinated females against hrv16 challenge in addition passive prophylactic treatment with hyperimmune antihrv16 serum protects nave animals against in challenge with hrv16 blanco et al 2014 these results suggest that the cotton rat could become a useful model for testing vaccines and prophylactic therapies against major group of hrv infection in the present study we have extended the capabilities of this model by reporting that in infection of cotton rats with another major group species hrvb rhinovirus hrv14 also results in isolation of infective virus from nose and lung tissues importantly for vaccine purposes we report an in vivo...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...in challenge with hrv16 blanco et al 2014 these results suggest that the cotton rat could become a useful model for testing vaccines and prophylactic therapies against major group of hrv infection in the present study we have extended the capabilities of this model by reporting that in infection of cotton rats with another major group species hrvb rhinovirus hrv14 also results in isolation of infective virus from nose and lung tissues importantly for vaccine purposes we report an in vivo crossprotective relationship between hrv16 and hrv14 that has not been previously described these results are a step toward...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...hrv14 uvhrv14 or uvhrv16 under isoflurane anesthesia by inoculation of 100 l of virus preparation [10 6 10 7 pfus] per rat as indicated in the figure legends serum samples were obtained by retroorbital blood collection under isoflurane anesthesia animals were euthanized by carbon dioxide asphyxiation all the infection work with animals or tissue culture cells was strictly carried out at standard biosafety level2 stocks of hrv14 atcc cat vr284 and hrv16 atcc cat vr283 were produced in hela ohio hela oh cells a generous gift of dr dean erdman cdc atlanta ga united states cells...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...a generous gift of dr dean erdman cdc atlanta ga united states cells were grown in minimal essential medium containing earle salts emem 10 fetal bovine serum fbs 15 gl nahco 3 lglutamine and penicillinstreptomycin at 33 c and 5 co 2 virus stocks were prepared by infection of hela oh cell monolayers at a multiplicity of infection of approximately 01 pfucell infected cells were maintained at 33 c harvested when extensive cytopathic effect cpe was evident around 4872 h post infection pi and frozen at 80 c cells were thawed and subjected to one additional...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...united states cells were grown in minimal essential medium containing earle salts emem 10 fetal bovine serum fbs 15 gl nahco 3 lglutamine and penicillinstreptomycin at 33 c and 5 co 2 virus stocks were prepared by infection of hela oh cell monolayers at a multiplicity of infection of approximately 01 pfucell infected cells were maintained at 33 c harvested when extensive cytopathic effect cpe was evident around 4872 h post infection pi and frozen at 80 c cells were thawed and subjected to one additional freezethaw cycle and clarified by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...penicillinstreptomycin at 33 c and 5 co 2 virus stocks were prepared by infection of hela oh cell monolayers at a multiplicity of infection of approximately 01 pfucell infected cells were maintained at 33 c harvested when extensive cytopathic effect cpe was evident around 4872 h post infection pi and frozen at 80 c cells were thawed and subjected to one additional freezethaw cycle and clarified by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 min supernatant was extracted with one volume of watersaturated chloroform for additional elimination of lipid moieties and frozen at 80 c feldman and...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...h pi and decreased dramatically by 48 h pi figure 1c animals inoculated with uvhrv14 and sacrificed at 4 h postinoculation showed undetectable vrna compare 4 h hrv14 with uvhrv14 at 4 h in figure 1c next we examined the extent of lung pathology followed by hrv14 infection at early 4 h pi when virus load is higher and late 24 h pi when the virus load in the lung is strongly reduced figure 1d hrv14 infection showed low levels of cellular infiltration mostly around the bronchioles and within the alveolar spaces at 24 h pi that...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...with uvhrv14 at 4 h in figure 1c next we examined the extent of lung pathology followed by hrv14 infection at early 4 h pi when virus load is higher and late 24 h pi when the virus load in the lung is strongly reduced figure 1d hrv14 infection showed low levels of cellular infiltration mostly around the bronchioles and within the alveolar spaces at 24 h pi that lead to mild but significant increase in pathology when compared to animals inoculated with uvhrv14 we next investigated the effect of im immunization with either live or uvhrv14...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...levels of cellular infiltration mostly around the bronchioles and within the alveolar spaces at 24 h pi that lead to mild but significant increase in pathology when compared to animals inoculated with uvhrv14 we next investigated the effect of im immunization with either live or uvhrv14 or in infection on the generation of serum na against hrv14 live hrv14 or uvhrv14 were given im at the dose of 10 6 pfu at day 0 and boosted 3 weeks after the first immunization another group of cotton rats were infected in with hrv14 at the dose of 10 6...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...weeks after the first immunization another group of cotton rats were infected in with hrv14 at the dose of 10 6 pfu on day 0 and reinfected after 3 weeks serum samples were collected from animals at 3 before boosting or reinfection and 7 weeks after the first immunization or infection and na responses were determined by 60 plaque reduction assay similar to mockimmunized animals im immunization with uvhrv14 did not induce detectable na titers figure 2 in contrast im immunization with live hrv14 induced strong levels of na titers at 3 weeks postimmunization which were further increased...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...induce detectable na titers figure 2 in contrast im immunization with live hrv14 induced strong levels of na titers at 3 weeks postimmunization which were further increased in all animals after boosting figure 2 mean na titer log 2 93 04 at 7 weeks however in infection with hrv14 was less efficient at inducing na response with detectable levels of serum na in only one out of five animals at 3 weeks pi and reinfection increased the number of animals with na to a total of 3 out of 5 we next studied the effect of...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...vaccinated im with live hrv16 virus were strongly protected against homologous hrv16 challenge by reducing the lung viral titers by at least 3 log 10 figure 3b blanco et al 2014 importantly live hrv14 im immunization also strongly protected animals challenged with a homologous hrv14 infection by reducing the lung viral titers by more than 35 log 10 figure 3c immunization with either uvhrv16 or uvhrv14 did not render protection to either hrv16 or hrv14 challenge respectively figures 3bc when the generation of cross immunity was analyzed by crosschallenge experiments cotton rats immunized...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...day 0 and boosted 3 weeks after the first immunization another group of rats were in infected 10 6 pfu100 l of hrv14 on day 0 and reinfected at 3 weeks serum samples were obtained on the 3rd black symbols and 7th week red symbols after the first immunization or infection and homologous serum na against hrv14 were analyzed the sera were assayed in duplicate and na titer is expressed as log 2 geometric mean sem of the reciprocal dilution of serum samples that achieved 60 reduction of the total plaques p 005 in student ttest comparison between...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...stimulation using this method figure 3f our group has reported that the cotton rat is semipermissive to major group hrv16 to a similar extent as the previously developed transgenic mice bartlett et al 2008 blanco et al 2014 here we show that cotton rats are susceptible to infection by another member of the major group hrv14 with detectable replication in the urt and lower respiratory tract lrt the replication cycle of hrv14 is shortlived in nose and lung tissues of cotton rats however infectious virus titers in nose and lung tissues were measureable until 24 h pi which...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...blanco 2013 we believe that this shorter replication cycle of hrv may represent a hallmark of picornaviruses in the respiratory tract of cotton rats and may be the result of differential tropism interferon susceptibility andor receptor availability for this group of viruses previously we have shown that hrv16 infection in the cotton rat reproduces some aspects of hrvassociated human respiratory tract disease causing detectable inflammation in the trachea lower airways and lung parenchyma with mucus production and transient induction of ifnstimulated genes blanco et al 2014 hrv16 infection induced mild however significant alveolitis bronchiolitis and perivasculitis over 13...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...group of viruses previously we have shown that hrv16 infection in the cotton rat reproduces some aspects of hrvassociated human respiratory tract disease causing detectable inflammation in the trachea lower airways and lung parenchyma with mucus production and transient induction of ifnstimulated genes blanco et al 2014 hrv16 infection induced mild however significant alveolitis bronchiolitis and perivasculitis over 13 days pi compared to hrv16 hrv14 infection seems to result in milder inflammatory response which was reflected by low levels of cellular infiltration and lung pathology figure 1d this result is quite surprising however for hrv infection there...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...aspects of hrvassociated human respiratory tract disease causing detectable inflammation in the trachea lower airways and lung parenchyma with mucus production and transient induction of ifnstimulated genes blanco et al 2014 hrv16 infection induced mild however significant alveolitis bronchiolitis and perivasculitis over 13 days pi compared to hrv16 hrv14 infection seems to result in milder inflammatory response which was reflected by low levels of cellular infiltration and lung pathology figure 1d this result is quite surprising however for hrv infection there is no comparative information available in the literature on the level of inflammation or lung pathology generated...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...hrv16 infection induced mild however significant alveolitis bronchiolitis and perivasculitis over 13 days pi compared to hrv16 hrv14 infection seems to result in milder inflammatory response which was reflected by low levels of cellular infiltration and lung pathology figure 1d this result is quite surprising however for hrv infection there is no comparative information available in the literature on the level of inflammation or lung pathology generated by different serotypes similar to hrv16 im immunization with hrv14 also generated a strong homologous na response blanco et al 2014 figure 2 infection and reinfection with hrv14...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...surprising however for hrv infection there is no comparative information available in the literature on the level of inflammation or lung pathology generated by different serotypes similar to hrv16 im immunization with hrv14 also generated a strong homologous na response blanco et al 2014 figure 2 infection and reinfection with hrv14 also resulted in induction of moderate na in some animals however the induced na titers were widely variable within the group compared to the im hrv14immunized group previously we observed that a single in infection with hrv16 did not induce a detectable na response blanco...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...na response blanco et al 2014 figure 2 infection and reinfection with hrv14 also resulted in induction of moderate na in some animals however the induced na titers were widely variable within the group compared to the im hrv14immunized group previously we observed that a single in infection with hrv16 did not induce a detectable na response blanco et al 2014 similarly it was shown in the mouse models that two or more hrv infections were necessary to generate detectable na mclean et al 2012 as demonstrated by the lack of immune response generated by uvinactivated...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...than from those draining from the respiratory mucosa this is in agreement with our observations with evd68 that replicates in draining lymph nodes near the site of im injection patel et al 2016 possibly explaining the reason of higher na response by im inoculation compared to in infection na are considered to be important in protection against hrv infection experimental and natural infections in humans induce na which provide some protection against reinfection with the homologous hrv serotype barclay et al 1989 alper et al 1996 inactivated virus vaccinations given in or im in humans...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...with our observations with evd68 that replicates in draining lymph nodes near the site of im injection patel et al 2016 possibly explaining the reason of higher na response by im inoculation compared to in infection na are considered to be important in protection against hrv infection experimental and natural infections in humans induce na which provide some protection against reinfection with the homologous hrv serotype barclay et al 1989 alper et al 1996 inactivated virus vaccinations given in or im in humans similarly induced na and provided protection against disease caused by the homologous...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...as indicated at week 7 half of the animals in each group were challenged in with hrv14 10 6 pfu100 l and half with hrv16 10 7 pfu100 l and all were euthanized 8 h later to determine lung viral titers lung viral titers following b hrv16 and c hrv14 infection are shown n 5 animalsgroup data representative of two independent experiments all data differences between different immunization groups with same infection were assessed by oneway anova and individual differences were identified by bonferroni post hoc test d homologous and heterologous serum na titer of hrv14or hrv16immunized sera na titers...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...half with hrv16 10 7 pfu100 l and all were euthanized 8 h later to determine lung viral titers lung viral titers following b hrv16 and c hrv14 infection are shown n 5 animalsgroup data representative of two independent experiments all data differences between different immunization groups with same infection were assessed by oneway anova and individual differences were identified by bonferroni post hoc test d homologous and heterologous serum na titer of hrv14or hrv16immunized sera na titers were determined as described in the materials and methods section the sera were assayed in duplicate and na titer is expressed as...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...responses in cotton rats upon im vaccination would potentially undergo productive replication in the airways these two characteristics provide the basis for further development of an animal model for major group hrvs to test the probable vaccine candidates development of a vaccine formulation and vaccination strategy against hrv infection has been cumbersome due to the antigenic diversity of this group of viruses glanville and johnston 2015 it is clear that a vaccine that targets this group of viruses will need to elicit an immune response that is broad enough to protect against a wide range of hrv serotypes...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...nodes lung homogenates as source of lymphocytes or crossprotective antibodies against hrv14 that are of mucosal in nature and are not neutralizing in vitro could be sufficient to mediate neutralization in vivo or facilitate antibodydependent cellmediated cytotoxicity adcc when present in the right quantity and distribution at the site of infection glanville et al 2013 in addition elispot assay that measure il4or il5producing cells could also give some indication of type of response generated during crossprotection it has been reported using a c57bl6 model of hrv infection that immunization with recombinant vp0 protein from major group hrv16 combined with th1...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...adcc when present in the right quantity and distribution at the site of infection glanville et al 2013 in addition elispot assay that measure il4or il5producing cells could also give some indication of type of response generated during crossprotection it has been reported using a c57bl6 model of hrv infection that immunization with recombinant vp0 protein from major group hrv16 combined with th1 promoting adjuvants induced antigenspecific th1 responses in the airways enhanced na responses upon infection with minor group virus hrv1b and 29 and major group hrv14 and caused a rapid decrease in lung virus load in mice challenged...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...cells could also give some indication of type of response generated during crossprotection it has been reported using a c57bl6 model of hrv infection that immunization with recombinant vp0 protein from major group hrv16 combined with th1 promoting adjuvants induced antigenspecific th1 responses in the airways enhanced na responses upon infection with minor group virus hrv1b and 29 and major group hrv14 and caused a rapid decrease in lung virus load in mice challenged with hrv1b indicating that immunization with the capsid protein could prime animals to develop broader crossreactive immunity against hrvs mclean et al 2012 glanville et al 2013...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...in vitro neutralization activity induced by the 25valent vaccine against 10 nonvaccine types lee et al 2016 in addition we failed to document a correlation between immunizationmediated reduction in viral replication and the reduction of lung pathology to establish a clinically relevant protection as inflammation due to primary hrv14 infection was mild in the presented immunization experiment a correlation between viral replication and disease could not been drawn however this result is not surprising since as is observed in humans the cotton rat model also fails to show benefit in clinical outcome when therapeutic administration of antibodies during rsv infection...

Title: Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against
HRV14 Infection
Authors: Patel, Mira C.. Pletneva, Lioubov M....
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 54
ID: 7a16fe9d867203bf83dfe50ef6dd93b8e1179db7
Number of matches: 40

...infection was mild in the presented immunization experiment a correlation between viral replication and disease could not been drawn however this result is not surprising since as is observed in humans the cotton rat model also fails to show benefit in clinical outcome when therapeutic administration of antibodies during rsv infection was used despite complete protection of the lung from viral replication rodriguez et al 1997 malley et al 1998 prince et al 2000 although we could demonstrate partial heterologous protection by hrv16 immunization against hrv14 challenge a reciprocal immunological relation between these two viruses could not be demonstrated figures...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

......

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...is probably endemic in all chickenraising regions it has a severe impact on poultry production causing heavy economic losses all strains of ibv are capable of infecting a large range of epithelial surfaces of chickens such as those of the trachea kidney oviduct and proventriculus [2] coronavirus infection has dramatic effects on host cell morphology transcription and translation patterns the cell cycle cytoskeleton suppression of interferon and apoptosis pathways coronavirus infection may also cause inflammation alter the immune and stress responses and modify the coagulation pathways [3] such profound functional and morphological changes in host...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...are capable of infecting a large range of epithelial surfaces of chickens such as those of the trachea kidney oviduct and proventriculus [2] coronavirus infection has dramatic effects on host cell morphology transcription and translation patterns the cell cycle cytoskeleton suppression of interferon and apoptosis pathways coronavirus infection may also cause inflammation alter the immune and stress responses and modify the coagulation pathways [3] such profound functional and morphological changes in host cells are associated with significant changes in the patterns of expression of host cell genes several studies have described changes in host gene...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...alter the immune and stress responses and modify the coagulation pathways [3] such profound functional and morphological changes in host cells are associated with significant changes in the patterns of expression of host cell genes several studies have described changes in host gene expression associated with coronavirus infection as documented by microarray technologies [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] but ultimately protein expression and posttranslational modification ptm determine virus replication furthermore transcriptome analyses only provide a snapshot of gene expression patterns they also suffer from...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...provide information on ptm approaches that use proteomics are promising because they can circumvent some of the issues associated with transcriptomics approaches [10] more recently comparative proteomics analysis has emerged as a valuable tool for the establishment of the global host protein profile in response to virus infection it has been used to study enveloped rna viruses such as influenza virus respiratory syncytial virus rsv parainfluenza virus piv human metapneumovirus hmpv sarscov and mouse hepatitis virus mhv [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...on the cellular signaling pathways involved in either the cellular response to viral infections or the viral manipulation of cellular machinery to ensure their own survival for ibv to the best of our knowledge only some recent studies have investigated the changes in the expression of cellular proteins during ibv infection in ex vivo or in ovo [19] [20] [21] however the in vivo infection model could yield more biologically relevant insights into pathogenesis in this study we used twodimensional gel electrophoresis 2de and twodimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis 2dige coupled with matrixassisted...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...to ensure their own survival for ibv to the best of our knowledge only some recent studies have investigated the changes in the expression of cellular proteins during ibv infection in ex vivo or in ovo [19] [20] [21] however the in vivo infection model could yield more biologically relevant insights into pathogenesis in this study we used twodimensional gel electrophoresis 2de and twodimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis 2dige coupled with matrixassisted laser desorptionionization timeofflight tandem mass spectrometry malditoftofms to explore global changed proteome profiles of trachea and kidney tissues from chicken at...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...proteins were analyzed by the realtime rtpcr method simultaneously western blot analysis confirmed the change in abundance of the heat shock proteins hsp beta1 annexin a2 and annexin a5 the potential roles of some of these identified proteins are discussed in order to characterize their potential functional roles during ibv infection in vivo these results provide valuable insights into the interactions of ibv with its host and may also be useful in investigations of the pathogenesis of ibv and other coronaviruses all chickens exhibited respiratory clinical signs at about 414 dpi with the ibv ckchldl97i p 5 strain the clinical...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...5 or the ckch ldl97i p 115 strain of ibv showed seroconversion at 4 dpi antibodies appeared at 7 dpi and all of the chickens showed seroconversion after 14 dpi with both ibv strains the chickens in the noninoculated control group showed a negative serum antibody response successful ibv infection was also verified using realtime rtpcr results are presented in figure 1 virus was not detected from the trachea and kidney of chickens from control group in the p 5 infected group virus was detected from trachea and kidney at 4 7 14 and 21 dpi the peak of...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...7 dpi and only a little fluctuated at 14 and 21 dpi furthermore both in trachea and kidney the p 115 infected group had the lower viral genome copies than p 5 infected group the global protein changes in the chicken trachea and kidney tissues at different stages after infection with the ibv ckchldl97i p 5 and ckchldl97i p 115 strain were investigated for the tracheal protein samples figure 2 shows representative images of the tracheal samples 1366 39 1536 126 and 1600 167 protein spots were detected in gels from the control group p 5 infected...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...2482 189 2607 238 and 2593 192 protein spots were detected respectively the number of differentially expressed protein spots in the p 5 and p 115 infected groups is summarized in additional file 2 in the tracheal total proteome at 4 dpi the host response to infection with both p 5 and p 115 strains appears to involve predominantly increase of proteins abundance by 7 dpi the pattern is different with infection with the p 115 strain resulting in a predominant increase of proteins abundance and with p 5 exhibiting a majority of decrease events by 14...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...p 5 and p 115 infected groups is summarized in additional file 2 in the tracheal total proteome at 4 dpi the host response to infection with both p 5 and p 115 strains appears to involve predominantly increase of proteins abundance by 7 dpi the pattern is different with infection with the p 115 strain resulting in a predominant increase of proteins abundance and with p 5 exhibiting a majority of decrease events by 14 and 21 dpi both viruses produce a broadly similar response with the vast majority of changes in protein abundance involving increase for the kidney total...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...in a predominant increase of proteins abundance and with p 5 exhibiting a majority of decrease events by 14 and 21 dpi both viruses produce a broadly similar response with the vast majority of changes in protein abundance involving increase for the kidney total proteome at 4 dpi p 5 infection induced an approximately equivalent number of proteins with increased and decreased abundance whereas p 115 infection induced mainly increase of proteins abundance by 7 14 and 21 dpi both p 5 and p 115 infection induced mainly increase of host proteins abundance figure 1 the viral load in each sample...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...events by 14 and 21 dpi both viruses produce a broadly similar response with the vast majority of changes in protein abundance involving increase for the kidney total proteome at 4 dpi p 5 infection induced an approximately equivalent number of proteins with increased and decreased abundance whereas p 115 infection induced mainly increase of proteins abundance by 7 14 and 21 dpi both p 5 and p 115 infection induced mainly increase of host proteins abundance figure 1 the viral load in each sample was quantified using realtime rtpcr the average viral copy number vcn per g tissue of each...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...in protein abundance involving increase for the kidney total proteome at 4 dpi p 5 infection induced an approximately equivalent number of proteins with increased and decreased abundance whereas p 115 infection induced mainly increase of proteins abundance by 7 14 and 21 dpi both p 5 and p 115 infection induced mainly increase of host proteins abundance figure 1 the viral load in each sample was quantified using realtime rtpcr the average viral copy number vcn per g tissue of each group was calculated error bars indicate standard error of the mean and dpi represent days postinoculation all interesting...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase pck2 triosephosphate isomerase heat shock protein beta1 manganesecontaining superoxide dismutase mnsod vimentin lamina cartilage matrix protein alphatropomyosin nucleoside diphosphate kinase sulfotransferase and low molecular weight phosphotyrosine proteinphosphatase were induced to be differentially patterns changed in chickens infected with the p 5 and p 115 strains suggested that infection with the p 5 and p 115 strains produces different host response furthermore this difference in the pattern of change was induced predominantly in the early stages of the infection cycle which suggests that critical events early in infection are likely to be of key importance in determining the fate...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...were induced to be differentially patterns changed in chickens infected with the p 5 and p 115 strains suggested that infection with the p 5 and p 115 strains produces different host response furthermore this difference in the pattern of change was induced predominantly in the early stages of the infection cycle which suggests that critical events early in infection are likely to be of key importance in determining the fate of the host in addition fibrinogen and chains showed a similar pattern of change with increase in the p 5 and p 115 infected groups in order...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...infected with the p 5 and p 115 strains suggested that infection with the p 5 and p 115 strains produces different host response furthermore this difference in the pattern of change was induced predominantly in the early stages of the infection cycle which suggests that critical events early in infection are likely to be of key importance in determining the fate of the host in addition fibrinogen and chains showed a similar pattern of change with increase in the p 5 and p 115 infected groups in order to generate an overview of the subcellular location and...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...by 21 dpi their change patterns were different the mrna level of these genes was upregulated in the p 5 infected group but for the p 115 infected group they remained low at this time point for genes from kidney tissue as shown in figure 5b at 4 dpi infection with the p 115 strain resulted in a stronger upregulation in the mrna level than infection with the p 5 strain however by 7 dpi infection with p 5 induced a stronger downregulation than p 115 infection at 14 dpi both virus strains resulted in a similar response with the...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...in the p 5 infected group but for the p 115 infected group they remained low at this time point for genes from kidney tissue as shown in figure 5b at 4 dpi infection with the p 115 strain resulted in a stronger upregulation in the mrna level than infection with the p 5 strain however by 7 dpi infection with p 5 induced a stronger downregulation than p 115 infection at 14 dpi both virus strains resulted in a similar response with the majority of mrnas showing a downregulation in contrast at 21 dpi the majority of mrnas were...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...115 infected group they remained low at this time point for genes from kidney tissue as shown in figure 5b at 4 dpi infection with the p 115 strain resulted in a stronger upregulation in the mrna level than infection with the p 5 strain however by 7 dpi infection with p 5 induced a stronger downregulation than p 115 infection at 14 dpi both virus strains resulted in a similar response with the majority of mrnas showing a downregulation in contrast at 21 dpi the majority of mrnas were still downregulated in the p 115 infected group but p...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...genes from kidney tissue as shown in figure 5b at 4 dpi infection with the p 115 strain resulted in a stronger upregulation in the mrna level than infection with the p 5 strain however by 7 dpi infection with p 5 induced a stronger downregulation than p 115 infection at 14 dpi both virus strains resulted in a similar response with the majority of mrnas showing a downregulation in contrast at 21 dpi the majority of mrnas were still downregulated in the p 115 infected group but p 5 infection induced upregulation of the mrna level of several genes...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...p 5 induced a stronger downregulation than p 115 infection at 14 dpi both virus strains resulted in a similar response with the majority of mrnas showing a downregulation in contrast at 21 dpi the majority of mrnas were still downregulated in the p 115 infected group but p 5 infection induced upregulation of the mrna level of several genes in comparison with the results obtained using proteomics summarized in additional file 6 and additional file 7 the trends in the mrna levels of these genes were not completely consistent with the change patterns of their corresponding proteins in 2de...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...posttranslational modifications as well as differential mrna and protein degradation rates may also contribute to these discrepancies several papers have addressed this question performing parallel proteomicgene expression studies [23] [24] [25] [26] to confirm the dynamic alterations of protein abundance during infection with ibv ckchldl97i p 5 and ckchldl97i p 115 three proteins including annexin a2 anxa2 annexin a5 anxa5 and heat shock protein beta1 hspb1 were selected for western blot analysis as shown in figure 6a and 6b the abundance of hspb1 was increased in trachea tissues from the p...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...analysis viruses are obligatory intracellular pathogens that rely on the host cell for essentially all steps of their life cycle although coronaviruses use host proteins as part of their replication strategies it has also become clear that the immune metabolic stress cell cycling and other pathways are activated by infection determination using genomics and proteomics of the extent to which virushost interaction is coronavirusspecific and organspecific will be of importance [14 27] our previous study on the global profile of host protein alterations in response to ibv infection was focused on an in ovo infection model system...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...stress cell cycling and other pathways are activated by infection determination using genomics and proteomics of the extent to which virushost interaction is coronavirusspecific and organspecific will be of importance [14 27] our previous study on the global profile of host protein alterations in response to ibv infection was focused on an in ovo infection model system [21] in this study we applied a comparative proteomics technical platform for the first time to explore the abundance changed protein in trachea and kidney tissues from chicken infected in vivo with the highly virulent ckchldl97i p 5...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...activated by infection determination using genomics and proteomics of the extent to which virushost interaction is coronavirusspecific and organspecific will be of importance [14 27] our previous study on the global profile of host protein alterations in response to ibv infection was focused on an in ovo infection model system [21] in this study we applied a comparative proteomics technical platform for the first time to explore the abundance changed protein in trachea and kidney tissues from chicken infected in vivo with the highly virulent ckchldl97i p 5 strain of ibv and the embryopassaged attenuated...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...explore the abundance changed protein in trachea and kidney tissues from chicken infected in vivo with the highly virulent ckchldl97i p 5 strain of ibv and the embryopassaged attenuated ckch ldl97i p 115 strain of ibv some identified proteins are likely to be important in the host response to virus infection including cytoskeletal proteins stress response proteins and antioxidative proteins interestingly the abundance of these proteins showed different change patterns with ibv strains differ in virulence suggesting that some of these differences might be responsible for virulence and consistent with our previous study which demonstrated the differences in pathology and virulence...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...of these differences might be responsible for virulence and consistent with our previous study which demonstrated the differences in pathology and virulence for these two different viruses [22 28] these results provide an overview of the proteome profile of the host in response to different virulent ibv infection in vivo the cytoskeletal network is a cellular scaffold system whose functions include maintenance of cellular shape enabling of cellular migration cell division intracellular transport signaling and membrane organization some host cytoskeletal proteins have been reported as differentially altered by virus infection in quantitative proteomic studies [16]...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...host in response to different virulent ibv infection in vivo the cytoskeletal network is a cellular scaffold system whose functions include maintenance of cellular shape enabling of cellular migration cell division intracellular transport signaling and membrane organization some host cytoskeletal proteins have been reported as differentially altered by virus infection in quantitative proteomic studies [16] [17] [18] recently study has revealed that several different cellular proteins involved in cell morphology and the cytoskeleton changed in abundance in ibv infected cells [19 20] ibv infection resulted in a number of changes...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...reported as differentially altered by virus infection in quantitative proteomic studies [16] [17] [18] recently study has revealed that several different cellular proteins involved in cell morphology and the cytoskeleton changed in abundance in ibv infected cells [19 20] ibv infection resulted in a number of changes to the nucleolus both in terms of gross morphology and protein content [29] our results presented a tendency that the abundance of several cytoskeletal proteins showed increased with the degree of virulence getting strong which is possibly due to the collapse...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...due to the collapse and dispersal of the cytoskeleton in the ibvinfected cells as demonstrated by other viruses [30] vimentin is a major component of type iii intermediate filaments that has been reported to be redistributed in cells around sites of virus replication and assembly during virus infection for instance infection with african swine fever virus asfv can lead to the rearrangement of vimentin into a cage surrounding a virus factory which may prevent movement of viral components into the cytoplasm and concentrate late structural proteins at sites of virus assembly [31] specifically vimentin was...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...collapse and dispersal of the cytoskeleton in the ibvinfected cells as demonstrated by other viruses [30] vimentin is a major component of type iii intermediate filaments that has been reported to be redistributed in cells around sites of virus replication and assembly during virus infection for instance infection with african swine fever virus asfv can lead to the rearrangement of vimentin into a cage surrounding a virus factory which may prevent movement of viral components into the cytoplasm and concentrate late structural proteins at sites of virus assembly [31] specifically vimentin was observed to be...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...that serve important functions in microfilament stabilization regulation of microfilament branching actin polymerization and intracellular transport the abundance of alphatropomyosin was found increased in ibvinfected cell [19 20] in our study the abundance of alphatropomyosin was increased much more strongly with highly virulent ibv ckchldl97i p 5 infection than with the attenuated p 115 strain it is likely that it help to orchestrate virus assembly release and efficient celltocell spread also may due to the different virulence between ibv ckch ldl97i p 5 and p 115 strain in addition in our previous in ovo infection model [21...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...ckchldl97i p 5 infection than with the attenuated p 115 strain it is likely that it help to orchestrate virus assembly release and efficient celltocell spread also may due to the different virulence between ibv ckch ldl97i p 5 and p 115 strain in addition in our previous in ovo infection model [21] the abundance of some cytoskeletal including alphatropomyosin was decreased in the ibvinfected embryonic tissues this difference need to be further investigated in both our previous [21] and current study the abundance of annexin a2 and annexin a5 were found to be changed...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...21] the abundance of some cytoskeletal including alphatropomyosin was decreased in the ibvinfected embryonic tissues this difference need to be further investigated in both our previous [21] and current study the abundance of annexin a2 and annexin a5 were found to be changed upon ibv infection annexins are a family of conserved proteins characterized by their ability to bind and order charged phospholipids in membranes often in response to elevated intracellular calcium these family members are involved specifically in a diverse range of cellular functions both inside the cell and extracellularly [32] annexin...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...transduction antiinflammatory processes membrane trafficking and ion channel activity [41] it also acts to regulate blood coagulation binding to and shielding exposed phospholipids and masking their prothrombotic properties [42] the expression of anxa2 and anxa5 has been found to be altered during other ibv infection system [19 20] in this study the abundance of anxa2 showed weaker increase at early stages of infection with the highly virulent ibv ckch ldl97i p 5 strain than with the attenuated p 115 strain for anxa5 the level of expression induced at 7 dpi with the...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...to and shielding exposed phospholipids and masking their prothrombotic properties [42] the expression of anxa2 and anxa5 has been found to be altered during other ibv infection system [19 20] in this study the abundance of anxa2 showed weaker increase at early stages of infection with the highly virulent ibv ckch ldl97i p 5 strain than with the attenuated p 115 strain for anxa5 the level of expression induced at 7 dpi with the highly virulent p 5 strain of ibv was greater than that induced by the attenuated p 115 strain these trends were...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...which is associated with the activation of phagocytes and an increase in the release of reactive oxygen species ros that play a positive modulatory role in immune activation the inflammatory response eradication of viral infections and immunityinduced cellular injury [44] the expression of mnsod was altered during infection with some viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus influenza a virus and sarscov [45] [46] [47] the abundance of the antioxidative protein mnsod was increased much significantly in highly virulent ibv ckchldl97i p 5 infected group than the attenuated p...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...sarscov [45] [46] [47] the abundance of the antioxidative protein mnsod was increased much significantly in highly virulent ibv ckchldl97i p 5 infected group than the attenuated p 115 strain infected group the much amplitude increased production of mnsod during highly virulent strain infection can affect the host cell proantioxidant balance which probably results in more significant immune activation and a stress response induced by reactive oxygen species it is important in the eradication of viral infections and immuneinduced cellular injury when comparing the protein profiles of groups infected with different strains we...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...cellular injury when comparing the protein profiles of groups infected with different strains we found that the abundance of hspb1 a wellknown heatshock protein in highly virulent ibv ckchldl97i p 5 strain infected group was significantly higher than the embryopassaged attenuated p 115 strain at the early stage of infection western blot and realtime rtpcr further confirmed this alteration hspb1 has different cytoprotective roles including acting as a molecular chaperone maintaining the normal function of cells through interaction with and stabilization of the cytoskeleton regulation of translational initiation modulation of inflammation inhibition of apoptosis stimulation of innate and adaptive immune...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...probably involved in all phases of the viral life cycle including cell entry virion disassembly viral genome transcription replication and morphogenesis the abundance of hspb1 was observed to be increased in ibvinfected vero cells using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture silac [20] ibv infection induces cell cycle arrest at both s and g2m phases and caspasedependent apoptosis at late stages of the viral infection cycle [51] [52] [53] results presented in our study were probably due to the highly virulent virus triggering a markedly more robust...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...the abundance of hspb1 was observed to be increased in ibvinfected vero cells using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture silac [20] ibv infection induces cell cycle arrest at both s and g2m phases and caspasedependent apoptosis at late stages of the viral infection cycle [51] [52] [53] results presented in our study were probably due to the highly virulent virus triggering a markedly more robust inflammation and stress response it also suggests that many important and probably different events in ibv pathogenesis and immunology such as...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...] results presented in our study were probably due to the highly virulent virus triggering a markedly more robust inflammation and stress response it also suggests that many important and probably different events in ibv pathogenesis and immunology such as the stress response inflammation and apoptosis occur early in infection and that these events may contribute to development of an appropriate immune response and the outcome of viral infection in our previous study [21] the abundance of hspb1 was found to be decreased after ibv infection in ovo this difference in different infection model need to be...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...robust inflammation and stress response it also suggests that many important and probably different events in ibv pathogenesis and immunology such as the stress response inflammation and apoptosis occur early in infection and that these events may contribute to development of an appropriate immune response and the outcome of viral infection in our previous study [21] the abundance of hspb1 was found to be decreased after ibv infection in ovo this difference in different infection model need to be further examined in this study infection with both the highly virulent strain and the embryopassaged attenuated strain of...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...such as the stress response inflammation and apoptosis occur early in infection and that these events may contribute to development of an appropriate immune response and the outcome of viral infection in our previous study [21] the abundance of hspb1 was found to be decreased after ibv infection in ovo this difference in different infection model need to be further examined in this study infection with both the highly virulent strain and the embryopassaged attenuated strain of ibv was accompanied by elevation of proteins related to energy metabolism viruses are obligate parasites that are completely dependent on...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...apoptosis occur early in infection and that these events may contribute to development of an appropriate immune response and the outcome of viral infection in our previous study [21] the abundance of hspb1 was found to be decreased after ibv infection in ovo this difference in different infection model need to be further examined in this study infection with both the highly virulent strain and the embryopassaged attenuated strain of ibv was accompanied by elevation of proteins related to energy metabolism viruses are obligate parasites that are completely dependent on their hosts cellular metabolism for reproduction viral...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...to development of an appropriate immune response and the outcome of viral infection in our previous study [21] the abundance of hspb1 was found to be decreased after ibv infection in ovo this difference in different infection model need to be further examined in this study infection with both the highly virulent strain and the embryopassaged attenuated strain of ibv was accompanied by elevation of proteins related to energy metabolism viruses are obligate parasites that are completely dependent on their hosts cellular metabolism for reproduction viral infection has been shown to modulate the levels of numerous host...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...model need to be further examined in this study infection with both the highly virulent strain and the embryopassaged attenuated strain of ibv was accompanied by elevation of proteins related to energy metabolism viruses are obligate parasites that are completely dependent on their hosts cellular metabolism for reproduction viral infection has been shown to modulate the levels of numerous host metabolic components in pathways such as glycolysis the tricarboxylic acid tca cycle pentose phosphate pathway and macromolecular biosynthesis in order to redirect valuable resources to their own mass production studies have demonstrated that the rate of glycolysis in cells infected...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...reductase pyruvate kinase alphaenolase and triosephosphate isomerase was found increased in ibv infected cell [19 20] our study also showed that the abundance of some glycolytic enzymes including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase pck1 mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase pck2 pyruvate kinase and alphaenolase were increased significantly in the early stage of infection with both the highly virulent and the attenuated ibv strain these findings support the view that ibv infection probably triggers activation of host energy metabolic components via systemic or global mechanisms to keep up with the energy demands of its own replication the posttranslational modification ptm plays critical roles...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

... our study also showed that the abundance of some glycolytic enzymes including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase pck1 mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase pck2 pyruvate kinase and alphaenolase were increased significantly in the early stage of infection with both the highly virulent and the attenuated ibv strain these findings support the view that ibv infection probably triggers activation of host energy metabolic components via systemic or global mechanisms to keep up with the energy demands of its own replication the posttranslational modification ptm plays critical roles in cellular regulation it has been reported that ptm and expression of highly related gene sequences can induce...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...regulation it has been reported that ptm and expression of highly related gene sequences can induce multiple protein spots in animals [56] an advantage of 2de is the monitoring of multiple forms of a protein species which offers the opportunity to investigate the effects of the virus infection on protein modification our study revealed that several proteins were expressed by multiple spots in our study although we do not know at present how these multiple spots were generated some of them were more likely due to posttranslational modifications ptms or highly related gene sequences coding isoforms [57...

Title: Proteomics analysis of differentially
expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after
infection with the highly virulent and attenuated
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo
Authors: Cao, Zhongzan. Han, Zongxi...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 56
ID: 9399460a7a75b8ae8a4f5610fd1ecf05d21d2f17
Number of matches: 54

...identified alterations could be related to host antiviral response or pathogenic mechanisms functional significance of other altered proteins remains unclear and needs further investigation however our findings provide proteomerelated information on a large scale that should be useful in increasing our understanding of the pathogenic and immune mechanisms of ibv infection in addition they will also provide reference for similar research into other coronaviruses onedayold white leghorn specificpathogenfree spf chickens were obtained from the laboratory animal center harbin veterinary research institute the chinese academy of agricultural sciences china the chickens were maintained in isolators with negative pressure and food and...

Title: Arab world’s growing contribution to global
leishmaniasis research (1998–2017): a bibliometric study
Authors: Al-Jabi, Samah W.
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 57
ID: 43e0f5f9add9380a45d39f55aab2ca96d589280c
Number of matches: 4

...world health organization who update 2017 leishmaniasis is the main parasitic killer responsible for an estimated one million new cases of leishmaniasis and 20000 to 30000 deaths annually [5] the clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis can range from subclinical inapparent or a selfresolving cutaneous ulcer to a disseminated infection cutaneous mucosal or visceral and even to a lethal systemic illness [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] leishmania infects some of the poorest people in the world and is linked to population displacement malnutrition lack of financial resources and poor...

Title: Arab world’s growing contribution to global
leishmaniasis research (1998–2017): a bibliometric study
Authors: Al-Jabi, Samah W.
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 57
ID: 43e0f5f9add9380a45d39f55aab2ca96d589280c
Number of matches: 4

...main clusters in four colors red green yellow and blue the red cluster included terms that were mainly related to the leishmaniasis causes and epidemiology research topics the yellow cluster included terms closely related to treatment research topics the green cluster included terms mainly related to the intracellular mechanism of infection blue cluster included terms roughly related to the lifecycle of leishmania whereas fig 3 illustrates the term map of the arab world hot topics of leishmaniasis research over the period of 19982017 as extracted from titles and [6 [39] [40] [41] [42...

Title: Arab world’s growing contribution to global
leishmaniasis research (1998–2017): a bibliometric study
Authors: Al-Jabi, Samah W.
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 57
ID: 43e0f5f9add9380a45d39f55aab2ca96d589280c
Number of matches: 4

...bangladesh ethiopia india and sudan [4 6] additionally afghanistan algeria brazil colombia the islamic republic of iran iraq morocco peru sudan the syrian arab republic tunisia and yemen represent 90 of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases that are reported worldwide [4] leishmaniasis treatment intracellular mechanism of infection and lifecycle of leishmania are the major current hot topics for the research in this subject at global level and the arab world furthermore the major current hot topics in the current study are presented by the research highlighted in the most highlycited publications [6 10 [39]...

Title: Arab world’s growing contribution to global
leishmaniasis research (1998–2017): a bibliometric study
Authors: Al-Jabi, Samah W.
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 57
ID: 43e0f5f9add9380a45d39f55aab2ca96d589280c
Number of matches: 4

...spain additionally tunisia was responsible for the greatest output from arab world followed by sudan saudi arabia morocco and egypt in comparison to the global research output the arab world produced less leishmaniasis research it can be concluded that research in the topics related to leishmaniasis treatment intracellular mechanism of infection and lifecycle of leishmania will undoubtedly continue to be the hotspots of leishmaniasis research at global level and the arab world in conclusion the data presented in the current study by this innovative approach presents a clear picture on the research growth accomplished in the field of leishmania research and...

Title: Isolation of a Divergent Strain of Bovine
Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (BPIV3) Infecting Cattle in China
Authors: Leal, Élcio. Liu, Cun...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 58
ID: 9bbe789148466f6667a673885d4adddedf6b74e4
Number of matches: 3

...gamma distribution with five categories and an estimated alpha parameter 31840 and the rate of invariable sites of 5473 all phylogenetic analyses and tree editions were conducted using megax software [20] bpiv3 can vary considerably ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe respiratory illness in the implicated infection cases mild clinical signs were characterized by coughing fever and nasal discharge mixed infections with two or more infectious agents can cause more severe clinical presentation and production losses due to the immunosuppression and severe bronchopneumonia from secondary bacterial infections to investigate the potential infectious pathogens causing coughing and nasal...

Title: Isolation of a Divergent Strain of Bovine
Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (BPIV3) Infecting Cattle in China
Authors: Leal, Élcio. Liu, Cun...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 58
ID: 9bbe789148466f6667a673885d4adddedf6b74e4
Number of matches: 3

...located in genotype a in total 99 of nucleotide identity was observed between bpiv3bj and 910n genbank number d84095 the virus isolated in this study showed a lower nucleotide identity with chinese bpiv3 strains bpiv3 can vary considerably ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe respiratory illness in the implicated infection cases mild clinical signs were characterized by coughing fever and nasal discharge mixed infections with two or more infectious agents can cause more severe clinical presentation and production losses due to the immunosuppression and severe bronchopneumonia from secondary bacterial infections to investigate the potential infectious pathogens causing coughing and nasal...

Title: Isolation of a Divergent Strain of Bovine
Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (BPIV3) Infecting Cattle in China
Authors: Leal, Élcio. Liu, Cun...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 58
ID: 9bbe789148466f6667a673885d4adddedf6b74e4
Number of matches: 3

...c phylogenetic analyses and estimation of genetic distances were conducted using megax software in summary we have described the isolation and genomic sequencing of bpiv3 genotype a strains isolated from cattle in china our isolate is highly divergent from the previously described isolate from china nm09 the bpiv3 genotype a infection has been infecting livestock animals in china and causing enormous economic loss to the cattle industry for this reason the isolation and genomic characterization of our divergent bpiv3 genotype a strain will help the development of molecular diagnostic tools and vaccine studies...

Title: Antisense suppression of donor splice site
mutations in the dystrophin gene transcript
Authors: Fletcher, Sue. Meloni, Penny L...
Journal: Mol Genet Genomic Med
Item: Infection
Index: 59
ID: 83f5dbddb15c7cc6ad9d27d00ba1226462845440
Number of matches: 2

...myogenesis lattanzi et al 1998 washed with phosphate buffered saline pbs detached with 025 trypsin wv gibco life technologies inactivated with medium containing 10 fcs pelleted by centrifugation at 600 g and then resuspended in dmem life technologies supplemented with 5 horse serum ad5f50adaptmyod was added at a multiplicity of infection of 200 and the cells were seeded at 30000 cells per well in 24 well plates that had been sequentially pretreated for 1 h with 50 lgml poly dlysine sigma melbourne australia and 100 lgml matrigel bd biosciences north ryde australia twentyfour hours later the medium was replaced the cells...

Title: Natural Killer Cell Receptor Genes in Camels:
Another Mammalian Model
Authors: Futas, Jan. Oppelt, Jan...
Journal: Front Genet
Item: Infection
Index: 60
ID: 5ac39b49492fe7a6f53ad50d840e4ce8ed579e77
Number of matches: 1

...al 2014 hemida et al 2017 interestingly significant differences exist between dromedaries and bactrian camels camelus bactrianus with regard to their susceptibility to foot and mouth disease fmd one of the most costly diseases of production animals worldwide ie dromedaries are not susceptible to fmd and do not transmit infection wernery and kinne 2012 furthermore the immune system of camels has several unusual features notable among these is the presence of homodimeric heavy chain antibodies hamerscasterman et al 1993 not known to occur in any other mammalian family which have both potential and realized applications in a variety...

Title: Prevalence of avian infectious bronchitis
virus in broiler chicken farms in south of Iraq, 2014 –
2015
Authors: Seger, Waleed. Ghalyanchi Langeroudi, Arash...
Journal: Vet Res Forum
Item: Infection
Index: 61
ID: 85166a1c79d32bc2df2984260f1facc1a4d6148b
Number of matches: 1

...several western european countries in the early and mid1980s 5 ibv strains of the 491 type which are also known as 793b were first reported and characterized in britain 1991 6 and have been the dominant genotype in europe 7 the serological survey has revealed a high incidence of ibv infection of the 793b type in layer and broiler chickens worldwide 8 infectious bronchitis still causes serious problems in the iraqi poultry industry due to the inability of the vaccines to protect the different genotypes due to the limited network of poultry diagnostic laboratories in iraq differential diagnosis is only made...

Title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Antibodies in Bactrian and Hybrid Camels from Dubai
Authors: Lau, Susanna K. P.. Li, Kenneth S. M....
Journal: mSphere
Item: Infection
Index: 62
ID: 036bbd8c099c5721274abb4067872f2a68b6193a
Number of matches: 3

...showed that sera of bactrian camels were all negative for merscov antibodies suggesting that bactrian camels may not be a reservoir of merscov fig 1 10 11 12 13 14 however a recent study revealed that direct inoculation of bactrian camels intranasally with merscov can lead to infection with abundant virus shedding and seroconversion 15 therefore we hypothesize that those bactrian camels and even the hybrid camels that reside in countries where there are dromedaries can be infected with merscov to test this hypothesis we examined the presence of merscov antibodies in bactrian and hybrid camels in...

Title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Antibodies in Bactrian and Hybrid Camels from Dubai
Authors: Lau, Susanna K. P.. Li, Kenneth S. M....
Journal: mSphere
Item: Infection
Index: 62
ID: 036bbd8c099c5721274abb4067872f2a68b6193a
Number of matches: 3

...clinical signs of transient upper respiratory tract infections such as nasal discharge and coughing with shedding of up to 1065 to 1068 plaque forming unitsml of merscov from the upper respiratory tract and development of neutralizing antibodies against merscov 15 this suggested that bactrian camels can be susceptible to merscov infection and may actually be another possible reservoir for merscov in the present study we showed that merscov antibodies were present in 41 of the bactrian camels and 55 of the hybrid camels from a private collection in dubai using two independent assays these camels were kept as hobby animals they...

Title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Antibodies in Bactrian and Hybrid Camels from Dubai
Authors: Lau, Susanna K. P.. Li, Kenneth S. M....
Journal: mSphere
Item: Infection
Index: 62
ID: 036bbd8c099c5721274abb4067872f2a68b6193a
Number of matches: 3

...merscov where the virus was transmitted to humans in the last few years a number of merscov vaccines have been developed for their potential use in dromedaries 19 20 21 22 23 in this study our results indicated that bactrian and hybrid camels are also potential sources of merscov infection therefore bactrian and hybrid camels in addition to the dromedaries should be immunized in order to reduce the chance of transmitting the virus to humans...

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

......

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

...nonlymphatic origin the outcome of this primary infection can determine the course of disease and the cytokine response of the infected cell plays a vital part type i interferons ifn are potent antivirally active cytokines which can be produced by most if not all body cells in response to virus infection ifns not only trigger the synthesis of antivirally active proteins they also activate the innate immune system and help to shape adaptive immunity [1] other virusinduced cytokines and chemokines activate the adaptive immune system and direct the migration of leukocytes [2] viruses on the...

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

...capable to suppress the antiviral cytokine response of infected cells to a large extent interestingly however induction of the chemokines ip10 and il8 escaped suppression by sarscov in caco2 cells but not in hek 293s thus sarscov efficiently blocks the innate host cell defense at a very early step of infection buying time to colonize the host with the possible exception of ip10 and il8 most cytokines detected in sars patients may therefore be produced by the infiltrating immune cells and not by the resident tissue cells these data may help to explain both the rapid rise in virus titers during...

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

...and 10fold less at 48 h postinfection fig 1 thus we considered both the caco2 cells and the low passage hek 293 cells as useful systems for studying the influence of sarscov on the immune systemindependent induction of cytokines to properly assess the cytokine profile of sarscov infection we compared it with wellcharacterized cytokine inducers such as bunyamwera delnss virus bdnss [35] sendai virus sev and newcastle disease virus ndv in addition we deemed it necessary to monitor cytokine synthesis both at 8 h and at 16 h postinfection since we previously found a striking...

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

...ifn1 and ifn23 [37] to test their induction in cell culture we infected with 5 plaqueforming units pfu of viruses per cell and analyzed cytokine mrnas by rtpcr as it is shown in fig 2a and 2b clear signals for all ifns were detected after infection with the control viruses bdnss sev and ndv for sarscov by contrast only a weak signal for ifn was detected in hek 293 cells and none for ifn or the ifns in either cell line all preparations contained similar amounts of input rna since the actin control mrna was present...

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

...detected in hek 293 cells and none for ifn or the ifns in either cell line all preparations contained similar amounts of input rna since the actin control mrna was present in equal amounts fig 2a and 2b lower panels it was of interest to see whether virus infection would lead to the upregulation of antiviral ifnstimulated genes isgs as specific and sensitive markers we used the isg56 gene which is induced both by ifns and by virus infection [38 39] and the mxa gene which is exclusively activated by ifns [40] as is...

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

...present in equal amounts fig 2a and 2b lower panels it was of interest to see whether virus infection would lead to the upregulation of antiviral ifnstimulated genes isgs as specific and sensitive markers we used the isg56 gene which is induced both by ifns and by virus infection [38 39] and the mxa gene which is exclusively activated by ifns [40] as is evident from fig 3 no significant isg induction occurs for sarscov whereas the control viruses activated isg expression note that sev blocks in hek 293 cells the synthesis of...

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

...other viruses tested sarscov suppresses the activation of the antiviral ifns and the ifninduced effector genes to a large extent interferonstimulated genes cells significant amounts of ip10 mrna were synthesized fig 4a upper panels this strong upregulation occurred independently of the virus suggesting a general response to virus infection although ip10 mrna levels induced at 16 h pi by sarscov are slightly lower than by the other viruses our data are in good agreement with previous studies [24 27] induction of rantes by contrast was restricted to the cytokineinducing viruses whereas infection with sarscov had no...

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

...general response to virus infection although ip10 mrna levels induced at 16 h pi by sarscov are slightly lower than by the other viruses our data are in good agreement with previous studies [24 27] induction of rantes by contrast was restricted to the cytokineinducing viruses whereas infection with sarscov had no effect above background levels fig 4a lower panels we then tested hek 293 cells in a similar way much to our surprise ip10 mrna was not detectable early after infection with sarscov fig 4b upper left panel and only very weakly expressed after longer...

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

...27] induction of rantes by contrast was restricted to the cytokineinducing viruses whereas infection with sarscov had no effect above background levels fig 4a lower panels we then tested hek 293 cells in a similar way much to our surprise ip10 mrna was not detectable early after infection with sarscov fig 4b upper left panel and only very weakly expressed after longer infection fig 4b upper right panel rantes mrna again was not detectable for sarscov fig 4b lower panels all three cytokineinducing viruses activated ip10 and rantes expression in hek 293 cells as...

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

...with sarscov had no effect above background levels fig 4a lower panels we then tested hek 293 cells in a similar way much to our surprise ip10 mrna was not detectable early after infection with sarscov fig 4b upper left panel and only very weakly expressed after longer infection fig 4b upper right panel rantes mrna again was not detectable for sarscov fig 4b lower panels all three cytokineinducing viruses activated ip10 and rantes expression in hek 293 cells as expected fig 4b upper and lower panels thus sarscov induces ip10 gene expression in caco2...

Title: Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and
induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells
infected with SARS coronavirus
Authors: Spiegel, Martin. Weber, Friedemann
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 63
ID: 4fa871503ddbbaaead7a34fce89298a36648f662
Number of matches: 12

...exponentially and spreads to different organs including the lungs [8 14] our data may explain this rapid and efficient dissemination of sarscov by slowing down expression of ifns and their antiviral genes in the infected tissue cells the virus buys time during the initial critical phase of infection in order to grow unhindered in the host at the same time however the virusinduced chemokines ip10 and il8 attract immune cells possibly this mixture of highlevel virus replication followed by the invasion of activated immune cells results in a strong inflammatory response leading to a cytokine storm and the...

Title: A new therapeutic strategy for lung tissue
injury induced by influenza with CR2 targeting
complement inhibitior
Authors: Zhang, Chuanfu. Xu, Yuanyong...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 64
ID: c92099607cfae94a24e03a111d12994535cc2eae
Number of matches: 5

...and make over reaction by releasing too many cytokines like cytokines storm [9 10] immune system running out of control will induce severe inflammation and results in indirect hazard which may induce inflammation again damage the lung and finally result in fatal pneumonia and acute respiratory tract infection syndromes this indicates that influenza patients require both antiviral drugs and immunosuppression drugs [10] studies have shown that inflammatory injury of lung tissues is the main fatal reason for influenza a h1n1 and bird flu sars septicemia aspiration pneumonia and liver infection induced by anthrax bacillus as...

Title: A new therapeutic strategy for lung tissue
injury induced by influenza with CR2 targeting
complement inhibitior
Authors: Zhang, Chuanfu. Xu, Yuanyong...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 64
ID: c92099607cfae94a24e03a111d12994535cc2eae
Number of matches: 5

...pneumonia and acute respiratory tract infection syndromes this indicates that influenza patients require both antiviral drugs and immunosuppression drugs [10] studies have shown that inflammatory injury of lung tissues is the main fatal reason for influenza a h1n1 and bird flu sars septicemia aspiration pneumonia and liver infection induced by anthrax bacillus as well [10] [11] [12] [13] complement is an important and conservative system for natural immune and provides pathways for rapid and effective elimination of invasive microorganisms [14 15] it is a bridge between...

Title: A new therapeutic strategy for lung tissue
injury induced by influenza with CR2 targeting
complement inhibitior
Authors: Zhang, Chuanfu. Xu, Yuanyong...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 64
ID: c92099607cfae94a24e03a111d12994535cc2eae
Number of matches: 5

...inhibitor cd59 can interfere the combination of c7 c8 with c5b6 complex and inhibite the formation of membrane attack complex mac crry can block the complement activation by inhibite the activity of c3c5 convertase many studies have proved that excessive inflammatory injury in lung tissues induced by influenza virus infection is closely related to complement activation complement activation can affect influenza virusspecific immune response in the lung [19 20] after being infected by influenza virus c3deficient mice see significant decrease of tcell reaction and complement activation plays an important role in tcell activation or recruitment [21...

Title: A new therapeutic strategy for lung tissue
injury induced by influenza with CR2 targeting
complement inhibitior
Authors: Zhang, Chuanfu. Xu, Yuanyong...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 64
ID: c92099607cfae94a24e03a111d12994535cc2eae
Number of matches: 5

...and complement activation plays an important role in tcell activation or recruitment [21 22] martin has found that c3a and c5a can induce neutrophil migration in the lung infected by influenza virus [23] all the above studies show that complement activation following influenza virus infection can significantly influence pulmonary infiltration and lung injury degree hohenthal u and nuutila j found that complement receptors have strong expression in influenza viral pneumonia [24 25] kase t found that human mbl can directly or indirectly remove influenza virus particles and inhibit viral transmission through complement...

Title: A new therapeutic strategy for lung tissue
injury induced by influenza with CR2 targeting
complement inhibitior
Authors: Zhang, Chuanfu. Xu, Yuanyong...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 64
ID: c92099607cfae94a24e03a111d12994535cc2eae
Number of matches: 5

...induced by influenza can be inhibited and as a result lung tissue injury can be mitigated and the mortality can be reduced as complement is both a physiological defense and a pathological damage medium it functions as a doubleedged sword systematic complement inhibition may result in potential side effects including infection therefore we design targeting complement inhibitors for complement activation sites with cr2 as targeting vector complement inhibitors like cd59 and crry are targeted to inflammatory sites to specially inhibit the complement activation in the local injury thus local inflammatory reaction is inhibited without side effects caused by systematic inhibition ...

Title: Detection of human bocavirus-1 in both nasal
and stool specimens from children under 5 years
old with influenza-like illnesses or diarrhea in
Gabon
Authors: Lekana-Douki, Sonia Etenna. Behillil, Sylvie...
Journal: BMC Res Notes
Item: Infection
Index: 65
ID: f437e7708a092a65e1bf20065dfdfb2e17546825
Number of matches: 6

...period in another study in children under 5 years old [11] the most common viruses found were adv 175 pivs 168 ev 147 rsv 135 influenza viruses 119 for ili surveillance and rva 271 adv 196 and novsii 139 for diarrhea surveillance moreover the prevalence of viral infection caused by at least one virus was 681 and 609 for ili and diarrhea respectively however in those previous studies hbov was not included in the screening and few data are available on the circulation of this pathogen in gabon the main objective of this study were to evaluate the...

Title: Detection of human bocavirus-1 in both nasal
and stool specimens from children under 5 years
old with influenza-like illnesses or diarrhea in
Gabon
Authors: Lekana-Douki, Sonia Etenna. Behillil, Sylvie...
Journal: BMC Res Notes
Item: Infection
Index: 65
ID: f437e7708a092a65e1bf20065dfdfb2e17546825
Number of matches: 6

...years old and 31 98 were 34 years old table 1 the global prevalence of the hbov was 4 32810 in the nasal specimens and 22 7317 in the stool samples table 1 the detection rate was similar in males and females in both types of infection x 2 0487 p 049 x 2 0032 p 085 moreover while there were no significant differences between the age groups for detection of bocavirus in nasal samples x 2 33 p 019 all children with diarrhea infected by hbov were under 1 year...

Title: Detection of human bocavirus-1 in both nasal
and stool specimens from children under 5 years
old with influenza-like illnesses or diarrhea in
Gabon
Authors: Lekana-Douki, Sonia Etenna. Behillil, Sylvie...
Journal: BMC Res Notes
Item: Infection
Index: 65
ID: f437e7708a092a65e1bf20065dfdfb2e17546825
Number of matches: 6

... however the rate of hbov detection was low and did not vary significantly during the study x 2 0002 p 09 fig 1b table 1 the most common coinfections were with adv followed by ev four 47 positive viral samples for hbov showed a single infection and three samples were coinfected with rotavirus a n 1 sapovirus n 1 and adenovirusnorovirus 2 n 1 table 1 the phylogenetic analysis based on a partial sequence of the np1 gene from 26 hbov14 strains registered in the genbank database showed that all 16...

Title: Detection of human bocavirus-1 in both nasal
and stool specimens from children under 5 years
old with influenza-like illnesses or diarrhea in
Gabon
Authors: Lekana-Douki, Sonia Etenna. Behillil, Sylvie...
Journal: BMC Res Notes
Item: Infection
Index: 65
ID: f437e7708a092a65e1bf20065dfdfb2e17546825
Number of matches: 6

...only sporadic cases of hbov in several tropical countries [17 26 27] in most studies the rate of hbov codetection with at least one other virus ranges from 18 to 90 of respiratory samples [28] similarly our study detected coinfection in 844 of hbov infection cases however a study suggested that this high rate of coinfection may challenge the role of hbov as a causative pathogen it may persist in the lymphatic tissue or become reactivated [29] viral loads tend to be higher in hbov monoinfections than in coinfections [7 28...

Title: Detection of human bocavirus-1 in both nasal
and stool specimens from children under 5 years
old with influenza-like illnesses or diarrhea in
Gabon
Authors: Lekana-Douki, Sonia Etenna. Behillil, Sylvie...
Journal: BMC Res Notes
Item: Infection
Index: 65
ID: f437e7708a092a65e1bf20065dfdfb2e17546825
Number of matches: 6

...respiratory specimens and hbov2 hbov3 hbov4 in stool specimens however other study reported that hbov1 was the most frequently genotype detected in stool specimens [33] finally our results are compatible with those of a korean study showing all hbov detected in children with gastroenteritis and respiratory tract infection were hbov1 genotype [34] our finding suggesting that the same hbov1 strain infected both respiratory and gastrointestinal tract supported the hypothesis that hbov first causes respiratory tract infections and penetrates later to the gastrointestinal tract causing diarrhea [34] several studies showed that hbov strains...

Title: Detection of human bocavirus-1 in both nasal
and stool specimens from children under 5 years
old with influenza-like illnesses or diarrhea in
Gabon
Authors: Lekana-Douki, Sonia Etenna. Behillil, Sylvie...
Journal: BMC Res Notes
Item: Infection
Index: 65
ID: f437e7708a092a65e1bf20065dfdfb2e17546825
Number of matches: 6

...on the circulation of human hbov in children under 5 years old in gabon the hbov1 genotype was detected in both nasal and fecal specimens showing a low detection rate and similarly strains circulated in both respiratory and gastrointestinal infections these data enhanced our knowledge on hbov involved in respiratory infection and acute gastroenteritis and suggest that ili and diarrheal surveillance should be continued to better understand the burden of these infections considering the period of the study and the number of sites the number of patients with ili and diarrhea was probably underestimated authors contributions seld conducted the laboratory...

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure
in rural dogs around protected areas of the
Atlantic forest
Authors: Curi, Nelson Henrique de Almeida. Massara, Rodrigo Lima...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 66
ID: eb856c32c1a41e6513729e126e84e639ce4f5a68
Number of matches: 9

...were continuously threatened by epidemics of canine distemper acquired from dogs and other wild species [4] ethiopian wolves canis simensis were heavily affected by dogtransmitted rabies and distemper [5] and grey wolf canis lupus populations were impacted by longterm pup mortality due to parvovirus infection [6] in north america although evidence on the role of domestic dogs as reservoirs of disease for wild carnivores is becoming a global pattern with other examples coming from europe [7] africa [8] south america [9] and asia [...

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure
in rural dogs around protected areas of the
Atlantic forest
Authors: Curi, Nelson Henrique de Almeida. Massara, Rodrigo Lima...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 66
ID: eb856c32c1a41e6513729e126e84e639ce4f5a68
Number of matches: 9

...and ccv milder infections [31 32 37] fatality rate may impact prevalence by removing exposed individuals from the population and this can result in the low prevalence observed here for instance for cdv also prevalence of cdv might be low in these areas because a wave of infection could have passed through the area in the past and recent circulation of this virus may not have occurred regularly [9] regarding antibody titre frequency and duration of immunity mostly high levels of antibodies against cpv and cav were found the duration of antibodies to the viral...

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure
in rural dogs around protected areas of the
Atlantic forest
Authors: Curi, Nelson Henrique de Almeida. Massara, Rodrigo Lima...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 66
ID: eb856c32c1a41e6513729e126e84e639ce4f5a68
Number of matches: 9

...[3 31] including in south american wild canids eg [16 18 19] high prevalence was concomitantly observed in wild and domestic canids from two protected areas [18 19] in the same state of the present study although in the cerrado biome cpv infection has proven capable to cause serious population impacts mostly through pup mortality in wild carnivores for instance grey wolves canis lupus [6] however our crosssectional approach does not distinguish epidemic from endemic states for instance a cdv epidemic that might blow through these mostly susceptible dog populations...

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure
in rural dogs around protected areas of the
Atlantic forest
Authors: Curi, Nelson Henrique de Almeida. Massara, Rodrigo Lima...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 66
ID: eb856c32c1a41e6513729e126e84e639ce4f5a68
Number of matches: 9

...size class indicate that cpv may be causing significant morbidity in the study sites and that small reserves require priority for the control of the disease canine distemper is a systemic highly fatal disease representing a major conservation concern around the globe [3 32] evidence of infection in dogs is widespread in and around south american protected areas [18 20 22 23] antibodies against distemper were already found in brazilian wild felids and canids eg [17 19] and there are reports of distemperinduced mortality in two brazilian fox species the crabeating...

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure
in rural dogs around protected areas of the
Atlantic forest
Authors: Curi, Nelson Henrique de Almeida. Massara, Rodrigo Lima...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 66
ID: eb856c32c1a41e6513729e126e84e639ce4f5a68
Number of matches: 9

... veterinary assistance models older animals might have had more chances of exposure events throughout their lives however since cdv is a highly lethal disease [32] the low prevalence and the age effect observed suggest that cdv seropositive animals may be survivors of a past wave of infection in some of the study areas the number of people cohabiting households was positively associated with cdv seropositivity this raises the possibility of fomite transmission mentioned in the literature as a mode of spread of this highly infectious virus which is mainly transmitted by contact or aerosols [32]...

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure
in rural dogs around protected areas of the
Atlantic forest
Authors: Curi, Nelson Henrique de Almeida. Massara, Rodrigo Lima...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 66
ID: eb856c32c1a41e6513729e126e84e639ce4f5a68
Number of matches: 9

...host aggregation and enhancement of the densitydependent transmission of cav the explanation for increasing prevalence with age is that older dogs probably had moved more through time and faced more opportunities for contact and exposure to cav and this is expected since older animals tend to have more opportunities of infection when diseaseinduced mortality is low or infections are often fatal [40] the association with the number of people in the households reinforces the questioning about the fomite spreading of canine viruses in rural environments however this is not mentioned as a cav transmission mode [37]...

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure
in rural dogs around protected areas of the
Atlantic forest
Authors: Curi, Nelson Henrique de Almeida. Massara, Rodrigo Lima...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 66
ID: eb856c32c1a41e6513729e126e84e639ce4f5a68
Number of matches: 9

...was a strongly associated factor appearing in all candidate models urban settings hold higherdensity dog populations [1] what enhances the maintenance and transmission of the densitydependent cav [37] therefore such freedom of rural dog movement must be prevented in order to reduce exposure and infection by cav in near urban areas and subsequent spillover to wild species recently data from the same state showed that freeroaming behaviours eg hunting are among risk factors for canine neosporosis [11] additionally recent mortality in dogs may be associated with cav infection in the study sites...

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure
in rural dogs around protected areas of the
Atlantic forest
Authors: Curi, Nelson Henrique de Almeida. Massara, Rodrigo Lima...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 66
ID: eb856c32c1a41e6513729e126e84e639ce4f5a68
Number of matches: 9

...to reduce exposure and infection by cav in near urban areas and subsequent spillover to wild species recently data from the same state showed that freeroaming behaviours eg hunting are among risk factors for canine neosporosis [11] additionally recent mortality in dogs may be associated with cav infection in the study sites dogs with higher body scores may have survived past infection waves and sustained the mostly low antibody levels found interactions with wildlife may also be increasing the risk for cav however we cannot infer whether the main reservoirs are domestic or wild animals nevertheless the...

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure
in rural dogs around protected areas of the
Atlantic forest
Authors: Curi, Nelson Henrique de Almeida. Massara, Rodrigo Lima...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 66
ID: eb856c32c1a41e6513729e126e84e639ce4f5a68
Number of matches: 9

...to wild species recently data from the same state showed that freeroaming behaviours eg hunting are among risk factors for canine neosporosis [11] additionally recent mortality in dogs may be associated with cav infection in the study sites dogs with higher body scores may have survived past infection waves and sustained the mostly low antibody levels found interactions with wildlife may also be increasing the risk for cav however we cannot infer whether the main reservoirs are domestic or wild animals nevertheless the freeranging behaviour of dogs must be inhibited through fence or leash restraining in order...

Title: Post-Transcriptional Control of Type I
Interferon Induction by Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Its Natural Host Cells
Authors: Wang, Xiuqing. Christopher-Hennings, Jane
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 67
ID: fd71de909bf3d6539246e78e650a76f6eb90b23b
Number of matches: 9

...prrsv is a singlestranded positivesense rna virus with a genome size of approximately 15 kb prrsv belongs to the arteriviridae in the order of nidovirale prrsv causes acute respiratory disease in neonatal and young piglets and reproductive failure in pregnant sows prrsv primarily infects and destroys alveolar macrophages during acute infection of swine in addition to macrophages prrsv has also been identified by immunohistochemistry in dendriticlike cells in tonsils and lymph nodes [1] suggesting that dendritic cells may either be susceptible to prrsv or capture prrsv by taking up apoptotic infected cells tumor necrosis factor tnf are...

Title: Post-Transcriptional Control of Type I
Interferon Induction by Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Its Natural Host Cells
Authors: Wang, Xiuqing. Christopher-Hennings, Jane
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 67
ID: fd71de909bf3d6539246e78e650a76f6eb90b23b
Number of matches: 9

...b nfb pathway has been shown to contribute to the transcriptional activation of type i interferon by prrsv [15] one study shows that nfb is more likely related to induction of inflammatory cytokines such as tnf and il6 rather than type i interferon after influenza a virus infection and cpg odn stimulation [9] this discrepancy may be due to the cell types and viruses used in different studies since different cell types and different viruses exhibit distinct features in the induction of type i interferon pathway virus replication and viral infectivity are usually not essential...

Title: Post-Transcriptional Control of Type I
Interferon Induction by Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Its Natural Host Cells
Authors: Wang, Xiuqing. Christopher-Hennings, Jane
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 67
ID: fd71de909bf3d6539246e78e650a76f6eb90b23b
Number of matches: 9

...replication and infectivity is essential to the inhibition of interferon production since uvinactivated prrsv fails to block the induction of interferon by tgev interestingly a recent study reported that prrsv infectivity is not essential to the inhibition of type i interferon in plasmacytoid dendritic cells which are resistant to prrsv infection [4] the observation that prrsv is a poor inducer of interferon is further confirmed by buddaert et al [18] in 2004 chung et al reported that prrsv activated the transcription of interferon and mx1 in lung tissues at day 1 and peaked at day...

Title: Post-Transcriptional Control of Type I
Interferon Induction by Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Its Natural Host Cells
Authors: Wang, Xiuqing. Christopher-Hennings, Jane
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 67
ID: fd71de909bf3d6539246e78e650a76f6eb90b23b
Number of matches: 9

...] the observation that prrsv is a poor inducer of interferon is further confirmed by buddaert et al [18] in 2004 chung et al reported that prrsv activated the transcription of interferon and mx1 in lung tissues at day 1 and peaked at day 7 after infection in acutely infected animals suggesting that prrsv does activate the transcription of interferon and interferon induced genes such as mx1 [19] others have further reported that different prrsv isolates exhibit different capacities in inducing the production of interferon in alveolar macrophages [20] the activation...

Title: Post-Transcriptional Control of Type I
Interferon Induction by Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Its Natural Host Cells
Authors: Wang, Xiuqing. Christopher-Hennings, Jane
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 67
ID: fd71de909bf3d6539246e78e650a76f6eb90b23b
Number of matches: 9

...and human cell culture system including hela cells and 293t cells [12] despite the ease and convenience of using the luciferase reporter system to dissect the role of overexpressed viral proteins in regulating the transcription of interferon such results are often contradictory to the authentic virus infection of natural susceptible cells in vitro and in vivo [10 16 31] therefore the implication of such results in natural virus infection is uncertain in 2004 lee et al first described the discrepancy between interferon mrna level and interferon protein production in prrsvinfected porcine alveolar macrophages...

Title: Post-Transcriptional Control of Type I
Interferon Induction by Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Its Natural Host Cells
Authors: Wang, Xiuqing. Christopher-Hennings, Jane
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 67
ID: fd71de909bf3d6539246e78e650a76f6eb90b23b
Number of matches: 9

...reporter system to dissect the role of overexpressed viral proteins in regulating the transcription of interferon such results are often contradictory to the authentic virus infection of natural susceptible cells in vitro and in vivo [10 16 31] therefore the implication of such results in natural virus infection is uncertain in 2004 lee et al first described the discrepancy between interferon mrna level and interferon protein production in prrsvinfected porcine alveolar macrophages [20] they suggested that a posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism contributed to the inhibition of interferon production we have observed the same phenomenon in...

Title: Post-Transcriptional Control of Type I
Interferon Induction by Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Its Natural Host Cells
Authors: Wang, Xiuqing. Christopher-Hennings, Jane
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 67
ID: fd71de909bf3d6539246e78e650a76f6eb90b23b
Number of matches: 9

...production we have observed the same phenomenon in prrsvinfected porcine monocytederived dendritic cells [32] despite the transient and abundant interferon and mrna molecules very little or no interferon protein was detected in either cell lysates or supernatants of prrsvinfected cells at different time points after virus infection indicating a posttranscriptional control of type i interferon induction currently very little is known about the translational control of type i interferon production by prrsv prrsv inhibits the pi3kdependent akt pi3kakt pathway during late infection [33] which makes the translation repressor 4ebp1 hyperactive and reduces global protein...

Title: Post-Transcriptional Control of Type I
Interferon Induction by Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Its Natural Host Cells
Authors: Wang, Xiuqing. Christopher-Hennings, Jane
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 67
ID: fd71de909bf3d6539246e78e650a76f6eb90b23b
Number of matches: 9

...in either cell lysates or supernatants of prrsvinfected cells at different time points after virus infection indicating a posttranscriptional control of type i interferon induction currently very little is known about the translational control of type i interferon production by prrsv prrsv inhibits the pi3kdependent akt pi3kakt pathway during late infection [33] which makes the translation repressor 4ebp1 hyperactive and reduces global protein synthesis interestingly a recent study has demonstrated that pi3kakt inhibition can also lead to the phosphorylation of eif2 to inhibit cellular translation [34] we have indeed observed increased phosphorylation of eif2 in...

Title: Post-Transcriptional Control of Type I
Interferon Induction by Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Its Natural Host Cells
Authors: Wang, Xiuqing. Christopher-Hennings, Jane
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 67
ID: fd71de909bf3d6539246e78e650a76f6eb90b23b
Number of matches: 9

...makes the translation repressor 4ebp1 hyperactive and reduces global protein synthesis interestingly a recent study has demonstrated that pi3kakt inhibition can also lead to the phosphorylation of eif2 to inhibit cellular translation [34] we have indeed observed increased phosphorylation of eif2 in prrsvinfected porcine modc during late infection unpublished observation thus it is possible that the translation of ifn is reduced partly by pi3kakt inhibition however it is more likely that prrsv has employed multiple strategies to inhibit cellular protein synthesis as a simple way to evade the host defenses which may also contribute to the inhibited type...

Title: The importance of dog population contact
network structures in rabies transmission
Authors: Laager, Mirjam. Mbilo, Céline...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 68
ID: a3436bd86402190ee99045fd5a87c277288d585a
Number of matches: 5

...other quarters to the west north and east by main traffic roads and to the south by the chari river the area of these two quarters is approximately 4km 2 and the total number of dogs is estimated to be around 3500 we simulate the course of the infection after the incursion of one rabid dog we found that in 450 out of 1000 simulations the chain of transmission was longer than 1 in other words additional dogs get infected among these chains of transmission the median of the cumulative incidence of all simulation runs aligns well with the...

Title: Computer aided selection of candidate vaccine
antigens
Authors: Flower, Darren R. Macdonald, Isabel K...
Journal: Immunome Res
Item: Infection
Index: 69
ID: e7a8dfcde06b70cb86b30074d9008635252d6301
Number of matches: 3

......

Title: Computer aided selection of candidate vaccine
antigens
Authors: Flower, Darren R. Macdonald, Isabel K...
Journal: Immunome Res
Item: Infection
Index: 69
ID: e7a8dfcde06b70cb86b30074d9008635252d6301
Number of matches: 3

...if the identification of candidate vaccines was really and consistently this simple and systematic unfortunately it is often so much more complex confusing and confounding it is not always possible to cultivate a particular pathogen outside of the host organism many proteins are only expressed transiently during the course of infection nor are all proteins easily expressed in sufficient quantities in vitro thus many potential candidate vaccines may be missed reverse vaccinology [7] [8] [9] [10] is by contrast able to analyze a genome to identify potential antigens initially the pathogenic genome...

Title: Computer aided selection of candidate vaccine
antigens
Authors: Flower, Darren R. Macdonald, Isabel K...
Journal: Immunome Res
Item: Infection
Index: 69
ID: e7a8dfcde06b70cb86b30074d9008635252d6301
Number of matches: 3

...is at the expense of breadth and generality it archives cd4 and cd8 tcell and bcell epitopes derived from the virus it also includes detailed biological information regarding the response to the epitope including its impact on long term survival common escape mutations whether an epitope is recognized in early infection and curated alignments summarizing the epitopes global variability other recent databases include mhcbn [68 69] which contains 18790 mhcbinding peptides 3227 mhc nonbinding peptides 1053 tap binders and nonbinders and 6548 tcell epitopes epimhc [70] is a relational database of naturally occurring mhcbinding peptides...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...flucha or p27ha s3 fig however as nbpldflag was copurified not only with p88 pol ha but also with flucha or p27ha s3 fig we could not confirm the specific interaction of p88 pol with nbpld in byl to test whether nbpld and nbpld are required for infection of host plants with rcnmv endogenous transcript levels of nbpld or nbpld were downregulated using tobacco rattle virus trvbased virusinduced gene silencing vigs in n benthamiana plants a trv vector harboring a partial fragment of nbpld trvnbpld or nbpld trvnbpld was expressed via agrobacteriummediated expression an empty trv vector trv00...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...showed that the accumulation of rcnmv rnas was dramatically reduced in both nbpldand nbpldknockdown plants compared with control plants fig 3 it is known that in pld1 knockdown transgenic rice plants the generation of ros and the expression of defenserelated genes are induced even in the absence of pathogen infection [35] therefore it is possible that the poor viral infection in nbpldknokedown plants was due to activated defense responses to address this possibility we tested the effects of nbpldor nbpldknockdown by trvmediated vigs on the expression of defenserelated genes by rtqpcr analysis the defenserelated genes analyzed here...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...nbpldknockdown plants compared with control plants fig 3 it is known that in pld1 knockdown transgenic rice plants the generation of ros and the expression of defenserelated genes are induced even in the absence of pathogen infection [35] therefore it is possible that the poor viral infection in nbpldknokedown plants was due to activated defense responses to address this possibility we tested the effects of nbpldor nbpldknockdown by trvmediated vigs on the expression of defenserelated genes by rtqpcr analysis the defenserelated genes analyzed here were sasignaling marker genes pr1 pr2 and pr5 [39 40] ...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...cyp71d20 and acre132 [42] and mitogenactivated protein kinases wipk and sipk [42] the expression levels of these defenserelated genes were not significantly increased in nbpldor nbpldknockdown plants compared with those in trv control plants s5 fig excluding the possibility that the reduced viral infection in nbpldor nbpldknockdown plants are due to activated defense responses in these plants some genes including pr1 pr2 and cyp71d20 genes were even repressed in nbpldor nbpldknockdown plants s5 fig consistent with the positive roles of plds and pldderived pa on plant defense signaling [24] [25...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...with the positive roles of plds and pldderived pa on plant defense signaling [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] altogether these results suggest that both nbpld and nbpld play a positive role in rcnmv infection to test the possible contribution of pldderived pa to viral rna replication we exploited the transphosphatidylation activity of plds which uses primary alcohols as substrates to form an artificial phosphatidyl alcohol the preferential formation of this compound impairs pa production [43] thus we tested the effect...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...and is shown below the northern blots the numbers below the images represent the relative accumulation levels means standard error of viral rnas rna1 rna2 rna3 rna4 using the image gauge program which were calculated based on three independent experiments next we investigated whether rcnmv infection affects the amount of pa in plant leaves n benthamiana leaves were inoculated with rcnmv via agroinfiltration at 2 dai lipids were extracted and the amount of pa was analyzed by thin layer chromatography tlc compared with control plant leaves infiltrated with agrobacterium harboring an empty vector the signal intensity...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...8b to identify the lipid species of the spot the same samples were again subjected to tlc and the spot was scratched out from coomassie brilliant blue r250 stained tlc plates and subjected to lcms analysis the lipid was identified as pa fig 8c8e we concluded that rcnmv infection upregulated pa accumulation in plants it is known that expressions of pld genes were induced by pathogen infection [50] therefore the enhanced accumulation of pa in rcnmvinfected plants could a growing number of studies have suggested that pld and pldderived pa play vital roles in environmental...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...and the spot was scratched out from coomassie brilliant blue r250 stained tlc plates and subjected to lcms analysis the lipid was identified as pa fig 8c8e we concluded that rcnmv infection upregulated pa accumulation in plants it is known that expressions of pld genes were induced by pathogen infection [50] therefore the enhanced accumulation of pa in rcnmvinfected plants could a growing number of studies have suggested that pld and pldderived pa play vital roles in environmental responses in plants [19] [20] [21] [22] 50] ...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...acts like a negative regulator of defense signaling because pld1knockdown rice plants exhibit constitutive ros production expression of pr genes and enhanced resistance against pathogens [35] in this study we showed that pld and pa are essential for and play a key role in rcnmv replication poor infection of rcnmv to nbpldor nbpldknockdown plants was not due to constitutively activated defense responses indicating that both nbpld and nbpld act as essential host factors in rcnmv replication the findings reveal novel aspects of pld and pa in their roles during biotic stress responses in plants the replication of...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

... the replication of tomato bushy stunt virus is enhanced by deletion of the pah1 gene encoding a pa phosphatase which converts pa into dag in yeast [51] moreover ectopic expression of arabidopsis pa phosphatase pah2 in n benthamiana results in the inhibition of tombusviruses and rcnmv infection [51] these findings suggest that pa is positively involved in the life cycles of these viruses however whether viruses manipulate pa production for viral replication has been unknown in the current study we showed that rcnmv replication proteins interacted with paproducing enzymes nbpld and nbpld rcnmv infection...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...infection [51] these findings suggest that pa is positively involved in the life cycles of these viruses however whether viruses manipulate pa production for viral replication has been unknown in the current study we showed that rcnmv replication proteins interacted with paproducing enzymes nbpld and nbpld rcnmv infection induced a high accumulation of pa in plant tissues suggesting that rcnmv alters cellular lipid metabolism to establish a suitable environment for viral replication it is known that transcription of pld genes is induced by pathogen infection [50] rcnmv infection increased the accumulation of nbpld and nbpld...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...showed that rcnmv replication proteins interacted with paproducing enzymes nbpld and nbpld rcnmv infection induced a high accumulation of pa in plant tissues suggesting that rcnmv alters cellular lipid metabolism to establish a suitable environment for viral replication it is known that transcription of pld genes is induced by pathogen infection [50] rcnmv infection increased the accumulation of nbpld and nbpld transcripts s9 fig currently whether the enhancement of pa accumulation observed in rcnmvinfected plants is due to the upregulation of pld gene expression remains unknown plds may be activated through direct or indirect interaction with rcnmv replication...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...with paproducing enzymes nbpld and nbpld rcnmv infection induced a high accumulation of pa in plant tissues suggesting that rcnmv alters cellular lipid metabolism to establish a suitable environment for viral replication it is known that transcription of pld genes is induced by pathogen infection [50] rcnmv infection increased the accumulation of nbpld and nbpld transcripts s9 fig currently whether the enhancement of pa accumulation observed in rcnmvinfected plants is due to the upregulation of pld gene expression remains unknown plds may be activated through direct or indirect interaction with rcnmv replication proteins although we failed to show...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...plds seems to make sense for viral replication strategy because it brings them to the sites of replication this strategy could increase pa only at vrcs and not at other cellular membranes where pa might affect cellular metabolism or activate the samediated defense responses that is detrimental for successful viral infection this is critical for the viral life cycle because pa interacts with p27 auxiliary replication protein fig 7 and enhances viral replication through upregulating the activity andor assembly of the 480kda replicase complex fig 6 to our knowledge this is the first demonstration of a functional role for pa...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...pa might affect unknown cellular factors that are involved in viral rna replication further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular functions of pa in viral rna replication our results suggest that rna1 and rna2 have differential pa requirements in rna replication how does this difference contribute to rcnmv infection rna1 requires a larger amount of pa for maximum efficiency of its replication than that required by rna2 this may reflect differences in the translation and replication mechanisms between rna1 and rna2 translation of mp from rna2 couples with rna replication only progeny rna2 generated de novo through the rna...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...translation of the replication proteins that would activate pa production in infected cells moreover rna1 also serves as a template for transcription of subgenomic rna which encodes cp therefore pamediated enhancement of rna1 replication may be suitable for the production of cp subgenomic rna during the late stage of viral infection high pa requirement for maximum rna1 replication may explain the use of both nbpld and nbpld as essential host factors a growing number of studies have suggested that multiple lipid species affect virus replication and that rna viruses employ a multifaceted strategy to rewire host machinery involved in lipid...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...explain the use of both nbpld and nbpld as essential host factors a growing number of studies have suggested that multiple lipid species affect virus replication and that rna viruses employ a multifaceted strategy to rewire host machinery involved in lipid transport and synthesis [62] hcv infection stimulates the production of cellular pc pe and pi4p and hcv coopts pi4kiii for replication [63 64] in addition hcv infection stimulates the accumulation of cellular sphingomyelin which binds to and activates hcv ns5b polymerase [65 66] enterovirus utilizes pi4kiii for rna replication and...

Title: Phosphatidic Acid Produced by Phospholipase D
Promotes RNA Replication of a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: Hyodo, Kiwamu. Taniguchi, Takako...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 70
ID: bbe42ce008a9dd9e25c03c36113d763dba358cbb
Number of matches: 22

...affect virus replication and that rna viruses employ a multifaceted strategy to rewire host machinery involved in lipid transport and synthesis [62] hcv infection stimulates the production of cellular pc pe and pi4p and hcv coopts pi4kiii for replication [63 64] in addition hcv infection stimulates the accumulation of cellular sphingomyelin which binds to and activates hcv ns5b polymerase [65 66] enterovirus utilizes pi4kiii for rna replication and viral rdrp 3d pol binds to pi4p [67] enteroviruses also upregulate cellular uptake of fatty acids which are channeled toward highly...

Title: Comparative Genomics of Korean Infectious
Bronchitis Viruses (IBVs) and an Animal Model to Evaluate
Pathogenicity of IBVs to the Reproductive Organs
Authors: Hong, Seung-Min. Kwon, Hyuk-Joon...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 72
ID: 3c44fe859327f5e7b02cc27a10a228ae5288d65b
Number of matches: 7

...ibv replicates in various tissues of chicken and directly or indirectly causes various clinical signs and lesions such as tracheal rales dyspnea air sacculitis diarrhea proventriculitis nephritis atrophic and cystic oviducts abnormal egg and eggdrop [3] symptoms of the respiratory and reproductive systems are common in ibv infection but several different ibv pathotypes causing nephritis proventriculitis and pale and swollen deep pectoral muscles have been reported [4] [5] [6] in korea ibv field isolates were divided into 3 distinct genotypes ki kia and kib kii kiia and kiib and kiii by...

Title: Comparative Genomics of Korean Infectious
Bronchitis Viruses (IBVs) and an Animal Model to Evaluate
Pathogenicity of IBVs to the Reproductive Organs
Authors: Hong, Seung-Min. Kwon, Hyuk-Joon...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 72
ID: 3c44fe859327f5e7b02cc27a10a228ae5288d65b
Number of matches: 7

...kidney andor oviduct in vaccine efficacy tests and the mortality of birds challenged with nephrogenic ibv strain or ibv and e coli coinfection have often been used as immunity criteria [12] [13] [14] although the absence of hierarchal ovarian follicles after experimental ibv infection in specificpathogenfree spf hens and retardation of laying on layer farms have been reported experimental data describing the gross lesions of ovarian follicles are insufficient [15] although various ibv genotypes have been identified in korea studies on comparative genomics and their pathogenicity to reproductive organs have never...

Title: Comparative Genomics of Korean Infectious
Bronchitis Viruses (IBVs) and an Animal Model to Evaluate
Pathogenicity of IBVs to the Reproductive Organs
Authors: Hong, Seung-Min. Kwon, Hyuk-Joon...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 72
ID: 3c44fe859327f5e7b02cc27a10a228ae5288d65b
Number of matches: 7

...1136 10 63 bootscan 1408 10 22 maxchi 6911 10 16 chimaera 6903 10 18 and siscan 3566 10 22 figure 2 the protective efficacy of a commercial oilemulsion vaccine bbne containing the km91 and m41 strains against snu8067 infection of reproductive organs was evaluated by examining the formation of hierarchal oviduct follicles and oviduct maturation approximately 70 of the vaccinated chickens were seropositive for ibv at 3weekpost vaccination but all chickens in the unvaccinated control group were negative by elisa the challenge with snu8067 10 6 eid 50 100...

Title: Comparative Genomics of Korean Infectious
Bronchitis Viruses (IBVs) and an Animal Model to Evaluate
Pathogenicity of IBVs to the Reproductive Organs
Authors: Hong, Seung-Min. Kwon, Hyuk-Joon...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 72
ID: 3c44fe859327f5e7b02cc27a10a228ae5288d65b
Number of matches: 7

...] the s1 amino acid sequence of snu8067 was different from those of km91 and m41 by 23 and 24 respectively and it may be a different serotype from km91 and m41 [29] however the cross protection of the vaccine containing km91 and m41 against snu8067 infection might have occurred because the recombined s1 of snu8067 was insufficient to evade antibodies induced by km91 and m41 or that the relatively high identities of the s2 and n proteins conferred crossprotection ability on the vaccine to some extent [30] [31] [32] ...

Title: Comparative Genomics of Korean Infectious
Bronchitis Viruses (IBVs) and an Animal Model to Evaluate
Pathogenicity of IBVs to the Reproductive Organs
Authors: Hong, Seung-Min. Kwon, Hyuk-Joon...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 72
ID: 3c44fe859327f5e7b02cc27a10a228ae5288d65b
Number of matches: 7

...tissues and produces various pathologic lesions and clinical signs ibv infections in 1dayold chicks cause permanent lesions resulting in reduced egg production and eggdrop and abnormal eggs with rough deformed and soft shells and watery albumen in laying hens [42] as described in this study the snu8067 infection in 16weekold spf hens inhibited formation of hierarchal ovarian follicles in 80 of hens and oviduct maturation in 50 of hens in the control group suggesting that ovarian follicles are more susceptible than the oviduct and that ibv infection could reduce egg production by affecting ovarian follicle development [15...

Title: Comparative Genomics of Korean Infectious
Bronchitis Viruses (IBVs) and an Animal Model to Evaluate
Pathogenicity of IBVs to the Reproductive Organs
Authors: Hong, Seung-Min. Kwon, Hyuk-Joon...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 72
ID: 3c44fe859327f5e7b02cc27a10a228ae5288d65b
Number of matches: 7

...[42] as described in this study the snu8067 infection in 16weekold spf hens inhibited formation of hierarchal ovarian follicles in 80 of hens and oviduct maturation in 50 of hens in the control group suggesting that ovarian follicles are more susceptible than the oviduct and that ibv infection could reduce egg production by affecting ovarian follicle development [15] based on the relatively high frequency of lesions and the significant protection rate in the vaccinated group it can be concluded that the ovarian follicle protection model was valuable to test pathogenicity of the ibv strains and...

Title: Comparative Genomics of Korean Infectious
Bronchitis Viruses (IBVs) and an Animal Model to Evaluate
Pathogenicity of IBVs to the Reproductive Organs
Authors: Hong, Seung-Min. Kwon, Hyuk-Joon...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 72
ID: 3c44fe859327f5e7b02cc27a10a228ae5288d65b
Number of matches: 7

...the correlation of a positive rate as detected by elisa and the protection rate of ovarian follicles supports application of an elisa to monitor the protective antibody in the field in conclusion the ovarian follicle protection model was valuable to test the pathogenicity of and vaccine efficacy against ibv infection the commercial vaccine was protective against the snu8067 ki type virus furthermore the multiple recombination sites observed in this study strongly encourage further studies on other gene recombinations as well as s1 among field isolates of various genotypes...

Title: A Likelihood Approach for Real-Time
Calibration of Stochastic Compartmental Epidemic Models
Authors: Zimmer, Christoph. Yaesoubi, Reza...
Journal: PLoS Comput Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 73
ID: 8640647aeb5d12e17f9fce436b6548f68c80dba2
Number of matches: 2

...the performance target m i is defined as m i r 0 si n as s is the only state that the target depends on the function f mi m needs to yield the probability for this state this is accomplished by integrating over the remaining states infection prevalence if the target is the infection prevalence i the function f mi m needs to yield the probability for this state and hence is calculated by integrating over the remaining states as the ipoi benchmark does not calculate a belief state for time t i ...

Title: A Likelihood Approach for Real-Time
Calibration of Stochastic Compartmental Epidemic Models
Authors: Zimmer, Christoph. Yaesoubi, Reza...
Journal: PLoS Comput Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 73
ID: 8640647aeb5d12e17f9fce436b6548f68c80dba2
Number of matches: 2

...as m i r 0 si n as s is the only state that the target depends on the function f mi m needs to yield the probability for this state this is accomplished by integrating over the remaining states infection prevalence if the target is the infection prevalence i the function f mi m needs to yield the probability for this state and hence is calculated by integrating over the remaining states as the ipoi benchmark does not calculate a belief state for time t i we use the 744 simulation model to...

Title: Guinea Fowl Coronavirus Diversity Has
Phenotypic Consequences for Glycan and Tissue Binding
Authors: Bouwman, Kim M.. Delpont, Mattias...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 74
ID: 57197f5ee8bd40e26cf5e08f825621755d2612d5
Number of matches: 9

......

Title: Guinea Fowl Coronavirus Diversity Has
Phenotypic Consequences for Glycan and Tissue Binding
Authors: Bouwman, Kim M.. Delpont, Mattias...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 74
ID: 57197f5ee8bd40e26cf5e08f825621755d2612d5
Number of matches: 9

......

Title: Guinea Fowl Coronavirus Diversity Has
Phenotypic Consequences for Glycan and Tissue Binding
Authors: Bouwman, Kim M.. Delpont, Mattias...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 74
ID: 57197f5ee8bd40e26cf5e08f825621755d2612d5
Number of matches: 9

...newly emerging gfcovs are particularly hampered by the lack of models to grow the virus more specifically susceptible cell lines have not yet been identified inoculation of embryonated guinea fowl eggs did not result in gfcov production data not shown and specificpathogenfree spf guinea fowls are not available for experimental infection here we set out to study the consequences of gfcov genetic diversity for glycan and tissue interactions we revealed that the gfcov spike gene from the 2014 2016 outbreak in guinea fowl flocks in france was 89 identical to that of gfcov2011 7 glycan and tissue binding analyses...

Title: Guinea Fowl Coronavirus Diversity Has
Phenotypic Consequences for Glycan and Tissue Binding
Authors: Bouwman, Kim M.. Delpont, Mattias...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 74
ID: 57197f5ee8bd40e26cf5e08f825621755d2612d5
Number of matches: 9

...these observations together we demonstrate that gfcov diversity results in phenotypically different receptor binding properties lesions and coronaviral protein expression in the gastrointestinal tract of diseased guinea fowls between 2014 and 2016 fulminating disease peracute enteritis in guinea flocks continued to be reported after the initial outbreak of gfcov infection in 2011 6 between february 2014 and november 2016 duodena from 29 diseased guinea fowls were collected and analyzed for lesions and coronaviral protein expression histological analysis of tissues by hematoxylin and eosin he staining revealed lesions in all duodena with clear infiltration of inflammatory cells in remnants of...

Title: Guinea Fowl Coronavirus Diversity Has
Phenotypic Consequences for Glycan and Tissue Binding
Authors: Bouwman, Kim M.. Delpont, Mattias...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 74
ID: 57197f5ee8bd40e26cf5e08f825621755d2612d5
Number of matches: 9

...devoid of expression of viral proteins the infiltration of inflammatory cells was noted suggestive of a previous exposure to a virologic agent in contrast to what we observed virus replication of gfcov2011 appeared to be restricted to the duodenum 6 unfortunately we were unable to confirm the lack of infection of lower gastrointestinal tract samples in the previous outbreak due to unavailability of samples nevertheless we here hypothesize that genetically divergent gfcovs might have caused phenotypic differences in guinea fowls over the years circulation of genetically diverse gfcov gastrointestinal content collected from 20 affected animals between february 2014 and...

Title: Guinea Fowl Coronavirus Diversity Has
Phenotypic Consequences for Glycan and Tissue Binding
Authors: Bouwman, Kim M.. Delpont, Mattias...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 74
ID: 57197f5ee8bd40e26cf5e08f825621755d2612d5
Number of matches: 9

...the previously elucidated polylacnac expressed in guinea fowl small intestine 4 together their expression patterns can explain in large part the tropism of gfcov but this observation combined with the results presented in the manuscript does not exclude the possibility that yet another host factor plays a role in gfcov2014 infection initial attempts to show whether protein receptors required for infection of many other coronaviruses 22 23 24 are required have yet to be successful data not shown while spike protein binding analyses suggest phenotypic differences between these viruses in vivo the reported gross clinical signs in field cases...

Title: Guinea Fowl Coronavirus Diversity Has
Phenotypic Consequences for Glycan and Tissue Binding
Authors: Bouwman, Kim M.. Delpont, Mattias...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 74
ID: 57197f5ee8bd40e26cf5e08f825621755d2612d5
Number of matches: 9

...4 together their expression patterns can explain in large part the tropism of gfcov but this observation combined with the results presented in the manuscript does not exclude the possibility that yet another host factor plays a role in gfcov2014 infection initial attempts to show whether protein receptors required for infection of many other coronaviruses 22 23 24 are required have yet to be successful data not shown while spike protein binding analyses suggest phenotypic differences between these viruses in vivo the reported gross clinical signs in field cases between 2011 and 2014 were not markedly different unfortunately and...

Title: Guinea Fowl Coronavirus Diversity Has
Phenotypic Consequences for Glycan and Tissue Binding
Authors: Bouwman, Kim M.. Delpont, Mattias...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 74
ID: 57197f5ee8bd40e26cf5e08f825621755d2612d5
Number of matches: 9

...gfcov2014 by inoculating commercial guinea fowls with gfcovcontaining fecal samples did not result in manifestations of clinical signs or convincing detection of viral rna by reverse transcriptionquantitative pcr rtqpcr data not shown whether this was due to previous exposure of commercial birds to gfcov and hence circulating antibodies preventing the infection remains to be investigated here we have demonstrated that gfcov2014 s1 has higher affinity for glycan receptors and increased avidity for the lower gastrointestinal tract than gfcov2011 s1 the viral genetic diversity between these spikes and the implications for receptor recognition further add to our understanding of this virus...

Title: No Direct Association Between Asthma and the
Microbiome Based on Currently Available Techniques
Authors: Yayan, Josef
Journal: Medicine (Baltimore)
Item: Infection
Index: 75
ID: 982210556d79705b5b48d86ca09aadf517bd0edb
Number of matches: 8

...groups it included unselected asthmatics both during asthma attack periods and attackfree intervals the goal of this study was to determine whether the detection of pathogens was infectionassociated in these 4 types of asthma the indication for the microbiological examination was performed either explicitly because of a suspected respiratory infection or otherwise routinely microbiological testing was explicitly performed for pathogenic microbes viruses fungi legionellae mycobacteria nocardiasis actinomycetales pneumocystis jiroveci carinii and polymerase chain reaction pcr eg atypical pneumonia pathogens mycobacteria secretions from the mouthnasal cavity and trachea were obtained differently depending on the particular case the commonly applied methods were...

Title: No Direct Association Between Asthma and the
Microbiome Based on Currently Available Techniques
Authors: Yayan, Josef
Journal: Medicine (Baltimore)
Item: Infection
Index: 75
ID: 982210556d79705b5b48d86ca09aadf517bd0edb
Number of matches: 8

...for selected comorbiditieschronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd gastroesophageal reflux disease obesity and depressionnot only as predisposing factors for the development of asthma but also for bacterial colonization in such patients the length of hospital stay was compared between patients with different forms of asthma with and without the detection of infection saarlands institutional review board approved the study due to the retrospective nature of the study protocol the medical association of saarlands institutional review board waived the need for informed consent written informed consent was waived because the study used a retrospective analysis of patients medical records all patients data were...

Title: No Direct Association Between Asthma and the
Microbiome Based on Currently Available Techniques
Authors: Yayan, Josef
Journal: Medicine (Baltimore)
Item: Infection
Index: 75
ID: 982210556d79705b5b48d86ca09aadf517bd0edb
Number of matches: 8

...patients with asthma with microbial attacks the chisquare test for 4 independent standard normal variables of 2 probabilities was used to compare the association between the microbiome and different types of asthma fishers exact test for 4 variables of 2 probabilities was used to evaluate sex differences the association of infection diagnostic tools for bacteria viruses fungi the differentiation of microbes prick tests food and drug allergies and allergic comorbidities in different types of asthma oneway analysis of variance anova for independent samples was performed to compare age differences blood tests lung function tests feno blood gas analysis and the duration...

Title: No Direct Association Between Asthma and the
Microbiome Based on Currently Available Techniques
Authors: Yayan, Josef
Journal: Medicine (Baltimore)
Item: Infection
Index: 75
ID: 982210556d79705b5b48d86ca09aadf517bd0edb
Number of matches: 8

...group were diagnosed with nonspecified asthma followed by allergic asthma and the samesized small groups of nonallergic and mixed asthmas table 1 following the results of this study we could not find any evidence of microorganisms as a causal source of asthma p 0893 table 1 acute infection thus did not play a role in bacterial colonization in the respiratory tract of asthmatics p 0472 one of the smallest groups in this study mixed asthma was the most comparatively prone to microbial attacks caused by acute infections in contrast acute infections did not play a significant role...

Title: No Direct Association Between Asthma and the
Microbiome Based on Currently Available Techniques
Authors: Yayan, Josef
Journal: Medicine (Baltimore)
Item: Infection
Index: 75
ID: 982210556d79705b5b48d86ca09aadf517bd0edb
Number of matches: 8

...] new discoveries about 15 although the data concerning those bacteria were collected in childhood asthma by bisgaard et al we found these microorganisms mainly in the nonspecified followed by allergic asthma patients in our study klemets et al 16 also reported that working asthmatics have an increased risk for infection with s pneumoniae however these bacteria were not detectable in the majority of patients with asthma in our study and we did not find a statistically significant relationship between these bacteria and asthma in our study although studies have not confirmed the causality of these bacteria for the development...

Title: No Direct Association Between Asthma and the
Microbiome Based on Currently Available Techniques
Authors: Yayan, Josef
Journal: Medicine (Baltimore)
Item: Infection
Index: 75
ID: 982210556d79705b5b48d86ca09aadf517bd0edb
Number of matches: 8

...were shown namely m pneumoniae influenza a respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus 22 earlier respiratory infections were discovered by p aeruginosa in intensive care units 23 perhaps these microorganisms generally cause respiratory infections infections caused by p aeruginosa belong to the class of opportunistic pathogens with frequent risk of infection in the hospital due to their high phenotypic diversity 24 due to the current databases limitations it is not yet known whether fungi and fungal allergens are relevant to the exacerbation of asthma 25 there is overwhelming evidence that the most common external triggers of asthma include fungi allergens 26...

Title: No Direct Association Between Asthma and the
Microbiome Based on Currently Available Techniques
Authors: Yayan, Josef
Journal: Medicine (Baltimore)
Item: Infection
Index: 75
ID: 982210556d79705b5b48d86ca09aadf517bd0edb
Number of matches: 8

...not be determined for the microbiological analysis of tracheal secretions this study examined the microbiological growth of microorganisms from the tracheal secretions of patients with different types of asthma through various techniques in one department of internal medicine the present study examined patients with asthma during an episode of infection and also included asthmatics in an infectionfree interval we were neither able to identify an increased incidence of microorganisms in patients with various types of asthma during an episode of infection nor during infectionfree periods based on the data in this study we were unable to find an infectious...

Title: No Direct Association Between Asthma and the
Microbiome Based on Currently Available Techniques
Authors: Yayan, Josef
Journal: Medicine (Baltimore)
Item: Infection
Index: 75
ID: 982210556d79705b5b48d86ca09aadf517bd0edb
Number of matches: 8

...techniques in one department of internal medicine the present study examined patients with asthma during an episode of infection and also included asthmatics in an infectionfree interval we were neither able to identify an increased incidence of microorganisms in patients with various types of asthma during an episode of infection nor during infectionfree periods based on the data in this study we were unable to find an infectious etiology of asthma...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...completely essential for the generation of infectious viruses [26 27 28] sarscov lacking the e protein is attenuated in different animal models for sars such as hamsters and transgenic mice that express the sarscov receptor human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 hace2 [26 27] virus infection may result in the expression of stress proteins like heat shock proteins hsps glucoseregulated proteins grps and ubiquitin [29] some of these proteins are constitutively expressed while others are induced by proteotoxic stresses such as protein overload heat shock hypoxia ischemia heavy metals radiation calcium increase reactive...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...like heat shock proteins hsps glucoseregulated proteins grps and ubiquitin [29] some of these proteins are constitutively expressed while others are induced by proteotoxic stresses such as protein overload heat shock hypoxia ischemia heavy metals radiation calcium increase reactive oxygen species and drugs in addition to virus infection [30] stress proteins may act as molecular chaperones participating in protein synthesis folding transport cell viability [31] and modulating the immune response [32] increasing evidence suggests that certain hsps play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity [32 33...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity [32 33] hsps can act independently of chaperoned peptides to directly stimulate innate immune responses such as the maturation and activation of dendritic cells and the activation of natural killer cells reviewed in [33] coronavirus infection generates double membrane vesicles [34 35] derived from the endoplasmic reticulum er in which the rna virus genome is replicated and transcribed [36] in addition enveloped viruses modify and perturb membranes to generate new virus particles this extensive use of intracellular membranes for virus replication...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...] derived from the endoplasmic reticulum er in which the rna virus genome is replicated and transcribed [36] in addition enveloped viruses modify and perturb membranes to generate new virus particles this extensive use of intracellular membranes for virus replication and morphogenesis likely overloads the er during infection causing er stress responses and triggering the unfolded protein response upr the upr increases the production of chaperones that facilitate protein folding promotes the synthesis of lipids that constitute cellular membranes and inhibits translation in order to reduce er stress [37] the upr is mediated by three...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...[41] a physiological mechanism to control the number of cells during development and to respond to infections autopsy studies have revealed signs of apoptosis in sarscovinfected tissues from patients such as lung spleen and thyroid [42 43] accordingly it has been shown that the infection by sarscov triggers apoptosis in cell cultures via protein kinase r pkr [44] and that at least eight sarscovencoded proteins induce apoptosis [45] the expression of genes leading to hyperinflammation has been associated with sarscovinduced pathology in fact highly elevated expression of inflammatory mediators such...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...on activation normal t expressed and secreted rantes and cxcl9monokine induced by interferon gamma mig has been described within the circulation and lungs of sars patients [46 47 48 49 50 51] in this study the effect of sarscov e protein on host cell responses during virus infection was analyzed for the first time by comparing the transcriptomes of rsarscovde and rsarscovinfected cells using microarrays and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction qrtpcr we showed that sarscov e protein influenced the expression of genes associated to stress response immunoregulation inflammation apoptosis and cell cycle and differentiation among these...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...genes associated with the proinflammatory pathway were downregulated compared to cells infected with virus expressing e protein supporting the idea that a reduction in inflammation was also relevant in the attenuation of the virus deletion mutant frhk4 pk15 hepg2 293 and 293t cells that are highly susceptible to infection with sarscov [52 53 54 55] to determine whether these cell lines were also susceptible to rsarscovde virus growth kinetics studies were performed rsarscovde passaged 16 times in vero e6 cells p16 was analyzed as this virus grew with titers similar to those of rsarscov around 10fold...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...highly susceptible transgenic mice model [56] showing that the deletion of the e gene and not the amino acid substitution in s protein was responsible for virus attenuation all the cell lines indicated above were infected with sarscov with and without e gene at a multiplicity of infection moi of 1 3 and 5 and the percentage of infected cells at 24 hours post infection hpi was determined using an immunofluorescence assay similar results were obtained both in sarscov and rsarscovdeinfected cells so only the results obtained with sarscovinfected cells are provided in supplementary table si an increase...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...and not the amino acid substitution in s protein was responsible for virus attenuation all the cell lines indicated above were infected with sarscov with and without e gene at a multiplicity of infection moi of 1 3 and 5 and the percentage of infected cells at 24 hours post infection hpi was determined using an immunofluorescence assay similar results were obtained both in sarscov and rsarscovdeinfected cells so only the results obtained with sarscovinfected cells are provided in supplementary table si an increase in the moi led to a higher proportion of infected cells in all cell lines the percentage...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...rnas maximum levels of both types of viral rna were observed at 1522 hpi in the case of infected vero e6 cells and at 48 hpi in the case of ma104 cells these data showed that although vero e6 and ma104 cells were susceptible to sarscov the kinetics of the infection was slower in ma104 than in vero e6 cells which needs to be considered when cellular mrnas are collected for differential gene expression studies to analyze the impact of e protein on host gene expression during sarscov infection the transcriptomes of rsarscovde and rsarscovinfected vero e6 and ma104 cells...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...and ma104 cells were susceptible to sarscov the kinetics of the infection was slower in ma104 than in vero e6 cells which needs to be considered when cellular mrnas are collected for differential gene expression studies to analyze the impact of e protein on host gene expression during sarscov infection the transcriptomes of rsarscovde and rsarscovinfected vero e6 and ma104 cells were compared taking into account the data obtained in figure 1 early 7 hpi in the case of vero e6 and 24 hpi in the case of ma104 cells and late 15 and 65 hpi in vero e6...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...to rsarscovinfected cells was very similar in vero e6 and ma104 cells and included different isoforms of heat shock protein hsp hsps10 27 40 60 70 90 and 105110 and different genes encoding ubiquitins and chaperonins fig 3 these data clearly indicated that the cellular stress induced by the infection was significantly reduced in the presence of e protein nevertheless it is worthy to mention that not all cellular stress genes were differentially expressed in cells infected with sarscov lacking e protein versus those infected with rsarscov in fact a set of genes coding for different isoforms of hsp40...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...hsp60 and hsp90 although differences were not as great as observed when mrna levels were assessed fig 4 lesser effects on protein levels may reflect inhibitory effects of sarscov on nonviral protein synthesis [61] or alternatively to the presence of preexisting stress proteins in cells prior to infection to better understand the biological relevance of the sarscov e protein on host gene expression all of the genes that were significantly upregulated or downregulated in rsarscovdeinfected compared to rsarscovinfected vero e6 and ma104 cells were clustered in functional groups based on gene ontology go classification a summary is...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...figs 7c and s4 suggesting that the reduction of stressrelated genes was specific in addition the expression of 18s rrna was analyzed as an endogenous control for the amount of rna in all samples figs 7c and s4 these data indicated that e protein reduced the stress caused by sarscov infection to analyze whether e protein alone could reduce the cellular stress caused by another virus the effect of sarscov e protein on the stress induced by rsv was analyzed vero e6 cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding e protein or with empty plasmid as control at 24 hours...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...protein expression on rsv titers was detected the expression of the stress response genes hsp90 aa1 ubb hsph1 serpinh1 and hsp10 e1 was analyzed in the presence or absence of sarscov e protein by qrtpcr fig 8b the expression of these stress response genes was significantly induced by rsv infection at almost all times fig 8b in the presence of e protein the induction of these stress genes was significantly reduced fig 8b in a specific manner as no significant differences were observed in the expression of polq gene irrespective of the presence or absence of e protein...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...in the expression of polq gene irrespective of the presence or absence of e protein fig 8b these data indicated that sarscov e protein alone reduced different types of stress such as cytosolic genes hsp90 aa1 ubb hsph1 er gene serpinh1 and mitochondrial stress gene hsp10 e1 produced by infection with at least two different respiratory viruses sarscov and rsv upregulated more than 10 fold green color indicates genes upregulated between 5 and 10 fold at least in one cell line for those genes recognized with more than one probe the value corresponding to the highest upregulation or downregulation is...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...two different respiratory viruses sarscov and rsv upregulated more than 10 fold green color indicates genes upregulated between 5 and 10 fold at least in one cell line for those genes recognized with more than one probe the value corresponding to the highest upregulation or downregulation is represented doi101371journalppat1002315g003 coronavirus infection induces er stress [64] due to the extensive use of intracellular membranes for the generation of replication complexes and for the assembly of virus particles [36 65] in addition viral glycoproteins can induce er stress during infection as a result of incomplete glycosylation and incorrect...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...highest upregulation or downregulation is represented doi101371journalppat1002315g003 coronavirus infection induces er stress [64] due to the extensive use of intracellular membranes for the generation of replication complexes and for the assembly of virus particles [36 65] in addition viral glycoproteins can induce er stress during infection as a result of incomplete glycosylation and incorrect folding or accumulation in the er lumen [66 67] accordingly we decided to focus our attention on er stress to determine whether e protein alone was responsible for the downregulation of the er stress response vero e6 and ma104...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...thapsigargin and tunicamycin which induce er stress by altering intracellular ca levels or by preventing protein glycosylation respectively [68] for 8 or 20 h or left untreated the levels of e protein were monitored by westernblot analysis and were similar to e protein levels after sarscov infection of vero e6 fig 9a or ma104 cell data not shown total cellular rnas were collected and the expression of the erstress inducible genes grp78 and grp94 was evaluated by qrtpcr the effect of e protein expression at the times postinduction when upregulation of these genes was highest is shown...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...with or without the e gene or mockinfected cells was measured by western blot using an atf6specific antibody that recognizes the fulllength and the cleaved nterminal domain of the protein no significant activation of atf6 was observed in infected cells compared to mockinfected cells data not shown suggesting that sarscov infection did not efficiently activate this pathway activation of ire1 mediates cytoplasmic splicing of the mrna encoding the transcription factor xbp1 leading to a frame shift and subsequent translation of a functional xbp1 transcription factor to evaluate whether sarscov e protein has an impact on the activation of this pathway...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...cells from 15 to 28 hpi fig 10 this result indicated that in the presence of e protein activation of the xbp1 pathway was reduced persistent or intense er stress can trigger apoptosis [41] to analyze whether sarscov e protein modulated apoptosis induced by sarscov infection the induction of apoptosis was analyzed in cells infected with rsarscov lacking or expressing e gene cells infected either with rsarscov or rsarscovde were simultaneously stained with propidium iodide pi and annexin v and monitored by flow cytometry mock infected cells remained viable annexin v 2 pi 2 ...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...and 5fold increase in late apoptotic cells between 15 and 24 hpi fig 11 we previously showed that rsarscovde is attenuated in vivo [26 27] in this work to identify possible mechanisms for this attenuation the effect of e protein on host cell responses during virus infection was analyzed by comparing the transcriptome of rsarscovde and rsarscovinfected cells among the genes differentially expressed a large number of genes corresponding to cellular stress were upregulated in rsarscovde compared to wt virus infected cells clearly indicating that the presence sarscov e protein reduced the stress response during infection upregulation...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...virus infection was analyzed by comparing the transcriptome of rsarscovde and rsarscovinfected cells among the genes differentially expressed a large number of genes corresponding to cellular stress were upregulated in rsarscovde compared to wt virus infected cells clearly indicating that the presence sarscov e protein reduced the stress response during infection upregulation of the stress response was also confirmed at the protein level as the expression of representative stress response proteins such as hsp60 and hsp90 was also increased the addition of e protein in trans reversed the increase in stress response gene expression observed in rsarscovdeinfected cells confirming the specific...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...indicating that the presence or absence of e protein and not the amount of virus was responsible for the increase in stress response and apoptosis in addition stress induced by another virus rsv was also downregulated by sarscov e protein furthermore expression of e protein in the absence of virus infection reduced stress induced by tunicamycin or thapsigargin sarscov e protein also inhibited a subset of the stress response specifically e protein inhibited the activation of the xbp1mediated pathway of the upr and apoptosis induced by sarscov we have shown that in ma104 cells infected with rsarscovde two important proinflammatory cytokines...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...showed that rsarscovde was attenuated in hamsters and hace2 transgenic mice [26 27] the relevance of virushost interaction in virus attenuation is high as differences in virulence are frequently due to differences in host responses rather than to virus growth kinetics [75 76] coronavirus infection induces an er stress response due to the extensive use of er membranes for rna synthesis [35 36] and virion assembly at the ergolgi intermediate compartment [64 77] further it has been shown that sarscov structural proteins s 6 and 3a [66 78 79...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...huh7 [82] vero [59] and blood mononuclear cells [83 84] has been reported in cell cultures and also in vivo [75 85] we show for the first time that sarscov e protein limits the stress response elicited by sarscov infection which probably represents a selective advantage for the virus in fact we have shown that rsarscovde is cleared faster than rsarscov with e protein [26 27] we observed that genes related to hsps were upregulated in rsarscovde infected compared to wt virusinfected cells the presence of hsps...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...that the downregulation of the stress response by sarscov e protein was a general phenomenon in order to analyze the specific pathways modulated by sarscov e protein the three branches of the upr were analyzed only the xbp1 pathway was significantly activated in cells infected with rsarscovde compared to infection with the wt virus possibly the partial activation of the upr was not sufficient to alleviate cellular stress and cell apoptosis was induced to help virus clearance [31 41] the ectopic expression of coronavirus e protein induces apoptosis in the absence of infection [87 88]...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...with rsarscovde compared to infection with the wt virus possibly the partial activation of the upr was not sufficient to alleviate cellular stress and cell apoptosis was induced to help virus clearance [31 41] the ectopic expression of coronavirus e protein induces apoptosis in the absence of infection [87 88] whereas in this manuscript we describe that the expression of e protein in the context of sarscov infection limited the levels of apoptosis in infected cells which may represent an advantage for virus production and dissemination [89] this is not surprising as...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...and cell apoptosis was induced to help virus clearance [31 41] the ectopic expression of coronavirus e protein induces apoptosis in the absence of infection [87 88] whereas in this manuscript we describe that the expression of e protein in the context of sarscov infection limited the levels of apoptosis in infected cells which may represent an advantage for virus production and dissemination [89] this is not surprising as previous experiments were performed in transfected cells and not in the context of viral infection and as many other viral proteins such as...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...of e protein in the context of sarscov infection limited the levels of apoptosis in infected cells which may represent an advantage for virus production and dissemination [89] this is not surprising as previous experiments were performed in transfected cells and not in the context of viral infection and as many other viral proteins such as 3clike protease spike membrane nucleocapsid 3a 3b and 7a reviewed by tan et al in [45] and proteins 6 7b and 8a [78 90 91] also elicit apoptosis removal of the e gene from sarscov led to...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...to analyze relative changes in gene expression in qpcr experiments [107] the data represent the average of three independent experiments vero e6 cells grown to 90 confluence in m24 wells were infected at an moi of 05 with rsarscovdep1 and p16 and rsarscov ninety min after infection cells were transfected with 1 mg of the plasmid pcdna31e expressing the sarscov e protein [77] or empty plasmid as control using 1 mg of lipofectamine 2000 invitrogen according to manufacturers instructions total rna from mockinfected or rsarscovinfected cultures was extracted at different times pi as described...

Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Envelope Protein Regulates Cell Stress
Response and Apoptosis
Authors: DeDiego, Marta L.. Nieto-Torres, Jose L....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 76
ID: f93269b90d3654488b158876258d42402d64afb3
Number of matches: 33

...1 volume of 4 paraformaldehyde in pbs to inactivate virus at the end of the process propidium iodide pi staining was performed to differentiate cells in early apoptosis annexin v pi 2 from those in late apoptosis annexin v pi stage table s1 level of cell infection by rsarscov human porcine or monkey cells were infected at different mois and the percentage of infected cells was measured by analyzing the presence of sarscov n protein by immunofluorescence doc...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...side effects on healthy cells 14 moreover the cpv ns1 protein shows antitumour activity in a mouse mammary tumour model and it further stimulates the immune cells to attack the tumour 15 proteomic based approaches have been widely used to develop extensive cellular protein databases that focus on infection by viruses 16 17 however no such study has been conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in host response to cpv infection isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation itraq is an in vitro labelling method that has the capability to compare several time points during a single...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...stimulates the immune cells to attack the tumour 15 proteomic based approaches have been widely used to develop extensive cellular protein databases that focus on infection by viruses 16 17 however no such study has been conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in host response to cpv infection isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation itraq is an in vitro labelling method that has the capability to compare several time points during a single experiment 18 the method is considered more sensitive than difference gel electrophoresis and it has been demonstrated to be effective and accurate in...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...considered more sensitive than difference gel electrophoresis and it has been demonstrated to be effective and accurate in characterising numerous diseases 19 20 in this study we utilised an itraqlabelled mass spectrometry approach to explore the proteomic changes of f81 cells under different cellular growth behaviour induced by cpv infection our findings will help to reveal the biological processes of different infection stages and systematically understand the host response under cpv infection the f81 cells were selected because they efficiently support cpv replication and show specific cytopathic effects cpes [21] [22] [23] [...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...to be effective and accurate in characterising numerous diseases 19 20 in this study we utilised an itraqlabelled mass spectrometry approach to explore the proteomic changes of f81 cells under different cellular growth behaviour induced by cpv infection our findings will help to reveal the biological processes of different infection stages and systematically understand the host response under cpv infection the f81 cells were selected because they efficiently support cpv replication and show specific cytopathic effects cpes [21] [22] [23] [24] the cells were infected at a multiplicity of infection...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...20 in this study we utilised an itraqlabelled mass spectrometry approach to explore the proteomic changes of f81 cells under different cellular growth behaviour induced by cpv infection our findings will help to reveal the biological processes of different infection stages and systematically understand the host response under cpv infection the f81 cells were selected because they efficiently support cpv replication and show specific cytopathic effects cpes [21] [22] [23] [24] the cells were infected at a multiplicity of infection moi of 1 and analysed between 0 and 60 h...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...infection stages and systematically understand the host response under cpv infection the f81 cells were selected because they efficiently support cpv replication and show specific cytopathic effects cpes [21] [22] [23] [24] the cells were infected at a multiplicity of infection moi of 1 and analysed between 0 and 60 h postinfection hpi as shown in fig 1a the mockinfected cells maintained growth without obvious cpes in contrast cpes in the infection groups became noticeable at 36 hpi and progressed thereafter and more than half of the cells had become...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...[22] [23] [24] the cells were infected at a multiplicity of infection moi of 1 and analysed between 0 and 60 h postinfection hpi as shown in fig 1a the mockinfected cells maintained growth without obvious cpes in contrast cpes in the infection groups became noticeable at 36 hpi and progressed thereafter and more than half of the cells had become detached at 60 hpi as shown in fig 1b the viral titre reached a plateau between 24 hpi and 60 hpi and then rapidly declined using the dynamic changes in cpes...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...and five infected samples the itraq analysis identified a total of 3224 proteins proteins were designated as differentially expressed proteins deps if they had expression foldchange ratios 12 or 0833 and the pvalue was less than 005 by two statistical methods we identified 615 deps during the entire infection process by method 1 and 437 deps for all five time points by method 2 fig 2c as shown in fig 2a1 a2 a total of 679 deps were identified by combining the two selection methods which was greater than the number identified by each of the individual methods...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...processes as shown in fig 4a most clusters were enriched in the biological processes of energy metabolism the cell cycle translation and rnarelated functions both cluster a fig 4b and cluster b fig 4c are highlighted sixtynine proteins in cluster a were upregulated during the whole infection period especially at 48 hpi and 60 hpi the david analysis indicated that the proteins in cluster a were mainly associated with cellular apoptosis including hmox1 top2a hspa9 hspd1 f2 hbb slc25a24 bak1 vdac2 phb apoh and vimp moreover five of these proteins were classified as negative regulators of apoptosis...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...35 proteins 10 are known to be stimulusresponsive 7 of which are additionally known to respond to viral infections for instance both rab7a and cd63 are required for the hiv1 replication cycle 25 26 in addition lsd1 hspa5 and cav1 have been reported to influence the efficiency of viral infection and replication [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] npc1 is the key influencer for ebola virus to enter cells 32 sec22b can inhibit the release of infectious viral progeny 33 and the downregulation of cd59 is associated with...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...focusing on p53 regulation and a pathway involving cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator cftr degradation were enriched according to the metacore tm database using metacore tm software 29 deps associated with p53 were significantly enriched pvalue 1130e49 including bak1 vdac2 hsp60 and ebp1 fig 5 indicating that cpv infection may trigger biological processes of p53 regulation the pathways were enriched and ranked according to their pvalues by the metacore tm database supplementary table s4 these pathways are involved in processes of cell cycle regulation cytoskeleton remodelling cell apoptosis and survival oxidative phosphorylation and immune response notably eight...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...and maturation with a pvalue of 9398e06 supplementary fig s1 the detailed analysis depicted in fig 6 indicates that eight deps were directly or indirectly associated with the cftr derlin 1 amfr hsp70 hsp90 hdi2 ube1 bag2 and sae1 among them derlin 1 and amfr were upregulated during infection which can directly degrade the abnormal cftr 3536 itraqms data were verified by western blotting the verification of deps by western blotting was limited by the availability of antibodies to felis catus proteins initial tests selected a set of proteins that were significantly changed during infection and also reliably...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...were upregulated during infection which can directly degrade the abnormal cftr 3536 itraqms data were verified by western blotting the verification of deps by western blotting was limited by the availability of antibodies to felis catus proteins initial tests selected a set of proteins that were significantly changed during infection and also reliably crossreacted with antibodies to the corresponding human protein as shown in fig 7 the western blots confirmed the differential expression of ribosomal protein s4x rps4x 60s ribosomal protein l7 rpl7 guanine nucleotidebinding proteinlike 3like protein gnl3l laminin subunit gamma1 lamc1 histone h31 h31 60s ribosomal protein...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...l7 rpl7 guanine nucleotidebinding proteinlike 3like protein gnl3l laminin subunit gamma1 lamc1 histone h31 h31 60s ribosomal protein l17 rpl17 and 60s ribosomal protein l10 rpl10 or qm detected by itraq in this study we used proteomics to investigate the global profiles of differentially expressed cellular proteins under cpv infection the features of our experimental design and data analysis are as follows 1 the kinetic changes in the expression levels of cellular proteins along the infection course consisting of five different time points were quantified which represented an improvement over a crosssectional picture if only a sample from a single...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...or qm detected by itraq in this study we used proteomics to investigate the global profiles of differentially expressed cellular proteins under cpv infection the features of our experimental design and data analysis are as follows 1 the kinetic changes in the expression levels of cellular proteins along the infection course consisting of five different time points were quantified which represented an improvement over a crosssectional picture if only a sample from a single time point was analysed these results provided us a kinetic view of the changed expression of cellular proteins under the cytopathic insult of cpv infection 2...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...the infection course consisting of five different time points were quantified which represented an improvement over a crosssectional picture if only a sample from a single time point was analysed these results provided us a kinetic view of the changed expression of cellular proteins under the cytopathic insult of cpv infection 2 two mocks were analysed these two mocks helped to distinguish the natural kinetics of the cellular protein expression and helped to set reasonable standards to screen the deps 3 three biological replicates were prepared for each sample to assess interexperimental variations 4 the deps identified over the whole infection...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...infection 2 two mocks were analysed these two mocks helped to distinguish the natural kinetics of the cellular protein expression and helped to set reasonable standards to screen the deps 3 three biological replicates were prepared for each sample to assess interexperimental variations 4 the deps identified over the whole infection process were determined to be significant by an analysis of variance test while those at each of the five time points were determined to be significant by the twotailed unpaired t test as expected a large amount of proteomic data was generated in this study venn diagramming functional annotation...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...venn diagramming functional annotation hierarchical clustering and pathway enrichment were utilised to analyse the results a common analysis strategy in proteomics is to look for a period in which the changes in the protein expression were the most prominent however such a strategy is dissociated from the status of viral infection and the impact on the infected cells a different strategy in this study was employed that combined the detected significant changes in deps with viral replication and cpes in view of the cpes and the onestep growth curve shown in fig 1b the viral titre was increased quickly during...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

... since the cells had efficient proliferation at 12 hpi this time point was suitable for studying the cellular proteins involved in autonomous parvovirus replication as shown in fig 4c the proteins involved in the stimulusresponse were enriched and most of them are reported to respond to viral infection these proteins can be potential targets for controlling viral infection dynamic changes in the expressed proteins in cluster b were noted they were initially downregulated at 12 and 24 hpi followed by a rapid return to near basal levels at 36 hpi and slight upregulation at 48 and 60 hpi...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...this time point was suitable for studying the cellular proteins involved in autonomous parvovirus replication as shown in fig 4c the proteins involved in the stimulusresponse were enriched and most of them are reported to respond to viral infection these proteins can be potential targets for controlling viral infection dynamic changes in the expressed proteins in cluster b were noted they were initially downregulated at 12 and 24 hpi followed by a rapid return to near basal levels at 36 hpi and slight upregulation at 48 and 60 hpi thus 12 and 24 hpi were the best time points...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...proteins accounted for the largest percentage at this time point fig 3e and the cpes were the most serious at 60 hpi fig 1b as shown in fig 4b many proteins related to cell apoptosis were enriched in cluster a and they were upregulated during the entire infection period but most strikingly at 48 and 60 hpi thus we concluded that the late stage of cpv infection was a better time to investigate the cpvinduced f81 cell apoptosis process as apoptosis may be the main mechanism utilised by viral oncolytic therapy these identified deps may be useful for...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...serious at 60 hpi fig 1b as shown in fig 4b many proteins related to cell apoptosis were enriched in cluster a and they were upregulated during the entire infection period but most strikingly at 48 and 60 hpi thus we concluded that the late stage of cpv infection was a better time to investigate the cpvinduced f81 cell apoptosis process as apoptosis may be the main mechanism utilised by viral oncolytic therapy these identified deps may be useful for detailed studies in the future the anticancer activity of cpv is closely related to its apoptosisinducing effect a...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...tumours 45 based on these findings cpv may be a powerful apoptosismodulating agent that could downregulate api5 gene expression we found that the hsp60 expression level was increased at 60 hpi heat shock proteins hsps are a group of proteins that respond to stress including heat hypoxia irradiation infection or toxic agents 46 hsp has been shown to influence apoptosis in tumour cells regulate p53 function and induce an immune response to tumours 47 increased hsp levels make cells more resistant to apoptosis but they also can increase immunity to cancer 48 for example overexpressed hsp60...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...group of cancerrelated proteins by a proteomics technique some of these proteins were not noted for cpvinduced apoptosis or anticancer function which would provide a new perspective for studying the anticancer mechanisms of cpv using metacore tm software we were able to suggest the main pathways related to cpv infection interestingly a pathway that involved the degradation of cftr was significantly enriched in our study cftr is a transmembrane protein that functions as an atpgated chloride channel 53 deficiency in cftr can lead to several diseases related to the reduction of chloride secretion and the increase of sodium uptake...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...provided us hints that cpv may trigger cftr deficiency and influence the cell pathological change by reducing the wound healing of infected cells in summary deps and their expression kinetics in cpvinfected f81 cells were characterised with itraq analysis there were dynamic changes in deps over the course of infection deps that are involved in viral defence or apoptosis and are related to cancer may be useful for studying antiviral and oncolytic therapy finally general experimental design cpvhlj6 genbank accession no kr6114751 was passaged ten times in f81 cells resulting in a final stock containing viruses at 10 55...

Title: Profiling of Host Cell Response to Successive
Canine Parvovirus Infection Based on Kinetic
Proteomic Change Identification
Authors: Zhao, Hang. Cheng, Yuening...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 77
ID: a51659a324f74a7cf16acd3b1180d203cab2b8d4
Number of matches: 26

...in viral defence or apoptosis and are related to cancer may be useful for studying antiviral and oncolytic therapy finally general experimental design cpvhlj6 genbank accession no kr6114751 was passaged ten times in f81 cells resulting in a final stock containing viruses at 10 55 tcid 50 ml for infection 10 6 f81 cells were plated in 25 cm 2 culture flasks and at the same time inoculated by cpv at a moi of 1 infected cells were collected at 12 24 36 48 and 60 hpi and uninfected mocktreated cells were collected at 0 and 48 h after plating...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...among others the transmembrane serine proteases tmprss2 tmprss4 and tmprss11d as enzymes able to cleave the has of influenza virus subtypes h1 and h3 10 11 12 we previously showed that deletion of tmprss2 in knockout mice strongly limits viral spread and lung pathology after h1n1 influenza a virus infection 13 an essential role for tmprss2 in cleavage activation and viral spread was also reported for h7n9 influenza a virus 14 15 we also demonstrated that deletion of tmprss2 slightly reduced body weight loss and mortality in mice after h3n2 virus infection compared to those for wildtype mice...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...pathology after h1n1 influenza a virus infection 13 an essential role for tmprss2 in cleavage activation and viral spread was also reported for h7n9 influenza a virus 14 15 we also demonstrated that deletion of tmprss2 slightly reduced body weight loss and mortality in mice after h3n2 virus infection compared to those for wildtype mice but did not protect mice from lethal infections 13 15 therefore it is likely that in addition to tmprss2 other trypsinlike proteases of the respiratory tract are able to cleave the hemagglutinin of h3 influenza viruses in this study we investigated the...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...infections in contrast tmprss2 tmprss4 doubleknockout mice showed massively reduced viral spread and lung pathology and also had reduced body weight loss and mortality part of this work was performed as phd thesis work by nora khn at the university of veterinary medicine hannover germany for infection experiments female mice at the age of 8 to 11 weeks were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a ketaminexylazine solution 85 nacl [09] 10 ketamine 5 xylazine 200 l per 20 g body weight infection was performed by intranasal application of virus solution in 20 l of sterile...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...by nora khn at the university of veterinary medicine hannover germany for infection experiments female mice at the age of 8 to 11 weeks were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a ketaminexylazine solution 85 nacl [09] 10 ketamine 5 xylazine 200 l per 20 g body weight infection was performed by intranasal application of virus solution in 20 l of sterile phosphatebuffered saline pbs subsequently survival and body weight loss were monitored until day 14 postinfection pi in addition to mice that were found dead mice with a weight loss of 30 of the starting body weight were...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...both tmprss2 and tmprss4 staining could be observed in cuboidal and granular cells of alveolar tissue representing aecii fig 1b as well as in the bronchiolar epithelium fig 1c we used mice carrying a deletion in the tmprss4 gene to study the role of tmprss4 during influenza virus infection in vivo rtpcr analysis of knockout lung tissue confirmed the absence of the fulllength tmprss4 transcript data not shown no protein was detected in knockout mice by immunohistochemical staining data not shown tmprss4deficient mice showed normal reproduction rates and development and growth patterns and had no obvious abnormal phenotype 19...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...by immunohistochemical staining data not shown tmprss4deficient mice showed normal reproduction rates and development and growth patterns and had no obvious abnormal phenotype 19 wildtype as well as tmprss4 mice were infected with mouseadapted pr8m virus apuertorico834 h1n1 both wildtype and tmprss4 mice lost weight after infection with comparable kinetics and showed similar survival rates fig 2a analogous results were obtained after infection with two additional h1n1 virus variants pr8f and awsn33 data not shown and after infection with a multibasic mouseadapted h7n7 virus asealmassachusetts180 data not shown after infection with 2 10 3...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...had no obvious abnormal phenotype 19 wildtype as well as tmprss4 mice were infected with mouseadapted pr8m virus apuertorico834 h1n1 both wildtype and tmprss4 mice lost weight after infection with comparable kinetics and showed similar survival rates fig 2a analogous results were obtained after infection with two additional h1n1 virus variants pr8f and awsn33 data not shown and after infection with a multibasic mouseadapted h7n7 virus asealmassachusetts180 data not shown after infection with 2 10 3 ffu of mouseadapted h3n2 virus a hongkong0168 17 body weight loss and survival were not different between the...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...infected with mouseadapted pr8m virus apuertorico834 h1n1 both wildtype and tmprss4 mice lost weight after infection with comparable kinetics and showed similar survival rates fig 2a analogous results were obtained after infection with two additional h1n1 virus variants pr8f and awsn33 data not shown and after infection with a multibasic mouseadapted h7n7 virus asealmassachusetts180 data not shown after infection with 2 10 3 ffu of mouseadapted h3n2 virus a hongkong0168 17 body weight loss and survival were not different between the two mouse strains fig 2b also no statistically significant difference was observed after infection...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

... mice lost weight after infection with comparable kinetics and showed similar survival rates fig 2a analogous results were obtained after infection with two additional h1n1 virus variants pr8f and awsn33 data not shown and after infection with a multibasic mouseadapted h7n7 virus asealmassachusetts180 data not shown after infection with 2 10 3 ffu of mouseadapted h3n2 virus a hongkong0168 17 body weight loss and survival were not different between the two mouse strains fig 2b also no statistically significant difference was observed after infection with a lower dose 10 ffu of h3n2 virus fig 2c ...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...infection with a multibasic mouseadapted h7n7 virus asealmassachusetts180 data not shown after infection with 2 10 3 ffu of mouseadapted h3n2 virus a hongkong0168 17 body weight loss and survival were not different between the two mouse strains fig 2b also no statistically significant difference was observed after infection with a lower dose 10 ffu of h3n2 virus fig 2c measurement of viral loads in lungs of infected mice revealed equal viral loads in wildtype and tmprss4 knockout mice at days 2 3 and 4 pi fig 3 these results indicated that loss of tmprss4 in...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...mice were immunostained for tmprss2 red and tmprss4 blue magnification 40 tmprss2 and tmprss4 were coexpressed in round granular and roughly cuboidal cells in the alveolar region b and in bronchial epithelial cells c no crossreactivity of the antibodies was observed in appropriate knockout controls data not shown genesis after infection with h3n2 or h1n1 influenza virus in comparison to wildtype mice tmprss2 tmprss4 doubleknockout mice show reduced virus replication and are protected from severe pathogenesis after h3n2 virus infection both tmprss2 and tmprss4 are able to cleave h3 hemagglutinin in vitro and are expressed in influenza virus...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...cells c no crossreactivity of the antibodies was observed in appropriate knockout controls data not shown genesis after infection with h3n2 or h1n1 influenza virus in comparison to wildtype mice tmprss2 tmprss4 doubleknockout mice show reduced virus replication and are protected from severe pathogenesis after h3n2 virus infection both tmprss2 and tmprss4 are able to cleave h3 hemagglutinin in vitro and are expressed in influenza virus target cells therefore we generated tmprss2 tmprss4 doubleknockout mice and infected them with 2 10 3 ffu h3n2 virus indeed infected doublemutant mice showed a delayed and significantly reduced...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...2 10 3 ffu h3n2 virus indeed infected doublemutant mice showed a delayed and significantly reduced loss of body weight compared to wildtype mice or tmprss2 or tmprss4 singleknockout mice fig 4a furthermore viral loads were significantly lower in doubleknockout mice than in wildtype mice after infection with 2 10 3 ffu h3n2 virus at days 2 to 6 pi fig 4b in addition the relative weight of wildtype lungs increased considerably more from days 2 to 6 postinfection than that of knockout lungs fig 4c indicating less infiltration of immune cells and accumulation...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...in body weight loss and survival were observed between knockout and wildtype mice significances were calculated using the mannwhitney u test body weight loss and the log rank test survival relative number of granulocytes in peripheral blood increased to higher levels in wildtype mice than in doubleknockout mice after infection with h3n2 virus fig 4d which represents an indicator of severe influenza virus infection 28 however both wildtype and knockout mice showed similar degrees of lymphopenia during the first 2 days pi followed by an increase of lymphocytes in both knockout and wildtype mice fig 4d similar...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...calculated using the mannwhitney u test body weight loss and the log rank test survival relative number of granulocytes in peripheral blood increased to higher levels in wildtype mice than in doubleknockout mice after infection with h3n2 virus fig 4d which represents an indicator of severe influenza virus infection 28 however both wildtype and knockout mice showed similar degrees of lymphopenia during the first 2 days pi followed by an increase of lymphocytes in both knockout and wildtype mice fig 4d similar granulocytosis was observed in both strains on days 2 to 6 pi furthermore we measured...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...the first 2 days pi followed by an increase of lymphocytes in both knockout and wildtype mice fig 4d similar granulocytosis was observed in both strains on days 2 to 6 pi furthermore we measured the protein levels of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines in bal fluid three days after infection increases of the levels of 13 chemokines were observed in c57bl6 mice compared to mockinfected mice most importantly we observed significantly less expression of ip10 kc mcp1 mip1 rantes vegf and tnf in knockout mice than in wildtype mice fig 5 no detectable levels of il1 were observed in...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...that tmprss2 and tmprss4 mediate activation of h3n2 influenza a viruses by cleavage maturation of viral hemagglutinin progeny and that deletion of these host factors results in reduced viral replication spreading and pathogenesis tmprss4 doubleknockout mice exhibit milder lung pathology and reduced viral spread into alveolar regions after infection with h3n2 virus eightto 11weekold female mice were infected with 2 10 3 ffu of mouseadapted h3n2 influenza virus by intranasal application serial lung sections were stained on days 2 4 and 6 pi with antiinfluenza virus antibody and hematoxylin a to f or with hematoxylin and eosin g...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...the trypsinlike proteases prostasin hepsin tmprss3 tmprss6 tmprss9 tmprss10 tmprss11b and tmprss11f did not activate ha upon coexpression in mammalian cells 10 31 33 we showed previously that tmprss2 is required for h1 cleavage activation in vivo 13 tmprss2 mutant mice are completely protected from mortality after infection with several h1n1 and h7n9 viruses 13 14 32 in addition infection with 10 ffu of ahk0168 h3n2 virus which also carries a monobasic cleavage site in ha resulted in less body weight loss and lower mortality for tmprss2 mice than for wildtype mice however this difference was...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...not activate ha upon coexpression in mammalian cells 10 31 33 we showed previously that tmprss2 is required for h1 cleavage activation in vivo 13 tmprss2 mutant mice are completely protected from mortality after infection with several h1n1 and h7n9 viruses 13 14 32 in addition infection with 10 ffu of ahk0168 h3n2 virus which also carries a monobasic cleavage site in ha resulted in less body weight loss and lower mortality for tmprss2 mice than for wildtype mice however this difference was less pronounced after infection with an increased virus dose therefore we investigated whether...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...and h7n9 viruses 13 14 32 in addition infection with 10 ffu of ahk0168 h3n2 virus which also carries a monobasic cleavage site in ha resulted in less body weight loss and lower mortality for tmprss2 mice than for wildtype mice however this difference was less pronounced after infection with an increased virus dose therefore we investigated whether a further protease may be involved in cleavage activation of h3n2 viruses here we showed for the first time that h3 hemagglutinin can recruit different host proteases for cleavage activation in vivo deletion of tmprss4 alone in singleknockout mice did...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...can recruit different host proteases for cleavage activation in vivo deletion of tmprss4 alone in singleknockout mice did not have a measurable effect with respect to body weight loss survival or pathology however deletion of both tmprss2 and tmprss4 in doubleknockout mice significantly improved morbidity and survival after h3n2 virus infection nevertheless the mice still showed limited body weight loss indicating residual activity and spreading of viral particles wildtype mice exhibited a higher mortality than that of the doubleknockout mice and showed increased viral loads at days 2 and 4 pi in addition wildtype mice exhibited higher levels of chemokines...

Title: The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by
Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases
Authors: Kühn, Nora. Bergmann, Silke...
Journal: J Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 78
ID: 1bab633e4d3ab1ed30599369e8654c235256c5cd
Number of matches: 23

...mice data shown are means sem for 7 replicates from two independent experiments tigate the structures of both proteases and hemagglutinins to determine the molecular mechanisms of ha cleavage susceptibility and efficiency it should be noted that deletion of tmprss2 did not change the tropism of h3n2 virus infection in mice 13 this is consistent with the observation that both proteases are expressed in the same cell types thus after removal of tmprss2 alone tmprss4 is still able to activate the has of h3n2 viruses and vice versa survival rate was increased only after deletion of both proteases...

Title: Effectiveness of composting as a biosecure
disposal method for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
(PEDV)-infected pig carcasses
Authors: Vitosh-Sillman, Sarah. Loy, John Dustin...
Journal: Porcine Health Manag
Item: Infection
Index: 79
ID: 422cd9eb3c56e4f05ba9ced4ecbda48bdc043c16
Number of matches: 9

...nave suckling piglets [2] in may 2013 pedv was detected in outbreaks of porcine diarrhea in iowa united states and quickly spread to over half of the states in the us and subsequently to canada [3 4] prior to this outbreak cases of pedv infection had been limited to europe and asia [5] extensive investigation into how pedv arrived in the us and quickly disseminated throughout the swine industry has implicated pedvcontaminated feed or feed ingredients as the potential origin of virus introduction [6] [7] [8]...

Title: Effectiveness of composting as a biosecure
disposal method for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
(PEDV)-infected pig carcasses
Authors: Vitosh-Sillman, Sarah. Loy, John Dustin...
Journal: Porcine Health Manag
Item: Infection
Index: 79
ID: 422cd9eb3c56e4f05ba9ced4ecbda48bdc043c16
Number of matches: 9

...at 60 65 and 70c respectively despite the similar rapid decrease at day 1 the quantity of viral rna remaining at day 14 was significantly different among all of these high treatment temperatures all piglets exhibited clinical diarrhea by day 3 postinoculation on day 5 postinoculation which coincided with infection period termination and necropsy all piglets incorporated into the compost windrow sections displayed a diffusely dilated and thinwalled small intestine with fluidic intestinal content which was considered consistent with pedv infection microscopically there was evident atrophic enteritis all piglets were qrtpcr positive for pedv on fecal swab mean cq 2307...

Title: Effectiveness of composting as a biosecure
disposal method for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
(PEDV)-infected pig carcasses
Authors: Vitosh-Sillman, Sarah. Loy, John Dustin...
Journal: Porcine Health Manag
Item: Infection
Index: 79
ID: 422cd9eb3c56e4f05ba9ced4ecbda48bdc043c16
Number of matches: 9

...treatment temperatures all piglets exhibited clinical diarrhea by day 3 postinoculation on day 5 postinoculation which coincided with infection period termination and necropsy all piglets incorporated into the compost windrow sections displayed a diffusely dilated and thinwalled small intestine with fluidic intestinal content which was considered consistent with pedv infection microscopically there was evident atrophic enteritis all piglets were qrtpcr positive for pedv on fecal swab mean cq 2307 range 1993 to 3475 and were strongly positive by pedv immunohistochemistry in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph node despite prior testing of temperature loggers under prolonged high temperature and...

Title: Effectiveness of composting as a biosecure
disposal method for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
(PEDV)-infected pig carcasses
Authors: Vitosh-Sillman, Sarah. Loy, John Dustin...
Journal: Porcine Health Manag
Item: Infection
Index: 79
ID: 422cd9eb3c56e4f05ba9ced4ecbda48bdc043c16
Number of matches: 9

...essential media mem containing 10 fetal bovine serum fbs and 100 gml gentamicin twodayold confluent monolayers of vero cells in 150 cm 2 flasks were washed two times with mem containing 2 gml ltosylamido2phenyl ethyl chloromethyl ketone tpcktreated trypsin prior to inoculation monolayers were infected at approximately 001 multiplicity of infection moi of pedv usacolorado2013 genbank accession no kf272920 in mem containing 2 gml tpcktreated trypsin and incubated at 37c until maximum cytopathic effect cpe 48 to 96 h flasks were cycled through two brief freezethaw cycles and stored at 80c until further processing for purification frozen flasks were thawed and...

Title: Effectiveness of composting as a biosecure
disposal method for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
(PEDV)-infected pig carcasses
Authors: Vitosh-Sillman, Sarah. Loy, John Dustin...
Journal: Porcine Health Manag
Item: Infection
Index: 79
ID: 422cd9eb3c56e4f05ba9ced4ecbda48bdc043c16
Number of matches: 9

...virus stock and mem were mixed so that each piglet inoculum was a 5ml volume containing 1 x 10 6 tcid50 of pedv this inoculum was administered to piglets via syringe and gavage needle immediately following dilution fecal swabs were collected at 3 and 5 days postinfection to confirm infection via viral shedding rectal swabs eluted humane euthanasia and necropsy were performed on day 5 postinfection fresh and formalin fixed tissues were collected including two segments of jejunum one segment of ileum and mesenteric lymph node the remaining carcass was incorporated into the compost bin housed within the biosecure room...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...transmission of the chikv to any feeding mosquitos according to historical records chikv is likely to have been present since 1779 [10] however due to the similar clinical manifestations between chikv and dengue infections chikvinfected patients were likely to have been initially misdiagnosed as having dengue infection [10 11] chikv was first isolated and identified during an outbreak in tanzania in 1953 [4] thereafter many epidemics and outbreaks were documented in a number of african countries in 1958 with thousands of people being infected [12] soon after cases...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...11] chikv was first isolated and identified during an outbreak in tanzania in 1953 [4] thereafter many epidemics and outbreaks were documented in a number of african countries in 1958 with thousands of people being infected [12] soon after cases of chikv infection mushroomed in many southeast asian countries from the 1960s [13] between 2005 and 2006 a major unprecedented epidemic of chikv swept across many countries within the indian ocean territories where chikv was not endemic [13] motif uuuuuua found on the 6k gene resulting in...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...the cell plasma membrane where they bud out of the host cells simultaneously acquiring a portion of the host plasma membrane studded with mature envelope glycoproteins making up the envelope of the mature virion [53] it is also interesting to note that in the late phase of infection another type of cytopathic vacuole called cpvii can be observed in infected cells [95] [96] [97] in contrast to cpvi cpvii originate from the transglogi network [98 99] within these vacuoles the viral envelope glycoproteins e1 and e2 have been...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...factors that have been reported to aid in viral entry for instance prohibitin phb was identified to aid in the binding of chikv to chme5 microglial cells [124] wintachai and colleagues also suggested that the possibility of additional co factors that assist the chikv entry as poor infection was observed in u937 monocytic cells that also express phb [124] in a follow up study wintachai and colleagues showed that flavaglines prohibitin ligand was able to inhibit chikv entry by preventing the chikv and prohibitin from colocalising in hek293t17 cells [125 126] these...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...additional host factors like protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 ptpn2 fibrilforming collagen col1a2 and actin gamma 1 actg1 were also shown to interact with the e2 proteins in immunoprecipitation experiments [128] however further mechanistic studies are required to understand the role of these proteins during chikv infection jemielity and colleagues showed that overexpression of either human tcell immunoglobulin and mucindomain containing proteins 1 htim1 or axl receptor tyrosine kinase also known as ufo of the tam family of kinases promoted entry of chikv by at least 8fold in hek293t cells [129] their...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...as attachment factors that enhance chikv infectivity recent work has shown that only the two surfaceexposed domains domains a and b of chikv e2 are able to bind to cells [132] binding of the chikv with soluble gags was found to be able to inhibit chikv infection by up to 90 [132] in addition only domain a was able to bind to cellsurface glycosaminoglycans gagsdeficient cells while domain b was found to interact exclusively with cells expressing gags on their cell surface [132] these results suggest that chikv could employ more...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

... moreover in a recent study by hoornweg and colleagues this mutation reinforced the cholesteroldependent membrane fusion of the chikv with the host endosomal membranes [66] in another recent paper another two epistatic mutations e1k211e together with e2v264a were also found to notably enhance transmission 62 fold infection 13 fold and dissemination 15 fold in aedes aegypti mosquitos [141] however the exact mechanisms and possible interacting host factors that may facilitate the enhanced fitness of the virus are still unknown in an attempt to uncover host proteins that interact with e1 dudha and colleagues...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...from rna substrates [161] the last known enzymatic function is the protease activity of the nsp2 which is responsible for processing of the nsp polyprotein [162 163] apart from these enzymatic functions the nsp2 has been long known to enter the host nucleus during infection albeit with the absence of any putative nuclear localization signals [147 164] although the exact mechanism is still unknown the localization of nsp2 is essential in inhibiting the host antiviral responses [165] [166] [167] one interesting observation reported by fros...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...exact mechanism is still unknown the localization of nsp2 is essential in inhibiting the host antiviral responses [165] [166] [167] one interesting observation reported by fros and colleagues is that chikv nsp2 can be detected in the nuclear region at 4 h post infection hpi before translocating to the cytoplasm at a later time point of 12 hpi [168] one way that the chikv nsp2 is able to induce the shutdown of host transcription is by mediating the degradation of a catalytic subunit of the rna polymerase ii rpb1 [169...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...g3bp1 and its homolog g3bp2 the g3bps are found in stress granules which are believed to have antiviral properties for instance stress granules are involved in the inhibition of rna translation [147] by sequestering the g3bps the nsp3 is able to prevent stress granules from forming during infection [189] [190] [191] however the depletion of the g3bps was found to be unfavorable for chikv replication [192] [193] [194] the proposed proviral activity of the g3bps includes aiding the switch from the translation of nonstructural...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...199] however the mechanism of the interaction remains to be discovered in another study rathore and colleagues showed that overexpression of the chikv nsp4 was able to suppress the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor alpha subunit eif2 which in turn antagonizes the host unfolded protein response during infection [202] on the other hand during sinv infection rapid phosphorylation of eif2 was observed instead however the mechanism behind this interaction remains unexplored an indepth review on the nsp4 functions and interactions was also recently published by pietila and colleagues [203] in concert...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...be discovered in another study rathore and colleagues showed that overexpression of the chikv nsp4 was able to suppress the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor alpha subunit eif2 which in turn antagonizes the host unfolded protein response during infection [202] on the other hand during sinv infection rapid phosphorylation of eif2 was observed instead however the mechanism behind this interaction remains unexplored an indepth review on the nsp4 functions and interactions was also recently published by pietila and colleagues [203] in concert with the above efforts a number of host factors have been...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...significant decrease in total infectious viral titer however the exact mechanism remains to be solved treffers and colleagues employed the use of stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture silac coupled with liquid chromatographymass spectrometry lcms to uncover the temporal dynamics of the cellular response during chikv infection [205] they were able to pick up 13 38 and 106 proteins that were differentially expressed at 8 10 and 12 hpi respectively moreover majority of the proteins detected were the subunits of rna polymerase ii and they were found to be progressively degraded [205]...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...205] this is in line with the observation that cellular transcriptional shut off occurs during chikv the authors also reported four antiviral factors rho family gtpase 3 rnd3 dead box helicase 56 ddx56 pololike kinase 1 plk1 and ubiquitinconjugating enzyme e2c ubch10 which were down regulated during chikv infection [205] however the exact mechanisms remain to be discovered a very extensive human whole genome sirna mediated lossoffunction screen was recently performed in a bid to identify effective therapeutics against chikv [206] karlas and colleagues were able to capture 156 proviral and 41...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...in both in vivo and in vitro studies [206] however the exact mechanism and role played by these host pathways in chikv replication warrants further work nonetheless the work by karlas and team showed the importance and relevance of understanding the interplay of host factors during viral infection as well as the significant translational value that can be gained from performing basic research on the importance of host factors during chikv infection even though a large number of host factors have been identified through these studies table 1 the mechanistic details of the interplay of the...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...chikv replication warrants further work nonetheless the work by karlas and team showed the importance and relevance of understanding the interplay of host factors during viral infection as well as the significant translational value that can be gained from performing basic research on the importance of host factors during chikv infection even though a large number of host factors have been identified through these studies table 1 the mechanistic details of the interplay of the host factors during chikv infection are still lacking the advantages of targeting host factors are plenty as opposed to targeting just viral proteins for...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...significant translational value that can be gained from performing basic research on the importance of host factors during chikv infection even though a large number of host factors have been identified through these studies table 1 the mechanistic details of the interplay of the host factors during chikv infection are still lacking the advantages of targeting host factors are plenty as opposed to targeting just viral proteins for instance targeting host factors may allow inhibition of a broadspectrum of viruses that share same host factors table 1 moreover those drugs could also be tested for synergistic effects with...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...in its transmission [128219] part of cellular trafficking machinery postulated to be involved in transportation of viral structural proteins in host cell the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 hiv1 protease was found to cleave actin actg1 possible attachmententry factor allows binding and infection of hepatitis b virus attachment factor for respiratory syncytial virus rsv coronavirus nl63 covnl63 and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus sarscov [132 [221] [222] [223] [224] [225] htim1 htim1 involved in regulation of both innate and adaptive immune...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...a proposed scaffold protein that is involved in diverse physiological processes able to regulate the ubiquitination and degradation of specific cellular proteins including nfb subunit p65 postulated to be involved in transport of viral structural proteins in host cell andor involved in regulating host immune response enhances latent infection of hiv1 by stabilizing ib the inhibitor of nfb and attenuating innate immune response [128232233] adhesive glycoprotein that binds heparin plays a role in dentinogenesis via its antiangiogenic properties also suggested to play a role in er stress response mechanism unknown induced by hepatitis...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...integral part of cellular transport machinery across cells including neuronal cells plays a role in mitotic spindle and metaphase plate assembly postulated to be involved in transport of viral structural proteins in host cell and implicated in neurological manifestations of chikv aids in uncoating of hiv1 nucleocapsids during infection proposed to be involved in the transport of influenza virus x31 human foamy virus hfv hiv1 reverse transcription complexes rtc herpes simplex virus type 1 and mokola virus [128 235 236] atp1b3 atp1b3 part of the sodiumpotassiumtransporting atpase that maintains electrochemical gradient and is important for osmoregulation...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...recruits and degrades intracellular pathogens and is able to inhibit proliferations of pathogens like salmonella seems to be able to recruit chikv nsp2 and lc3c to the transgolgi network that contains doublestranded rna and other nsps this is postulated to allow formation of the replication complexes thereby promoting viral infection proposed to modulate innate immune response upon interacting with influenza virus protein pb1f2 regulates cell cycle and is directly involved in cellular proliferation quiescence and cancer drives the internalization of the replication complex essential for survival of host and virus hepatitis c virus vaccinia and cowpox virus...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...to bind to both g3bp1 and g3bp2 and inhibit their antiviral activities [192 265 266] sk2 a lipid kinase that phosphorylates sphingosine to form sphingosine 1phosphate spp involved in cell differentiation growth and host immunity colocalizes with chikv rna and nsps knockdown of sk2 inhibits chikv infection not reported [197] hsp90 a cytoplasmic isoform of hsp90s molecular chaperons that is constitutively expressed they are able to modulate different cellular processes eg refold proteins to maintain cellular homeostasis mechanism unclear proposed to have an ancillary role in chikv replication on a side note...

Title: The Interplay of Viral and Host Factors in
Chikungunya Virus Infection: Targets for Antiviral
Strategies
Authors: Wong, Kai Zhi. Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 80
ID: 756448c2d7dda1e89c0ea4acf6ccd5e2ee02517e
Number of matches: 23

...a cytoplasmic isoform of hsp90s molecular chaperons that is constitutively expressed they are able to modulate different cellular processes eg refold proteins to maintain cellular homeostasis mechanism unclear proposed to have an ancillary role in chikv replication on a side note hsp90 is proposed to stabilize chikv nsp2 during infection proposed to be the binding receptor for japanese encephalitis virus jev proposed to facilitate assembly of enterovirus 71 viral particles hepatitis b virus polymerase interacts with hsp90 to suppress nfkb signaling [199 [267] [268] [269] [270] nsp4 lcp1 lymphocyte cytosolic...

Title: MERS Coronavirus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus
Authors: Li, Fang. Du, Lanying
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 81
ID: cfd0dbf05b77b0d303aaa222ae0f4e8d77d6f61b
Number of matches: 8

......

Title: MERS Coronavirus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus
Authors: Li, Fang. Du, Lanying
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 81
ID: cfd0dbf05b77b0d303aaa222ae0f4e8d77d6f61b
Number of matches: 8

...mouse model through inserting hdpp4 gene into a constitutive and ubiquitous gene expression locus using crisprcas9 technology this mouse model is susceptible to merscov infection [31] these articles have established platforms for testing vaccines and therapeutic agents targeting merscov effective vaccines are essential for preventing merscov infection the merscov surface spike s protein is a key target for vaccine design [14] the s protein comprises two subunits the s1 subunit is responsible for binding to the dpp4 receptor via a receptorbinding domain rbd and the s2 subunit mediates virushost membrane fusion [32]...

Title: MERS Coronavirus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus
Authors: Li, Fang. Du, Lanying
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 81
ID: cfd0dbf05b77b0d303aaa222ae0f4e8d77d6f61b
Number of matches: 8

...current advances in rbdbased merscov vaccines [37] a research paper by adney and colleagues evaluates the efficacy of a merscov s1 subunit vaccine aided by adjuvants the authors report reduced and delayed viral shedding in dromedary camels as well as the complete protection of alpacas from merscov infection [38] this and other studies demonstrate that the protective efficacy of mers vaccines positively correlates with neutralizing antibody titers in serum [38 39] in addition to inducing neutralizing antibodies some types of vaccines can induce cellular immune responses against merscov other than the s...

Title: MERS Coronavirus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus
Authors: Li, Fang. Du, Lanying
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 81
ID: cfd0dbf05b77b0d303aaa222ae0f4e8d77d6f61b
Number of matches: 8

...through a modified vaccinia virus induces cd8 t cell responses in a mouse model they further identify a merscov n proteinspecific cd8 t cell epitope on the vaccine [40] overall these reports demonstrate that a variety of promising vaccine tools are available to prevent merscov infection in humans and other animals therapeutics are critical tools for treating merscov infection again the merscov s protein is an important target for therapeutic development [16] merscov s2 contains two heptad repeat regions hr1 and hr2 that are critical for s proteinmediated membrane fusion [34...

Title: MERS Coronavirus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus
Authors: Li, Fang. Du, Lanying
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 81
ID: cfd0dbf05b77b0d303aaa222ae0f4e8d77d6f61b
Number of matches: 8

...model they further identify a merscov n proteinspecific cd8 t cell epitope on the vaccine [40] overall these reports demonstrate that a variety of promising vaccine tools are available to prevent merscov infection in humans and other animals therapeutics are critical tools for treating merscov infection again the merscov s protein is an important target for therapeutic development [16] merscov s2 contains two heptad repeat regions hr1 and hr2 that are critical for s proteinmediated membrane fusion [34] hence peptides mimicking hr1 or hr2 may interfere with the viral membranefusion...

Title: MERS Coronavirus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus
Authors: Li, Fang. Du, Lanying
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 81
ID: cfd0dbf05b77b0d303aaa222ae0f4e8d77d6f61b
Number of matches: 8

...that target merscov rbd and further demonstrate the strong stability and high neutralizing activity of these nbs against multiple merscov strains [42] in another research article xia and colleagues report that three peptides mimicking hr2 from hku4 which is a mersrelated coronavirus from bats strongly inhibit merscov infection [45] interestingly wang and colleagues report that the combination of a merscov hr2 peptide mimic and an rbdtargeting neutralizing mab demonstrate potent synergistic effects in inhibiting merscov s proteinmediated viral entry [46] in another research article jiang and colleagues report that an antibody targeting...

Title: MERS Coronavirus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus
Authors: Li, Fang. Du, Lanying
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 81
ID: cfd0dbf05b77b0d303aaa222ae0f4e8d77d6f61b
Number of matches: 8

...wang and colleagues report that the combination of a merscov hr2 peptide mimic and an rbdtargeting neutralizing mab demonstrate potent synergistic effects in inhibiting merscov s proteinmediated viral entry [46] in another research article jiang and colleagues report that an antibody targeting complement receptor c5ar1 inhibits merscov infection indicating that merscov infection elicits the overactivation of the complement system and this process can be blocked by antic5ar1 antibodies [47] moreover liang and colleagues review advances in the development of smallmolecular merscov inhibitors [48] overall these articles confirm that antimerscov therapeutics have great...

Title: MERS Coronavirus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus
Authors: Li, Fang. Du, Lanying
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 81
ID: cfd0dbf05b77b0d303aaa222ae0f4e8d77d6f61b
Number of matches: 8

...that the combination of a merscov hr2 peptide mimic and an rbdtargeting neutralizing mab demonstrate potent synergistic effects in inhibiting merscov s proteinmediated viral entry [46] in another research article jiang and colleagues report that an antibody targeting complement receptor c5ar1 inhibits merscov infection indicating that merscov infection elicits the overactivation of the complement system and this process can be blocked by antic5ar1 antibodies [47] moreover liang and colleagues review advances in the development of smallmolecular merscov inhibitors [48] overall these articles confirm that antimerscov therapeutics have great potentials in treating merscov...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

......

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...and peaked at 30 min pi in kshv infected bjab fig 1a and hmvecd cells fig 1b uninfected bjab and hmvecd cells did not express mir36 fig 1ab expression of known mirnas hsalet7c and hsamir31305p were not significantly altered when compared to mir36 during early stages of kshv infection of cells fig 1ab treatment of cells with 10 unitsml of heparinase iiii for 2 h at 37 c prior to kshv infection of cells resulted in a significant drop in the expression of mir36 in bjab fig 1c and hmvecd cells fig 1d also infection of both...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...not express mir36 fig 1ab expression of known mirnas hsalet7c and hsamir31305p were not significantly altered when compared to mir36 during early stages of kshv infection of cells fig 1ab treatment of cells with 10 unitsml of heparinase iiii for 2 h at 37 c prior to kshv infection of cells resulted in a significant drop in the expression of mir36 in bjab fig 1c and hmvecd cells fig 1d also infection of both bjab and hmvecd cells with uvkshv could induce the expression of mir36 to comparable levels as the wildtype kshv fig 1cd these results...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...of kshv infection of cells fig 1ab treatment of cells with 10 unitsml of heparinase iiii for 2 h at 37 c prior to kshv infection of cells resulted in a significant drop in the expression of mir36 in bjab fig 1c and hmvecd cells fig 1d also infection of both bjab and hmvecd cells with uvkshv could induce the expression of mir36 to comparable levels as the wildtype kshv fig 1cd these results demonstrate kshv to induce host cell mir36 very early upon infection key features of the novel mir36 including the secondary structure are provided in...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...of mir36 in bjab fig 1c and hmvecd cells fig 1d also infection of both bjab and hmvecd cells with uvkshv could induce the expression of mir36 to comparable levels as the wildtype kshv fig 1cd these results demonstrate kshv to induce host cell mir36 very early upon infection key features of the novel mir36 including the secondary structure are provided in table 1 and supplemental fig 1 respectively to evaluate the biological effects of mir36 in target cells we analyzed the effects of mir36 mimic and inhibitor on kshv infection the range of doses tested in...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...host cell mir36 very early upon infection key features of the novel mir36 including the secondary structure are provided in table 1 and supplemental fig 1 respectively to evaluate the biological effects of mir36 in target cells we analyzed the effects of mir36 mimic and inhibitor on kshv infection the range of doses tested in this study is comparable to those reported in the earlier studies [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] the doses of the mimic in panels c and d student t test was performed to...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...study is comparable to those reported in the earlier studies [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] the doses of the mimic in panels c and d student t test was performed to study the effect of hs and compare infection of cells with kshv versus uvkshv on mir36 expression at 5 10 15 and 30 min pi twotailed p value of 005 or less was considered statistically significant p 005 p001 p 0001 nsnot significant and inhibitor used in the study did not significantly induce cell death in...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...statistically significant p 005 p001 p 0001 nsnot significant and inhibitor used in the study did not significantly induce cell death in bjab and hmvecd cells fig 2ab transfection of bjab fig 2c and hmvecd fig 2d cells with mir36 mimic significantly reduced kshv infection of cells as monitored by the expression of orf50 gene as early as 30 min pi kshv entry is a quick process and the ie gene orf50 is expressed immediately upon infection 26 kshv infection was not significantly altered in bjab fig 2c and hmvecd fig 2d...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...transfection of bjab fig 2c and hmvecd fig 2d cells with mir36 mimic significantly reduced kshv infection of cells as monitored by the expression of orf50 gene as early as 30 min pi kshv entry is a quick process and the ie gene orf50 is expressed immediately upon infection 26 kshv infection was not significantly altered in bjab fig 2c and hmvecd fig 2d cells that were either transfected with scrambled mirna control mirnc or mock transfected interestingly the effect of mir36 mimic on kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells could be significantly reversed...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...2c and hmvecd fig 2d cells with mir36 mimic significantly reduced kshv infection of cells as monitored by the expression of orf50 gene as early as 30 min pi kshv entry is a quick process and the ie gene orf50 is expressed immediately upon infection 26 kshv infection was not significantly altered in bjab fig 2c and hmvecd fig 2d cells that were either transfected with scrambled mirna control mirnc or mock transfected interestingly the effect of mir36 mimic on kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells could be significantly reversed by cotransfecting cells with...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...and the ie gene orf50 is expressed immediately upon infection 26 kshv infection was not significantly altered in bjab fig 2c and hmvecd fig 2d cells that were either transfected with scrambled mirna control mirnc or mock transfected interestingly the effect of mir36 mimic on kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells could be significantly reversed by cotransfecting cells with 10 nm of mir36 inhibitor fig 2e cotransfection of cells with mirns did not alter the effects of mir36 mimic fig 2e to ascertain that the effect of mir36 mimic was at a postbinding stage...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...bjab and hmvecd cells could be significantly reversed by cotransfecting cells with 10 nm of mir36 inhibitor fig 2e cotransfection of cells with mirns did not alter the effects of mir36 mimic fig 2e to ascertain that the effect of mir36 mimic was at a postbinding stage of infection we performed a binding assay the binding assay performed on bjab and hmvecd cells demonstrated that mir36 mimic and the mir36 inhibitor did not block kshv from binding the target cells fig 2f incubating kshv with heparin but not csa significantly blocked kshv from binding cells fig 2f ...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...performed on bjab and hmvecd cells demonstrated that mir36 mimic and the mir36 inhibitor did not block kshv from binding the target cells fig 2f incubating kshv with heparin but not csa significantly blocked kshv from binding cells fig 2f our results clearly implicate mir36 to inhibit kshv infection of cells to extend our understanding of the role of mir36 on other related viruses we tested the effect of mir36 mimic and the mir36 inhibitor on ebv and hsv2 infection of bjab cells interestingly mir36 mimic could significantly block ebv and hsv2 infection of bjab cells and this inhibition...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...not csa significantly blocked kshv from binding cells fig 2f our results clearly implicate mir36 to inhibit kshv infection of cells to extend our understanding of the role of mir36 on other related viruses we tested the effect of mir36 mimic and the mir36 inhibitor on ebv and hsv2 infection of bjab cells interestingly mir36 mimic could significantly block ebv and hsv2 infection of bjab cells and this inhibition could be specifically reversed by the mirinhibitor fig 3 mir36 targets ifitm1 by using the diana and mirmap tool algorithms we identified a putative mir36 binding site located in the...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...clearly implicate mir36 to inhibit kshv infection of cells to extend our understanding of the role of mir36 on other related viruses we tested the effect of mir36 mimic and the mir36 inhibitor on ebv and hsv2 infection of bjab cells interestingly mir36 mimic could significantly block ebv and hsv2 infection of bjab cells and this inhibition could be specifically reversed by the mirinhibitor fig 3 mir36 targets ifitm1 by using the diana and mirmap tool algorithms we identified a putative mir36 binding site located in the 3utr of ifitm1 mrna supplemental fig 2 to confirm the ability of...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...algorithms we identified a putative mir36 binding site located in the 3utr of ifitm1 mrna supplemental fig 2 to confirm the ability of mir36 to specifically inhibit ifitm1 expression we monitored the expression of ifitm1 in target cells that were untransfected transfected with mir36 mimic or mirnc prior to infection transfection of bjab and hmvecd cells with mir36 mimic significantly lowered the expression of ifitm1 at 15 min pi compared to untransfected cells and cells transfected with mirnc fig 4a transfection of cells with mir36 mimic could specifically inhibit ifitm1 expression from 5 min till 48 h pi data...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...to the cells that were transfected with mirnc fig 4b in contrast transfection of cells with mirinihibitor reversed the ability of mir36 mimic from lowering the luciferase activity fig 4b there was an inverse correlation observed in the expression of mir36 and ifitm1 during the course of kshv infection of bjab fig 4c and hmvecd fig 4d cells these results suggest that mir36 directly targets ifitm1 and thereby downregulates its expression was significantly elevated with kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells fig 5a the expression of ifitm1 increased in kshv infected cells as early...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

... there was an inverse correlation observed in the expression of mir36 and ifitm1 during the course of kshv infection of bjab fig 4c and hmvecd fig 4d cells these results suggest that mir36 directly targets ifitm1 and thereby downregulates its expression was significantly elevated with kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells fig 5a the expression of ifitm1 increased in kshv infected cells as early as 5 min pi which was elevated by 15 min and 10 min pi in bjab and hmvecd cells respectively but declined sharply by 30 min pi fig 5a to...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

... the expression of ifitm1 increased in kshv infected cells as early as 5 min pi which was elevated by 15 min and 10 min pi in bjab and hmvecd cells respectively but declined sharply by 30 min pi fig 5a to confirm a role for ifitm1 in kshv infection of target cells we transiently transfected bjab and hmvecd cells with pqcxipifitm1 and the expression of ifitm1 was confirmed by flow cytometry fig 5b kshv infection of the above ifitm1 expressing bjab and hmvecd cells was a measure of the expression of orf50 at 30 min pi the idea...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...bjab and hmvecd cells respectively but declined sharply by 30 min pi fig 5a to confirm a role for ifitm1 in kshv infection of target cells we transiently transfected bjab and hmvecd cells with pqcxipifitm1 and the expression of ifitm1 was confirmed by flow cytometry fig 5b kshv infection of the above ifitm1 expressing bjab and hmvecd cells was a measure of the expression of orf50 at 30 min pi the idea was to strictly understand the effects of ifitm1 expression on early stages of kshv infection bjab fig 5c and hmvecd fig 5d cells expressing...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...expression of ifitm1 was confirmed by flow cytometry fig 5b kshv infection of the above ifitm1 expressing bjab and hmvecd cells was a measure of the expression of orf50 at 30 min pi the idea was to strictly understand the effects of ifitm1 expression on early stages of kshv infection bjab fig 5c and hmvecd fig 5d cells expressing ifitm1 supported a significantly enhanced kshv infection compared to those cells that were left untransfected mock transfected or transfected with the empty vector surprisingly ifitm1 expression also enhanced hsv2 and ebv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells fig...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...and hmvecd cells was a measure of the expression of orf50 at 30 min pi the idea was to strictly understand the effects of ifitm1 expression on early stages of kshv infection bjab fig 5c and hmvecd fig 5d cells expressing ifitm1 supported a significantly enhanced kshv infection compared to those cells that were left untransfected mock transfected or transfected with the empty vector surprisingly ifitm1 expression also enhanced hsv2 and ebv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells fig 5cd interestingly cotransfection of the above cells with mir36 mimic could significantly drop kshv infection of cells compared...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...expression on early stages of kshv infection bjab fig 5c and hmvecd fig 5d cells expressing ifitm1 supported a significantly enhanced kshv infection compared to those cells that were left untransfected mock transfected or transfected with the empty vector surprisingly ifitm1 expression also enhanced hsv2 and ebv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells fig 5cd interestingly cotransfection of the above cells with mir36 mimic could significantly drop kshv infection of cells compared to mirnc fig 5cd to further confirm the role of ifitm1 in kshv infection of cells we first transfected cells with sirna specific for...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...significantly enhanced kshv infection compared to those cells that were left untransfected mock transfected or transfected with the empty vector surprisingly ifitm1 expression also enhanced hsv2 and ebv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells fig 5cd interestingly cotransfection of the above cells with mir36 mimic could significantly drop kshv infection of cells compared to mirnc fig 5cd to further confirm the role of ifitm1 in kshv infection of cells we first transfected cells with sirna specific for ifitm1 northern blotting was performed at 0 12 24 and 48 hours after transfection as per the standard protocols to monitor ifitm1...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...empty vector surprisingly ifitm1 expression also enhanced hsv2 and ebv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells fig 5cd interestingly cotransfection of the above cells with mir36 mimic could significantly drop kshv infection of cells compared to mirnc fig 5cd to further confirm the role of ifitm1 in kshv infection of cells we first transfected cells with sirna specific for ifitm1 northern blotting was performed at 0 12 24 and 48 hours after transfection as per the standard protocols to monitor ifitm1 mrna expression fig 6a the levels of ifitm1 mrna was significantly suppressed in bjab and hmvecd cells...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...hours respectively after sirna transfection ifitm1 expression levels were not significantly altered by the nssirna controls in both the cells tested demonstrating the specificity of the sirna used fig 6a ifitm1 expression in target cells transfected with sirna specific to ifitm1 was significantly lowered at 15 min post kshv infection fig 6b in contrast kshv induced ifitm1 expression in untransfected or cells transfected with nssirna were not altered fig 6b on the same lines kshv infection in cells silenced for the expression of ifitm1 was significantly lower compared to cells that were untransfected or transfected with nssirna fig...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...fig 6a ifitm1 expression in target cells transfected with sirna specific to ifitm1 was significantly lowered at 15 min post kshv infection fig 6b in contrast kshv induced ifitm1 expression in untransfected or cells transfected with nssirna were not altered fig 6b on the same lines kshv infection in cells silenced for the expression of ifitm1 was significantly lower compared to cells that were untransfected or transfected with nssirna fig 6c silencing the expression of ifitm1 also decreased ebv and hsv2 infection of the above cells fig 6c the above viral infections were monitored by performing...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...cells transfected with nssirna were not altered fig 6b on the same lines kshv infection in cells silenced for the expression of ifitm1 was significantly lower compared to cells that were untransfected or transfected with nssirna fig 6c silencing the expression of ifitm1 also decreased ebv and hsv2 infection of the above cells fig 6c the above viral infections were monitored by performing qrtpcr taken together the results clearly implicate a role for ifitm1 in enhancing kshv ebv and hsv2 infection of cells since mirnas discovery over 20 years ago mirnas have been established as key players...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...or transfected with nssirna fig 6c silencing the expression of ifitm1 also decreased ebv and hsv2 infection of the above cells fig 6c the above viral infections were monitored by performing qrtpcr taken together the results clearly implicate a role for ifitm1 in enhancing kshv ebv and hsv2 infection of cells since mirnas discovery over 20 years ago mirnas have been established as key players in the molecular mechanisms of mammalian biology including the maintenance of normal homeostasis and the regulation of disease pathogenesis host mirnas also play a crucial role in mounting an immune response against microbial...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...the viral genome or indirectly by targeting host factors related to replication 28 there are several published works that describe virus and cellular encoded mirnas in kshv pathogenesis 10 18 however to date there is no report on the role of cellular mirnas during early stages of kshv infection recent studies from our laboratory using a combination of deep sequencing and qrtpcr identified cellular mir36 to activate as early as 15 min pi 20 in the current studies we employed physiologically relevant human b cells bjab and endothelial cells hmvecd to make the study more meaningful to kshv...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...as 15 min pi 20 in the current studies we employed physiologically relevant human b cells bjab and endothelial cells hmvecd to make the study more meaningful to kshv biology accordingly using specific primers we analyzed the expression profile of cellular mir36 during the first 30 min of kshv infection of cells a successful viral entry was a measure of kshv to enter cells and express immediate early gene orf50 the expression of orf50 was monitored by qrtpcr 26 29 kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells rapidly triggered the expression of mir36 as early as 5 min pi...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...specific primers we analyzed the expression profile of cellular mir36 during the first 30 min of kshv infection of cells a successful viral entry was a measure of kshv to enter cells and express immediate early gene orf50 the expression of orf50 was monitored by qrtpcr 26 29 kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells rapidly triggered the expression of mir36 as early as 5 min pi that peaked at 30 min pi fig 1 expression of mir36 in kshv infected bjab is higher than those in hmvec cells this could be attributed to the inherited variations observed between...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...as early as 5 min pi that peaked at 30 min pi fig 1 expression of mir36 in kshv infected bjab is higher than those in hmvec cells this could be attributed to the inherited variations observed between different cells in the manner by which they respond to virus infection 30 moreover the expression level of mirnas has been shown to vary among tissues cell types and even between cells of the same lineage 31 32 cellular mir36 is triggered by uvkshv infection of cells while treating target cells with heparinase iiii prior to infecting cells with the...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...inherited variations observed between different cells in the manner by which they respond to virus infection 30 moreover the expression level of mirnas has been shown to vary among tissues cell types and even between cells of the same lineage 31 32 cellular mir36 is triggered by uvkshv infection of cells while treating target cells with heparinase iiii prior to infecting cells with the wildtype kshv failed to induce expression of mir36 treatment of cells with heparinase iiii cleave heparan sulfate hs at different sites and liberate them from the cell surface 33 kshv binds to a target...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...on the cell surface 34 taken together our results indicate the following i it is the interactions between the virus envelope proteins and the host cells that trigger mir36 response and ii binding of kshv to cells is critical to mir36 expression in cells mir36 mimic specifically inhibited kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells fig 2cd transfection of cells with mir36 inhibitor reversed the effects of mir36 mimic on kshv infection of cells fig 2e the effects of mir36 mimic and inhibitor was specific as the scramble negative control mirnc and nonspecific inhibitor mirns did not significantly...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...and the host cells that trigger mir36 response and ii binding of kshv to cells is critical to mir36 expression in cells mir36 mimic specifically inhibited kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells fig 2cd transfection of cells with mir36 inhibitor reversed the effects of mir36 mimic on kshv infection of cells fig 2e the effects of mir36 mimic and inhibitor was specific as the scramble negative control mirnc and nonspecific inhibitor mirns did not significantly alter kshv infection of cells fig 2cde it was concluded that the effects of mir36 mimic and inhibitor on kshv infection was...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...and hmvecd cells fig 2cd transfection of cells with mir36 inhibitor reversed the effects of mir36 mimic on kshv infection of cells fig 2e the effects of mir36 mimic and inhibitor was specific as the scramble negative control mirnc and nonspecific inhibitor mirns did not significantly alter kshv infection of cells fig 2cde it was concluded that the effects of mir36 mimic and inhibitor on kshv infection was at a post attachment stage of internalization as they did not adversely affect virus binding to cells fig 2f in this study we originally wanted to use two relevant...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...kshv infection of cells fig 2e the effects of mir36 mimic and inhibitor was specific as the scramble negative control mirnc and nonspecific inhibitor mirns did not significantly alter kshv infection of cells fig 2cde it was concluded that the effects of mir36 mimic and inhibitor on kshv infection was at a post attachment stage of internalization as they did not adversely affect virus binding to cells fig 2f in this study we originally wanted to use two relevant viruses as negative controls to better understand the specificity of mir36 on kshv infection of cells ebv and hsv2...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...mimic and inhibitor on kshv infection was at a post attachment stage of internalization as they did not adversely affect virus binding to cells fig 2f in this study we originally wanted to use two relevant viruses as negative controls to better understand the specificity of mir36 on kshv infection of cells ebv and hsv2 were selected as controls ebv like kshv belongs to herpesvirinae while hsv2 belongs to herpesvirinae interestingly we observed a similar effect of mir36 mimic and inhibitor on ebv and hsv2 infection of cells fig 2f this could be due to the fact that ...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...relevant viruses as negative controls to better understand the specificity of mir36 on kshv infection of cells ebv and hsv2 were selected as controls ebv like kshv belongs to herpesvirinae while hsv2 belongs to herpesvirinae interestingly we observed a similar effect of mir36 mimic and inhibitor on ebv and hsv2 infection of cells fig 2f this could be due to the fact that and herpesviruses exhibit and share a common threedimensional capsid structure along with the fact that there is quite a bit of homology in the glycoproteins being expressed on the viral envelope 35 one mirna may...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...as highly inducible genes by and interferons ifns 37 38 the three members of the ifitm proteins ifitm1 ifitm2 and ifitm3 have gained prominence as novel antiviral ifnstimulated genes isgs 39 hence we set out to test the effect of transfecting target cells with ifitm13 genes on kshv infection of target cells overexpressing ifitm1 significantly enhanced kshv infection of cells ifitm3 moderately enhanced kshv infection while ifitm2 did not alter the viral infection supplemental fig 7 based on these results we focused our further studies on ifitm1 in terms of mir36 and early stages of kshv infection using...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...38 the three members of the ifitm proteins ifitm1 ifitm2 and ifitm3 have gained prominence as novel antiviral ifnstimulated genes isgs 39 hence we set out to test the effect of transfecting target cells with ifitm13 genes on kshv infection of target cells overexpressing ifitm1 significantly enhanced kshv infection of cells ifitm3 moderately enhanced kshv infection while ifitm2 did not alter the viral infection supplemental fig 7 based on these results we focused our further studies on ifitm1 in terms of mir36 and early stages of kshv infection using bioinformatic tools it was determined that the mir36 target...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...ifitm proteins ifitm1 ifitm2 and ifitm3 have gained prominence as novel antiviral ifnstimulated genes isgs 39 hence we set out to test the effect of transfecting target cells with ifitm13 genes on kshv infection of target cells overexpressing ifitm1 significantly enhanced kshv infection of cells ifitm3 moderately enhanced kshv infection while ifitm2 did not alter the viral infection supplemental fig 7 based on these results we focused our further studies on ifitm1 in terms of mir36 and early stages of kshv infection using bioinformatic tools it was determined that the mir36 target ifitm1 expression luciferase assay demonstrated the ability...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...prominence as novel antiviral ifnstimulated genes isgs 39 hence we set out to test the effect of transfecting target cells with ifitm13 genes on kshv infection of target cells overexpressing ifitm1 significantly enhanced kshv infection of cells ifitm3 moderately enhanced kshv infection while ifitm2 did not alter the viral infection supplemental fig 7 based on these results we focused our further studies on ifitm1 in terms of mir36 and early stages of kshv infection using bioinformatic tools it was determined that the mir36 target ifitm1 expression luciferase assay demonstrated the ability of mir36 to physically interact with ifitm1 fig...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...kshv infection of target cells overexpressing ifitm1 significantly enhanced kshv infection of cells ifitm3 moderately enhanced kshv infection while ifitm2 did not alter the viral infection supplemental fig 7 based on these results we focused our further studies on ifitm1 in terms of mir36 and early stages of kshv infection using bioinformatic tools it was determined that the mir36 target ifitm1 expression luciferase assay demonstrated the ability of mir36 to physically interact with ifitm1 fig 4b mir36 mimic specifically inhibited ifitm1 expression that could be reverted by transfecting cells with mir36 inhibitor fig 4b there was an apparent...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...responses cell proliferation cell adhesion and germ cell maturation 41 as other ifitm proteins ifitm1 is significantly upregulated by interferons type i and ii and is critical for antivirus 48 in general the ifitm family of proteins affects virus entry of cells overexpression of ifitm1 significantly enhanced kshv infection of target cells fig 5cd while silencing expression of ifitm1 had the opposite effect fig 6 more interestingly we observed identical effects of ifitm1 in enhancing ebv and hsv2 infection of cells fig 6c ifns are generally considered to be antiviral cytokines that inhibit virus infection of cells...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

... in general the ifitm family of proteins affects virus entry of cells overexpression of ifitm1 significantly enhanced kshv infection of target cells fig 5cd while silencing expression of ifitm1 had the opposite effect fig 6 more interestingly we observed identical effects of ifitm1 in enhancing ebv and hsv2 infection of cells fig 6c ifns are generally considered to be antiviral cytokines that inhibit virus infection of cells by stimulating isgs 49 in fact we observed a significant increase in the expression of ifn and during the early stages of kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...enhanced kshv infection of target cells fig 5cd while silencing expression of ifitm1 had the opposite effect fig 6 more interestingly we observed identical effects of ifitm1 in enhancing ebv and hsv2 infection of cells fig 6c ifns are generally considered to be antiviral cytokines that inhibit virus infection of cells by stimulating isgs 49 in fact we observed a significant increase in the expression of ifn and during the early stages of kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells supplemental fig 8 if that is the case how can ifitm1 enhance infection of not just...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...in enhancing ebv and hsv2 infection of cells fig 6c ifns are generally considered to be antiviral cytokines that inhibit virus infection of cells by stimulating isgs 49 in fact we observed a significant increase in the expression of ifn and during the early stages of kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells supplemental fig 8 if that is the case how can ifitm1 enhance infection of not just kshv but also of ebv and hsv2 such a scenario can be possible only if the virus infection is not altered by ifns and associated proteins 48 ...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...that inhibit virus infection of cells by stimulating isgs 49 in fact we observed a significant increase in the expression of ifn and during the early stages of kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells supplemental fig 8 if that is the case how can ifitm1 enhance infection of not just kshv but also of ebv and hsv2 such a scenario can be possible only if the virus infection is not altered by ifns and associated proteins 48 interestingly enough herpesviruses as a group including kshv is considered to be relatively insensitive to the antiviral effects of...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...of ifn and during the early stages of kshv infection of bjab and hmvecd cells supplemental fig 8 if that is the case how can ifitm1 enhance infection of not just kshv but also of ebv and hsv2 such a scenario can be possible only if the virus infection is not altered by ifns and associated proteins 48 interestingly enough herpesviruses as a group including kshv is considered to be relatively insensitive to the antiviral effects of ifns in a variety of different cell systems 50 51 in a way our results demonstrate for the first time...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...cell systems 50 51 in a way our results demonstrate for the first time that herpesviruses kshv ebv and hsv2 not only hijack ifitm1 to their benefit in facilitating virus entry into cells but also evade the ifninduced antiviral effects this study provides a new insight to virus infection kshv including ebv and hsv2 interactions with target cells induce ifitm1 within minutes which facilitate virus entry into cells kshvinduced ifitm1 is part of the innate immune activation system that occurs in an antigenindependent fashion 52 and relies on the ability of the host to recognize virus via specific pattern...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...relies on the ability of the host to recognize virus via specific pattern recognition receptors 53 to counter the effects of kshvinduced ifitm1 infected cells respond within a short period of time by inducing expression of mir36 cellular mir36 in turn inhibits expression of ifitm1 and thus limit virus infection of cells perhaps this could be a mechanism of superinfection resistance sir 54 developed by cells towards kshv and other related viral pathogens ifitm1 suppression by mir36 may have direct and indirect effects of kshv pathobiology i directly limit kshv infection of cells ii block cell proliferationdivision 55 and thereby...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...turn inhibits expression of ifitm1 and thus limit virus infection of cells perhaps this could be a mechanism of superinfection resistance sir 54 developed by cells towards kshv and other related viral pathogens ifitm1 suppression by mir36 may have direct and indirect effects of kshv pathobiology i directly limit kshv infection of cells ii block cell proliferationdivision 55 and thereby promote kshv latency 56 and iii reduce virusinduced inflammation such effects of ifitm1 on the biology of kshv will be better understood by employing the threedimensional 3d cell culture models as they mimic certain aspects of the tissue environment 57...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...as they mimic certain aspects of the tissue environment 57 58 for all this time studies on virus entry have always focused primarily on the roles of virus encoded glycoproteins and their cognate host cell receptors to our knowledge this is the first report of a mirna influencing kshv infection of cells and this we hope will open doors to a further understanding of virus entry after all it is the mirnas that regulate the gene function of late mirnabased therapeutics have been used to effectively treat autoimmune diseases 59 and cancers including prostate cancer and leukemia 60...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...animal models the fact that mirnas can influence virus entry is fascinating as mirnabased therapeutics like the use of mirmimics can effectively be used to treat virus entry including pathogenesis there are several questions that need to be answered and they are as follows i how does ifitm1 enhance kshv infection of cells does it physically bind kshv envelopeassociated protein and facilitate endocytosis ii what is the role of host cell receptors in the ifitm1facilitated virus entry iii what is the dynamics between the expression pattern of ifitm1 and 3 in regulating kshv infection of cells and iv can induction of...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...follows i how does ifitm1 enhance kshv infection of cells does it physically bind kshv envelopeassociated protein and facilitate endocytosis ii what is the role of host cell receptors in the ifitm1facilitated virus entry iii what is the dynamics between the expression pattern of ifitm1 and 3 in regulating kshv infection of cells and iv can induction of mir36 by kshv infection prevent infected cells from being superinfected with kshv and other related herpesviruses in vivo current studies in our lab are dedicated to answer these questions fetal bovine serum fbs atlanta biologicals lawrenceville ga lglutamine and antibiotics 61 hmvecd...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...it physically bind kshv envelopeassociated protein and facilitate endocytosis ii what is the role of host cell receptors in the ifitm1facilitated virus entry iii what is the dynamics between the expression pattern of ifitm1 and 3 in regulating kshv infection of cells and iv can induction of mir36 by kshv infection prevent infected cells from being superinfected with kshv and other related herpesviruses in vivo current studies in our lab are dedicated to answer these questions fetal bovine serum fbs atlanta biologicals lawrenceville ga lglutamine and antibiotics 61 hmvecd cells were propagated in egm mvmicrovascular endothelial cell medium clonetics as...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...assay was performed using the cytotox 96 nonradioactive kit promega as per earlier studies 26 extracted rna was used to synthesize cdna and the expression of orf50 was monitored by qrtpcr using specific primers as per earlier studies 26 expression of orf50 was used as a scale to measure kshv infection of cells as reported earlier 29 the lowest limit of detection in the standard samples was 660 copies for the orf50 gene the results from the use of orf50 primers were consistently confirmed by monitoring the expression of another viral immediate early ie gene vgpcr data not shown ebv...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...as reported earlier 29 the lowest limit of detection in the standard samples was 660 copies for the orf50 gene the results from the use of orf50 primers were consistently confirmed by monitoring the expression of another viral immediate early ie gene vgpcr data not shown ebv and hsv2 infection was monitored using specific primers to brlf1 homolog of kshv orf50 64 binding assay the effect of mirmimic and inhibitor on kshv binding to target cells was assessed by pcr detecting the cellbound kshv dna briefly untransfected cells or cells transfected with mirmimic or inhibitor were infected with 10 moi...

Title: miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection
of cells via stifling expression of interferon
induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1)
Authors: Hussein, Hosni A. M.. Akula, Shaw M.
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 83
ID: 7ee798b6104d800e4c3aee14cec31ada51dd26c7
Number of matches: 64

...and actin mrna as per the protocol mentioned in the materials and methods section describing northern blotting in another set of experiments untransfected cells and cells transfected with sirna or ns sirna for 12 h were infected with 10 moi of kshv at the end of 30 min pi kshv infection was assessed by monitoring orf50 expression by qrtpcr data availability statement all data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...6] [7] usp18 is an isg15specific isopeptidase which deconjugates isg15 from its substrates 8 however usp18 is also a major negative regulator of stat signaling independent of its effect on isgylation 9 canonical induction of isg15 occurs following type i interferon activation or viral infection however isg15 can also be induced by a variety of other stimuli such as retinoic acid lps and genotoxic stress [10] [11] [12] in addition isg15 can be upregulated in an interferonindependent manner following infection with bacterial pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes and...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...occurs following type i interferon activation or viral infection however isg15 can also be induced by a variety of other stimuli such as retinoic acid lps and genotoxic stress [10] [11] [12] in addition isg15 can be upregulated in an interferonindependent manner following infection with bacterial pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes and mycobacterium tuberculosis 13 14 murine models of isg15 deficiency and studies in human cell lines have demonstrated that isg15 and isgylation broadly target numerous viruses 1 15 isg15deficient animals develop normally but are susceptible to both viral and bacterial pathogens...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...deconjugases or nonstructural proteins that prevent conjugation suggesting evolutionary pressure to dismantle isgylation for effective viral replication [18] [19] [20] in this vein an isopeptidase dead mutant of usp18 c61ac61a which leads to enhanced isgylation following isg15 induction is resistant to viral infection while its susceptibility to bacterial infection is unknown 21 despite the initial identification of isg15 as an antiviral molecule patients who lack isg15 do not appear to be overly sensitive to viral infection instead they have difficulty clearing bacterial infections or the bcg vaccine due to reduced interferon gamma...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...conjugation suggesting evolutionary pressure to dismantle isgylation for effective viral replication [18] [19] [20] in this vein an isopeptidase dead mutant of usp18 c61ac61a which leads to enhanced isgylation following isg15 induction is resistant to viral infection while its susceptibility to bacterial infection is unknown 21 despite the initial identification of isg15 as an antiviral molecule patients who lack isg15 do not appear to be overly sensitive to viral infection instead they have difficulty clearing bacterial infections or the bcg vaccine due to reduced interferon gamma immunity 22 patients who lack...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...of usp18 c61ac61a which leads to enhanced isgylation following isg15 induction is resistant to viral infection while its susceptibility to bacterial infection is unknown 21 despite the initial identification of isg15 as an antiviral molecule patients who lack isg15 do not appear to be overly sensitive to viral infection instead they have difficulty clearing bacterial infections or the bcg vaccine due to reduced interferon gamma immunity 22 patients who lack isg15 also develop an aicardigoutireslike interferonopathy in the brain 23 this was reported to originate from the destabilization of usp18 due to its role in stat signaling...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...patients who lack isg15 also develop an aicardigoutireslike interferonopathy in the brain 23 this was reported to originate from the destabilization of usp18 due to its role in stat signaling in addition isg15 functions through three distinct modes of action which likely play complementary roles in various tissues following infection isg15 can be secreted and act as a cytokine 24 25 has antiviral effects through noncovalent interactions 26 and isgylation can also reduce viral replication and viral load through covalent modification of viral andor cellular targets 27 28 in contrast to ubiquitin the mechanistic consequences of isgylation...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...] [31] [32] finally there are also several instances of isgylation competing with ubiquitin to temporarily stabilize proteins that would otherwise be degraded 33 in order to better understand the consequences of isg15 modification on protein fate we systematically identified endogenous isg15 substrates following infection in vivo with the bacterial pathogen listeria monocytogenes enrichment of peptide remnants left by posttranslational modifications after trypsin digestion coupled with identification of the precise site of modification through mass spectrometry has been extremely fruitful in unraveling mechanisms of action of other modifications such as acetylation 34 ubiquitination [...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...[43] [44] these approaches primarily relied either on ectopic expression of isg15 in tissue culture cells which could lead to overexpression artifacts or interferon treatment of primary cells which could deliver a stronger stimulus than that which is physiologically induced by a viral or bacterial infection it has been challenging to differentiate between isg15 ubiquitin and nedd8 sites because these ubls share the same diglycine adduct following digestion with trypsin a recent study used a distinct immunoenrichment strategy to purify ubiquitin sites in vitro 45 however thus far no one has been able to specifically...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...a distinct immunoenrichment strategy to purify ubiquitin sites in vitro 45 however thus far no one has been able to specifically identify isgylated sites either in vitro or in vivo here we address this obstacle by defining the quantitative proteomewide ubiquitylome in isg15deficient animals prior to and following infection we highlight sites that arise during listeria infection in wildtype animals as well as in mice with enhanced isgylation due to knock in of an inactive isg15 deconjugase usp18 c61ac61a our strategy reveals 930 endogenous sites on 434 isg15 substrates in the liver in the context of a clinically...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...in vitro 45 however thus far no one has been able to specifically identify isgylated sites either in vitro or in vivo here we address this obstacle by defining the quantitative proteomewide ubiquitylome in isg15deficient animals prior to and following infection we highlight sites that arise during listeria infection in wildtype animals as well as in mice with enhanced isgylation due to knock in of an inactive isg15 deconjugase usp18 c61ac61a our strategy reveals 930 endogenous sites on 434 isg15 substrates in the liver in the context of a clinically relevant infection unlike for sumoylation there is neither...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...highlight sites that arise during listeria infection in wildtype animals as well as in mice with enhanced isgylation due to knock in of an inactive isg15 deconjugase usp18 c61ac61a our strategy reveals 930 endogenous sites on 434 isg15 substrates in the liver in the context of a clinically relevant infection unlike for sumoylation there is neither a discernable consensus motif for modification nor an enrichment of modification sites in a specific cellular compartment interestingly isg15 modifies metabolic enzymes on lysines at dimerization interfaces and catalytic sites in the liver in particular isgylation targets four key regulators of autophagy and leads...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...a discernable consensus motif for modification nor an enrichment of modification sites in a specific cellular compartment interestingly isg15 modifies metabolic enzymes on lysines at dimerization interfaces and catalytic sites in the liver in particular isgylation targets four key regulators of autophagy and leads to upregulation of this pathway following infection both in vivo and in vitro strategy for identification of bona fide isg15 sites in order to elucidate mechanisms of action of isg15 we used mass spectrometry msbased proteomics to identify isg15 modification sites in an unbiased manner we analyzed liver tissue from mice infected with listeria monocytogenes and...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...fide isgylation sites from ubiquitin sites which share a conserved cterminal lrlrgg motif fig 1a we compared wildtype wt mice with isg15deficient mice ko in addition we mapped sites in mice bearing a knockin ki mutation in usp18 c61ac61a which renders it catalytically inactive leading to hyperisgylation following infection a condition which is biologically interesting in addition to being a positive control for our screen fig 1a usp18 has two distinct mechanisms of action i it removes isg15 from substrates and ii it negatively regulates stat signaling 9 since usp18 deletion cannot distinguish between these functions...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...screen fig 1a usp18 has two distinct mechanisms of action i it removes isg15 from substrates and ii it negatively regulates stat signaling 9 since usp18 deletion cannot distinguish between these functions we first assessed whether the deconjugasedead usp18 c61ac61a mouse would be resistant to listeria infection usp18 c61ac61a mice exhibit increased resistance to viral infection but are otherwise phenotypically indistinguishable from wildtype littermates 21 however surprisingly listeria infection of usp18 c61ac61a mice leads to a significant increase in bacterial load in the liver relative to wildtype controls fig 1b while there was also a...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...of action i it removes isg15 from substrates and ii it negatively regulates stat signaling 9 since usp18 deletion cannot distinguish between these functions we first assessed whether the deconjugasedead usp18 c61ac61a mouse would be resistant to listeria infection usp18 c61ac61a mice exhibit increased resistance to viral infection but are otherwise phenotypically indistinguishable from wildtype littermates 21 however surprisingly listeria infection of usp18 c61ac61a mice leads to a significant increase in bacterial load in the liver relative to wildtype controls fig 1b while there was also a slight but significant increase in bacterial burden in the...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...signaling 9 since usp18 deletion cannot distinguish between these functions we first assessed whether the deconjugasedead usp18 c61ac61a mouse would be resistant to listeria infection usp18 c61ac61a mice exhibit increased resistance to viral infection but are otherwise phenotypically indistinguishable from wildtype littermates 21 however surprisingly listeria infection of usp18 c61ac61a mice leads to a significant increase in bacterial load in the liver relative to wildtype controls fig 1b while there was also a slight but significant increase in bacterial burden in the spleen in usp18 c61a c61a animals the bacterial counts in the liver indicated an...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...usp18 c61ac61a relative to wildtype animals as the cfus per organ indicated fig 1c accordingly the liver tissue from infected usp18 c61ac61a mice also displayed enhanced isgylation compared with the wt fig 1d together these data indicate a tissuespecific role for isgylation in the liver upon listeria infection and provided a rationale to map isg15 sites in the liver of usp18 c61ac61a animals compared with wildtype animals consequently for the proteomics analysis we infected isg15 wildtype and usp18 c61ac61a mice via intravenous injection and harvested liver tissue following 72 h of infection we also included a...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...the liver upon listeria infection and provided a rationale to map isg15 sites in the liver of usp18 c61ac61a animals compared with wildtype animals consequently for the proteomics analysis we infected isg15 wildtype and usp18 c61ac61a mice via intravenous injection and harvested liver tissue following 72 h of infection we also included a noninfected cohort upon trypsin digestion and enrichment of diglycine adducts from the liver diglycinemodified peptides were identified and quantified following statistical analysis and nonsupervised hierarchical clustering significantly regulated sites grouped into four major clusters moreover animals also clustered together by genotype and condition indicating the high...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...and quantified following statistical analysis and nonsupervised hierarchical clustering significantly regulated sites grouped into four major clusters moreover animals also clustered together by genotype and condition indicating the high reproducibility of our approach fig 2a prior to infection1000 ubiquitin sites were identified across all three conditions cluster 4 listeria infection led to a global downregulation of these ubiquitin sites as previously observed for both ubiquitin and sumo modification in vitro 38 46 we also identified 219 ubiquitin sites that arise following infection cluster 3 most importantly we were able to identify 614 isg15 sites on 292 proteins induced by...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...fig 2a prior to infection1000 ubiquitin sites were identified across all three conditions cluster 4 listeria infection led to a global downregulation of these ubiquitin sites as previously observed for both ubiquitin and sumo modification in vitro 38 46 we also identified 219 ubiquitin sites that arise following infection cluster 3 most importantly we were able to identify 614 isg15 sites on 292 proteins induced by listeria infection cluster 2 the majority of these sites are completely absent in isg15 deficient animals as indicated in gray fig 2a fig 1 strategy for identification of isg15 sites and the...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...to a global downregulation of these ubiquitin sites as previously observed for both ubiquitin and sumo modification in vitro 38 46 we also identified 219 ubiquitin sites that arise following infection cluster 3 most importantly we were able to identify 614 isg15 sites on 292 proteins induced by listeria infection cluster 2 the majority of these sites are completely absent in isg15 deficient animals as indicated in gray fig 2a fig 1 strategy for identification of isg15 sites and the effect of enhanced isgylation on bacterial infection a cterminal amino acid sequence of ubiquitin isg15 and nedd8 followed by...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...able to identify 614 isg15 sites on 292 proteins induced by listeria infection cluster 2 the majority of these sites are completely absent in isg15 deficient animals as indicated in gray fig 2a fig 1 strategy for identification of isg15 sites and the effect of enhanced isgylation on bacterial infection a cterminal amino acid sequence of ubiquitin isg15 and nedd8 followed by the experimental design of proteomic identification of isg15 diglycine sites created with biorendercom b colonyforming units of listeria monocytogenes per organ following 72 h of infection 5 10 5 colonyforming units injected intravenously into the tail vein...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...identification of isg15 sites and the effect of enhanced isgylation on bacterial infection a cterminal amino acid sequence of ubiquitin isg15 and nedd8 followed by the experimental design of proteomic identification of isg15 diglycine sites created with biorendercom b colonyforming units of listeria monocytogenes per organ following 72 h of infection 5 10 5 colonyforming units injected intravenously into the tail vein the results displayed are from three independent experiments bar indicates mean wildtype n 18 usp18 c61ac61a n 16 two ki animals died and thus cfus were not enumerated significance for in vivo data determined using mannwhitney...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...and eosin and gram staining of liver tissue of animals infected with listeria monocytogenes for 72 h wildtype n 3 and usp18 c61ac61a n 3 bacterial foci are indicated by black dotted line d sdspage of liver homogenates from wildtype or usp18 c61ac61a mice following 72 h of infection representative blot with n 3 animals per genotype with listeria monocytogenes significantly regulated glyglyk sites after nonsupervised hierarchical clustering on the right side the heatmap is shown with missing values in gray four major clusters can be observed corresponding to isg15 sites clusters 1 and 2 and ubiquitin sites...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...observed corresponding to isg15 sites clusters 1 and 2 and ubiquitin sites clusters 3 and 4 b bar chart and venn diagram showing the number and overlap of isgylated proteins identified in this study and previous studies c percent of modified proteins from each cluster that are also upregulated following infection according to the shotgun data from liver tissue prior to diglycine enrichment percent of modified sites from each cluster that overlap with published ubiquitin or acetylation sites d sequence logos were drawn based on the sequence alignment of different isgylation sites and their 5 and 5 flanking regions e...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...database black bars correspond to the percentage of proteins annotated with each go term asterisks indicate significant enrichment relative to the number of identified proteins twosided fishers exact test article nature communications httpsdoiorg101038s4146701913393x present in usp18 c61ac61a animals cluster 1 since usp18 is concomitantly induced with isg15 following listeria infection we suspect that certain substrates are deconjugated more rapidly than others future work should address this hypothesis by site identification during a time course to avoid mistakenly identifying ubiquitin or nedd8 sites as isg15 sites due to possible indirect effects of isg15 deletion or usp18 c61ac61a mutation we assessed whether...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...should address this hypothesis by site identification during a time course to avoid mistakenly identifying ubiquitin or nedd8 sites as isg15 sites due to possible indirect effects of isg15 deletion or usp18 c61ac61a mutation we assessed whether ubiquitin and nedd8 levels appear to vary using sdspage prior to or following infection supplementary fig 1a b if anything ubiquitin and nedd8sites decreased following infection in vivo while isgylation increased as was previously observed for ubiquitin 46 and as is a new observation for nedd8 supplementary figs 1b 2e in vitro total ubiquitin did not dramatically change in mouse embryonic...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...identifying ubiquitin or nedd8 sites as isg15 sites due to possible indirect effects of isg15 deletion or usp18 c61ac61a mutation we assessed whether ubiquitin and nedd8 levels appear to vary using sdspage prior to or following infection supplementary fig 1a b if anything ubiquitin and nedd8sites decreased following infection in vivo while isgylation increased as was previously observed for ubiquitin 46 and as is a new observation for nedd8 supplementary figs 1b 2e in vitro total ubiquitin did not dramatically change in mouse embryonic fibroblasts 24 h post infection whereas nedd8 was slightly reduced supplementary fig 1e ...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...b if anything ubiquitin and nedd8sites decreased following infection in vivo while isgylation increased as was previously observed for ubiquitin 46 and as is a new observation for nedd8 supplementary figs 1b 2e in vitro total ubiquitin did not dramatically change in mouse embryonic fibroblasts 24 h post infection whereas nedd8 was slightly reduced supplementary fig 1e furthermore a comparison of sites identified by quantitative diglycine enrichment between isg15 and wildtype animals prior to infection shows no significantly regulated sites supplementary fig 1g taken together these data suggest that sites identified by our method...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...for nedd8 supplementary figs 1b 2e in vitro total ubiquitin did not dramatically change in mouse embryonic fibroblasts 24 h post infection whereas nedd8 was slightly reduced supplementary fig 1e furthermore a comparison of sites identified by quantitative diglycine enrichment between isg15 and wildtype animals prior to infection shows no significantly regulated sites supplementary fig 1g taken together these data suggest that sites identified by our method are likely bone fide isg15 sites and by extension not misidentified ubiquitin or nedd8 sites ultimately we identified 930 isg15 sites on 434 proteins clusters 1 and 2...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...of identified isg15 sites did not reveal an obvious amino acid consensus sequence for the modification fig 2d as is the case for ubiquitin 36 47 but unlike for sumo 40 48 one proposed mode of action of isg15 is cotranslational modification of nascent polypeptides following viral infection as mediated by the ifninduced e3 herc5 29 since listeria can provoke isg15 induction in an interferonindependent manner we assessed whether there was a potential bias toward isgylation of proteins induced by infection which could correlate with cotranslational modification as determined by quantitative proteomics of the input supplementary...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

... one proposed mode of action of isg15 is cotranslational modification of nascent polypeptides following viral infection as mediated by the ifninduced e3 herc5 29 since listeria can provoke isg15 induction in an interferonindependent manner we assessed whether there was a potential bias toward isgylation of proteins induced by infection which could correlate with cotranslational modification as determined by quantitative proteomics of the input supplementary fig 2a supplementary data 3 comparison with ubiquitinated proteins suggested a lower percentage of modification of infectioninduced isg15 targets than that of infectioninduced ubiquitin targets fig 2c it will be worthwhile to...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...cotranslational modification as determined by quantitative proteomics of the input supplementary fig 2a supplementary data 3 comparison with ubiquitinated proteins suggested a lower percentage of modification of infectioninduced isg15 targets than that of infectioninduced ubiquitin targets fig 2c it will be worthwhile to mechanistically determine whether listeria infection leads to similar or reduced levels of cotranslational modification relative to viral infection in future studies to date over 100000 modification sites have been identified for ubiquitin however one important caveat of these diglycine enrichmentbased studies is that they did not exclude isg15 and nedd8 sites we therefore compared...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...2a supplementary data 3 comparison with ubiquitinated proteins suggested a lower percentage of modification of infectioninduced isg15 targets than that of infectioninduced ubiquitin targets fig 2c it will be worthwhile to mechanistically determine whether listeria infection leads to similar or reduced levels of cotranslational modification relative to viral infection in future studies to date over 100000 modification sites have been identified for ubiquitin however one important caveat of these diglycine enrichmentbased studies is that they did not exclude isg15 and nedd8 sites we therefore compared published ubiquitin sites 49 with our identified isg15 sites fig 2c in...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...that they did not exclude isg15 and nedd8 sites we therefore compared published ubiquitin sites 49 with our identified isg15 sites fig 2c in order to assess the overlap of sites which could arise from competition between ubiquitin and isg15 or misidentified ubiquitin sites first sites identified prior to infection in our screen in isg15 animals and therefore expected ubiquitin sites had an 84 overlap with published ubiquitin sites ubiquitin sites induced by infection present in isg15deficient animals had a 75 overlap with published ubiquitin sites notably sites identified in the condition of deregulated isgylation had only a 57...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...order to assess the overlap of sites which could arise from competition between ubiquitin and isg15 or misidentified ubiquitin sites first sites identified prior to infection in our screen in isg15 animals and therefore expected ubiquitin sites had an 84 overlap with published ubiquitin sites ubiquitin sites induced by infection present in isg15deficient animals had a 75 overlap with published ubiquitin sites notably sites identified in the condition of deregulated isgylation had only a 57 overlap with ubiquitin sites whereas those sites which arose in wildtype animals following listeria infection had a 71 overlap future biochemical analysis of site competition...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...84 overlap with published ubiquitin sites ubiquitin sites induced by infection present in isg15deficient animals had a 75 overlap with published ubiquitin sites notably sites identified in the condition of deregulated isgylation had only a 57 overlap with ubiquitin sites whereas those sites which arose in wildtype animals following listeria infection had a 71 overlap future biochemical analysis of site competition between distinct posttranslational modifications on specific substrates will be critical to tease apart distinct functions of ubiquitin and isg15 under these conditions we also compared isg15 sites with identified acetylation sites the percentage of common sites between isg15 and...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...tease apart distinct functions of ubiquitin and isg15 under these conditions we also compared isg15 sites with identified acetylation sites the percentage of common sites between isg15 and acetylation in clusters 1 3 and 4 was similar 21 19 and 21 of sites respectively whereas isg15 sites induced following infection with listeria in wildtype mice cluster 2 have a 31 overlap with acetylation previous work has indicated that acetylation preferentially targets the metabolic activity of enzymes in the liver 50 while acetylation of specific enzymes can have distinct effects depending on the enzyme it is tempting to speculate that...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...has indicated that acetylation preferentially targets the metabolic activity of enzymes in the liver 50 while acetylation of specific enzymes can have distinct effects depending on the enzyme it is tempting to speculate that isgylation could compete for lysines on enzymes that would otherwise be activated by acetylation during infection to thwart bacterial acquisition of host nutrients taken together isgylation following listeria infection shows significant overlap with both ubiquitination and acetylation suggesting competition for specific lysines isg15 modifies extracellular and mitochondrial proteins gene ontology analysis of isgylated proteins for cellular compartments highlighted a significant enrichment in extracellular proteins in...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...liver 50 while acetylation of specific enzymes can have distinct effects depending on the enzyme it is tempting to speculate that isgylation could compete for lysines on enzymes that would otherwise be activated by acetylation during infection to thwart bacterial acquisition of host nutrients taken together isgylation following listeria infection shows significant overlap with both ubiquitination and acetylation suggesting competition for specific lysines isg15 modifies extracellular and mitochondrial proteins gene ontology analysis of isgylated proteins for cellular compartments highlighted a significant enrichment in extracellular proteins in all infection conditions fig 2e these results support the published role for...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...thwart bacterial acquisition of host nutrients taken together isgylation following listeria infection shows significant overlap with both ubiquitination and acetylation suggesting competition for specific lysines isg15 modifies extracellular and mitochondrial proteins gene ontology analysis of isgylated proteins for cellular compartments highlighted a significant enrichment in extracellular proteins in all infection conditions fig 2e these results support the published role for isgylation in exosome secretion as well as the finding that isgylation modulates cytokine secretion and highlight other potential substrates in addition to tsg101 that could potentially affect this phenotype 13 32 51 the identified isgylome following listeria infection...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...infection conditions fig 2e these results support the published role for isgylation in exosome secretion as well as the finding that isgylation modulates cytokine secretion and highlight other potential substrates in addition to tsg101 that could potentially affect this phenotype 13 32 51 the identified isgylome following listeria infection in wildtype animals was significantly enriched in mitochondrial proteins in liver tissue fig 2c recent work has indicated that isg15 can affect mitochondrial morphology and function following vaccinia virus infection our identification of an enrichment of mitochondrial proteins that are isgylated following listeria infection is in concordance with these...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...in addition to tsg101 that could potentially affect this phenotype 13 32 51 the identified isgylome following listeria infection in wildtype animals was significantly enriched in mitochondrial proteins in liver tissue fig 2c recent work has indicated that isg15 can affect mitochondrial morphology and function following vaccinia virus infection our identification of an enrichment of mitochondrial proteins that are isgylated following listeria infection is in concordance with these findings 52 gene ontology analysis of isgylated proteins for molecular function revealed an enrichment of proteins that bind to nucleotides and atp in both usp18 c61ac61a and wildtype conditions fig...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...the identified isgylome following listeria infection in wildtype animals was significantly enriched in mitochondrial proteins in liver tissue fig 2c recent work has indicated that isg15 can affect mitochondrial morphology and function following vaccinia virus infection our identification of an enrichment of mitochondrial proteins that are isgylated following listeria infection is in concordance with these findings 52 gene ontology analysis of isgylated proteins for molecular function revealed an enrichment of proteins that bind to nucleotides and atp in both usp18 c61ac61a and wildtype conditions fig 2e following infection of wildtype animals there is an enrichment of isgylation of...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...an enrichment of mitochondrial proteins that are isgylated following listeria infection is in concordance with these findings 52 gene ontology analysis of isgylated proteins for molecular function revealed an enrichment of proteins that bind to nucleotides and atp in both usp18 c61ac61a and wildtype conditions fig 2e following infection of wildtype animals there is an enrichment of isgylation of cofactor and coenzymebinding proteins as well as lyase activity which is absent in animals with enhanced isgylation in addition gene ontology analysis of isgylated proteins for biological processes revealed a striking enrichment in a number of different metabolic pathways including...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...in the liver which are relevant for the control of metabolism evidence for isg15 chains or isg15ubiquitin chains while our primary goal was to identify isg15 sites determining the strict ubiquitylome in isg15 animals allowed us to gain insight into how isg15 and ubiquitin modifications cooperate during an infection indeed it was immediately apparent that a large number of ubiquitin sites cluster 4 disappeared following infection and that others emerged likely following transcriptional upregulation of the ubiquitinated substrate fig 3a b supplementary fig 1a supplementary data 4 interestingly we also found evidence for modification of ubiquitin...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...isg15ubiquitin chains while our primary goal was to identify isg15 sites determining the strict ubiquitylome in isg15 animals allowed us to gain insight into how isg15 and ubiquitin modifications cooperate during an infection indeed it was immediately apparent that a large number of ubiquitin sites cluster 4 disappeared following infection and that others emerged likely following transcriptional upregulation of the ubiquitinated substrate fig 3a b supplementary fig 1a supplementary data 4 interestingly we also found evidence for modification of ubiquitin on k6 and k29 and modification of isg15 on k35 in wildtype infection conditions and on k8...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...cluster 4 disappeared following infection and that others emerged likely following transcriptional upregulation of the ubiquitinated substrate fig 3a b supplementary fig 1a supplementary data 4 interestingly we also found evidence for modification of ubiquitin on k6 and k29 and modification of isg15 on k35 in wildtype infection conditions and on k8 in usp18 c61ac61a ki mice fig 3c our analysis cannot formally differentiate between modification by ubiquitin and isg15 since isg15 is absent in the strict ubiquitylome by design however these data do confirm that k29 of ubiquitin is modified mixed chains between ubiquitin and...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...been identified on this lysine 53 modification of isg15 on k8 or k35 fig 3c has not yet been described so whether this represents mixed chains of ubiquitin and isg15 or isg15isg15 chains remains to be determined future biochemical studies of the consequences and nature of these chains following infection will likely be worthwhile gene ontology analysis of ubiquitin sites gained and lost following infection clusters 3 and 4 respectively revealed that certain substrates are similarly enriched among ubiquitin targets and isg15 sites nucleotide binding and cellular metabolic processes however others inversely correlated with isg15 sites cofactor binding coenzyme binding...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...3c has not yet been described so whether this represents mixed chains of ubiquitin and isg15 or isg15isg15 chains remains to be determined future biochemical studies of the consequences and nature of these chains following infection will likely be worthwhile gene ontology analysis of ubiquitin sites gained and lost following infection clusters 3 and 4 respectively revealed that certain substrates are similarly enriched among ubiquitin targets and isg15 sites nucleotide binding and cellular metabolic processes however others inversely correlated with isg15 sites cofactor binding coenzyme binding lyase and ligase activity fig 3d these patterns of enrichment suggest that certain ubiquitin...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...certain substrates are similarly enriched among ubiquitin targets and isg15 sites nucleotide binding and cellular metabolic processes however others inversely correlated with isg15 sites cofactor binding coenzyme binding lyase and ligase activity fig 3d these patterns of enrichment suggest that certain ubiquitin modifications are replaced with isg15 modifications following infection interestingly isg15 sites on proteins related to metabolic processes are not significantly enriched among ubiquitin sites suggesting that isgylation specifically targets proteins that affect metabolism whereas for ubiquitin there are several groups of substrates associated with the response to pathogens cell death and translation all of which further differentiate ubiquitin...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...features surrounding the identified target lysines in several cases isg15 modification occurs on sites of proteinprotein interactions which can be between several proteins in a complex fig 4a or at dimerization interfaces fig 4b in fact the mammalian target of rapamycin mtor is modified on lysine 2066 following infection with listeria in wildtype animals within the fkbp rapamycinbinding domain 54 mtor is not only critical for the immune response to pathogens but also negatively regulates the catabolic process of autophagy which can target bacteria for degradation in the lysosome a second autophagy regulator the rasrelated protein rab7a also...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

... supplementary fig 3a our systematic gene ontology analysis revealed an enrichment in nucleotide and atpbinding proteins as well as cofactor and coenzymebinding proteins fig 2e molecular function panel in addition many metabolic enzymes such as glucose6phosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 are also modified by isg15 following infection with listeria either at dimerization domains or at active sites of the enzyme fig 4c d taken together isgylation of liver enzymes modulators of growth factor signaling and catabolic pathways suggests a new role for isgylation in liver metabolism during infection we were struck by the modification of...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...kinase 1 are also modified by isg15 following infection with listeria either at dimerization domains or at active sites of the enzyme fig 4c d taken together isgylation of liver enzymes modulators of growth factor signaling and catabolic pathways suggests a new role for isgylation in liver metabolism during infection we were struck by the modification of four key regulators of autophagy by isgylation in particular the modification of mtor and wipi2 following infection in wildtype animals following listeria infection and modification of ambra1 and rab7 following infection in usp18 c61ac61a animals given the particular relevance of these proteins...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

... taken together isgylation of liver enzymes modulators of growth factor signaling and catabolic pathways suggests a new role for isgylation in liver metabolism during infection we were struck by the modification of four key regulators of autophagy by isgylation in particular the modification of mtor and wipi2 following infection in wildtype animals following listeria infection and modification of ambra1 and rab7 following infection in usp18 c61ac61a animals given the particular relevance of these proteins in the control of autophagy we explored whether this pathway is altered by isg15 upon listeria infection autophagy is a catabolic cellular response to starvation...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...enzymes modulators of growth factor signaling and catabolic pathways suggests a new role for isgylation in liver metabolism during infection we were struck by the modification of four key regulators of autophagy by isgylation in particular the modification of mtor and wipi2 following infection in wildtype animals following listeria infection and modification of ambra1 and rab7 following infection in usp18 c61ac61a animals given the particular relevance of these proteins in the control of autophagy we explored whether this pathway is altered by isg15 upon listeria infection autophagy is a catabolic cellular response to starvation but it can also control targeting...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...pathways suggests a new role for isgylation in liver metabolism during infection we were struck by the modification of four key regulators of autophagy by isgylation in particular the modification of mtor and wipi2 following infection in wildtype animals following listeria infection and modification of ambra1 and rab7 following infection in usp18 c61ac61a animals given the particular relevance of these proteins in the control of autophagy we explored whether this pathway is altered by isg15 upon listeria infection autophagy is a catabolic cellular response to starvation but it can also control targeting of intracellular pathogens to the lysosome for degradation...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...particular the modification of mtor and wipi2 following infection in wildtype animals following listeria infection and modification of ambra1 and rab7 following infection in usp18 c61ac61a animals given the particular relevance of these proteins in the control of autophagy we explored whether this pathway is altered by isg15 upon listeria infection autophagy is a catabolic cellular response to starvation but it can also control targeting of intracellular pathogens to the lysosome for degradation or indirectly alter a pathogens access to cytosolic nutrients required for growth and replication listeria expresses acta to evade autophagy as it spreads from celltocell 55 recent...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...relative to wildtype are much higher as expected fig 5a surprisingly longer exposure using film revealed that there is increased isgylation prior to interferon treatment as well supplementary fig 4a we took advantage of this unexpected increased isgylation in fibroblasts to mimic in vivo isgylation following listeria infection hyperisgylation is as protective against listeria infection as wildtype isgylation in tissue culture cells in contrast to isg15deficient fibroblasts which are highly susceptible to listeria infection fig 5b in fact upon normalization of bacterial load across experiments there is evidence for a bimodal distribution suggesting that in a subset...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...expected fig 5a surprisingly longer exposure using film revealed that there is increased isgylation prior to interferon treatment as well supplementary fig 4a we took advantage of this unexpected increased isgylation in fibroblasts to mimic in vivo isgylation following listeria infection hyperisgylation is as protective against listeria infection as wildtype isgylation in tissue culture cells in contrast to isg15deficient fibroblasts which are highly susceptible to listeria infection fig 5b in fact upon normalization of bacterial load across experiments there is evidence for a bimodal distribution suggesting that in a subset of cells hyperisgylation can be more protective...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...as well supplementary fig 4a we took advantage of this unexpected increased isgylation in fibroblasts to mimic in vivo isgylation following listeria infection hyperisgylation is as protective against listeria infection as wildtype isgylation in tissue culture cells in contrast to isg15deficient fibroblasts which are highly susceptible to listeria infection fig 5b in fact upon normalization of bacterial load across experiments there is evidence for a bimodal distribution suggesting that in a subset of cells hyperisgylation can be more protective than wildtype isgylation in a cell intrinsic manner similar to what was reported for viral pathogens 21 these...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...evidence for a bimodal distribution suggesting that in a subset of cells hyperisgylation can be more protective than wildtype isgylation in a cell intrinsic manner similar to what was reported for viral pathogens 21 these findings support our previous work that demonstrates that overexpression of isg15 protects against listeria infection in nonphagocytic cells 13 we next sought to quantify autophagy in these cells by assessing endogenous conversion of the autophagic marker lc3i to lc3ii via sdspage analysis fig 5c autophagy was dramatically upregulated in usp18 c61ac61a fibroblasts relative to wildtype cells prior to infection at baseline and autophagic...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...isg15 protects against listeria infection in nonphagocytic cells 13 we next sought to quantify autophagy in these cells by assessing endogenous conversion of the autophagic marker lc3i to lc3ii via sdspage analysis fig 5c autophagy was dramatically upregulated in usp18 c61ac61a fibroblasts relative to wildtype cells prior to infection at baseline and autophagic flux was assessed by the addition of bafilomycin a which inhibits lysosomal acidification infection with listeria induced autophagy in both wildtype and usp18 c61ac61a cells however this induction was dramatically and significantly increased in cells with enhanced isgylation fig 5c furthermore the autophagy adaptor p62sqstm...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...cells by assessing endogenous conversion of the autophagic marker lc3i to lc3ii via sdspage analysis fig 5c autophagy was dramatically upregulated in usp18 c61ac61a fibroblasts relative to wildtype cells prior to infection at baseline and autophagic flux was assessed by the addition of bafilomycin a which inhibits lysosomal acidification infection with listeria induced autophagy in both wildtype and usp18 c61ac61a cells however this induction was dramatically and significantly increased in cells with enhanced isgylation fig 5c furthermore the autophagy adaptor p62sqstm which is also targeted for degradation by autophagy was reduced in quantity in usp18 c61ac61a mefs relative to...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...cells however this induction was dramatically and significantly increased in cells with enhanced isgylation fig 5c furthermore the autophagy adaptor p62sqstm which is also targeted for degradation by autophagy was reduced in quantity in usp18 c61ac61a mefs relative to wildtype mefs at baseline and was further degraded following listeria infection this degradation could be partially but not completely halted by bafilomycin a treatment fig 5c interestingly isg15 deletion also increases autophagy as was previously observed 57 however p62 accumulates under these conditions thus it seems that targeting of autophagosomes to the lysosome may be impaired in isg15deficient cells...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...however p62 accumulates under these conditions thus it seems that targeting of autophagosomes to the lysosome may be impaired in isg15deficient cells fig 5c we subsequently ectopically expressed an autophagic marker gfplc3 in wildtype usp18 c61ac61a and isg15 fibroblasts and quantified basal autophagy as well as autophagy following infection by enumerating lc3 puncta fig 5d e across all conditions there were significantly more lc3 puncta per cell in usp18 c61ac61a fibroblasts than in wildtype cells whereas isg15 cells displayed an intermediate phenotype that was not significantly different from either wildtype or usp18 c61ac61a cells and did not...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...whereas isg15 cells displayed an intermediate phenotype that was not significantly different from either wildtype or usp18 c61ac61a cells and did not increase in bafilomycin a treated cells supporting an impairment in trafficking finally we wondered whether the effect on autophagy induction would also occur in vivo following listeria infection we assessed lc3ii levels in liver homogenate isolated from wildtype and usp18 c61ac61a animals following 72 h of infection and found increased lc3i as well as lc3ii in usp18 c61ac61a animals fig 5f taken together as predicted by our global isgylome analysis modification of key modulators of autophagy led...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...cells and did not increase in bafilomycin a treated cells supporting an impairment in trafficking finally we wondered whether the effect on autophagy induction would also occur in vivo following listeria infection we assessed lc3ii levels in liver homogenate isolated from wildtype and usp18 c61ac61a animals following 72 h of infection and found increased lc3i as well as lc3ii in usp18 c61ac61a animals fig 5f taken together as predicted by our global isgylome analysis modification of key modulators of autophagy led to increased basal and infectioninduced activation of this pathway in both cells and animals with enhanced isgylation in order...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...and glucose6phosphate isomerase 1 mgpi1 supplementary fig 5ac since overexpression in this system is reported to lead to promiscuous cotranslational modification of accessible lysines 29 we endeavored to validate endogenous modification of mtor in usp18 c61ac61a mefs that were treated with ifn as a model for in vivo infection upon immunoprecipitation of endogenous mtor a clear doublet corresponding to isg15 is present in the usp18 c61ac61a but not in isg15 or wildtype mefs fig 6d probing immunoprecipitated mtor with antibodies against ubiquitin or nedd8 did not reveal modification by these proteins which further validates the identification...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...listeria monocytogenes we have identified and distinguished bona fide isgylated sites from ubiquitin sites in vivo we have mapped 930 isg15 sites on 434 proteins which is a substantial increase from previous studies of isg15 conjugation in addition we have observed that isg15 modification occurs at known acetylation sites following infection and on extracellularsecreted and mitochondrial proteins we have observed that isg15 modification targets metabolic pathways and through a computational analysis of available structures of isg15 target proteins have highlighted that isg15 often modifies sites of protein dimerization or catalytic sites of enzymes we validated our findings by assessing the role...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...the acetylome and helped to systematically identify the sumoylome as well 61 isg15 has been challenging to study due to its absence in genetically tractable model organisms such as yeast its multiple modes of action as a cytokine covalent modification and noncovalent interaction its absence prior to induction following infection and its cterminal lrlrgg motif which is indistinguishable from that of ubiquitin or nedd8 initial identification of isg15 substrates following ectopic expression enrichment and affinity purification suggested widespread and relatively promiscuous modification of the proteome in either human cells or mouse cells deficient in usp18 41 43 62 however...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...or mouse cells deficient in usp18 41 43 62 however these studies relied on ectopic expression of isg15 its e1 e2 and e3 as well as its substrate or treatment with interferon in tissue culture cells conditions which may not reflect native induction of isgylation in the context of infection fig 4b ns nonsignificant p 005 p 001 p 0001 p 00001 e representative images of cells stably expressing gfplc3 and treated as above with bafilomycin a or infected with listeria and treated with bafilomycin a scale bar is 5 m f sdspage of liver...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...and treated as above with bafilomycin a or infected with listeria and treated with bafilomycin a scale bar is 5 m f sdspage of liver homogenate from n 4 individual animals either wildtype or usp18 c61ac61a infected with 5 10 5 listeria organs harvested following 72 h of infection raw data are available in the source data file 73 c validation of modification of mtor by isg15 in hek293t overexpression system simultaneous overexpression of e1 e2 e3 mtor and isg15 either wildtype or nonconjugatable isg15aa asterisk indicates flagherc5 sdspage of input and immunoprecipitation of isg15 d validation...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...lysis the experiment was repeated three times and one representative blot is shown raw data are available in the source data file of the whole organism since then there have not been any largescale quantitative isgylomes published here we contribute a largescale map of endogenous isg15 sites in a relevant infection setting in vivo furthermore our strategy allowed us to determine the strict ubiquitylome in liver tissue from isg15 animals prior to and following infection with listeria monocytogenes in order to identify the isgylome in and of itself the in vivo ubiquitylome following listeria infection had not yet been mapped...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...organism since then there have not been any largescale quantitative isgylomes published here we contribute a largescale map of endogenous isg15 sites in a relevant infection setting in vivo furthermore our strategy allowed us to determine the strict ubiquitylome in liver tissue from isg15 animals prior to and following infection with listeria monocytogenes in order to identify the isgylome in and of itself the in vivo ubiquitylome following listeria infection had not yet been mapped and similar to what is observed in cells listeria provokes a downregulation of many ubiquitylated targets 46 in addition our data confirmed the existence...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...isg15 sites in a relevant infection setting in vivo furthermore our strategy allowed us to determine the strict ubiquitylome in liver tissue from isg15 animals prior to and following infection with listeria monocytogenes in order to identify the isgylome in and of itself the in vivo ubiquitylome following listeria infection had not yet been mapped and similar to what is observed in cells listeria provokes a downregulation of many ubiquitylated targets 46 in addition our data confirmed the existence of mixed isg15ubiquitin chains in vivo on k29 of ubiquitin as previously reported and potentially on k6 which had not...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...k29 of ubiquitin as previously reported and potentially on k6 which had not yet been observed 53 our analysis also revealed sites of possible isg15 chains the function of which remains to be explored our method led to the identification of 614 isg15 sites on 292 proteins following infection in wildtype animals and 316 isg15 sites on 219 proteins in usp18 c61ac61a animals out of 5000 total identified sites 186 of sites following listeria infection this percentage indicates that isg15 is a less abundant modification than sumo or ubiquitin which is in line with our previous findings 13 ...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...chains the function of which remains to be explored our method led to the identification of 614 isg15 sites on 292 proteins following infection in wildtype animals and 316 isg15 sites on 219 proteins in usp18 c61ac61a animals out of 5000 total identified sites 186 of sites following listeria infection this percentage indicates that isg15 is a less abundant modification than sumo or ubiquitin which is in line with our previous findings 13 however this number of sites also implies that some previously identified ubiquitin sites may in fact be misidentified isg15 sites following in vitro viral infection interferon...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...listeria infection this percentage indicates that isg15 is a less abundant modification than sumo or ubiquitin which is in line with our previous findings 13 however this number of sites also implies that some previously identified ubiquitin sites may in fact be misidentified isg15 sites following in vitro viral infection interferon treatment or overexpression of isg15 along with its e1 e2 e3 and a target cotranslational modification has been reported 29 our data suggest that during listeria infection in vivo modification of infectioninduced proteins constitutes around 12 of modified proteins during wildtype infection from cluster 2 and 18 during...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...of sites also implies that some previously identified ubiquitin sites may in fact be misidentified isg15 sites following in vitro viral infection interferon treatment or overexpression of isg15 along with its e1 e2 e3 and a target cotranslational modification has been reported 29 our data suggest that during listeria infection in vivo modification of infectioninduced proteins constitutes around 12 of modified proteins during wildtype infection from cluster 2 and 18 during enhanced isgylation cluster 1 by contrast with 25 of ubiquitin substrates proteins modified that are also upregulated by infection cluster 3 it will be informative to assess whether viral...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...isg15 sites following in vitro viral infection interferon treatment or overexpression of isg15 along with its e1 e2 e3 and a target cotranslational modification has been reported 29 our data suggest that during listeria infection in vivo modification of infectioninduced proteins constitutes around 12 of modified proteins during wildtype infection from cluster 2 and 18 during enhanced isgylation cluster 1 by contrast with 25 of ubiquitin substrates proteins modified that are also upregulated by infection cluster 3 it will be informative to assess whether viral infection causes a higher rate of infectioninduced protein modification than bacterial infection or whether this...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...been reported 29 our data suggest that during listeria infection in vivo modification of infectioninduced proteins constitutes around 12 of modified proteins during wildtype infection from cluster 2 and 18 during enhanced isgylation cluster 1 by contrast with 25 of ubiquitin substrates proteins modified that are also upregulated by infection cluster 3 it will be informative to assess whether viral infection causes a higher rate of infectioninduced protein modification than bacterial infection or whether this phenomenon varies from one tissue or cell type to another our approach took advantage of isg15deficient animals however one potential caveat could be that the...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...in vivo modification of infectioninduced proteins constitutes around 12 of modified proteins during wildtype infection from cluster 2 and 18 during enhanced isgylation cluster 1 by contrast with 25 of ubiquitin substrates proteins modified that are also upregulated by infection cluster 3 it will be informative to assess whether viral infection causes a higher rate of infectioninduced protein modification than bacterial infection or whether this phenomenon varies from one tissue or cell type to another our approach took advantage of isg15deficient animals however one potential caveat could be that the lack of isg15 provokes compensatory changes in ubiquitin sites or levels...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...proteins during wildtype infection from cluster 2 and 18 during enhanced isgylation cluster 1 by contrast with 25 of ubiquitin substrates proteins modified that are also upregulated by infection cluster 3 it will be informative to assess whether viral infection causes a higher rate of infectioninduced protein modification than bacterial infection or whether this phenomenon varies from one tissue or cell type to another our approach took advantage of isg15deficient animals however one potential caveat could be that the lack of isg15 provokes compensatory changes in ubiquitin sites or levels we attempted to assess this possibility with sdspage and quantitative proteomics...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...from one tissue or cell type to another our approach took advantage of isg15deficient animals however one potential caveat could be that the lack of isg15 provokes compensatory changes in ubiquitin sites or levels we attempted to assess this possibility with sdspage and quantitative proteomics of diglycine sites prior to infection and did not find substantive differences between isg15 and wildtype however using newly available methods such as ubisite to assess ubiquitin levels in isg15 animals or cells would definitively address this caveat 45 recently an elegant biochemical study characterizing a viral effector called lbpro from footandmouthdiseasevirus revealed...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...this data set reveals many unexpected findings while also confirming previously described observations if any cellular compartment is particularly enriched across all isg15 clusters it is extracellular or secreted proteins which supports the role of isg15 in exosome secretion though tsg101 was not specifically identified as a substrate following listeria infection 32 usp18 is concomitantly upregulated with isg15 following listeria infection and whether this is to temporally regulate specific targets or to alter stat signaling remains to be determined therefore the usp18 c61ac61a isgylome could potentially represent a distinct subset of isg15 substrates which could hypothetically need to be more...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...described observations if any cellular compartment is particularly enriched across all isg15 clusters it is extracellular or secreted proteins which supports the role of isg15 in exosome secretion though tsg101 was not specifically identified as a substrate following listeria infection 32 usp18 is concomitantly upregulated with isg15 following listeria infection and whether this is to temporally regulate specific targets or to alter stat signaling remains to be determined therefore the usp18 c61ac61a isgylome could potentially represent a distinct subset of isg15 substrates which could hypothetically need to be more rapidly removed during the course of an infection for proper antibacterial...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...isg15 following listeria infection and whether this is to temporally regulate specific targets or to alter stat signaling remains to be determined therefore the usp18 c61ac61a isgylome could potentially represent a distinct subset of isg15 substrates which could hypothetically need to be more rapidly removed during the course of an infection for proper antibacterial immunity thus cluster 2 proteins present in wildtype but absent in isg15 following infection is likely the closest approximation of the wildtype isgylome following listeria infection cluster 2 displays increased overlap with known acetylation sites as well as modification of mitochondrial proteins protein acetylation in the...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...remains to be determined therefore the usp18 c61ac61a isgylome could potentially represent a distinct subset of isg15 substrates which could hypothetically need to be more rapidly removed during the course of an infection for proper antibacterial immunity thus cluster 2 proteins present in wildtype but absent in isg15 following infection is likely the closest approximation of the wildtype isgylome following listeria infection cluster 2 displays increased overlap with known acetylation sites as well as modification of mitochondrial proteins protein acetylation in the nucleus cytosol and mitochondria controls a variety of cellular functions from gene expression to metabolic pathways and can...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...a distinct subset of isg15 substrates which could hypothetically need to be more rapidly removed during the course of an infection for proper antibacterial immunity thus cluster 2 proteins present in wildtype but absent in isg15 following infection is likely the closest approximation of the wildtype isgylome following listeria infection cluster 2 displays increased overlap with known acetylation sites as well as modification of mitochondrial proteins protein acetylation in the nucleus cytosol and mitochondria controls a variety of cellular functions from gene expression to metabolic pathways and can be modulated by the nad dependent protein deacetylases sirtuin17 previous work...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...surrounding the modified lysine in several cases sites of dimerization were targeted by isg15 as were active sites of enzymes the liver is a site of immune surveillance metabolic activity and detoxification of blood therefore isgylation may be a unique modification that transmits an alarm signaled by bacterial or viral infection and has metabolic consequences if modification at sites of dimerization or active sites of metabolic enzymes does reduce the activity of these enzymes it could be another tool in the arsenal against pathogens that otherwise could usurp cellular metabolites for their own survival and replication we were intrigued by the...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...in the presence of wildtype mtor future work in a deletion or knockdown background will be even more informative the consequences of modification sites on wipi2 and ambra1 are more difficult to predict given less is known with regard to their structural features so we assessed general autophagy levels following infection indeed basal and infectioninduced autophagy were increased in usp18 c61ac61a cells and animals relative to wildtype previous work has reported modification of the autophagy regulator beclin1 by isgylation 57 however this specific modification does not appear to occur during listeria infection within cells elevated autophagy led to wildtype or...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...features so we assessed general autophagy levels following infection indeed basal and infectioninduced autophagy were increased in usp18 c61ac61a cells and animals relative to wildtype previous work has reported modification of the autophagy regulator beclin1 by isgylation 57 however this specific modification does not appear to occur during listeria infection within cells elevated autophagy led to wildtype or slightly better clearance of bacteria as would be predicted however the cell extrinsic role of usp18 c61ac61a mutation in vivo led to a higher bacterial load potentially through the previously reported pleiotropic effects on signaling or cytokine secretion which could favor listeria...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...magnetic beads from pierce 88837 and antiflag antibody magnetic beads from sigma m2 m8823 millipore for immunoprecipitation bacterial and mammalian growth conditions and infections listeria monocytogenes strain egd bug 600 was used for all infections in this study listeria was grown in brain heart infusion media bd prior to infection overnight cultures of bacterial strains were diluted in new media and grown to exponential phase od 081 washed three times in serumfree mammalian cell culture media and resuspended in mammalian cell culture media at the indicated moi a fixed volume was then added to each well cells were centrifuged for...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...new media and grown to exponential phase od 081 washed three times in serumfree mammalian cell culture media and resuspended in mammalian cell culture media at the indicated moi a fixed volume was then added to each well cells were centrifuged for 1 min at 201 g to synchronize infection the cells were then incubated with the bacteria for 1 h at 37c 5 co 2 following this incubation the cells were washed at room temperature with 1 pbs and cell growth medium with 10 serum was added with 20 gml gentamicin to kill extracellular bacteria the cells were...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...plasmids used pcdna31haisg15 pcdna31haisg15lraa pcdna31hube1l e1 pcdna31ubcm8 e2 pcdna31ubch8 e2 ptriex2hherc5 e3 pcmv6mgpi1flag origene pcmvgfpmyh9 pegfphsp90 supplementary data 6 cell lines are tested for mycoplasma prior to expansion in the laboratory and subsequently 23 times per year or if they exhibit symptoms slow growth increased cell death following transfection or infection we did not use iclac cell lines in this study but two cell lines hek293t and hela were authenticated by pcr singlelocus technology by eurofins on march 20 2019 for the sdspage analysis of fibroblasts cells were trypsinized 005 trypsin invitrogen and lysed in 1 triton lysis buffer...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...independent experiments statistical analysis was conducted using oneway anova and tukeys test post hoc in vivo infections female c57bl6 mice usp18 or usp18 c61ac61a were infected intravenously between 8 and 12 weeks of age with 5 10 5 bacteria per animal and sacrificed 72 h following infection colonyforming units per organ liver or spleen were enumerated after tissue dissociation and serial dilutions in sterile saline for the sdspage of animal samples wildtype mice were infected intravenously with listeria or injected with sterile saline solution and sacrificed after 72 h the liver and spleen were isolated and dissociated...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...gel and blotted for isg15 and actin levels statistical methods to determine statistical significance in animal experiments nonparametric analyses were used since the n is too low to determine normal distribution we used a twotailed mannwhitney test exact pvalues are displayed for enumeration of gfplc3 punta and in vitro infection assays we used oneway anova followed by tukeys test post hoc the statistical methods for the proteomics analysis are discussed in the proteomics methods ethics statement this study was carried out in strict accordance with the french national and european laws and conformed to the council directive on the...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...institut pasteur approval number no 0349 proteomics sample preparation three c57bl6j mice per genotype and per condition isg15 isg15 and usp18 c61ac61a were injected intravenously with 5 10 5 listeria monocytogenes strain egd or pbs carrier control and were monitored and weighed daily seventytwo hours post infection animals were sacrificed and whole livers were collected and flashfrozen in liquid nitrogen the livers were homogenized in 10 ml urea lysis buffer containing 9 m urea 20 mm hepes ph 80 1 mm sodium orthovanadate 25 mm sodium pyrophosphate 1 mm glycerophosphate samples were sonicated by three pulses of...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...sample by subtracting the median intensity replicate samples were grouped sites with less than three valid values in at least one group were removed and missing values were imputed from a normal distribution around the detection limit to reveal sites that were significantly regulated sample groups were defined based on infection uninfected vs egd and genotype wt vs isg15 vs usp18 c61ac61a and a twoway anova test was performed to compare the intensities of the sites in the infection group with the genotype group for each modification site this test calculated a pvalue actually log pvalue for infection and...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...a normal distribution around the detection limit to reveal sites that were significantly regulated sample groups were defined based on infection uninfected vs egd and genotype wt vs isg15 vs usp18 c61ac61a and a twoway anova test was performed to compare the intensities of the sites in the infection group with the genotype group for each modification site this test calculated a pvalue actually log pvalue for infection and a pvalue for genotype in total 2166 sites with a pvalue 001 in at least one of both groups were considered to be significantly regulated the intensities of these...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...on infection uninfected vs egd and genotype wt vs isg15 vs usp18 c61ac61a and a twoway anova test was performed to compare the intensities of the sites in the infection group with the genotype group for each modification site this test calculated a pvalue actually log pvalue for infection and a pvalue for genotype in total 2166 sites with a pvalue 001 in at least one of both groups were considered to be significantly regulated the intensities of these sites are further shown in a heatmap in fig 2a after nonsupervised hierarchical clustering the significantly regulated modification sites...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...at least one of both groups were considered to be significantly regulated the intensities of these sites are further shown in a heatmap in fig 2a after nonsupervised hierarchical clustering the significantly regulated modification sites are reported in the supplementary data 1 to reveal ubiquitin sites that were regulated during infection a t test fdr 005 and s0 1 was performed only comparing glyglyk sites in samples from isg15 mice quantified glyglyk sites n 3055 and the results of the t tests are shown in fig 3a and are listed in supplementary data 5 for the...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...least one group were removed and missing values were imputed from a normal distribution around the detection limit to reveal the proteins that were significantly regulated samples were grouped similarly as described above and a twoway anova test was performed to compare the lfq intensities of the proteins in the infection group with the genotype group in total 1725 proteins with a pvalue 001 in at least one of both groups were considered to be significantly regulated the lfq intensities of these proteins are further shown in a heatmap in supplementary fig 2c after nonsupervised hierarchical clustering the significantly regulated...

Title: The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic
pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Zhang, Yifeng. Thery, Fabien...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 84
ID: 3ff80f738629339b9e16ebe2a12a10dcbf325aa0
Number of matches: 107

...enrichment analyses were performed using the gene ontology consortium bioinformatics resources 67 68 all mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the proteomexchange consortium via the pride partner repository with the data set identifier pxd011513 the project name is proteomicsbased identification of isg15 modification sites during listeria monocytogenes infection sequence conservation analysis ortholog sequences for each protein was retrieved from metaphors 69 by the application programming interface api access using dbclient module in python [httpsgithubcomlpryszcz metaphors_api] one set of ortholog sequences was compiled for each given uniprot protein id multiple sequence alignment was performed using...

Title: Collection of Viable Aerosolized Influenza
Virus and Other Respiratory Viruses in a Student
Health Care Center through Water-Based Condensation
Growth
Authors: Pan, Maohua. Bonny, Tania S....
Journal: mSphere
Item: Infection
Index: 85
ID: 43c75c8c6a1fcb74ac151516e0cdd2a3a953d690
Number of matches: 8

...infectious secretions with mucus membranes of the upper respiratory tract urt contact of viruscontaining large droplet sprays with surfaces of the urt and inhalation of small aerosols and droplet nuclei that then deposit in the lower respiratory tract lrt 13 a fourth route has been shown in animal models ocular infection wherein airborne influenza viruses come into contact with ocular surfaces 4 the relative importance of each transmission route is poorly understood and probably varies depending on virus strain environmental conditions etc 3 among them the aerosol transmission mode is the most contentious one with regard to i economic...

Title: Collection of Viable Aerosolized Influenza
Virus and Other Respiratory Viruses in a Student
Health Care Center through Water-Based Condensation
Growth
Authors: Pan, Maohua. Bonny, Tania S....
Journal: mSphere
Item: Infection
Index: 85
ID: 43c75c8c6a1fcb74ac151516e0cdd2a3a953d690
Number of matches: 8

... the relative importance of each transmission route is poorly understood and probably varies depending on virus strain environmental conditions etc 3 among them the aerosol transmission mode is the most contentious one with regard to i economic reasons as expensive precautions would be needed for implementation of appropriate infection control processes in health care settings and ii the fact that no clear evidence exists from which one can extrapolate results from lab experiments to real life and from animals to human beings 5 as the artificial aerosols produced in a lab are quite different from natural aerosols generated...

Title: Collection of Viable Aerosolized Influenza
Virus and Other Respiratory Viruses in a Student
Health Care Center through Water-Based Condensation
Growth
Authors: Pan, Maohua. Bonny, Tania S....
Journal: mSphere
Item: Infection
Index: 85
ID: 43c75c8c6a1fcb74ac151516e0cdd2a3a953d690
Number of matches: 8

...fact that no clear evidence exists from which one can extrapolate results from lab experiments to real life and from animals to human beings 5 as the artificial aerosols produced in a lab are quite different from natural aerosols generated by coughing sneezing and other activities unfortunately from an infection control perspective if people can get infected via aerosol transmission additional interventions such as the use of n95 respirators rather than surgical masks increased air ventilation isolation of infected patients and use of a filtration system used for large droplets would be advised and this would increase health care costs...

Title: Collection of Viable Aerosolized Influenza
Virus and Other Respiratory Viruses in a Student
Health Care Center through Water-Based Condensation
Growth
Authors: Pan, Maohua. Bonny, Tania S....
Journal: mSphere
Item: Infection
Index: 85
ID: 43c75c8c6a1fcb74ac151516e0cdd2a3a953d690
Number of matches: 8

...isolation of infected patients and use of a filtration system used for large droplets would be advised and this would increase health care costs therefore new sampling methods are needed to better understand the importance of natural aerosol transmission routes of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses and to utilize infection control best practices to reduce nosocomial transmission of aerosolized viruses lindsley et al 6 studied the generation of infectious influenza a virus from infected patients during coughs and exhalations by using the skc biosampler to assess the possible transmission modes they found that both coughing and breathing are important activities...

Title: Collection of Viable Aerosolized Influenza
Virus and Other Respiratory Viruses in a Student
Health Care Center through Water-Based Condensation
Growth
Authors: Pan, Maohua. Bonny, Tania S....
Journal: mSphere
Item: Infection
Index: 85
ID: 43c75c8c6a1fcb74ac151516e0cdd2a3a953d690
Number of matches: 8

...the collection of airborne influenza viruses we subsequently carried out influenza virus genome sequence analyses to gain insights on which strains had been collected the university of florida uf has a highly vaccinated cohort of students and staff and such virus genomic sequence information is useful for vaccine efficacy and infection control purposes and for virus surveillance efforts the vivas uses a waterbased condensation growth system to enable collection of aerosolized particles from 8 nm to 10 m 15 16 importantly enlargement of respired particles by waterbased condensation occurs during natural breathing 12 we previously used the vivas for...

Title: Collection of Viable Aerosolized Influenza
Virus and Other Respiratory Viruses in a Student
Health Care Center through Water-Based Condensation
Growth
Authors: Pan, Maohua. Bonny, Tania S....
Journal: mSphere
Item: Infection
Index: 85
ID: 43c75c8c6a1fcb74ac151516e0cdd2a3a953d690
Number of matches: 8

...a proper sampling location the presence of an emitting source favors successful detection of the agent whose transmission is under evaluation in our experiments the location chosen was a student infirmary the agent was influenza a or b virus and the emitting source was a person with an active respiratory infection who was breathing coughing talking andor sneezing our findings were consistent with the previously mentioned items and information regarding the lateonset influenza season of 2016 provided by the state of florida department of health 23 and they reinforce the notion that successful detection of virus aerosols is favored by location...

Title: Collection of Viable Aerosolized Influenza
Virus and Other Respiratory Viruses in a Student
Health Care Center through Water-Based Condensation
Growth
Authors: Pan, Maohua. Bonny, Tania S....
Journal: mSphere
Item: Infection
Index: 85
ID: 43c75c8c6a1fcb74ac151516e0cdd2a3a953d690
Number of matches: 8

...department of health 23 and they reinforce the notion that successful detection of virus aerosols is favored by location selection ie virus aerosols should be highest at enclosed sites with numerous sick persons and timing of tests ie the likelihood of finding virus aerosols is higher during outbreaks of respiratory infection in another three sets of air samplings performed using both the biosampler and the vivas on three different days after the influenza outbreak 19 and 26 august and 9 september 2016 in a small classroom in ufs black hall no viable respiratory viruses were isolated data not shown as the...

Title: Detection of Cytomegalovirus Antibodies
Using a Biosensor Based on Imaging Ellipsometry
Authors: Sun, Hongliu. Qi, Cai...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 88
ID: 4c4dd391e165ce712cb8871ce3082927bbf21ec9
Number of matches: 7

......

Title: Detection of Cytomegalovirus Antibodies
Using a Biosensor Based on Imaging Ellipsometry
Authors: Sun, Hongliu. Qi, Cai...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 88
ID: 4c4dd391e165ce712cb8871ce3082927bbf21ec9
Number of matches: 7

...in several seconds using an imaging ellipsometer presently our method can provide simultaneous 48 reaction areas with its enhanced throughput and lower cost bie may be used in clinical mass cmv screenings for healthy births in the future antibody detection is widely available for the clinical diagnosis of cmv infection however the identification of antibody types may help to determine the course of disease and bie may be used as a clinical primary screening tool for cmv patients igm is produced in large amounts early in infection reaching a peak in the first month and is followed by igg production...

Title: Detection of Cytomegalovirus Antibodies
Using a Biosensor Based on Imaging Ellipsometry
Authors: Sun, Hongliu. Qi, Cai...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 88
ID: 4c4dd391e165ce712cb8871ce3082927bbf21ec9
Number of matches: 7

...future antibody detection is widely available for the clinical diagnosis of cmv infection however the identification of antibody types may help to determine the course of disease and bie may be used as a clinical primary screening tool for cmv patients igm is produced in large amounts early in infection reaching a peak in the first month and is followed by igg production [7 31] levels of igm decline in the months following the onset of infection whereas igg levels persist for the rest of the patients life [32 33] determining igg avidity can...

Title: Detection of Cytomegalovirus Antibodies
Using a Biosensor Based on Imaging Ellipsometry
Authors: Sun, Hongliu. Qi, Cai...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 88
ID: 4c4dd391e165ce712cb8871ce3082927bbf21ec9
Number of matches: 7

...may be used as a clinical primary screening tool for cmv patients igm is produced in large amounts early in infection reaching a peak in the first month and is followed by igg production [7 31] levels of igm decline in the months following the onset of infection whereas igg levels persist for the rest of the patients life [32 33] determining igg avidity can provide additional guidance on infection status and low avidity igg is initially present but increases over time [34] a positive result for igm combined with lowtomoderate igg...

Title: Detection of Cytomegalovirus Antibodies
Using a Biosensor Based on Imaging Ellipsometry
Authors: Sun, Hongliu. Qi, Cai...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 88
ID: 4c4dd391e165ce712cb8871ce3082927bbf21ec9
Number of matches: 7

...the first month and is followed by igg production [7 31] levels of igm decline in the months following the onset of infection whereas igg levels persist for the rest of the patients life [32 33] determining igg avidity can provide additional guidance on infection status and low avidity igg is initially present but increases over time [34] a positive result for igm combined with lowtomoderate igg suggests avidity a primary cmv infection within the past 3 to 4 months [35] the visualized bie image fig 2 could reflect...

Title: Detection of Cytomegalovirus Antibodies
Using a Biosensor Based on Imaging Ellipsometry
Authors: Sun, Hongliu. Qi, Cai...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 88
ID: 4c4dd391e165ce712cb8871ce3082927bbf21ec9
Number of matches: 7

...the rest of the patients life [32 33] determining igg avidity can provide additional guidance on infection status and low avidity igg is initially present but increases over time [34] a positive result for igm combined with lowtomoderate igg suggests avidity a primary cmv infection within the past 3 to 4 months [35] the visualized bie image fig 2 could reflect types via difference in brightness so this technology can achieve rapid screening to date our work is simply a demonstration for igg type antibody detection with bie igm and other antibodies...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...responsible for the 20012002 csfv outbreak in spain that caused mild and nonspecific clinical signs of csf an outbreak that was controlled using a nonvaccination policy by stampingout strategy [9 10] recent work by our group demonstrated that persistently infected piglets can be generated by early postnatal infection with csfv of low and moderate virulence [11] for six weeks after postnatal infection most of the piglets remained clinically healthy despite persistent high virus titres in the serum tissues nasal and rectal swabs notably these animals were unable to mount any detectable humoral and cellular immune...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...an outbreak that was controlled using a nonvaccination policy by stampingout strategy [9 10] recent work by our group demonstrated that persistently infected piglets can be generated by early postnatal infection with csfv of low and moderate virulence [11] for six weeks after postnatal infection most of the piglets remained clinically healthy despite persistent high virus titres in the serum tissues nasal and rectal swabs notably these animals were unable to mount any detectable humoral and cellular immune response at necropsy the most prominent gross pathological lesion was severe thymus atrophy contrary to persistent infection...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...infection most of the piglets remained clinically healthy despite persistent high virus titres in the serum tissues nasal and rectal swabs notably these animals were unable to mount any detectable humoral and cellular immune response at necropsy the most prominent gross pathological lesion was severe thymus atrophy contrary to persistent infection animals developing the chronic form of csf are able to generate a specific immune response against the virus mainly an antibody response [4 12 13] considering the csf epidemiological situation in endemic areas where low virulence strains are prevalent [3 4 8 14 15] and...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...recovered live pbmcs was obtained by staining with trypan blue [21] the elispot assay to detect csfvspecific ifn cells was performed as previously described by tarradas et al [22] briefly 5 10 5 live pbmcwell were plated in duplicate at 01 multiplicity of infection moi of csfv catalonia or thiverval strain at 001 moi as controls duplicate of cells were incubated in the presence of mockstimulated wells and phytohaemagglutinin pha 10 gml the counts of spots in the media for mockstimulated wells were considered as the baseline for the calculation of antigenspecific frequencies of...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...pbl biomedical laboratories piscataway new jersey usa were used in an elisa assay to detect ifn in serum samples [22 [25] [26] [27] the cutoff value was calculated as the average optical density of negative controls blank and negative serums before csfv infection plus three standard deviations cytokine concentrations in the serum were determined using a regression line built with the optical densities of the cytokine standards used in the test after 21 dpv no clinical signs were detected in vaccinated pigs from group 2 and rectal temperatures remained within the established...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...both before day 0 and after vaccination from persistently infectedvaccinated pigs data not shown in the case of vaccinated pigs from group 2 positive values were found only at 4 dpv ranged up to 40 uml data not shown it was shown over 40 years ago that congenital persistent infection is the most important cause by which csfv is perpetuated in the domestic pig population [12] however little is known about the mechanisms involved currently csf causes significant losses in the pig farming industry worldwide and despite the intensive control programs implemented in endemic countries for more...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...[28] [29] [30] [31] the existence of csfv persistently infected pigs in endemic countries cannot be ruled out [16 17] recent work by our group demonstrated that csfv persistently infected piglets can be generated by early postnatal infection either with a low or a moderate virulence csfv strains [11] interestingly the postnatally persistently infected animals became viraemic excreting high viral loads during the six weeks of the study but were unable to generate either humoral or cellular immune responses against csfv in the present work...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...33] furthermore a lack of response to e2specific antibodies and an absence of neutralising antibody titres were shown in csfv persistently infectedvaccinated animals likewise an absence of ifnproducing cell response against csfv or pha was also observed considering the role played by ifn in the control of csfv infection [22 34] persistently infectedvaccinated animals maintained an immunosuppressive state herein lies one of the main differences between persistently and chronic infected pigs in animals suffering from chronic infection a csfvspecific immune response is generated furthermore the immunological anergy developed in postnatally persistently infected pigs supported the previously...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...response against csfv or pha was also observed considering the role played by ifn in the control of csfv infection [22 34] persistently infectedvaccinated animals maintained an immunosuppressive state herein lies one of the main differences between persistently and chronic infected pigs in animals suffering from chronic infection a csfvspecific immune response is generated furthermore the immunological anergy developed in postnatally persistently infected pigs supported the previously results described [11] on the other hand csfv exacerbates the ifn response which is detected in the serum of infected pigs this response has been hypothesised to be...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...the csfv catalonia strain that induced the persistence in these animals paradoxically the vaccine virus did not follow this logic given the lack of viral detection in samples analysed after the vaccination of postnatally persistently infected pigs perhaps the high viral load generated by the strain that induced the persistent infection catalonia strain may be preventing the vaccine virus replication in the target tissues changing or avoiding its replication capacity previous studies conducted in cell cultures with bvdv demonstrated that cells acutely infected with this virus were protected from the second infection by a homologous bvdv [36] probably...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...load generated by the strain that induced the persistent infection catalonia strain may be preventing the vaccine virus replication in the target tissues changing or avoiding its replication capacity previous studies conducted in cell cultures with bvdv demonstrated that cells acutely infected with this virus were protected from the second infection by a homologous bvdv [36] probably this interference phenomenon previously described in bvdv and csfv in in vitro assays would explain the lack of vaccine virus cstrain rna detection in the samples analysed after the vaccination of postnatally persistently infected pigs since the rna from the vaccine...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...could be a trigger for the disease progression as would be the case for pig 4 figures 1 and 2 before vaccination this pig remained apparently healthy but developed clinical signs principally fever peaks two days postvaccination figure 1 our findings pose a better understanding of persistent infection with csfv and also emphasise the need for diagnostic tools that can detect the existence of this csf form in the field furthermore our work supports once again that the vaccination strategies alone are not sufficient to eradicate the disease [4] considering their high levels of viral...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...to eradicate the disease [4] considering their high levels of viral excretion these animals can promote transmission to other healthy pigs in the herd especially in situations where vaccination is not practiced or where the vaccination program is inefficient then they can cause the shortcycle type of infection which produces an acute fatal disease with high mortality [12] epidemiologically it is not known how these pigs behave in the field or the role they play in maintaining the infection in endemic countries particularly important considering a population of 1 of persistently infected calves can maintain...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...practiced or where the vaccination program is inefficient then they can cause the shortcycle type of infection which produces an acute fatal disease with high mortality [12] epidemiologically it is not known how these pigs behave in the field or the role they play in maintaining the infection in endemic countries particularly important considering a population of 1 of persistently infected calves can maintain infection with bvdv in a farm [45] there is still much more to know about csfv postnatal persistent infection immunologically we are only beginning to discover the mechanisms underlying the establishment...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...which produces an acute fatal disease with high mortality [12] epidemiologically it is not known how these pigs behave in the field or the role they play in maintaining the infection in endemic countries particularly important considering a population of 1 of persistently infected calves can maintain infection with bvdv in a farm [45] there is still much more to know about csfv postnatal persistent infection immunologically we are only beginning to discover the mechanisms underlying the establishment of this form of disease on a molecular level it is known to be associated only with...

Title: Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in
classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently
infected pigs
Authors: Muñoz-González, Sara. Perez-Simó, Marta...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 89
ID: a0b13baa35ff28471952e5011f9411529d217f50
Number of matches: 17

...behave in the field or the role they play in maintaining the infection in endemic countries particularly important considering a population of 1 of persistently infected calves can maintain infection with bvdv in a farm [45] there is still much more to know about csfv postnatal persistent infection immunologically we are only beginning to discover the mechanisms underlying the establishment of this form of disease on a molecular level it is known to be associated only with lowmoderate virulence strains but we still do not understand the reason why to our knowledge this is the first report...

Title: Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting
with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause
Authors: Anh, Nguyen To. Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu...
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 90
ID: 061e49a521b8ea0acbd7c3a61360cc8e0b07e3ca
Number of matches: 11

...fig 2 there was considerable homogeneity between the group of patients included and the group not included in the mngs analysis table 1 among the 386 patients with sepsis of unknown cause whose data were included in the mngs analysis the most frequent clinical entity was acute respiratory infection n 158 [41] followed by systemic infection n 152 [395] diarrhea n 36 [93] and central nervous system cns infection n 40 [105] table 1 3 ten of these patients 8 adults and 2 children were recorded...

Title: Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting
with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause
Authors: Anh, Nguyen To. Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu...
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 90
ID: 061e49a521b8ea0acbd7c3a61360cc8e0b07e3ca
Number of matches: 11

...of patients included and the group not included in the mngs analysis table 1 among the 386 patients with sepsis of unknown cause whose data were included in the mngs analysis the most frequent clinical entity was acute respiratory infection n 158 [41] followed by systemic infection n 152 [395] diarrhea n 36 [93] and central nervous system cns infection n 40 [105] table 1 3 ten of these patients 8 adults and 2 children were recorded as deceased by day 28 accounting for 26 of total...

Title: Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting
with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause
Authors: Anh, Nguyen To. Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu...
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 90
ID: 061e49a521b8ea0acbd7c3a61360cc8e0b07e3ca
Number of matches: 11

...with sepsis of unknown cause whose data were included in the mngs analysis the most frequent clinical entity was acute respiratory infection n 158 [41] followed by systemic infection n 152 [395] diarrhea n 36 [93] and central nervous system cns infection n 40 [105] table 1 3 ten of these patients 8 adults and 2 children were recorded as deceased by day 28 accounting for 26 of total patients overview of viruslike sequences detected by mngs in total 466 samples were sequenced in five miseq runs...

Title: Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting
with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause
Authors: Anh, Nguyen To. Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu...
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 90
ID: 061e49a521b8ea0acbd7c3a61360cc8e0b07e3ca
Number of matches: 11

...mngs followed by pcr confirmation testing in different sample types the detection rates for human viruses or viruses reported in human tissues were 8 32384 for sera 41 3892 for nasalthroat swabs and 50 510 for stool samples while all 6 csf samples available from 40 patients presenting with cns infection were negative more viruses were found in pooled nasalthroat swabs than in samples of other types fig 4 in the sera tested 12 different viral species were detected including the wellestablished human pathogens hbv n 9 ev n 8 rotavirus a n 3 dengue virus denv...

Title: Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting
with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause
Authors: Anh, Nguyen To. Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu...
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 90
ID: 061e49a521b8ea0acbd7c3a61360cc8e0b07e3ca
Number of matches: 11

...and hrv were detected more frequently in children than in adults fig 5 in contrast bloodborne viruses hiv hcv and hbv were found more often in adults than in children fig 5 parechovirus an established cause of pediatric infections was detected in one adult presenting with a systemic infection genetic characterization of ev and hbv excluding anellovirusrelated sequences mngs generated sufficient sequence data for informative genetic characterization and phylogenetic inference of ev and hbv in 14 samples including seven complete viral capsid protein 1 vp1 sequences of enterovirus and seven complete hbv genomes phylogenetically all seven evs were...

Title: Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting
with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause
Authors: Anh, Nguyen To. Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu...
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 90
ID: 061e49a521b8ea0acbd7c3a61360cc8e0b07e3ca
Number of matches: 11

...been reported previously 29 additionally the detection of bloodborne viruses such as hbv hiv and hcv in serum samples might represent underlying diseases and not the causative pathogens leading to the hospital admission although the detection of hiv rna in a serum sample of a patient presenting with systemic infection may suggest an acute hiv infection however together with the clinical and epidemiologic data the results present a provocative argument for a wide range of viral pathogens that might be associated with ca sepsis in vietnam epidemiologically our results support previous findings regarding the frequent detection of common viruses...

Title: Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting
with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause
Authors: Anh, Nguyen To. Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu...
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 90
ID: 061e49a521b8ea0acbd7c3a61360cc8e0b07e3ca
Number of matches: 11

...the detection of bloodborne viruses such as hbv hiv and hcv in serum samples might represent underlying diseases and not the causative pathogens leading to the hospital admission although the detection of hiv rna in a serum sample of a patient presenting with systemic infection may suggest an acute hiv infection however together with the clinical and epidemiologic data the results present a provocative argument for a wide range of viral pathogens that might be associated with ca sepsis in vietnam epidemiologically our results support previous findings regarding the frequent detection of common viruses in corresponding clinical entities and age...

Title: Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting
with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause
Authors: Anh, Nguyen To. Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu...
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 90
ID: 061e49a521b8ea0acbd7c3a61360cc8e0b07e3ca
Number of matches: 11

...diverse ev serotypes and parechoviruses in vietnam mngs detected several recently discovered viruses saffold virus salivirus a wu polyomavirus gemycircularvirus and hpgv2 representing their first detection in vietnam and adding to the growing literature about the geographic distribution of these newly identified viruses salivirus a has been linked to gastrointestinal infection and saffold virus has been reported in gastrointestinal and respiratory infection patients 34 35 36 37 saffold virus has also been reported to be associated with myocarditis and aseptic meningitis 38 39 additionally using a mouse model studies have shown the neurotropic potential of saffold virus 39 40...

Title: Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting
with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause
Authors: Anh, Nguyen To. Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu...
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 90
ID: 061e49a521b8ea0acbd7c3a61360cc8e0b07e3ca
Number of matches: 11

...discovered viruses saffold virus salivirus a wu polyomavirus gemycircularvirus and hpgv2 representing their first detection in vietnam and adding to the growing literature about the geographic distribution of these newly identified viruses salivirus a has been linked to gastrointestinal infection and saffold virus has been reported in gastrointestinal and respiratory infection patients 34 35 36 37 saffold virus has also been reported to be associated with myocarditis and aseptic meningitis 38 39 additionally using a mouse model studies have shown the neurotropic potential of saffold virus 39 40 41 the pathogenicity of wu polyomavirus gemycircularvirus and hpgv2 remains...

Title: Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting
with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause
Authors: Anh, Nguyen To. Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu...
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 90
ID: 061e49a521b8ea0acbd7c3a61360cc8e0b07e3ca
Number of matches: 11

...many patients in the present study may be a consequence of cross talk bleedthrough contamination occurring as part of the sequencing procedure a welldocumented phenomenon 10 43 44 an alternative explanation is the low sensitivity likely attributed to nucleotide mismatches of some of the pcr primers used to confirm infection the absence of human viral pathogens in 87 of 386 patients may be attributed to the low sensitivity of our mngs approach especially in cases where the number of reads obtained was supposedly insufficient fig s1 in the supplemental material as suggested by the difference in the number of...

Title: Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting
with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause
Authors: Anh, Nguyen To. Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu...
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 90
ID: 061e49a521b8ea0acbd7c3a61360cc8e0b07e3ca
Number of matches: 11

...and library preparation sequencing methods that may affect sequencing depth ie the number of reads obtained and assay sensitivity additional possibilities include the presence of the sepsis pathogen in nonanalyzed tissues the presence of nonviral pathogens eg bacteria and parasites in tested specimens andor the inclusion of patients with no infection eg those with conditions caused by toxicity whose clinical presentations mimic infections in the study in summary we report the application of mngs for patients presenting with ca sepsis of unknown etiology our results highlight challenges in identifying possible viral culprits in patients with ca sepsis and show that...

Title: Colorimetric Detection of Dengue by Single
Tube Reverse-Transcription-Loop-Mediated
Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Lau, Yee-Ling. Lai, Meng-Yee...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 91
ID: 59e339e8a09eb0b00c603cbd5867d8edabc2151d
Number of matches: 2

...of rapidly diagnosing turkey coronavirus infections either directly from feces or in association with virus isolation methods [5] the study obtained ethics approval from the ummc medical ethics committee ethics committeeirb reference number 90811 a total of 189 serum samples from patients cl inically suspected with denv infection were obtained from university of malaya medical centre ummc kuala lumpur all clinical samples were taken as part of standard patient care the samples were divided in the laboratory to be used for routine diagnosis by serological assays sd dengue igm capture and sd dengue igg capture elisa kits standard...

Title: Colorimetric Detection of Dengue by Single
Tube Reverse-Transcription-Loop-Mediated
Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Lau, Yee-Ling. Lai, Meng-Yee...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 91
ID: 59e339e8a09eb0b00c603cbd5867d8edabc2151d
Number of matches: 2

...] [14] [15] parida et al 2005 reported a onestep rtlamp for the detection of 4 dengue serotypes in separate tubes by targeting the 3ncr [4] in 2011 li et al developed a single tube reaction system for the detection of denv infection using rtlamp primers based on amplification of the cprm gene however this gene is relatively less well conserved among all 4 denv serotypes interserotype [16] these 2 studies evaluated their rtlamp assays based on their ability to detect denv infections using a small clinical sample size 70...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...have been reported in pig herds of largescale and familyscale farms in china respectively [4] increasing evidence indicates that hev can infect both humans and animal [5] to date most studies of hev based on prevalence surveys and research into hevassociated mortality during natural infection was limited mao et al reported that coinfection with hev and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus prrsv could lead to high mortality in swine [6] and they speculated that coinfection with hev and other pathogens could cause serious disease it has been demonstrated that hev and...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...and they speculated that coinfection with hev and other pathogens could cause serious disease it has been demonstrated that hev and porcine circovirus 2 pcv2 could cause infectious hepatitis but swine naturally coinfected with hev and pcv2 in china has rarely been reported [3 7 8] pcv2 infection occurs in many countries and poses a considerable threat to the swine industry [9] although the recently research showed that infection of pcv2 could be effectively reduced by utilizing pcv2 vaccine [10] prevention of pcv2 in the pig production should be paid more attention...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...pcv2 could cause infectious hepatitis but swine naturally coinfected with hev and pcv2 in china has rarely been reported [3 7 8] pcv2 infection occurs in many countries and poses a considerable threat to the swine industry [9] although the recently research showed that infection of pcv2 could be effectively reduced by utilizing pcv2 vaccine [10] prevention of pcv2 in the pig production should be paid more attention in the present study pathogen identification and the observation of pathological changes demonstrated a natural coinfection with hev and pcv2 in the swine on...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...multiple organs particularly in the liver and kidneys this result was not unexpected because the liver is the target organ of hev and the kidney plays an integral role in maintaining extracellular fluid homeostasis the previous study also demonstrates that hev has been found in liver and kidney after experimental infection in domestic pigs [15] a pcr assay specific for hev orf2 confirmed that the pigs were hev positive isolates chnhbhdl1 chnhbhdl2 hbl3 chnhbhdl4 and chnhbhdl5 were shown to belong to genotype 4 the most prevalent hev genotype in china according to smith et al [13]...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...characterized by growth retardation diarrhea dyspnea jaundice and enlargement of the inguinal lymph nodes in our study infected swine aged 23 months displayed clinical symptoms consistent with previous reports of the disease [9] in this study the clinical and pathological changes observed were consistent with typical pcv2 infection hemorrhage hyperemia edema necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration were observed in all organs most notably the lungs histological changes consistent with lobar pneumonia were also evident in the lungs and normal lung histology was rarely seen the alveolar walls were thickened with substantial lymphocyte erythrocyte and exudate infiltration exfoliated alveolar epithelial...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...pathological changes indicated that the pcv2 isolates detected in this study were probably high prevalent in china [20] ihc staining of tissues for the orf2 protein of pcv2 revealed that the antigen was observed in the lungs liver lymph node intestine and kidneys further evidence of pcv2 infection further pathological changes typical of pcv2 infection were observed in this study significant immunesystem organ dysplasia was apparent with the characteristic histopathological findings of lymphoid depletion and histiocytic replacement in the lymphoid tissues combined with the positive pcv2 orf2 signals in lymph node in ihc these results suggest that...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...in this study were probably high prevalent in china [20] ihc staining of tissues for the orf2 protein of pcv2 revealed that the antigen was observed in the lungs liver lymph node intestine and kidneys further evidence of pcv2 infection further pathological changes typical of pcv2 infection were observed in this study significant immunesystem organ dysplasia was apparent with the characteristic histopathological findings of lymphoid depletion and histiocytic replacement in the lymphoid tissues combined with the positive pcv2 orf2 signals in lymph node in ihc these results suggest that the systemic immune function of these pigs had...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...in the intestine with the greatest reactivity observed in the cytoplasm of cells in the mucous layer and lamina propria this observation is consistent with the viral invasion pathways the transmission of hev occurs via the fecaloral route so hev may invade the animal through the intestinal mucous layer with infection progressing to the lamina propria we have investigated the mucosal immunity in the intestines of rabbits [21] and gerbils data not shown experimentally infected with hev and both studies demonstrated a strong hev orf2 positive signals in intestinal in the present study naturally infected swine exhibited significant necrosis...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...labeling pattern observed in the intestine in this study we also tested for other suspicious pathogens in this study according to the medical history the sick piglets failed to respond to antibiotic treatment timicosin and doxycycline in pig farm a and florfenicol in pig farm b indicating that bacterial infection was unlikely prrsv csfv pedv tgev prv and ppv are high prevalent in swine in china and across the globe although infections with these viruses may present with similar clinical symptoms including fever diarrhea depressed and decrease of feed intake pcr confirmed that all seven pigs were negative for these...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...presence of signs and lesions such as lymphoid depletions hepatitis nephritis etc resemble the microscopic characteristic of pmws nevertheless no typical microscopic lesions such as granulomatous inflammation or intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed in lymphoid tissue liver spleen and other tissues [22] the mortality associated with pcv2 infection is generally around 10 range 420 but can reach 50 [23] in our case seven pigs were detected and the pathogens had been identified however the true reason for the high mortality in the whole pig farm a and b still need more exploring the occurrence of...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

... in our case seven pigs were detected and the pathogens had been identified however the true reason for the high mortality in the whole pig farm a and b still need more exploring the occurrence of this disease may not be only a matter of pmws caused by pcv2 infection the previous study showed swine hev infection can be a significant factor to the development of hepatitis regardless of the pmws status [8] in addition j ellis [24] claimed that the severity of hepatic lesions in pcv2 infected pigs may be enhanced by coinfection with...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...detected and the pathogens had been identified however the true reason for the high mortality in the whole pig farm a and b still need more exploring the occurrence of this disease may not be only a matter of pmws caused by pcv2 infection the previous study showed swine hev infection can be a significant factor to the development of hepatitis regardless of the pmws status [8] in addition j ellis [24] claimed that the severity of hepatic lesions in pcv2 infected pigs may be enhanced by coinfection with swine hepatitis e virus it may indicate...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...pcv2 infected pigs may be enhanced by coinfection with swine hepatitis e virus it may indicate that the significance of hev is hardly negligent further investigation about the mechanistic basis for the pathogenesis of the clinical syndrome that associated with pcv2 and hev coinfection needs to be conducted hev infection in humans and animals is common but the natural occurrence of hev and pcv2 coinfection in pigs in china reported here has rarely been seen the experimental infection of domestic pigs with hev did not cause death [25] therefore the hevinfected swine observed in this study requires...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...mechanistic basis for the pathogenesis of the clinical syndrome that associated with pcv2 and hev coinfection needs to be conducted hev infection in humans and animals is common but the natural occurrence of hev and pcv2 coinfection in pigs in china reported here has rarely been seen the experimental infection of domestic pigs with hev did not cause death [25] therefore the hevinfected swine observed in this study requires further investigation based on these results we believe that considerable attention should be directed towards coinfections of hev and pcv2 in swine according to the comparison of...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...is really thoughtprovoking it is very significant to explore the reasons for the similar pathological changes in the hev andor pcv2 infected pigs in order to reveal the mechanism for the similar pathological changes in the hev andor pcv2 infected pigs further tests about hev and pcv2 coinfection single hev infection and single pcv2 infection in pigs have been in the planning we hope to reveal the mechanism of the similar pathological changes and also discover the similarity and differences between the natural cases and the experimental infected pigs to our best knowledge theses following reasons are speculated to explain the...

Title: Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis
E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in
four weaned pigs in China
Authors: Yang, Yifei. Shi, Ruihan...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 92
ID: f1a107788ce585f3f5a7daa6b2eaf55997935192
Number of matches: 16

...is very significant to explore the reasons for the similar pathological changes in the hev andor pcv2 infected pigs in order to reveal the mechanism for the similar pathological changes in the hev andor pcv2 infected pigs further tests about hev and pcv2 coinfection single hev infection and single pcv2 infection in pigs have been in the planning we hope to reveal the mechanism of the similar pathological changes and also discover the similarity and differences between the natural cases and the experimental infected pigs to our best knowledge theses following reasons are speculated to explain the similar pathological changes a...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

......

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...in the bronchi [8] endothelial cells have been identified as a major target for niv and most studies have focused on the role of the endothelium in niv pathogenesis [9 10 11] however very limited data is available on the host responses following niv infection in the human lung while the endothelium plays an important role in the terminal stages of niv infection the role of the respiratory epithelium in the early stages of infection is critical however it remains largely unexplored the specific sites of henipavirus infection in the human respiratory tract are still...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...and most studies have focused on the role of the endothelium in niv pathogenesis [9 10 11] however very limited data is available on the host responses following niv infection in the human lung while the endothelium plays an important role in the terminal stages of niv infection the role of the respiratory epithelium in the early stages of infection is critical however it remains largely unexplored the specific sites of henipavirus infection in the human respiratory tract are still unknown as well as the molecular mechanism by which these viruses cause disease in humans we have previously...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...niv pathogenesis [9 10 11] however very limited data is available on the host responses following niv infection in the human lung while the endothelium plays an important role in the terminal stages of niv infection the role of the respiratory epithelium in the early stages of infection is critical however it remains largely unexplored the specific sites of henipavirus infection in the human respiratory tract are still unknown as well as the molecular mechanism by which these viruses cause disease in humans we have previously shown that niv can efficiently infect human respiratory epithelial cells from the...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...available on the host responses following niv infection in the human lung while the endothelium plays an important role in the terminal stages of niv infection the role of the respiratory epithelium in the early stages of infection is critical however it remains largely unexplored the specific sites of henipavirus infection in the human respiratory tract are still unknown as well as the molecular mechanism by which these viruses cause disease in humans we have previously shown that niv can efficiently infect human respiratory epithelial cells from the trachea bronchi and small airways resulting in the induction of key inflammatory mediators...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...19 20] the majority of viral pathogenesis studies involving human xenograft mice focus on human immunodeficiency virus hiv or human cytomegalovirus hcmv in humanized mice that have been grafted with human hematopoietic stem cells and thymus [21 22] here we report the first characterization of niv infection of the human respiratory tract using a human lung xenograft model to gain further insight into the mechanisms of niv pathogenesis in humans our results showed that niv replicates to high titers in the human lung and that infection results in the induction of a robust host response severely...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...21 22] here we report the first characterization of niv infection of the human respiratory tract using a human lung xenograft model to gain further insight into the mechanisms of niv pathogenesis in humans our results showed that niv replicates to high titers in the human lung and that infection results in the induction of a robust host response severely immunodeficient nsg mice served as hosts to support the successful engraftment of human lung xenografts we implanted 6 small fragments of human fetal lung in the dorsal subcutaneous space 3 on each side of the spine following transplantation human...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...and capillaries figure 1f finally the expression patterns of ephrin b2 the receptor of niv was similar to that seen in normal human lung tissue [23] figure 1g with expression on bronchial epithelium alveolar cells and vasculatures figure 1h natural niv infection involves exposure to the virus through the respiratory epithelium to mimic this route in human lung xenografts that lack air exchange tissues were directly injected with niv following direct intragraft injection of the 3 lung tissues on the left side primary infection within each mouse nsg mice did not show...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...and vasculatures figure 1h natural niv infection involves exposure to the virus through the respiratory epithelium to mimic this route in human lung xenografts that lack air exchange tissues were directly injected with niv following direct intragraft injection of the 3 lung tissues on the left side primary infection within each mouse nsg mice did not show any signs of morbidity or mortality during our observation period of 10 days in addition two nongrafted nsg mice that were challenged intradermally as controls with the same dose as xenografts did not develop any clinical signs primary infection of the human...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...left side primary infection within each mouse nsg mice did not show any signs of morbidity or mortality during our observation period of 10 days in addition two nongrafted nsg mice that were challenged intradermally as controls with the same dose as xenografts did not develop any clinical signs primary infection of the human lung xenografts resulted in detection of infectious niv as early as 1 day post infection figure 2a and niv replicated to high titers 10 7 tcid 50 gram tissue by day 3 post infection niv titers remained high until the end of the experiment at 10 days...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...during our observation period of 10 days in addition two nongrafted nsg mice that were challenged intradermally as controls with the same dose as xenografts did not develop any clinical signs primary infection of the human lung xenografts resulted in detection of infectious niv as early as 1 day post infection figure 2a and niv replicated to high titers 10 7 tcid 50 gram tissue by day 3 post infection niv titers remained high until the end of the experiment at 10 days post infection importantly high titers of niv were also detected in the other 3 lung tissues on the...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...with the same dose as xenografts did not develop any clinical signs primary infection of the human lung xenografts resulted in detection of infectious niv as early as 1 day post infection figure 2a and niv replicated to high titers 10 7 tcid 50 gram tissue by day 3 post infection niv titers remained high until the end of the experiment at 10 days post infection importantly high titers of niv were also detected in the other 3 lung tissues on the right side of each mouse that were not initially infected through direct intragraft injection as early as 3 days...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...the human lung xenografts resulted in detection of infectious niv as early as 1 day post infection figure 2a and niv replicated to high titers 10 7 tcid 50 gram tissue by day 3 post infection niv titers remained high until the end of the experiment at 10 days post infection importantly high titers of niv were also detected in the other 3 lung tissues on the right side of each mouse that were not initially infected through direct intragraft injection as early as 3 days post infection this finding clearly demonstrates that the virus can spread from infected human lung...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...titers remained high until the end of the experiment at 10 days post infection importantly high titers of niv were also detected in the other 3 lung tissues on the right side of each mouse that were not initially infected through direct intragraft injection as early as 3 days post infection this finding clearly demonstrates that the virus can spread from infected human lung grafts to uninfected grafts in the same mouse most likely through viremia secondary infection figure 2a the presence of viremia was further supported by the observation that infectious niv was detected albeit at lower levels in...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...tissues on the right side of each mouse that were not initially infected through direct intragraft injection as early as 3 days post infection this finding clearly demonstrates that the virus can spread from infected human lung grafts to uninfected grafts in the same mouse most likely through viremia secondary infection figure 2a the presence of viremia was further supported by the observation that infectious niv was detected albeit at lower levels in several mouse tissues including lung brain heart spleen and kidney at various time points post infection figure 2b in fact viremia was detected in a...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...uninfected grafts in the same mouse most likely through viremia secondary infection figure 2a the presence of viremia was further supported by the observation that infectious niv was detected albeit at lower levels in several mouse tissues including lung brain heart spleen and kidney at various time points post infection figure 2b in fact viremia was detected in a blood sample of 1 animal on day 10 post infection in which a low level 300 tcid 50 ml of infectious niv was determined table 1 interestingly virus was not detected in organs from nongrafted nsg mice...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...supported by the observation that infectious niv was detected albeit at lower levels in several mouse tissues including lung brain heart spleen and kidney at various time points post infection figure 2b in fact viremia was detected in a blood sample of 1 animal on day 10 post infection in which a low level 300 tcid 50 ml of infectious niv was determined table 1 interestingly virus was not detected in organs from nongrafted nsg mice that were challenged intradermally with the same dose table 1 suggesting the nsg mouse tissues are probably not intrinsically susceptible...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...the nsg mouse tissues are probably not intrinsically susceptible to niv in order to confirm that the human lung xenografts could be infected via the hematogenous route we next challenged 2 lungengrafted nsg mice with niv via the ip route the ip challenge with niv in this model confirmed that infection resulted in detectable viremia in 1 animal with virus spreading to the human lung xenografts in both replicating to high titers and resulting in histopathological changes similar to those observed with intragraft challenge table 1 together these data suggest that following intragraft infection the human lung is highly susceptible...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...niv in this model confirmed that infection resulted in detectable viremia in 1 animal with virus spreading to the human lung xenografts in both replicating to high titers and resulting in histopathological changes similar to those observed with intragraft challenge table 1 together these data suggest that following intragraft infection the human lung is highly susceptible to niv infection and results in viremia and subsequent spread to other organs in the absence of disease in order to study the histopathological changes associated with niv infection in the human lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin he no...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...detectable viremia in 1 animal with virus spreading to the human lung xenografts in both replicating to high titers and resulting in histopathological changes similar to those observed with intragraft challenge table 1 together these data suggest that following intragraft infection the human lung is highly susceptible to niv infection and results in viremia and subsequent spread to other organs in the absence of disease in order to study the histopathological changes associated with niv infection in the human lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin he no gross pathologic lesions were observed in the human lung...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...observed with intragraft challenge table 1 together these data suggest that following intragraft infection the human lung is highly susceptible to niv infection and results in viremia and subsequent spread to other organs in the absence of disease in order to study the histopathological changes associated with niv infection in the human lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin he no gross pathologic lesions were observed in the human lung grafts since nsg mice exhibit multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunity [24] niv infection in human lung grafts did not result in significant...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...order to study the histopathological changes associated with niv infection in the human lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin he no gross pathologic lesions were observed in the human lung grafts since nsg mice exhibit multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunity [24] niv infection in human lung grafts did not result in significant inflammation histopathological changes in the human lung tissues following niv infection were independent of the route of infection intragraft indirect or intraperitoneal and included small focal areas with syncytia and necrosis as early as day 3 pi figure 3a ...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...and eosin he no gross pathologic lesions were observed in the human lung grafts since nsg mice exhibit multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunity [24] niv infection in human lung grafts did not result in significant inflammation histopathological changes in the human lung tissues following niv infection were independent of the route of infection intragraft indirect or intraperitoneal and included small focal areas with syncytia and necrosis as early as day 3 pi figure 3a these areas rapidly expanded to large areas with hemorrhages and significant loss of architecture of the small airways by day...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...were observed in the human lung grafts since nsg mice exhibit multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunity [24] niv infection in human lung grafts did not result in significant inflammation histopathological changes in the human lung tissues following niv infection were independent of the route of infection intragraft indirect or intraperitoneal and included small focal areas with syncytia and necrosis as early as day 3 pi figure 3a these areas rapidly expanded to large areas with hemorrhages and significant loss of architecture of the small airways by day 10 pi figure 3b the...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...included small focal areas with syncytia and necrosis as early as day 3 pi figure 3a these areas rapidly expanded to large areas with hemorrhages and significant loss of architecture of the small airways by day 10 pi figure 3b the main histopathological features of niv infection in these tissues were the characteristic syncytia formation figure 3c and areas of necrosis figure 3d syncytia formation could be observed in bronchial epithelium figure 3c alveolar epithelium figure 3e and vascular endothelium figure 3f in addition fibrinoid necrosis was...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...in bronchial epithelium figure 3c alveolar epithelium figure 3e and vascular endothelium figure 3f in addition fibrinoid necrosis was observed in some of the vasculature as well as recruitment of granulocytes figure 3f in agreement with the absence of clinical signs niv infection did not result in histopathological changes in any visceral mouse tissue table 1 in order to identify the cells targeted by niv in the human lung viral nucleocapsid protein n expression in human lung grafts was examined with immunohistochemistry expression of niv n nipah virus niv is a...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...priority pathogen for biodefense research by the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases both animaltohuman and humantohuman transmission has been observed studies on the molecular mechanisms of nivmediated pathogenesis have been hampered by the lack of biologically relevant in vivo models for studying the initial host responses to niv infection in the human lung we show here a new small animal model in which we transplant human lung tissue for studying the pathogenesis of niv we showed that niv can replicate to high levels in the human lung niv causes extensive damage to the lung tissue and induces important regulators...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...niv can replicate to high levels in the human lung niv causes extensive damage to the lung tissue and induces important regulators of the inflammatory response this study is the first to use a human lung transplant for studying infectious diseases a powerful model for studying the pathogenesis of niv infection and will open up new possibilities for studying virushost interactions coincided with the focal areas of histopathological changes on day 3 pi and showed intense staining figure 4a by day 10 widespread expression of niv n was observed throughout the human lung tissues figure 4b niv...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...not in other organs tested table 1 tropism of viral antigen in mouse lung was similar between tissues infected by direct injection or following ip challenge data not shown although focal areas were generally not centered around vessels figure 5a during the early stages of infection when niv infection involved the vasculature cd31positive endothelial cells were a specific target of infection figure 5b similar findings were observed in animals challenged via the ip route table 1 in order to elucidate the host responses following niv infection in the human lung the expression of...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...organs tested table 1 tropism of viral antigen in mouse lung was similar between tissues infected by direct injection or following ip challenge data not shown although focal areas were generally not centered around vessels figure 5a during the early stages of infection when niv infection involved the vasculature cd31positive endothelial cells were a specific target of infection figure 5b similar findings were observed in animals challenged via the ip route table 1 in order to elucidate the host responses following niv infection in the human lung the expression of several cytokines and...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...lung was similar between tissues infected by direct injection or following ip challenge data not shown although focal areas were generally not centered around vessels figure 5a during the early stages of infection when niv infection involved the vasculature cd31positive endothelial cells were a specific target of infection figure 5b similar findings were observed in animals challenged via the ip route table 1 in order to elucidate the host responses following niv infection in the human lung the expression of several cytokines and chemokines was determined in homogenates of human lung xenografts following direct infection...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...5a during the early stages of infection when niv infection involved the vasculature cd31positive endothelial cells were a specific target of infection figure 5b similar findings were observed in animals challenged via the ip route table 1 in order to elucidate the host responses following niv infection in the human lung the expression of several cytokines and chemokines was determined in homogenates of human lung xenografts following direct infection with niv figure 6 since human immune cells were absent in this model any expression of human cytokines or chemokines was primarily the result from niv...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...infection figure 5b similar findings were observed in animals challenged via the ip route table 1 in order to elucidate the host responses following niv infection in the human lung the expression of several cytokines and chemokines was determined in homogenates of human lung xenografts following direct infection with niv figure 6 since human immune cells were absent in this model any expression of human cytokines or chemokines was primarily the result from niv infection of human epithelial and endothelial cells niv infection in human lung resulted in the expression of several cytokines chemokines including eotaxin1...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...in the human lung the expression of several cytokines and chemokines was determined in homogenates of human lung xenografts following direct infection with niv figure 6 since human immune cells were absent in this model any expression of human cytokines or chemokines was primarily the result from niv infection of human epithelial and endothelial cells niv infection in human lung resulted in the expression of several cytokines chemokines including eotaxin1 gcsf gmcsf tnfa vegf ip10 il1b and il6 starting by day 5 pi figure 6 expression of gmcsf tnfa ip10 and il1b peaked on day 5 post infection...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...cytokines and chemokines was determined in homogenates of human lung xenografts following direct infection with niv figure 6 since human immune cells were absent in this model any expression of human cytokines or chemokines was primarily the result from niv infection of human epithelial and endothelial cells niv infection in human lung resulted in the expression of several cytokines chemokines including eotaxin1 gcsf gmcsf tnfa vegf ip10 il1b and il6 starting by day 5 pi figure 6 expression of gmcsf tnfa ip10 and il1b peaked on day 5 post infection and gradually declined over time il6 and eotaxin1...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...infection of human epithelial and endothelial cells niv infection in human lung resulted in the expression of several cytokines chemokines including eotaxin1 gcsf gmcsf tnfa vegf ip10 il1b and il6 starting by day 5 pi figure 6 expression of gmcsf tnfa ip10 and il1b peaked on day 5 post infection and gradually declined over time il6 and eotaxin1 expression peaked at day 7 pi whereas gcsf initially peaked on day 5 but remained high throughout infection interestingly vegf expression continued to increase over time concomitant with the increased hemorrhaging and remodeling of the lung the cytokine and chemokines profiles were...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...ip10 il1b and il6 starting by day 5 pi figure 6 expression of gmcsf tnfa ip10 and il1b peaked on day 5 post infection and gradually declined over time il6 and eotaxin1 expression peaked at day 7 pi whereas gcsf initially peaked on day 5 but remained high throughout infection interestingly vegf expression continued to increase over time concomitant with the increased hemorrhaging and remodeling of the lung the cytokine and chemokines profiles were similar between lung xenografts following primary direct or secondary indirect infection data not shown nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic virus that can cause severe...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...at day 7 pi whereas gcsf initially peaked on day 5 but remained high throughout infection interestingly vegf expression continued to increase over time concomitant with the increased hemorrhaging and remodeling of the lung the cytokine and chemokines profiles were similar between lung xenografts following primary direct or secondary indirect infection data not shown nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic virus that can cause severe respiratory distress and encephalitis in humans [1] despite intensive studies in vitro and in animal models little is known studies on the molecular mechanisms of nivmediated pathogenesis have been hampered by the...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...respiratory distress and encephalitis in humans [1] despite intensive studies in vitro and in animal models little is known studies on the molecular mechanisms of nivmediated pathogenesis have been hampered by the lack of biologically relevant in vitro models for studying the initial host responses to niv infection in the human lung [7 13 15] to fill this gap we recently showed that niv can efficiently replicate in primary epithelial cells from the human respiratory tract [12] while this is an attractive model to study the early steps of niv entry in...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...histopathological data is available for human cases of the bangladesh strain of niv therefore the malaysia strain was used in this study to allow for comparisons of histopathology and viral tropism in humans vasculitis and fibrinoid necrosis in the lungs was observed in the majority of fatal cases of niv infection [8] multinucleated giant cells were occasionally observed in alveolar spaces and showed prominent immunostaining for viral antigen along with alveolar hemorrhage edema and pneumonia bronchial epithelium rarely showed histopathological changes nipah viral antigen could also be observed in the vasculature and rarely in bronchiolar epithelium [8...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...in bronchiolar epithelium [8] we believe that the lack of viral antigen in the bronchial epithelium in fatal human cases is most likely due to timing of sampling we previously showed using a hamster model that the bronchial epithelium is initially targeted by niv early on during infection followed by rapid spread to the interstitium and involvement of pulmonary vessels [13] in the present model niv replicated to high titers following intragraft injection and virus was found to primarily replicate in respiratory epithelium of the bronchi and small airways this is consistent with our previous...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...pulmonary vessels [13] in the present model niv replicated to high titers following intragraft injection and virus was found to primarily replicate in respiratory epithelium of the bronchi and small airways this is consistent with our previous finding that human respiratory epithelium is highly susceptible to niv infection [12] in animal nipah virus infection in human lung plos pathogens wwwplospathogensorg models the lung is the primary target organ of niv infection following intranasal challenge [13 14] in addition to the respiratory epithelium niv replication was also found in the endothelium a...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...model niv replicated to high titers following intragraft injection and virus was found to primarily replicate in respiratory epithelium of the bronchi and small airways this is consistent with our previous finding that human respiratory epithelium is highly susceptible to niv infection [12] in animal nipah virus infection in human lung plos pathogens wwwplospathogensorg models the lung is the primary target organ of niv infection following intranasal challenge [13 14] in addition to the respiratory epithelium niv replication was also found in the endothelium a type of cell that has been identified as an...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...epithelium of the bronchi and small airways this is consistent with our previous finding that human respiratory epithelium is highly susceptible to niv infection [12] in animal nipah virus infection in human lung plos pathogens wwwplospathogensorg models the lung is the primary target organ of niv infection following intranasal challenge [13 14] in addition to the respiratory epithelium niv replication was also found in the endothelium a type of cell that has been identified as an important target for niv [11] the infection of the vascular system is thought to occur...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...lung is the primary target organ of niv infection following intranasal challenge [13 14] in addition to the respiratory epithelium niv replication was also found in the endothelium a type of cell that has been identified as an important target for niv [11] the infection of the vascular system is thought to occur in the late stages of disease and lead to systemic spread of these viruses to other organs including brain and kidney [13 27] in our model systemic spread of the virus was indicated by similar titers and replication kinetics...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...spread of these viruses to other organs including brain and kidney [13 27] in our model systemic spread of the virus was indicated by similar titers and replication kinetics of niv in directly inoculated lung grafts and grafts not directly injected with virus this suggests that following infection of the lung niv quickly becomes viremic and spreads to other organs in addition systemic infection through intraperitoneal injection with niv also resulted in infection of the human lung grafts thus confirming hematogenous spread of the virus interestingly niv infection in nsg mice engrafted with human lung tissues did...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...in our model systemic spread of the virus was indicated by similar titers and replication kinetics of niv in directly inoculated lung grafts and grafts not directly injected with virus this suggests that following infection of the lung niv quickly becomes viremic and spreads to other organs in addition systemic infection through intraperitoneal injection with niv also resulted in infection of the human lung grafts thus confirming hematogenous spread of the virus interestingly niv infection in nsg mice engrafted with human lung tissues did not result in clinical signs despite evidence of replication in mouse organs including lung and brain...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...indicated by similar titers and replication kinetics of niv in directly inoculated lung grafts and grafts not directly injected with virus this suggests that following infection of the lung niv quickly becomes viremic and spreads to other organs in addition systemic infection through intraperitoneal injection with niv also resulted in infection of the human lung grafts thus confirming hematogenous spread of the virus interestingly niv infection in nsg mice engrafted with human lung tissues did not result in clinical signs despite evidence of replication in mouse organs including lung and brain previous studies have shown that niv infection in type...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...not directly injected with virus this suggests that following infection of the lung niv quickly becomes viremic and spreads to other organs in addition systemic infection through intraperitoneal injection with niv also resulted in infection of the human lung grafts thus confirming hematogenous spread of the virus interestingly niv infection in nsg mice engrafted with human lung tissues did not result in clinical signs despite evidence of replication in mouse organs including lung and brain previous studies have shown that niv infection in type i ifn receptor knockout mice and aged mice is lethal [28 29] aged...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...resulted in infection of the human lung grafts thus confirming hematogenous spread of the virus interestingly niv infection in nsg mice engrafted with human lung tissues did not result in clinical signs despite evidence of replication in mouse organs including lung and brain previous studies have shown that niv infection in type i ifn receptor knockout mice and aged mice is lethal [28 29] aged mice have been shown to mount an aberrant ifn response [30] while the nsg mice are immunocompromised they can mount an ifn response which seems sufficient to protect against...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...virus measured in mouse organs is only found in the blood also the small foci of viral antigen detected in mouse lungs could correspond to emboli of infected human cells that slough off from the infected grafts several cytokines and especially il6 ip10 and vegf were upregulated during niv infection in the human lung interestingly the levels of cytokines observed in our xenograft lung model are similar to those observed in the lungs of fatal cases of influenza virus a h1n1 [31] upregulation of inflammatory mediators such as tnfa ip10 il1b and il6 in the lungs was...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...virus infections including sarscov and influenza virus h5n1 [30 32 33] vegf has an important role in ali pathogenesis by acting as a growth factor and increasing vascular permeability [34] we previously showed that vegf is expressed by human respiratory epithelial cells during niv infection [12] this suggests that vegf may be partly responsible for the increased pulmonary hemorrhage endothelial destruction and alveolar remodeling in an emphysemalike phenotype as observed in our model since these inflammatory mediators also play an important role in the recruitment of immune cell our data suggests that...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...immune cells populations future studies will make use of the fully humanized lung xenograft model to study the role of the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of the different henipavirus strains in the human lung in conclusion these data confirm that the human lung is highly susceptible to niv infection niv is capable of replicating to high titers in the human lung and targets both respiratory epithelium and endothelium infection results in the characteristic syncytial formation and extensive lung damage key inflammatory mediators such as il6 ip10 gcsf and gmcsf are expressed during infection this model will allow for more...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of the different henipavirus strains in the human lung in conclusion these data confirm that the human lung is highly susceptible to niv infection niv is capable of replicating to high titers in the human lung and targets both respiratory epithelium and endothelium infection results in the characteristic syncytial formation and extensive lung damage key inflammatory mediators such as il6 ip10 gcsf and gmcsf are expressed during infection this model will allow for more detailed studies of the pathogenesis of respiratory disease caused by henipavirus infection furthermore these data point to several inflammatory mediators...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...lung is highly susceptible to niv infection niv is capable of replicating to high titers in the human lung and targets both respiratory epithelium and endothelium infection results in the characteristic syncytial formation and extensive lung damage key inflammatory mediators such as il6 ip10 gcsf and gmcsf are expressed during infection this model will allow for more detailed studies of the pathogenesis of respiratory disease caused by henipavirus infection furthermore these data point to several inflammatory mediators that potentially play critical roles in henipavirus pathogenesis which may be valuable as candidates for future studies of the mechanism of henipavirus pathogenesis and...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...lung and targets both respiratory epithelium and endothelium infection results in the characteristic syncytial formation and extensive lung damage key inflammatory mediators such as il6 ip10 gcsf and gmcsf are expressed during infection this model will allow for more detailed studies of the pathogenesis of respiratory disease caused by henipavirus infection furthermore these data point to several inflammatory mediators that potentially play critical roles in henipavirus pathogenesis which may be valuable as candidates for future studies of the mechanism of henipavirus pathogenesis and as potential targets for treatment approval for animal experiments was obtained from the institutional animal care and...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...same donor 1519 weeks of age were sutured to muscle fascia in the dorsal subcutaneous space in each mouse 05 cm from the spine three on each side animals received appropriate postsurgery treatment including antibiotics and analgesics twelve weeks postengraftment animals were transferred to an absl4 facility prior to infection animals were anesthetized by chamber induction 5 litersmin 100 o2 and 35 isoflurane three of the six lung tissues were inoculated via intragraft injection of 10 5 tcid 50 niv in a 50 ml volume animals were monitored daily for weight loss and clinical signs groups of 3 animals were...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...and 35 isoflurane three of the six lung tissues were inoculated via intragraft injection of 10 5 tcid 50 niv in a 50 ml volume animals were monitored daily for weight loss and clinical signs groups of 3 animals were euthanized on days 1 3 5 7 and 10 post infection and samples for virus isolation and histological examination were procured from whole blood edta vacutainer human lung tissues and mouse liver spleen kidney lung heart and brain in a separate experiment 2 animals were injected via the intraperitoneal route with 10 5 tcid 50 niv and euthanized 10 days post...

Title: A Human Lung Xenograft Mouse Model of Nipah
Virus Infection
Authors: Valbuena, Gustavo. Halliday, Hailey...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 95
ID: a8d8faf148d930bc5d0b5908b0069c770123109e
Number of matches: 59

...and samples for virus isolation and histological examination were procured from whole blood edta vacutainer human lung tissues and mouse liver spleen kidney lung heart and brain in a separate experiment 2 animals were injected via the intraperitoneal route with 10 5 tcid 50 niv and euthanized 10 days post infection control groups were nsg mice without a lung xenograft and challenged via the intradermal route with 10 5 tcid 50 niv on the back of the mouse at the same location the human lung xenografts would be whole blood was tested for presence of infectious virus by 10fold diltutions...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...has an increasing role in publichealth policy with resulting challenges and successes [6] appropriate analyses can provide thorough investigation and interpretation of data as well as identify where the knowledge gaps are most acute models can also be used to rigorize our thinking on the processes of infection and transmission and test hypotheses about the likely dynamics and epidemiology although there has been ongoing research into modeling of ntds [7 8] this research has sometimes been limited by the extent of biological knowledge and data on which to base these models the availability of...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...20] the diseases are usually divided into 2 groups based on the methods used to control them and we have summarized our results in this way the first group includes those diseases that are mainly controlled by intensified disease management idm or increased detection screening and treatment of infection the second group includes those diseases that are mainly controlled by mass drug administration mda although there are major epidemiological differences between diseases in these groups they share some common uncertainties in informing control which are discussed in each section leprosy the gambian form of sleeping sickness human african...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...share some common uncertainties in informing control which are discussed in each section leprosy the gambian form of sleeping sickness human african trypanosomiasis visceral leishmaniasis in the indian subcontinent and chagas disease are four london declaration ntds which are characterized as idm infections they have long variable periods between infection and symptomatic disease and generally late diagnosis control strategies are focused on reducing time to diagnosis and case finding with accompanying vector control where appropriate these diseases are characterized by long uncertain incubation periods and an unknown degree of transmission by asymptomatic individuals figure 1 the potential role...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...these ntds first we would need to separate asymptomatics into presymptomatic and nonsymptomatic figure 1 yellow and blue highlighting the problems in language around asymptomatics [22] for the area under this curve is proportional to the expected number of onward transmissions due to different stages of infection in a wholly susceptible population if there are many nonsymptomatic people for each symptomatic individual they may collectively contribute substantially to transmission even if their individual contribution is low multiple yellow areas for single blue green areas for the symptomatic individuals the relative infectiousness and duration of the symptomatic phase...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...generally expected to be low based on pathogen measurements a key question is of course the relationship between these pathogen measurements and transmission which is unknown and likely to be nonlinear the contribution of a single nonsymptomatic individual to transmission is proportional to the area under the infectivity since infection curve yellow area figure 1 which might be large or small when compared with symptomatic infection a similar calculation has contributed to the debate in human immunodeficiency virus hiv around the relative roles of the early brief period of high infectivity when compared with the much longer period of...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...between these pathogen measurements and transmission which is unknown and likely to be nonlinear the contribution of a single nonsymptomatic individual to transmission is proportional to the area under the infectivity since infection curve yellow area figure 1 which might be large or small when compared with symptomatic infection a similar calculation has contributed to the debate in human immunodeficiency virus hiv around the relative roles of the early brief period of high infectivity when compared with the much longer period of asymptomatic infection with lower transmission rates [23] [24] [25] unfortunately...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...yellow area figure 1 which might be large or small when compared with symptomatic infection a similar calculation has contributed to the debate in human immunodeficiency virus hiv around the relative roles of the early brief period of high infectivity when compared with the much longer period of asymptomatic infection with lower transmission rates [23] [24] [25] unfortunately every aspect of infectivity and duration of infection figure 1 is highly uncertain for these 4 ntds of course it is not only the contribution of each nonsymptomatic individual to transmission that...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...debate in human immunodeficiency virus hiv around the relative roles of the early brief period of high infectivity when compared with the much longer period of asymptomatic infection with lower transmission rates [23] [24] [25] unfortunately every aspect of infectivity and duration of infection figure 1 is highly uncertain for these 4 ntds of course it is not only the contribution of each nonsymptomatic individual to transmission that is important but also the proportion of the infected population who fall into this group figure 1 yellow vs blue it...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...highly infectious and of sufficient duration figure 1 righthand plot green and red interventions to identify cases early in the symptomatic period are likely to be highly effective although chagas may not follow the increasing infectivity over time pattern but instead have rather high infectivity during early acute infection diagnosis is so rare that postsymptomatic infections are often treated as asymptomatic infections which may contribute substantially to transmission [28] in summary the balance between infectivity duration of infection and frequency of asymptomatic versus symptomatic infection may undermine any attempt to control a disease solely by increased...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...may not follow the increasing infectivity over time pattern but instead have rather high infectivity during early acute infection diagnosis is so rare that postsymptomatic infections are often treated as asymptomatic infections which may contribute substantially to transmission [28] in summary the balance between infectivity duration of infection and frequency of asymptomatic versus symptomatic infection may undermine any attempt to control a disease solely by increased case finding this can be mitigated by reducing all infectivity through vector control or other transmissionreducing interventions which reduces the infectivity of all infected invidiuals the height of the curve in figure...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...time pattern but instead have rather high infectivity during early acute infection diagnosis is so rare that postsymptomatic infections are often treated as asymptomatic infections which may contribute substantially to transmission [28] in summary the balance between infectivity duration of infection and frequency of asymptomatic versus symptomatic infection may undermine any attempt to control a disease solely by increased case finding this can be mitigated by reducing all infectivity through vector control or other transmissionreducing interventions which reduces the infectivity of all infected invidiuals the height of the curve in figure 1 although this theoretical framework is...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...of all infected invidiuals the height of the curve in figure 1 although this theoretical framework is useful there is much modeling work to be done to populate a more concrete discussion of the relative roles of different phases of infections for these complex diseases the details of each infection are of course very important and should be considered individually leprosy a directly transmitted bacterial infection was one of the first ntds to have global targets for elimination as a public health problem leading to large declines although these have stabilized in the last decade [29] [...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...is useful there is much modeling work to be done to populate a more concrete discussion of the relative roles of different phases of infections for these complex diseases the details of each infection are of course very important and should be considered individually leprosy a directly transmitted bacterial infection was one of the first ntds to have global targets for elimination as a public health problem leading to large declines although these have stabilized in the last decade [29] [30] [31] leprosy exemplifies the problem with surveillance for a disease in which...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...from the uncertain quantity of asymptomatic or presymptomatic individuals or even animal hosts [34] the modelers also highlight the potential to increase the impact of screening both passively by increased access to diagnostics and actively by targeting highrisk groups table 1 to reduce the duration of infection and therefore transmission the area under the curve in figure 1 by all infected individuals kala azar or visceral leishmaniasis in the indian subcontinent is a parasite transmitted by sandflies predominantly in the poorest communities it poses a number of challenges for control which consists of improving case...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...overcome them a cornerstone of largescale ntd control specifically for lymphatic filariasis onchocerciasis soiltransmitted helminths schistosomiasis and trachoma is mda sometimes in combination with vector control an mda program requires repeated distribution of treatments to large numbers of individuals without diagnosis they are therefore only considered when diagnosis of infection is difficult eg stoolbased microscopy nighttime blood samples and microscopy there is little careseeking by infected individuals and there is a treatment with an excellent safety profile with a straightforward or single treatment schedule figure 2 donation of the treatments for these 5 diseases by the pharmaceutical manufacturers...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...] and how they might be combined with vector control to slow down nonadherence figure 3 schematic of factors that could undermine the success of a mass drug administration program monitoring and evaluation of programs is usually focused around a survey just prior to a round of treatment if infection is not falling as quickly as expected it could be due to any of the reasons outlined in the schematic most of which cannot be detected by routine surveillance the epidemic growth rate between rounds of mda [44] if the bounce back rate is too fast...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

... figure 3 [40 41 [43] [44] [45] the issue of systematic nonadherence has been highlighted in modeling studies for many years but has recently become a point of focus again [11 46 47] for trachoma a bacterial infection that can cause blindness and is transmitted through an uncertain combination of vectors and direct contact the modelers highlight an additional aspect of mda which is resistance to the drugs used for mass treatment table 2 [48] this is because the mda is a single dose...

Title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected
Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From
Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling?
Authors: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 97
ID: 3f9b24ea368416ce33708bb28327fb0b686b0ef0
Number of matches: 19

...dependent on a changing epidemiology demography and on the availability of new tools for example with an appropriate treatment with a good safety profile in uninfected and nonsymptomatic persons a disease could move from case detection to mda or when combined with the right diagnostic to a screen and treat infection similarly as prevalence falls for mda diseases if the right diagnostic becomes available addressing these diseases could shift to a testandtreat campaign or even case management one of the roles of modeling is to evaluate the likely impact of new tools treatments and diagnostics this is an active area of...

Title: Differential Host Cell Gene Expression and
Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression by Nonstructural
Protein 11 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome Virus
Authors: Sun, Yan. Li, Dong...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 99
ID: f7735a5236aeba514810bd4538357cb4f4e09fce
Number of matches: 10

...in viral rna synthesis and thus it may also be essential for prrsv replication recently prrsv has been shown to modulate type i ifn response [17] and nsp11 has been suggested to participate in the modulation of ifn response [18] cellular transcriptional profiles during prrsv infection have been studied to some extent [19 20] however such studies do not identify specific viral proteins responsible for gene expressions changes and thus the present study was conducted to understand the specific cellular response to nsp11 in cells stably expressing the protein using rna microarrays based...

Title: Differential Host Cell Gene Expression and
Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression by Nonstructural
Protein 11 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome Virus
Authors: Sun, Yan. Li, Dong...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 99
ID: f7735a5236aeba514810bd4538357cb4f4e09fce
Number of matches: 10

...calculated using the formula as follows protein to study the regulatory role of prrsv nsp11 in cellular processes a cell line was established to constitutively express the nsp11 protein marc145 was used as the parental cell line since it is one of only few cell lines permissive for prrsv infection marc145 cells were infected with the lentivirus containing the nsp11 gene from prrsv strain fl12 and g418 neomycinresistant cells were selected a total of seven drugresistant clones were obtained and they were individually propagated for analyses cellular dna was extracted from each clone and pcr was conducted to determine gene...

Title: Differential Host Cell Gene Expression and
Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression by Nonstructural
Protein 11 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome Virus
Authors: Sun, Yan. Li, Dong...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 99
ID: f7735a5236aeba514810bd4538357cb4f4e09fce
Number of matches: 10

...regulated by highly pathogenic hpprrsv in pams chromosome organizing proteins were also regulated by nsp11 and proteins regulating the complement system for tissue remolding and inflammation were also found in our study cjun and cfos are two effectors of the mapk signaling pathway and they were specifically upregulated during prrsv infection [19] prrsvmediated activation of the mapk signaling pathway and the increase of jnk and p38 phosphorylation have recently been demonstrated [40] which is also in support of our findings of the possible pathways regulated by nsp11 the cell cycle pathway was chosen and...

Title: Differential Host Cell Gene Expression and
Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression by Nonstructural
Protein 11 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome Virus
Authors: Sun, Yan. Li, Dong...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 99
ID: f7735a5236aeba514810bd4538357cb4f4e09fce
Number of matches: 10

...our study mcm2 mcm4 and mcm5 were upregulated by nsp11 even though the prrsv replicates in the cytoplasm the cell cycle regulation may be considered beneficial for the virus since an available pool of cellular machineries can be maximally utilized towards the production of progeny at an early stage of infection for prrsv nucleocapsid n protein has also been suggested to regulate the cell cycle progression by modulating the ribosomal rna synthesis in the nucleolus [46] thus it is possible that n and nsp11 may both regulate the cell cycle progression and facilitate virus production by targeting different...

Title: Differential Host Cell Gene Expression and
Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression by Nonstructural
Protein 11 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome Virus
Authors: Sun, Yan. Li, Dong...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 99
ID: f7735a5236aeba514810bd4538357cb4f4e09fce
Number of matches: 10

...gene expression analyses of relative protein modifications and activations especially for checkpoint proteins will help us understand the basis of the change of s phase caused by nsp11 clearly our data provide new insights into the understanding of cellvirus interactions and the pathogenic mechanisms of prrsv and host responses to infection...

Title: Iron Transport Tocopheryl Polyethylene
Glycol Succinate in Animal Health and Diseases
Authors: Srivastava, Ajay. Lall, Rajiv...
Journal: Molecules
Item: Infection
Index: 100
ID: 0727980b80bddd2728174a65e08275cf73000f7f
Number of matches: 3

...catechin showed improved antioxidant activity [94] gastrointestinal inflammation can be induced by a large number of microorganisms [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] the microbial imbalance dysbiosis can be caused by several factors such as diet disease infection medications toxicants aging etc a dysbiotic microbiota may be sufficient to provoke intestinal inflammation such as that seen in inflammatory bowel disease and there is much current interest in quantitative andor qualitative abnormalities of the microbiota that may be associated with systemic immune allergic obesity metabolic and infectious disorders periodontal...

Title: Iron Transport Tocopheryl Polyethylene
Glycol Succinate in Animal Health and Diseases
Authors: Srivastava, Ajay. Lall, Rajiv...
Journal: Molecules
Item: Infection
Index: 100
ID: 0727980b80bddd2728174a65e08275cf73000f7f
Number of matches: 3

...the immune system has been investigated [99 [106] [107] [108] nieuwenhuizen et al [109] hypothesized that failure of the gut is an important pathophysiological phenomenon of the generalized inflammatory response that leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome mods abnormal colonization infection of gut origin and bacterial translocation are all signs of gut failure that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of mods in an in vitro study talukder et al [110] examined the actions of lactoferrin lf to prevent the prostaglandin e 2 pge 2 effect on...

Title: Iron Transport Tocopheryl Polyethylene
Glycol Succinate in Animal Health and Diseases
Authors: Srivastava, Ajay. Lall, Rajiv...
Journal: Molecules
Item: Infection
Index: 100
ID: 0727980b80bddd2728174a65e08275cf73000f7f
Number of matches: 3

...and klebsiella spp were the most resistant to the antibacterial action of ovotransferrin it molecules starve pathogenic bacteria gram positive and gram negative of iron and the same it molecules greatly enhance the probiotic bacteria lactobacillus and bifidobacteria [118] in addition endometritis usually caused by an infection in 720 of dairy cows within 10 days postpartum deteriorates health decreases milk production and causes a huge economic loss to farms unpublished in vivo studies with it molecules showed that rectal temperature returned to normal after one week of intrauterine ovotransferrin treatment mean ph of uterine discharge from metritis...

Title: Identification of an Unclassified
Paramyxovirus in Coleura afra: A Potential Case of Host
Specificity
Authors: Maganga, Gael D.. Bourgarel, Mathieu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 101
ID: e0d7ff094aad4031bc73a82ae7b4dd6e5f8723c7
Number of matches: 6

...a group of novel paramyxoviruses isolated from wild animals as well as salem virus isolated from horses [9] among them only jpv has been shown to be pathogenic causing extensive haemorrhagic lesions in rodents [6] horizontal transmission is the principal mode of intraspecies pv infection suggesting that contaminated faeces urine or saliva may be responsible for spillover to other species [10] bats have a close evolutionary relationship with several genera of mammalian paramyxoviruses [11] otherwise batborne paramyxoviruses are in close relationship to known paramyxoviruses of mammalian these small mammals...

Title: Identification of an Unclassified
Paramyxovirus in Coleura afra: A Potential Case of Host
Specificity
Authors: Maganga, Gael D.. Bourgarel, Mathieu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 101
ID: e0d7ff094aad4031bc73a82ae7b4dd6e5f8723c7
Number of matches: 6

...detected in six of ten tested bat families [11] whereas most of the viruses identified in bats do not seem to cause clinical disease in these animals there have been reports of rabid bats [12 13] and of unusually large numbers of animals succumbing to infection by rabies virus [14] as part of a largescale investigation of viral diversity in bats and of associated zoonotic risks we have previously detected a bat paramyxovirus in one insectivorous african sheathtailed bat coleura afra [11] exhibiting several hemorrhagic lesions at necropsy we therefore...

Title: Identification of an Unclassified
Paramyxovirus in Coleura afra: A Potential Case of Host
Specificity
Authors: Maganga, Gael D.. Bourgarel, Mathieu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 101
ID: e0d7ff094aad4031bc73a82ae7b4dd6e5f8723c7
Number of matches: 6

...to persist or adapt within its reservoir host many authors suggested that persistence in the absence of pathology or disease appears to be a common characteristic of bat viruses in their natural host population [28 29] however a severe immunodepression for instance may increase the risk of infection with opportunistic pathogens under some environmental conditions cool environments for example some avirulent pathogens such as geomyces destructans causative agent of whitenose syndrome may become pathogenic in hibernating bats in north america [30 31] nevertheless infection by belpv may be mild for bats and thus the pathology...

Title: Identification of an Unclassified
Paramyxovirus in Coleura afra: A Potential Case of Host
Specificity
Authors: Maganga, Gael D.. Bourgarel, Mathieu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 101
ID: e0d7ff094aad4031bc73a82ae7b4dd6e5f8723c7
Number of matches: 6

...however a severe immunodepression for instance may increase the risk of infection with opportunistic pathogens under some environmental conditions cool environments for example some avirulent pathogens such as geomyces destructans causative agent of whitenose syndrome may become pathogenic in hibernating bats in north america [30 31] nevertheless infection by belpv may be mild for bats and thus the pathology observed not directly related otherwise it may also be that this animal had an underlying disease or infection with a different pathogen even in this case we might not draw any conclusions neither establish a link with lesions seen...

Title: Identification of an Unclassified
Paramyxovirus in Coleura afra: A Potential Case of Host
Specificity
Authors: Maganga, Gael D.. Bourgarel, Mathieu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 101
ID: e0d7ff094aad4031bc73a82ae7b4dd6e5f8723c7
Number of matches: 6

...destructans causative agent of whitenose syndrome may become pathogenic in hibernating bats in north america [30 31] nevertheless infection by belpv may be mild for bats and thus the pathology observed not directly related otherwise it may also be that this animal had an underlying disease or infection with a different pathogen even in this case we might not draw any conclusions neither establish a link with lesions seen therefore the pathogenicity of the belpv should be demonstrated by experimental animal infection otherwise viral antigens or rnas should be detected histologically in the lesions of naturallyinfected bats however...

Title: Identification of an Unclassified
Paramyxovirus in Coleura afra: A Potential Case of Host
Specificity
Authors: Maganga, Gael D.. Bourgarel, Mathieu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 101
ID: e0d7ff094aad4031bc73a82ae7b4dd6e5f8723c7
Number of matches: 6

...not directly related otherwise it may also be that this animal had an underlying disease or infection with a different pathogen even in this case we might not draw any conclusions neither establish a link with lesions seen therefore the pathogenicity of the belpv should be demonstrated by experimental animal infection otherwise viral antigens or rnas should be detected histologically in the lesions of naturallyinfected bats however the unavailability of biological tissues from the diseased bat failed to perform these analyzes consequently other captures of coleura afra species are considered in order to find belpv again for further studies pathogenicity to...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...iav protein pax possessing the pa endonuclease domain was shown to selectively degrade host mrnas jagger et al 2012 strongly suggesting that pax is a general influenza host shutoff endonuclease although the discovery of pax has prompted new examination of the mechanisms that drive host shutoff during iav infection khaperskyy and mccormick 2015 khaperskyy et al 2016 khaperskyy et al 2014 bavagnoli et al 2015 several fundamental questions remain unanswered a to what extent does iav change host mrnas expression and translation b what is the relative contribution of host mrna degradation versus direct manipulation of translation...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...direct coopting of the translation machinery and reduction of host rna levels to the reduction in host protein synthesis to this end we have used rna sequencing rnaseq and ribosome profiling deep sequencing of ribosomesprotected fragments to globally map the changes in host genes rna and translation levels during iav infection these comprehensive and simultaneous measurements complemented with single molecule fluorescence insitu hybridization smfish revealed that host shutoff is mainly achieved by reduction in cellular mrnas levels and that iav transcripts are not preferably translated our systematic analysis also reveals that host transcripts are affected differently by iav infection and that...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...during iav infection these comprehensive and simultaneous measurements complemented with single molecule fluorescence insitu hybridization smfish revealed that host shutoff is mainly achieved by reduction in cellular mrnas levels and that iav transcripts are not preferably translated our systematic analysis also reveals that host transcripts are affected differently by iav infection and that the extent of mrnas reduction is related to their length and gc content interestingly we noticed that transcripts encoding oxidative phosphorylation related proteins are less affected by iav infection their protein levels remain stable throughout infection and their continuous expression supports the energetic demands that are essential for...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...iav transcripts are not preferably translated our systematic analysis also reveals that host transcripts are affected differently by iav infection and that the extent of mrnas reduction is related to their length and gc content interestingly we noticed that transcripts encoding oxidative phosphorylation related proteins are less affected by iav infection their protein levels remain stable throughout infection and their continuous expression supports the energetic demands that are essential for virus replication elife digest proteins carry out diverse activities in our cells these proteins are constantly being built according to accurate instructions which are encoded on molecules named messenger rnas mrnas...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...systematic analysis also reveals that host transcripts are affected differently by iav infection and that the extent of mrnas reduction is related to their length and gc content interestingly we noticed that transcripts encoding oxidative phosphorylation related proteins are less affected by iav infection their protein levels remain stable throughout infection and their continuous expression supports the energetic demands that are essential for virus replication elife digest proteins carry out diverse activities in our cells these proteins are constantly being built according to accurate instructions which are encoded on molecules named messenger rnas mrnas for short the process of converting the...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...proteins is called translation viruses infect host cells and take over the cellular machinery that is responsible for translation this causes the cell to produce viral proteins at the expense of host proteins a process called host shutoff as a result viral proteins take over the cell and the infection accelerates there are two main strategies used by viruses to coopt the cells translation machinery either host mrnas are destroyed or the machines that read mrna molecules are manipulated to read only the viral instructions most viruses appear to dedicate themselves to using just one of these strategies however evidence...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...each of the shutoff strategies is used by the influenza a virus bercovichkinori tai et al have studied infected human lung cells this revealed that the virus primarily reduces the amount of host mrna in the cells to take over the mrna pool the host mrnas were affected by the infection to different extents for example the mrnas that coded for proteins that perform important roles for the virus such as produce energy were not affected by the virus a future challenge is to find out exactly how the influenza a virus distinguishes between different cellular mrnas this knowledge may...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...challenge is to find out exactly how the influenza a virus distinguishes between different cellular mrnas this knowledge may help to develop new treatments for flu to gain a detailed view of the changes that occur in viral and host transcripts abundance and translation over the course of iav infection we infected a549 cells with the apuerto rico81934 h1n1 pr8 strain at moi 5 and harvested cells at 2 4 and 8 hr post infection hpi we designed our experiment to simultaneously monitor both rna levels and translation figure 1a deep sequencing of mrna rnaseq allows a...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

... to gain a detailed view of the changes that occur in viral and host transcripts abundance and translation over the course of iav infection we infected a549 cells with the apuerto rico81934 h1n1 pr8 strain at moi 5 and harvested cells at 2 4 and 8 hr post infection hpi we designed our experiment to simultaneously monitor both rna levels and translation figure 1a deep sequencing of mrna rnaseq allows a detailed mapping of transcript levels during infection and these were paired with ribosome footprints which allow accurate measurement of protein synthesis by capturing the overall in...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...apuerto rico81934 h1n1 pr8 strain at moi 5 and harvested cells at 2 4 and 8 hr post infection hpi we designed our experiment to simultaneously monitor both rna levels and translation figure 1a deep sequencing of mrna rnaseq allows a detailed mapping of transcript levels during infection and these were paired with ribosome footprints which allow accurate measurement of protein synthesis by capturing the overall in vivo distribution of ribosomes on a given message ingolia et al 2011 in order to assess the reproducibility of our experiments we prepared two independent biological replicates for each of...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...ribosome protection these fragments could originate from protection by the viral nucleoprotein np that associates with viral genomes and was shown to sediment with viral rnas duesberg 1969 this possibility is supported by the observation that the numbers of protected reads originating from the iav genome increases as the infection progresses iav host shutoff is driven by reduced levels of host rna but not reduced translation in order to quantitatively evaluate if iav evolved mechanisms to coopt the cells ribosomes we calculated the translation efficiency te across our time course te is defined as the ratio of footprints...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...efficiency te across our time course te is defined as the ratio of footprints to total mrnas for a given gene and reflects how well a gene is being translated we then compared the te of human genes to that of viral genes at each of the time points along infection figure 3a the analysis shows that the viral genes translation efficiencies fall within the general range of host gene translation indicating that viral transcripts are not preferentially translated during iav infection and that direct coopting of the translation machinery does not play a dominant role in cellular gene...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...the te of human genes to that of viral genes at each of the time points along infection figure 3a the analysis shows that the viral genes translation efficiencies fall within the general range of host gene translation indicating that viral transcripts are not preferentially translated during iav infection and that direct coopting of the translation machinery does not play a dominant role in cellular gene shutoff instead our systematic analysis demonstrates that host shutoff stems from the viral dominance over the mrna pool at 8 hpi viral mrnas take over 538 of the translation activity in the cells...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...mrna pool at 8 hpi viral mrnas take over 538 of the translation activity in the cells as 573 of the mrnas in the cells are viral figure 3b these findings show that the relative reduction in cellular mrna expression is the main cause for host shutoff during infection our analysis concurs with the finding that pax endonuclease activity plays a dominant role in host shutoff during iav infection jagger et al 2012 khaperskyy and mccormick 2015 khaperskyy et al 2016 khaperskyy et al 2014 bavagnoli et al 2015 to confirm that our system indeed recapitulates the...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...the mrnas in the cells are viral figure 3b these findings show that the relative reduction in cellular mrna expression is the main cause for host shutoff during infection our analysis concurs with the finding that pax endonuclease activity plays a dominant role in host shutoff during iav infection jagger et al 2012 khaperskyy and mccormick 2015 khaperskyy et al 2016 khaperskyy et al 2014 bavagnoli et al 2015 to confirm that our system indeed recapitulates the previous observations that iav induces host shutoff katze et al 1986 skehel 1972 we monitored protein synthesis in iav...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

... 2014 bavagnoli et al 2015 to confirm that our system indeed recapitulates the previous observations that iav induces host shutoff katze et al 1986 skehel 1972 we monitored protein synthesis in iav infected a549 cells by metabolic labelling as was previously reported also in our system iav infection produced abundant quantities of virus polypeptides from 4 hpi and this was accompanied by reduced cellular protein synthesis next we quantitatively assessed the expression pattern of cellular genes along iav infection interestingly 74 of host transcripts were reduced by more than threefold in their footprints densities along infection reflecting...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...synthesis in iav infected a549 cells by metabolic labelling as was previously reported also in our system iav infection produced abundant quantities of virus polypeptides from 4 hpi and this was accompanied by reduced cellular protein synthesis next we quantitatively assessed the expression pattern of cellular genes along iav infection interestingly 74 of host transcripts were reduced by more than threefold in their footprints densities along infection reflecting the drastic shutoff in host protein synthesis supplementary file 1 we compared the expression of the infected samples to mock sample and clustered the mrna and footprint ratios using partitioning clustering this...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...iav infection produced abundant quantities of virus polypeptides from 4 hpi and this was accompanied by reduced cellular protein synthesis next we quantitatively assessed the expression pattern of cellular genes along iav infection interestingly 74 of host transcripts were reduced by more than threefold in their footprints densities along infection reflecting the drastic shutoff in host protein synthesis supplementary file 1 we compared the expression of the infected samples to mock sample and clustered the mrna and footprint ratios using partitioning clustering this approach allowed clustering of the cellular transcripts into 4 distinct classes based on similarities in temporal expression...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...footprints tracked the changes in transcripts abundance figure 3c which is in line with host protein synthesis shutoff being driven by the in reduction cellular rna levels and not by direct interference with the translation machinery interestingly although the majority of host transcripts were significantly reduced during influenza infection cluster 1 and cluster 4 figure 3c we identified numerous genes that were significantly elevated cluster 2 figure 3c and genes that were not significantly changed during influenza infection cluster 3 figure 3c we next carried out go term enrichment analysis for each of these four clusters...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...by direct interference with the translation machinery interestingly although the majority of host transcripts were significantly reduced during influenza infection cluster 1 and cluster 4 figure 3c we identified numerous genes that were significantly elevated cluster 2 figure 3c and genes that were not significantly changed during influenza infection cluster 3 figure 3c we next carried out go term enrichment analysis for each of these four clusters as expected the small group of upregulated mrnas was significantly enriched with genes related to antiviral defense cluster 2 pval 69e13 including viperin and ido1 that were previously shown to...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
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Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

... we next carried out go term enrichment analysis for each of these four clusters as expected the small group of upregulated mrnas was significantly enriched with genes related to antiviral defense cluster 2 pval 69e13 including viperin and ido1 that were previously shown to be elevated during iav infection ranaware et al 2016 wang et al 2007 huang et al 2013 interestingly cluster 1 which is composed of mrnas that are most drastically downregulated is enriched with genes related to dna repair and cell cycle pval 17e17 and pval 43e18 respectively whereas cellular mrnas that are...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...wang et al 2007 huang et al 2013 interestingly cluster 1 which is composed of mrnas that are most drastically downregulated is enriched with genes related to dna repair and cell cycle pval 17e17 and pval 43e18 respectively whereas cellular mrnas that are barely affected by iav infection cluster 3 are enriched with genes related to oxidative phosphorylation and for transcripts encoding ribosomal proteins pval 34e10 and pval 39e8 respectively these measurements and analysis reveal that the shutoff in host protein synthesis is mainly driven by reduction in cellular mrna levels and that host mrnas sensitivity...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...is that these measurements provide relative but not absolute quantification of rna and translation levels to address this issue we confirmed that there are no significant changes in the overall levels of translation figure 4b and katze et al 1986 and in total rna supplementary file 2 along iav infection we also extracted rna from an equal number of cells along infection and performed realtime pcr analysis for cellular mrnas from each of these clusters these independent measurements were in strong agreement with our rnaseq measurements figure 3d genes responsive to eif2a phosphorylation are translationally induced after iav...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...and translation levels to address this issue we confirmed that there are no significant changes in the overall levels of translation figure 4b and katze et al 1986 and in total rna supplementary file 2 along iav infection we also extracted rna from an equal number of cells along infection and performed realtime pcr analysis for cellular mrnas from each of these clusters these independent measurements were in strong agreement with our rnaseq measurements figure 3d genes responsive to eif2a phosphorylation are translationally induced after iav infection to quantitatively evaluate if there are genes that are differently translated...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...we also extracted rna from an equal number of cells along infection and performed realtime pcr analysis for cellular mrnas from each of these clusters these independent measurements were in strong agreement with our rnaseq measurements figure 3d genes responsive to eif2a phosphorylation are translationally induced after iav infection to quantitatively evaluate if there are genes that are differently translated along iav infection we used a computational framework named babel olshen et al 2013 this analysis quantifies levels of ribosome occupancy higher or lower than those predicted from transcript abundance in total this approach allowed us to identify...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...realtime pcr analysis for cellular mrnas from each of these clusters these independent measurements were in strong agreement with our rnaseq measurements figure 3d genes responsive to eif2a phosphorylation are translationally induced after iav infection to quantitatively evaluate if there are genes that are differently translated along iav infection we used a computational framework named babel olshen et al 2013 this analysis quantifies levels of ribosome occupancy higher or lower than those predicted from transcript abundance in total this approach allowed us to identify 210 cellular mrnas that are differentially translated following iav infection pval001 supplementary file 3...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...differently translated along iav infection we used a computational framework named babel olshen et al 2013 this analysis quantifies levels of ribosome occupancy higher or lower than those predicted from transcript abundance in total this approach allowed us to identify 210 cellular mrnas that are differentially translated following iav infection pval001 supplementary file 3 among these 125 genes were translationally upregulated whereas 85 genes were translationally down regulated while go enrichment analysis did not reveal any significant functional category we noticed that within the group of translationally upregulated genes at 4 hpi there was an enrichment for genes that were...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...support adaptive stress responses by performing western blot analysis we show that at 4 hpi eif2a phosphorylation is apparent and only at 8 hpi it is drastically reduced figure 4a by analyzing polysome profiles prepared from uninfected and iav infected cells at 4 hpi we confirmed that iav infection indeed induce the translation of ucp2 and ralgds two genes that are also translationally induced following stress induced eif2a phosphorylation [andreev et al 2015] but not that of control genes sox4 and sf3b5 for which no change in translation was observed figure 4c and supplementary file...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...of multiple probes to the same transcript yields a bright dot indicative of a single mrna molecule this method has been used in various systems allowing accurate quantification of mrna molecules per cell we quantified the expression of four human mrnas two mrnas that are significantly reduced during influenza infection chml and kif18a cluster 1 and two mrnas that were less affected by infection myc and cdkn1b cluster 3 we also tested the expression of one viral transcript hemagglutinin ha we designed a panel of fluorescently labeled probes each composed of 48 20base oligos complementary to the coding sequences...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...single mrna molecule this method has been used in various systems allowing accurate quantification of mrna molecules per cell we quantified the expression of four human mrnas two mrnas that are significantly reduced during influenza infection chml and kif18a cluster 1 and two mrnas that were less affected by infection myc and cdkn1b cluster 3 we also tested the expression of one viral transcript hemagglutinin ha we designed a panel of fluorescently labeled probes each composed of 48 20base oligos complementary to the coding sequences of each of these genes we used a549 cells that were left uninfected or...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...labeled probes libraries yielded bright diffractionlimited dots representing single transcripts these were automatically counted using a custom imageprocessing software bahar halpern 2016 importantly when we examined ha expression in uninfected cells we did not detect any diffractionlimited dots demonstrating the specificity of this approach figure 5a following infection with iav ha transcript levels were drastically elevated and at 8 hpi the intensity of the smfish signal was too high to measure single dots figure 5a the expression levels of the four cellular transcripts we measured by smfish were highly correlated with our rnaseq measurements figure...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...of the smfish signal was too high to measure single dots figure 5a the expression levels of the four cellular transcripts we measured by smfish were highly correlated with our rnaseq measurements figure 5a and b these absolute quantifications of viral and host transcripts along iav infection strongly support the notion that host shutoff is mainly driven by differences in mrna levels furthermore this data illustrates the variability in the levels of cellular transcripts reduction during iav infection suggesting that iavmediated degradation might act differently on different cellular transcripts multiple mechanisms for iav interference with cellular...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...our rnaseq measurements figure 5a and b these absolute quantifications of viral and host transcripts along iav infection strongly support the notion that host shutoff is mainly driven by differences in mrna levels furthermore this data illustrates the variability in the levels of cellular transcripts reduction during iav infection suggesting that iavmediated degradation might act differently on different cellular transcripts multiple mechanisms for iav interference with cellular rna expression have been described nemeroff et al 1998 fortes et al 1994 rodriguez et al 2007 plotch et al 1981 all of which involve interference with processes occurring in...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...evidence that pax activity might be restricted to the nucleus khaperskyy et al 2016 on top of absolute quantification smfish also provides spatial information about mrna molecule distribution in the cell this allowed us to test the levels of endogenous cellular transcripts in the nucleus and cytoplasm along influenza infection we quantified the cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of chml and kif8a which showed a drastic reduction in their levels and of myc that showed subtler but still a significant reduction figure 5b interestingly the nuclear and cytoplasmic levels of chml kif18a and myc were downregulated to the same...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...their levels and of myc that showed subtler but still a significant reduction figure 5b interestingly the nuclear and cytoplasmic levels of chml kif18a and myc were downregulated to the same extent figure 5c these results strongly suggest that interference in cellular rna expression along iav infection occurs mainly in the nucleus we noticed that cellular genes respond differently to iav infection and can be divided based on the level of reduction they present during infection figure 3c clusters 1 3 and 4 hence we were interested in the features differentiating between these cellular...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

... interestingly the nuclear and cytoplasmic levels of chml kif18a and myc were downregulated to the same extent figure 5c these results strongly suggest that interference in cellular rna expression along iav infection occurs mainly in the nucleus we noticed that cellular genes respond differently to iav infection and can be divided based on the level of reduction they present during infection figure 3c clusters 1 3 and 4 hence we were interested in the features differentiating between these cellular mrna groups if iav interference with cellular transcript expression occurs mainly in the nucleus and there...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...to the same extent figure 5c these results strongly suggest that interference in cellular rna expression along iav infection occurs mainly in the nucleus we noticed that cellular genes respond differently to iav infection and can be divided based on the level of reduction they present during infection figure 3c clusters 1 3 and 4 hence we were interested in the features differentiating between these cellular mrna groups if iav interference with cellular transcript expression occurs mainly in the nucleus and there is no selectivity in this process then the decline in mrna levels should be...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...the decline in mrna levels should be correlated with the cytoplasmic halflives of mrnas using recent measurements of mrna halflives in a549 cells maekawa et al 2015 we identified a significant enrichment in mrnas with long halflives in cluster 3 which includes genes that were only mildly affected by iav infection figure 5d pval 0005 but this cluster contained also many genes with short halflife these results suggest that there are additional features that govern the differences between these clusters and that the differences in the levels of reduction might stem from differences in iavinterference with host genes...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...since our measurements suggested that most of the iavmediated reduction occurs in the nucleus and a recent study connected pax activity to the 3 end processing khaperskyy et al 2016 we tested whether the length of the polya tail affects the extent to which mrnas are reduced after iav infection using genome wide measurements of polya tail length chang et al 2014 we did not observe any significant differences between the different clusters figure 5figure supplement 1 we next examined specific characteristics of the corresponding transcripts including their length and gc content interestingly both mrna length and gc...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...these functional categories indeed also after omitting transcripts related to these functional categories cluster 3 transcripts were significantly shorter figure 5figure supplement 2 taken together these results strongly suggest that shorter and more structured transcripts transcripts with higher gc content tend to be less affected by iav infection and therefore it is likely that the extent to which cellular mrnas are degraded is at least partially governed by the quantity of exposed single stranded rna in the nucleus host shutoff mechanisms clearly provide advantages for viruses as they hamper the cellular response to infection and limit competition...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...affected by iav infection and therefore it is likely that the extent to which cellular mrnas are degraded is at least partially governed by the quantity of exposed single stranded rna in the nucleus host shutoff mechanisms clearly provide advantages for viruses as they hamper the cellular response to infection and limit competition for cellular ribosomes however dampening cellular gene expression also poses a big challenge as viruses are fully dependent on cellular resources such as macromolecules building blocks energy production and the host translational machinery therefore the observation that transcripts coding for ribosomal and oxidative phosphorylation proteins are less...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...for cellular ribosomes however dampening cellular gene expression also poses a big challenge as viruses are fully dependent on cellular resources such as macromolecules building blocks energy production and the host translational machinery therefore the observation that transcripts coding for ribosomal and oxidative phosphorylation proteins are less reduced following iav infection implies that the translation maintenance of these cellular pathways might be important for iav infection to validate this notion we conducted western blot analysis on cell extracts along iav infection and could confirm the stable expression of components of the respiratory complex figure 6a upper panel whereas other...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...are fully dependent on cellular resources such as macromolecules building blocks energy production and the host translational machinery therefore the observation that transcripts coding for ribosomal and oxidative phosphorylation proteins are less reduced following iav infection implies that the translation maintenance of these cellular pathways might be important for iav infection to validate this notion we conducted western blot analysis on cell extracts along iav infection and could confirm the stable expression of components of the respiratory complex figure 6a upper panel whereas other proteins were reduced following iav infection figure 6a lower panel in accordance with...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...host translational machinery therefore the observation that transcripts coding for ribosomal and oxidative phosphorylation proteins are less reduced following iav infection implies that the translation maintenance of these cellular pathways might be important for iav infection to validate this notion we conducted western blot analysis on cell extracts along iav infection and could confirm the stable expression of components of the respiratory complex figure 6a upper panel whereas other proteins were reduced following iav infection figure 6a lower panel in accordance with these results by staining infected cells with the potential sensitive mitochondrial stain tetramethylrhodamine tmrm we...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...of these cellular pathways might be important for iav infection to validate this notion we conducted western blot analysis on cell extracts along iav infection and could confirm the stable expression of components of the respiratory complex figure 6a upper panel whereas other proteins were reduced following iav infection figure 6a lower panel in accordance with these results by staining infected cells with the potential sensitive mitochondrial stain tetramethylrhodamine tmrm we show that the mitochondria membrane potential is not affected by iav infection figure 6b next we tested if continuous oxidative phosphorylation is important for...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...complex figure 6a upper panel whereas other proteins were reduced following iav infection figure 6a lower panel in accordance with these results by staining infected cells with the potential sensitive mitochondrial stain tetramethylrhodamine tmrm we show that the mitochondria membrane potential is not affected by iav infection figure 6b next we tested if continuous oxidative phosphorylation is important for iav propagation by employing drugs that interfere with the function of the respiratory chain we used either the ionophore carbonyl cyanide mchlorophenyl hydrazone cccp or valinomycin that chelates potassium ions both causing a collapses of the...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...infected for 2 hr and then treated with cccp or valinomycin in concentrations that did not affect cell viability figure 6 figure supplement 1 iav titers were significantly reduced figure 6c and d overall these results indicate that mrnas involved in oxidative phosphorylation are less perturbed by iav infection and that maintenance of intact oxidative phosphorylation activity during iav infection is important for viral replication polya tail length of host transcripts as was previously measured from hela and nih3t3 cells chang et al 2014 were compared between transcripts composing the clusters presented in figure 3c doi 107554elife18311011 figure...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...in concentrations that did not affect cell viability figure 6 figure supplement 1 iav titers were significantly reduced figure 6c and d overall these results indicate that mrnas involved in oxidative phosphorylation are less perturbed by iav infection and that maintenance of intact oxidative phosphorylation activity during iav infection is important for viral replication polya tail length of host transcripts as was previously measured from hela and nih3t3 cells chang et al 2014 were compared between transcripts composing the clusters presented in figure 3c doi 107554elife18311011 figure supplement 2 transcripts gc content left and length distribution right were...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...doi 107554elife18311011 figure supplement 2 transcripts gc content left and length distribution right were calculated for genes encoding ribosomal proteins and respiration components for genes in cluster 3 after omitting these functional categories cluster 3 and for clusters 1 and 4 presented in figure 3c representing differential response to iav infection many viruses have developed varied and sophisticated mechanisms to specifically repress cellular mrna translation and concomitantly allow the selective translation of viral mrna in the case of iav many mechanisms were suggested to contribute to the observed host shutoff these include 1 capsnatching of cellular premrnas plotch et al...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...our smfish measurements for viral transcript we could show that 90 of the plus strand viral rna is located in the cytoplasm therefore this potential bias could result in a maximum of 10 effect that does not hamper our conclusions previous studies demonstrated inhibition of eif2a phosphorylation during influenza infection and it was proposed that this inhibition is mediated by the activation of the cellular inhibitor of pkr p58ipk goodman et al 2007 our analysis supports the observation that iav infection inhibit eif2a phosphorylation but we show that this inhibition is not immediate in our experimental system eif2a was...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...10 effect that does not hamper our conclusions previous studies demonstrated inhibition of eif2a phosphorylation during influenza infection and it was proposed that this inhibition is mediated by the activation of the cellular inhibitor of pkr p58ipk goodman et al 2007 our analysis supports the observation that iav infection inhibit eif2a phosphorylation but we show that this inhibition is not immediate in our experimental system eif2a was phosphorylated at 4 hpi and this stress response affects the expression of cellular genes figure 4 since our measurements suggest the p58ipk dnajc3 expression is reduced during iav infection by threefold...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...that iav infection inhibit eif2a phosphorylation but we show that this inhibition is not immediate in our experimental system eif2a was phosphorylated at 4 hpi and this stress response affects the expression of cellular genes figure 4 since our measurements suggest the p58ipk dnajc3 expression is reduced during iav infection by threefold it is possible that other mechanisms also contribute to the inhibition of eif2a phosphorylation due to library normalization it is challenging to assess from the ribosome profiling and rnaseq measurements on overall virusinduced host shutoff to address this inherent limitation we used smfish which allows absolute quantification...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...and rnaseq measurements on overall virusinduced host shutoff to address this inherent limitation we used smfish which allows absolute quantification of transcript levels in single cells our smfish measurements correlated well with our global rna quantification confirming our data and findings in addition our smfish measurements show that after iav infection rna levels of endogenous cellular transcripts are reduced to a similar extent in the nucleus and the cytoplasm this observation suggests that cellular mrnas degradation occurs in the nucleus but it could also be explained by blockage of transcription in conjunction to cytoplasmic degradation that reduces cytoplasmic mrna levels the...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...to cytoplasmic degradation that reduces cytoplasmic mrna levels the recent observation that pax activity is mostly nuclear khaperskyy et al 2016 together with limited correlation with a cytoplasmic halflife strongly points to the former possibility our analysis also allowed us to quantify the reduction in cellular mrnas along iav infection revealing that the extent of reduction varies between different transcripts the magnitude of reduction could only be partially explained by cytoplasmic halflife and interestingly the extent of reduction was significantly correlated with transcripts length and gc content since capsnatching activity was shown to target mostly small nuclear rnas koppstein et...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...expression and by inhibiting cellular antiviral responses however shutting off cellular protein production could also have adverse effects viruses are completely dependent on cellular resources and inhibiting cellular protein production can dampen processes that are indispensable for the virus interestingly we noticed that transcripts that are less affected by iav infection are enriched for genes involved in pathways that the virus potentially depends on such as oxidative phosphorylation components and ribosomal proteins in contrast genes that were most significantly reduced are related to cell cycle a cellular activity that is often blocked by viruses indeed we were able to show that...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...further experiments demonstrated that inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation to levels that do not affect cells viability severely impairs viral replication these results suggest that continuous expression of proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation is important for viral propagation since viruses mostly interfere with protein synthesis the level of protein reduction during infection is also tightly connected to the halflife of these proteins in this regard the observation that many of the proteins that perform basic cellular functions like translation and cellular respiration have long halflives schwanhausser et al 2011 could also assist viruses to avoid detrimental damage from shuttingoff cellular protein synthesis...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...perform basic cellular functions like translation and cellular respiration have long halflives schwanhausser et al 2011 could also assist viruses to avoid detrimental damage from shuttingoff cellular protein synthesis the inherent difficulties in blocking host protein production should be common to other viruses inducing host shutoff particularly viruses with long infection cycle it will therefore be interesting to see whether other viruses that interfere with cellular protein synthesis will also do this in a differential manner facilitating the maintenance of cellular functions that are important for viral propagation it is well acknowledged that ribosome profiling is an emerging technique that...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...2015 tirosh et al 2015 and to probe the complexity of several viruses sternginossar et al 2012 arias et al 2014 yang et al 2015 irigoyen et al 2016 here we show how these methods in conjunction with smfish could be used to accurately quantify host shutoff along viral infection these unbiased and systematic quantification methods can advance our understanding of viral interference with host protein production and are applicable to infection with any virus the cells used in this study were the human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line a549 the human influenza viruses apuerto rico834 h1n1 used in...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...et al 2015 irigoyen et al 2016 here we show how these methods in conjunction with smfish could be used to accurately quantify host shutoff along viral infection these unbiased and systematic quantification methods can advance our understanding of viral interference with host protein production and are applicable to infection with any virus the cells used in this study were the human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line a549 the human influenza viruses apuerto rico834 h1n1 used in this study were generated as previously described achdout et al 2003 cells were grown on 10 cm2 plates and were infected...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...the cells used in this study were the human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line a549 the human influenza viruses apuerto rico834 h1n1 used in this study were generated as previously described achdout et al 2003 cells were grown on 10 cm2 plates and were infected at a multiplicity of infection moi of 5 efficiency of infection was determined by immunofluorescence with influenza a antibody fitc reagent light diagnostic followed by dapi dye for nuclear staining and confirmed that 95 of cells were infected viral genomic rna was quantified by extracting rna from the supernatant by using the nuclisens easymag...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...were the human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line a549 the human influenza viruses apuerto rico834 h1n1 used in this study were generated as previously described achdout et al 2003 cells were grown on 10 cm2 plates and were infected at a multiplicity of infection moi of 5 efficiency of infection was determined by immunofluorescence with influenza a antibody fitc reagent light diagnostic followed by dapi dye for nuclear staining and confirmed that 95 of cells were infected viral genomic rna was quantified by extracting rna from the supernatant by using the nuclisens easymag biomerieux france detection of influenza a...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...determined by immunofluorescence with influenza a antibody fitc reagent light diagnostic followed by dapi dye for nuclear staining and confirmed that 95 of cells were infected viral genomic rna was quantified by extracting rna from the supernatant by using the nuclisens easymag biomerieux france detection of influenza a virus infection was performed by realtime reverse transcriptionpcr rrtpcrusing taqman chemistry on the abi 7500 instrument as previously described hindiyeh et al 2005 cycloheximide treatments were carried out as previously described sternginossar et al 2012 cells were lysed in lysis buffer 20 mm tris 75 150 mm nacl 5 mm...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...of mrna and footprints partitioning clustering was performed using partek genomic suits across mrna and footprint data go enrichment analysis was done using david database huang et al 2009 the babel computational framework was used to quantitatively evaluate if there are genes that are differently translated along the iav infection olshen et al 2013 infected a549 cells mock 2 hpi 4 hpi 8 hpi were incubated in methionine depleted dmem for 30 min subsequently 50 mciml [ 35 s]methionine was added and incubated for 30 min cells were harvested using ripa buffer lysates were run on a polyacrylamide paa...

Title: A systematic view on influenza induced host
shutoff
Authors: Bercovich-Kinori, Adi. Tai, Julie...
Journal: eLife.; 5:e18311
Item: Infection
Index: 102
ID: d096bbd29d25374aa7fea667ac750e5739370dcf
Number of matches: 65

...min cells were harvested using ripa buffer lysates were run on a polyacrylamide paa gradient gel 412 the paa gel was fixed overnight in a fixation solution 3 glycerol 20 methanol 7 acetic acid typhoon fla 7000 from ge healthcare life sciences was used for acquisition four hours post infection a549 cells were treated with 100 mgml cycloheximide for 1 min and then washed twice with cold pbs containing 100 mgml cycloheximide the cells were collected and lyzed with 400 ml lysis buffer 20 mm tris 75 150 mm nacl 5 mm mgcl2 1mm dithiothereitol supplemented with 05 triton...

Title: Attitudes of consumers and live-poultry
workers to central slaughtering in controlling H7N9: a
cross-sectional study
Authors: Lin, Xiao. Zhang, Dingmei...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 104
ID: a714dc2983f4139a10c0222d8816654277e72965
Number of matches: 3

...to immediate suspicion of an avian reservoir as the origin of human infections avianorigin was further proven by gao et al [6] who used polymerasechainreaction assays viral culturing and sequence analyses to confirm the association between human infectious cases and reassortant h7n9 viruses risk factors for zoonotic h7n9 infection included physical contact with infected poultry or breathing in of contaminated aerosolsdroplets [9] common physical contact included slaughtering defeathering or preparing sick poultry for cooking handling diseased or dead poultry and consuming raw or undercooked fowl products [10] this emerging avian influenza virus threatens...

Title: Attitudes of consumers and live-poultry
workers to central slaughtering in controlling H7N9: a
cross-sectional study
Authors: Lin, Xiao. Zhang, Dingmei...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 104
ID: a714dc2983f4139a10c0222d8816654277e72965
Number of matches: 3

...monthly basis [35] regulations on handling diseased poultry and potential contaminated facets segregation of live fowl from other market products and creation of physical barriers between consumers and poultry holding slaughter or sale zones requirement to teach essential basics on prevention of the avian influenza infection among poultry market workers installation of refrigerators and containers to preserve chilled products [extra expenses for installation covered by government subsidies] regulations on transportation delivery of chilled products to markets we defined the population of livepoultry workers as those who worked either at livepoultry markets...

Title: Attitudes of consumers and live-poultry
workers to central slaughtering in controlling H7N9: a
cross-sectional study
Authors: Lin, Xiao. Zhang, Dingmei...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 104
ID: a714dc2983f4139a10c0222d8816654277e72965
Number of matches: 3

...should continue to disseminate the robust detail and positive influence of the cslpp via publicwelcomed methods including tv shows magazine articles and advertisements and community billboards alternatively people should be educated about the coldchains for chilled products and be taught about the procedures that help prevent preprocessed meats from bacterial infection through these efforts peoples uninformed opinions on chilled products may undergo a change and they may realize the significance of the policy to their health a reform of the subsidy policy and enhancement of the satisfaction of livepoultry traders should become an important agenda extra support should be given...

Title: Genetic diversity, seasonality and
transmission network of human metapneumovirus:
identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and
attachment genes
Authors: Chow, Wei Zhen. Chan, Yoke Fun...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 106
ID: c8ca3a5306db10a7842b853031404ecbc0a363ed
Number of matches: 12

...22 and ebola virus 23 amongst others although hmpv is one of the main causative agents of rtis worldwide little is known about the temporal dynamics of hmpv transmission in the population transmission networks inferred from the analysis of viral sequences elucidate the degree of the spread of an infection in a subset of the population that allows the identification of the population at high risk of transmitting the virus amongst each other thus enabling the implementation of effective and targeted public health preventive measures to reduce the prevalence of new infections in the population at large 17 18 24...

Title: Genetic diversity, seasonality and
transmission network of human metapneumovirus:
identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and
attachment genes
Authors: Chow, Wei Zhen. Chan, Yoke Fun...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 106
ID: c8ca3a5306db10a7842b853031404ecbc0a363ed
Number of matches: 12

...although the observation was statistically nonsignificant the total amount of rainfall r 0235 p 0258 was also associated with the prevalence of hmpv although the observation was statistically nonsignificant phylogenetic analysis and genetic diversity of the f and g genes among the 86 samples positive for hmpv infection the partial f and g genes were successfully amplified in 988 8586 and 953 8286 of the total samples respectively phylogenetic analysis of the newlysequenced and reference partial f and g gene sequences showed the clustering of the sequences into two main genotypes a and b and at least five...

Title: Genetic diversity, seasonality and
transmission network of human metapneumovirus:
identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and
attachment genes
Authors: Chow, Wei Zhen. Chan, Yoke Fun...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 106
ID: c8ca3a5306db10a7842b853031404ecbc0a363ed
Number of matches: 12

...f 579 1119 and g 636 711 genes a known transmission pair of two epidemiologicallylinked adult and child infected with the novel a2 sublineage was also observed in the f but not in the g gene hmpv has been reported to be highly infectious within the first 46 days of infection 28 after which its ability to cause infection in another individual declines hence we proceed to estimate the difference between estimated date of infection denoted as edi between existing members of clusters observed in the f and g genes to evaluate the reliability of the geneticbased approach in...

Title: Genetic diversity, seasonality and
transmission network of human metapneumovirus:
identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and
attachment genes
Authors: Chow, Wei Zhen. Chan, Yoke Fun...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 106
ID: c8ca3a5306db10a7842b853031404ecbc0a363ed
Number of matches: 12

...known transmission pair of two epidemiologicallylinked adult and child infected with the novel a2 sublineage was also observed in the f but not in the g gene hmpv has been reported to be highly infectious within the first 46 days of infection 28 after which its ability to cause infection in another individual declines hence we proceed to estimate the difference between estimated date of infection denoted as edi between existing members of clusters observed in the f and g genes to evaluate the reliability of the geneticbased approach in inferring transmission network we found that a majority of...

Title: Genetic diversity, seasonality and
transmission network of human metapneumovirus:
identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and
attachment genes
Authors: Chow, Wei Zhen. Chan, Yoke Fun...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 106
ID: c8ca3a5306db10a7842b853031404ecbc0a363ed
Number of matches: 12

...also observed in the f but not in the g gene hmpv has been reported to be highly infectious within the first 46 days of infection 28 after which its ability to cause infection in another individual declines hence we proceed to estimate the difference between estimated date of infection denoted as edi between existing members of clusters observed in the f and g genes to evaluate the reliability of the geneticbased approach in inferring transmission network we found that a majority of the clusters inferred in the f 89 clusters and g genes 45 clusters had edis...

Title: Genetic diversity, seasonality and
transmission network of human metapneumovirus:
identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and
attachment genes
Authors: Chow, Wei Zhen. Chan, Yoke Fun...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 106
ID: c8ca3a5306db10a7842b853031404ecbc0a363ed
Number of matches: 12

...2 similar to previous studies conducted across all ages 6 conversely hmpv was more prevalent among children in the hospitalised or community setting with a reported prevalence of over 5 particularly among the young and immunocompromised children 1 3 4 25 30 although the overall prevalence of hmpv infection was low in our study population a relatively higher monthly prevalence of up to 45 was observed during the novemberapril period fig 1 coincided with the northeast monsoon season which typically occurs in the region between october and march we also showed that the prevalence of hmpv was significantly...

Title: Genetic diversity, seasonality and
transmission network of human metapneumovirus:
identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and
attachment genes
Authors: Chow, Wei Zhen. Chan, Yoke Fun...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 106
ID: c8ca3a5306db10a7842b853031404ecbc0a363ed
Number of matches: 12

...unlikely in our analysis where the upper distance cutoffs were set below the lower 0025 percentile of interperson genetic distances 24 42 the availability of the intraperson genetic distances will nonetheless provide a better clue on the lower distance cutoffs due to the interim and selflimiting nature of the infection it is indeed a challenge to collect serial samples throughout acute illness which will not immediately benefit the patients lastly as in many other molecular epidemiological surveillance studies only a subset of the population was recruited and analysed therefore the size frequency and structure of the transmission clusters observed could...

Title: Genetic diversity, seasonality and
transmission network of human metapneumovirus:
identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and
attachment genes
Authors: Chow, Wei Zhen. Chan, Yoke Fun...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 106
ID: c8ca3a5306db10a7842b853031404ecbc0a363ed
Number of matches: 12

...genetically linked represented by edges at a given genetic distance threshold or cutoff 18 19 the genetic distance cutoff values can be determined between the highest and lowest values of intraand interperson distances known as the patristic distances respectively 24 42 however since hmpv is associated with acute infection measuring intraperson viral genetic distance is often challenging and impractical due to rapid viral clearance within a host we therefore estimated the most probable cutoff values by determining the lower 0025 percentile of the interperson genetic distances calculated from the global f n 66 and g n 45...

Title: Genetic diversity, seasonality and
transmission network of human metapneumovirus:
identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and
attachment genes
Authors: Chow, Wei Zhen. Chan, Yoke Fun...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 106
ID: c8ca3a5306db10a7842b853031404ecbc0a363ed
Number of matches: 12

...g n 45 reference sequences representing all known genotypes and sublineages sequences from different individuals with genetic distance falling below these cutoffs were classified as transmission cluster clusters were described as dyads if they contain two nodes and network if 2 nodes 19 the estimated date of infection edi for each individual was predated from the number of days after disease symptoms onset as reported by the patients and the incubation period of 46 days for hmpv 28 difference between edi for each individual was denoted as edi in addition to genetic distance cutoff adjacent nodes...

Title: Genetic diversity, seasonality and
transmission network of human metapneumovirus:
identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and
attachment genes
Authors: Chow, Wei Zhen. Chan, Yoke Fun...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 106
ID: c8ca3a5306db10a7842b853031404ecbc0a363ed
Number of matches: 12

...the incubation period of 46 days for hmpv 28 difference between edi for each individual was denoted as edi in addition to genetic distance cutoff adjacent nodes with a edi of less than 30 days were considered in cluster construction viral shedding beyond 30 days following primary infection is probably uncommon hence viral transmission may be very limited or absent such criterion was used for an acute infection in order to improve the analytical power of cluster determination by effectively eliminating genetically similar but epidemiologically unrelated viruses that may complicate transmission cluster interpretation probable direction of virus transmission...

Title: Genetic diversity, seasonality and
transmission network of human metapneumovirus:
identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and
attachment genes
Authors: Chow, Wei Zhen. Chan, Yoke Fun...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 106
ID: c8ca3a5306db10a7842b853031404ecbc0a363ed
Number of matches: 12

...edi in addition to genetic distance cutoff adjacent nodes with a edi of less than 30 days were considered in cluster construction viral shedding beyond 30 days following primary infection is probably uncommon hence viral transmission may be very limited or absent such criterion was used for an acute infection in order to improve the analytical power of cluster determination by effectively eliminating genetically similar but epidemiologically unrelated viruses that may complicate transmission cluster interpretation probable direction of virus transmission within a cluster was also estimated by placing a directed edge from the putative donor node to the recipient nodes...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...fever describes the syndrome of acute severe febrile illness caused by over 30 viruses from four different taxonomic familiesfiloviridae arenaviridae bunyaviridae and flaviviridae although they differ in disease epidemiology transmission and pathogenesis most of these rna viruses are zoonotic and cause nonspecific symptoms including fever headache weakness vomiting and diarrhea infection with filoviruses including marburg and ebola viruses can be associated with a rapid progression to hemodynamic instability shock and multiorgan dysfunction [4 8] filoviruses were discovered in 1967 when 31 laboratory workers became ill after coming into contact with green monkeys imported from africa [10]...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...of critically ill patients undergoing aerosolgenerating procedures intubation and ventilation bronchoscopy [18] percutaneous transmission with sharps needlestick glassrelated exposure contaminated with infected bodily fluids is thought to be a very efficient mechanism of ebola virus transmission [11] the concern about ebov transmission has positioned infection prevention and control ipc at the center of clinical care theoretically meticulous provision of contact precautions hand washing the use of gloves and a gown along with protection against mucus membrane eyes nose and mouth exposure and proper donning and doffing of all personal protective equipment ppe should be sufficient...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...improved visibility but must provide sufficient coverage without risk of splashrelated facial exposure halfsphere semirigid respirators tend to be more resistant to moisturerelated collapse and deformation however concern about the high mortality of evd has led to ipc and ppe choices in the field that sometimes do not follow traditional infection control recommendations or guidance from international technical organizations this has often resulted in ppe that cannot be safely tolerated by healthcare personnel for more than 4560 min due to excessive heat and humidity [21] risking syncope potentially dangerous behaviour eg adjusting fogged facial protection with soiled...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...risking syncope potentially dangerous behaviour eg adjusting fogged facial protection with soiled gloves and inability to safely perform tasks such as insertion of intravenous catheters in west africa ebola virus transmission likely also occurs among healthcare personnel during informal healthcare provision in the community to patients or colleagues without appropriate infection prevention and control practice [22 23] nosocomial ebov transmission in spain [24 25] and the usa [26] similarly reinforces the importance of rigorous ebola ipc practices and healthcare personnel training irrespective of the healthcare system [27 28] medical management including...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...viral cytopathic effect the host immune response and from underresuscitated hypovolemic shock [5 6] ebov binds to lectins and other surface receptors with monocytes macrophages and dendritic cells as targets these viruscontaining cells spread through the lymphatic system liver and spleen resulting in a widely disseminated viral infection [29 30] endothelial cell infection and activation may lead to increased levels of soluble adhesion molecules thombomodulin and inflammatory mediators such as interferongamma and alpha interleukins il2 6 and 10 interferoninducible proteins and tumor necrosis factor alpha [29 30] resulting in vascular injury thrombocytopenia...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...from underresuscitated hypovolemic shock [5 6] ebov binds to lectins and other surface receptors with monocytes macrophages and dendritic cells as targets these viruscontaining cells spread through the lymphatic system liver and spleen resulting in a widely disseminated viral infection [29 30] endothelial cell infection and activation may lead to increased levels of soluble adhesion molecules thombomodulin and inflammatory mediators such as interferongamma and alpha interleukins il2 6 and 10 interferoninducible proteins and tumor necrosis factor alpha [29 30] resulting in vascular injury thrombocytopenia consumption and reduced production of clotting factors in...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...cases [29 30] while acute kidney injury can often be explained by underresuscitated hypovolemia it might also arise from viral or secondary bacterial sepsis acute tubular necrosis myoglobinuria and microvascular renal thrombi associated with sepsis or disseminated intravascular coagulation [29 30] adrenal gland viral infection has been shown in animal models and might contribute to hypotension renal sodium loss and hypovolemia [30] diagnostic testing is recommended when a patient exhibits symptoms meeting the evd case definition [31] ebola viral rna can be detected in clinical specimens by realtime reverse...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...after symptom onset [33] pointofcare rapid diagnostic tests rdts have been tested in the field but they lack sensitivity require a cold chain and remain under evaluation in clinical trials [34] the clinical presentation of evd falls along a spectrum ranging from minimally symptomatic infection [8] to severe illness with hemorrhagic complications shock multiorgan dysfunction and death the incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 days but may depend on the mode of transmission [4] 57 days following a percutaneous inoculation and a mean of 9 days following direct mucus...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...sexual intercourse [50] until semen has tested negative for ebola virus twice or for at least 6 months after evd onset [62] health workers and others should continue to apply standard precautions as with all patients when evaluating evd survivors in the convalescent period additional infection prevention and control practices based upon an individual patient risk assessment may be prudent for specific procedures in convalescence even when there is no detectable ebov in the blood eg lumbar puncture or vitreous humor sampling [63] providing supportive care to critically ill patients with evd in...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...in liberia [95] that was stopped after the manufacturer withdrew study support [107] tkm130803 is a formulation of lipidnanoparticleencapsulated small interfering ribonucleic acids sirna targeting two proteins involved in ebola virus transcription and replication tekmira usa canada it was used in nonhuman primate ebola virus infection as a postexposure treatment strategy [108] and in patients medically evacuated from west africa in uncontrolled compassionate use [79 81] however a phase 2 clinical trial rapidetkm in sierra leone [96] was halted according to preestablished stopping rules [109] zmapp...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...been used under the emergency investigational new drug approvals from the food and drug administration in patients treated in the usa west africa and western europe [40 76 111] zmapp treatment of rhesus macaques resulted in 100 survival even when started 5 days after lethal ebov infection [110] in the only randomized controlled trial of an investigational therapeutic for evd zmapp plus standard of care was compared to standard of care alone for evd patients in four countries including the three most impacted west african countries due to the decline in evd cases this...

Title: Ebola virus disease and critical illness
Authors: Leligdowicz, Aleksandra. Fischer, William A....
Journal: Crit Care
Item: Infection
Index: 107
ID: a52fd1386e8a463e46bde0e66125bfd826a64f56
Number of matches: 13

...] [132] it is uncertain whether these manifestations are due to direct viral cytopathic effect in immuneprivileged compartments or postinfectious immunemediated inflammation [133] [134] [135] although this evd outbreak narrowed some knowledge gaps pathophysiology and the immunological response to acute infection and convalescence is still minimally characterized access to rapid pointofcare evd diagnostic capacity to differentiate between other common febrile illnesses [136] is critical because the early presentation of evd has a broad differential diagnosis [5 7 34] laboratory testing to identify prognostic indicators could help...

Title: Immunity to Pathogens Taught by Specialized
Human Dendritic Cell Subsets
Authors: Geginat, Jens. Nizzoli, Giulia...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 108
ID: 00142f93c18b07350be89e96372d240372437ed9
Number of matches: 6

...important for systemic but not local protection 106 however in several other viral infections in mice including vesicular stomatitis virus vsv lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus lcmv rsv and mouse cytomegalovirus mcmv pdcs do not seem to play a major role 100 in marked contrast in mouse hepatitis virus mhv infection the antiviral response against this coronavirus was largely pdc dependent 107 figure 1 finally pdcs have been found by several groups to induce the production of the antiinflammatory cytokine il10 by cd4 t cells suggesting that they might be important to inhibit excessive tcell responses several proteins expressed...

Title: Immunity to Pathogens Taught by Specialized
Human Dendritic Cell Subsets
Authors: Geginat, Jens. Nizzoli, Giulia...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 108
ID: 00142f93c18b07350be89e96372d240372437ed9
Number of matches: 6

...individual pathogens the roles of human dc subsets in pathogenspecific immune response are however difficult to address directly because patients that selectively lack a dc subset of interest have not been identified so far nevertheless some interesting findings were reported in particular mdc2 appear to be highly relevant in hcv infection singlenucleotide polymorphisms in the ifn3 gene locus are strongly associated with spontaneous clearance and response to therapy in hcv patients 166 all dc subsets can secrete some ifn1 134 167 but mdc2 produce much higher amounts moreover ifn23 are largely restricted to mdc2 and importantly hcv induces ifn3...

Title: Immunity to Pathogens Taught by Specialized
Human Dendritic Cell Subsets
Authors: Geginat, Jens. Nizzoli, Giulia...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 108
ID: 00142f93c18b07350be89e96372d240372437ed9
Number of matches: 6

...subsets can secrete some ifn1 134 167 but mdc2 produce much higher amounts moreover ifn23 are largely restricted to mdc2 and importantly hcv induces ifn3 production by mdc2 168 nizzoli et al under review thus mdc2 appear to be a highly relevant source for protective ifn3 in hcv infection 169 interestingly an important role for mdc1 rather than for mdc2 was recently proposed in tuberculosis 170 171 thus mdc1 were more efficiently infected with the bacillus calmettegurin bcg vaccine than other dcs and induced the activation of pdcs and cd8 t cells notably mdc1 could not...

Title: Immunity to Pathogens Taught by Specialized
Human Dendritic Cell Subsets
Authors: Geginat, Jens. Nizzoli, Giulia...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 108
ID: 00142f93c18b07350be89e96372d240372437ed9
Number of matches: 6

...and induced the activation of pdcs and cd8 t cells notably mdc1 could not be replaced by mdc2 in this system suggesting that mdc1 could play a nonredundant role in the defense against selected intracellular pathogens mdc1 and mdc2 have also been suggested to play different roles in rsv infection 172 173 thus mdc subsets produced different cytokines in response to rsv consistent with their different cytokine profiles upon stimulation with purified tlr ligands 134 nizzoli et al under review moreover they induced different classes of tcell responses with mdc1 inducing preferentially th1 cells and mdc2 inducing predominantly...

Title: Immunity to Pathogens Taught by Specialized
Human Dendritic Cell Subsets
Authors: Geginat, Jens. Nizzoli, Giulia...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 108
ID: 00142f93c18b07350be89e96372d240372437ed9
Number of matches: 6

...presumably because of the more restricted expression of its receptor 164 interestingly the hcv glycoprotein e2 is a ligand for bdca2 which is specifically expressed on pdcs table 1 and inhibits ifn production 174 175 in this way hcv might inhibit ifn production to establish chronic infection finally pdcs are also targeted by human immunodeficiency virus hiv but whether they play a protective or detrimental role is still unclear 176 vaccines have been a major breakthrough for human health attenuated or killed pathogens are highly efficient to induce protective cellular and humoral immune responses and the...

Title: Immunity to Pathogens Taught by Specialized
Human Dendritic Cell Subsets
Authors: Geginat, Jens. Nizzoli, Giulia...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 108
ID: 00142f93c18b07350be89e96372d240372437ed9
Number of matches: 6

...of mrna that delivers the nucleic acids to apcs present in secondary lymphoid organs is also being evaluated using the functional diversity of dcs in vivo and their specific capabilities in generating appropriate adaptive immune responses those systemic synthetic vaccines might recapitulate the natural mechanisms of immunity developed during pathogen infection and guarantee the development of therapeutically efficacious immune responses dendritic cells continue to attract much interest of immunologists because they are the most potent apcs in the immune system and are the principal inducers of naive tcell differentiation intensive research in the last years has established that different subsets...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...1947 in the zika forest in uganda from a rhesus macaque 2 serological studies performed on human serum samples in uganda later showed the presence of neutralizing antibodies against the virus providing the first evidence that the virus can infect humans 3 later studies revealed the presence of infection in other regions of africa as well as asian countries 4 until 2007 zika virus infections were mostly considered an infection of limited geographical distribution however later outbreaks of infection in pacific islands and south america associated with reports that the virus might cause nervous system abnormalities in newborns...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...later showed the presence of neutralizing antibodies against the virus providing the first evidence that the virus can infect humans 3 later studies revealed the presence of infection in other regions of africa as well as asian countries 4 until 2007 zika virus infections were mostly considered an infection of limited geographical distribution however later outbreaks of infection in pacific islands and south america associated with reports that the virus might cause nervous system abnormalities in newborns attracted the attention of a wide range of people in the scientific community the situation reached its peak in 2015 when a...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...virus providing the first evidence that the virus can infect humans 3 later studies revealed the presence of infection in other regions of africa as well as asian countries 4 until 2007 zika virus infections were mostly considered an infection of limited geographical distribution however later outbreaks of infection in pacific islands and south america associated with reports that the virus might cause nervous system abnormalities in newborns attracted the attention of a wide range of people in the scientific community the situation reached its peak in 2015 when a striking increase occurred in reports of zika virus infections...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...of international concern pheic by the who in early 2016 6 7 8 since then a strong international effort has been started to investigate epidemiological molecular pathogenic and clinical aspects of zika virus infections in this review we have discussed the current knowledge about various aspects of zika virus infection and recent developments including antiviral treatments for this infection the first four sections of this review cover virology epidemiology pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of zika virus infection while zika virus infection is a global concern in the epidemiology section we have put some more emphasis on findings from eastern mediterranean...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...2016 6 7 8 since then a strong international effort has been started to investigate epidemiological molecular pathogenic and clinical aspects of zika virus infections in this review we have discussed the current knowledge about various aspects of zika virus infection and recent developments including antiviral treatments for this infection the first four sections of this review cover virology epidemiology pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of zika virus infection while zika virus infection is a global concern in the epidemiology section we have put some more emphasis on findings from eastern mediterranean region emro countries considering the ethical considerations related to...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...pathogenic and clinical aspects of zika virus infections in this review we have discussed the current knowledge about various aspects of zika virus infection and recent developments including antiviral treatments for this infection the first four sections of this review cover virology epidemiology pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of zika virus infection while zika virus infection is a global concern in the epidemiology section we have put some more emphasis on findings from eastern mediterranean region emro countries considering the ethical considerations related to fetomaternal and neurodevelopmental dimensions of the zika virus infection the final section of this review provides a detailed...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...of zika virus infections in this review we have discussed the current knowledge about various aspects of zika virus infection and recent developments including antiviral treatments for this infection the first four sections of this review cover virology epidemiology pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of zika virus infection while zika virus infection is a global concern in the epidemiology section we have put some more emphasis on findings from eastern mediterranean region emro countries considering the ethical considerations related to fetomaternal and neurodevelopmental dimensions of the zika virus infection the final section of this review provides a detailed account of ethical aspects...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...virology epidemiology pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of zika virus infection while zika virus infection is a global concern in the epidemiology section we have put some more emphasis on findings from eastern mediterranean region emro countries considering the ethical considerations related to fetomaternal and neurodevelopmental dimensions of the zika virus infection the final section of this review provides a detailed account of ethical aspects of zika virus infection fig 1 zika virus is a new emerging mosquitoborne virus belonging to the flaviviridae family of viruses 9 this family is comprised of 4 genera flavivirus hepacivirus pegivirus and pestivirus 10...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...concern in the epidemiology section we have put some more emphasis on findings from eastern mediterranean region emro countries considering the ethical considerations related to fetomaternal and neurodevelopmental dimensions of the zika virus infection the final section of this review provides a detailed account of ethical aspects of zika virus infection fig 1 zika virus is a new emerging mosquitoborne virus belonging to the flaviviridae family of viruses 9 this family is comprised of 4 genera flavivirus hepacivirus pegivirus and pestivirus 10 zika virus belongs to the flavivirus genus which antigenically and phylogenetically is related to the spondweni...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...19 as well despite the many studies done on zika antiviral treatments so far no fda approved category a drug has been found safe to use in mothers and fetuses 16 in early 2015 several cases presenting a denguelike syndrome investigated in brazil a nondengue virus and nonchikungunya virus infection and zika virus was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rtpcr assay and confirmed by dna sequencing 25 26 the brazil zika virus strain shares a common ancestor with the zika virus strain that circulated in french polynesia 27 on jul 2015 in the state of baha...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...the brazil zika virus strain shares a common ancestor with the zika virus strain that circulated in french polynesia 27 on jul 2015 in the state of baha brazil an increase in the number of guillainbarr cases in which half of them had reported symptoms consistent with zika virus infection 28 in jan 2016 an unusually significant increase of gbs was reported in el salvador an emergency committee was convened by the directorgeneral of who under the international health regulations 2005 on 1 feb 2016 and finally announced the recent cluster of microcephaly and other neurologic disorders reported in...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...the samples from suspected cases of zika virus sent to the national laboratory of aedesborne diseases were shown to be negative prevention of aedesborne diseases needs comprehensive national strategic action plan with one health approach and close collaboration between community academic and public health authorities global map of zika virus infection demonstrated in fig 2 and areas potentially at risk of zika in table 1 studies on the pathogenesis of zika virus have shown similarities with the pathogenesis of other flavivirus infections following transmission by the mosquito bite zika virus can infect several different cell types including skin keratinocytes dermal...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...of zika virus have shown similarities with the pathogenesis of other flavivirus infections following transmission by the mosquito bite zika virus can infect several different cell types including skin keratinocytes dermal fibroblasts and dendritic cells dcs 9 in vitro studies on fibroblasts exposed to zika virus have shown high infection rates in these cells 24 to 48 h after infection flow cytometric analyses of dcs exposed to the virus have also shown that up to 60 of dcs express viral antigens around 24 h after infection 9 different cell surface receptors have been proposed to mediate zika infection of...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...other flavivirus infections following transmission by the mosquito bite zika virus can infect several different cell types including skin keratinocytes dermal fibroblasts and dendritic cells dcs 9 in vitro studies on fibroblasts exposed to zika virus have shown high infection rates in these cells 24 to 48 h after infection flow cytometric analyses of dcs exposed to the virus have also shown that up to 60 of dcs express viral antigens around 24 h after infection 9 different cell surface receptors have been proposed to mediate zika infection of permissive cells including dcsign axl and tyro3 molecules 9 fig...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...9 in vitro studies on fibroblasts exposed to zika virus have shown high infection rates in these cells 24 to 48 h after infection flow cytometric analyses of dcs exposed to the virus have also shown that up to 60 of dcs express viral antigens around 24 h after infection 9 different cell surface receptors have been proposed to mediate zika infection of permissive cells including dcsign axl and tyro3 molecules 9 fig 3 following cell entry zika virus induces strong interferon responses in infected cells studies on zika virusinfected human primary fibroblasts have shown strong upregulation...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...high infection rates in these cells 24 to 48 h after infection flow cytometric analyses of dcs exposed to the virus have also shown that up to 60 of dcs express viral antigens around 24 h after infection 9 different cell surface receptors have been proposed to mediate zika infection of permissive cells including dcsign axl and tyro3 molecules 9 fig 3 following cell entry zika virus induces strong interferon responses in infected cells studies on zika virusinfected human primary fibroblasts have shown strong upregulation of interferonbeta transcripts 24 to 48 h after infection 9 a milder...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...proposed to mediate zika infection of permissive cells including dcsign axl and tyro3 molecules 9 fig 3 following cell entry zika virus induces strong interferon responses in infected cells studies on zika virusinfected human primary fibroblasts have shown strong upregulation of interferonbeta transcripts 24 to 48 h after infection 9 a milder response has been reported for interferonalpha upregulation of intracellular pattern recognition receptors prrs involved in sensing nonselfnucleic acids seems to be a crucial part of the initial immune response to the virus 9 studies on zika virusinfected fibroblasts have revealed strong induction of rigi and...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...capable of initiating a signaling process following the detection of intracytoplasmic viral rna molecules innate immune responses are followed by adaptive immune events including the activation of t cells zika virusinfected dcs migrate to regional lymph nodes where they stimulate t cell proliferation differentiation and cytokine production 32 productive infection of dermal fibroblasts and dendritic cells together with insufficient control of infection by innate and adaptive immune mechanisms usually leads to zika virus viremia which underlies the nonspecific clinical symptoms which might last for a few days in a pregnant woman maternal viremia might lead to fetal viremia it is...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...rna molecules innate immune responses are followed by adaptive immune events including the activation of t cells zika virusinfected dcs migrate to regional lymph nodes where they stimulate t cell proliferation differentiation and cytokine production 32 productive infection of dermal fibroblasts and dendritic cells together with insufficient control of infection by innate and adaptive immune mechanisms usually leads to zika virus viremia which underlies the nonspecific clinical symptoms which might last for a few days in a pregnant woman maternal viremia might lead to fetal viremia it is not well known how the virus is transmitted to developing nervous system...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...for a few days in a pregnant woman maternal viremia might lead to fetal viremia it is not well known how the virus is transmitted to developing nervous system following the establishment of fetal viremia while in circulation zika virus can infect fetal monocytes and these monocytes can carry the infection to the developing nervous system studies on fetal brain tissue derived from zika virusinfected mothers who have undergone abortion have shown viral particles in neural cells indicating that the virus can proliferate inside neural cells in a developing brain 5 while inside the cns zika virus can exert direct...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...zika virus was performed by intracerebral mouse inoculation considered as the reference assay for arboviruses isolation 25 36 among human clinical specimens zika virus can be cultured from blood 37 urine 38 saliva 39 and semen 40 antigen detection is a valuable assay to approved zika virus infection in autopsy tissues using immunohistochemistry ihc technique zika virus antigen has been detected in brain and placental tissues from congenitally infected newborns with microcephaly and miscarriages 41 42 recently new assays for detection of zika virus antigen including ns3 protein identification by flow cytometry in whole blood 43 ...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...be performed in a biosafety level 2 bsl2 facility 13 the virus can be inactivated by ultraviolet uv radiation temperatures above 58 c solutions of ph under 62 above 78 ether and 5 potassium permanganate 67 68 69 addressing ethical questions and moral conflicts of zika virus infection may be essential to develop a comprehensive approach to control this public health crisis 70 therefore the health authorities commitment to allocating a fair portion of health resources for responding to this situation is morally required 71 the government should priorities paying the noticeable amount of money for...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...78 79 similarly confidentiality of patients health information and protecting people against stigmatization must be observed when policies for reporting the probable cases to health authorities are discussed 80 the fear raised from high probability of congenital problems mainly microcephaly of neonates delivered by mothers with zika virus infection in their first trimester of pregnancy 81 puts abortion at the center of moral concerns 82 the position of various schools of ethics regarding abortion has a range from strict prohibition to complete moral justification based on the moral status they consider for the fetus in each development...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...or malformation of the fetus that is unbearable for the mother only before 4 months 19th wk after conception and any attempt for abortion after this gestational age is illegal and even criminal 85 together with severe acute respiratory syndrome sars and middle east respiratory syndrome mers zika virus infection qualifies as a newly emerging infectious disease with the potential to cause serious public health issues unlike the other newly emerging infections which can lead to severe morbidity and mortality in infected adults or pediatric hosts zika infection does not pose a significant threat to infected adults and its risk...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...acute respiratory syndrome sars and middle east respiratory syndrome mers zika virus infection qualifies as a newly emerging infectious disease with the potential to cause serious public health issues unlike the other newly emerging infections which can lead to severe morbidity and mortality in infected adults or pediatric hosts zika infection does not pose a significant threat to infected adults and its risk is more due to the potential to cause fetal abnormalities provided that the infection occurs during pregnancy indeed among the four recent pheic declarations by who ie 2009 swine flu declaration 2014 polio and ebola declarations and 2016...

Title: Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical
Aspects: A Review Article
Authors: NOORBAKHSH, Farshid. ABDOLMOHAMMADI, Kamal...
Journal: Iran J Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 109
ID: 0fe7a393c5db38f3913c46f25a3ed75d14f76900
Number of matches: 26

...public health issues unlike the other newly emerging infections which can lead to severe morbidity and mortality in infected adults or pediatric hosts zika infection does not pose a significant threat to infected adults and its risk is more due to the potential to cause fetal abnormalities provided that the infection occurs during pregnancy indeed among the four recent pheic declarations by who ie 2009 swine flu declaration 2014 polio and ebola declarations and 2016 zika virus declaration zika is unique in the sense that it is a member of the torch group of infections ie the group of pathogens with...

Title: Evolution of the uniquely adaptable
lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host
Authors: Demma, LJ. Vanderford, TH...
Journal: Retrovirology
Item: Infection
Index: 110
ID: 5208ab18e0b8b851eabda0c5c83c1d31156da8e0
Number of matches: 9

......

Title: Evolution of the uniquely adaptable
lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host
Authors: Demma, LJ. Vanderford, TH...
Journal: Retrovirology
Item: Infection
Index: 110
ID: 5208ab18e0b8b851eabda0c5c83c1d31156da8e0
Number of matches: 9

...20] in these natural reservoir hosts the sivs do not cause aids despite high viremia disease only develops upon transmission of siv to new nonnatural hosts such as humans or asian macaques [21] we have been studying the virologic and immunologic aspects of natural siv infection in a colony of sivinfected sms at the yerkes national primate research center [22] [23] [24] although sivinfected sms are highly viremic they manifest far lower levels of aberrant immune activation and apoptosis than are seen in pathogenic siv and hiv infections and...

Title: Evolution of the uniquely adaptable
lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host
Authors: Demma, LJ. Vanderford, TH...
Journal: Retrovirology
Item: Infection
Index: 110
ID: 5208ab18e0b8b851eabda0c5c83c1d31156da8e0
Number of matches: 9

...2b sequences the sivsm variants from each sm formed distinct clades in both genes and the env and gag trees showed the same relationship between virus populations of the 5 animals these results demonstrate that each host harbors a phylogenetically distinct population of sivs presumably as the result of infection with distinct viral populations and subsequent hostspecific viral evolution viral load quantification for five naturally infected sooty mangabeys the translated env aa sequences fjo figure 3 data from all animals can be obtained from thv demonstrate significant v1v2 heterogeneity including heterogeneity in numerous predicted nglyc sites nxst...

Title: Evolution of the uniquely adaptable
lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host
Authors: Demma, LJ. Vanderford, TH...
Journal: Retrovirology
Item: Infection
Index: 110
ID: 5208ab18e0b8b851eabda0c5c83c1d31156da8e0
Number of matches: 9

...in v1 were consistently selected for in four of the five animals our results agree with other studies of siv and hiv selection in which dnds was consistently greater than 0 [66] [67] [68] however the majority of previous studies of nonpathogenic siv infection [56 69 70] detected temporal shifts in sivsm populations some of which involved the gain or loss of nglyc sites beyond aa sequence variation the extensive glycosylation of the hiv and siv envelope glycoprotein is thought to reduce protein epitope exposure and to facilitate viral evasion of...

Title: Evolution of the uniquely adaptable
lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host
Authors: Demma, LJ. Vanderford, TH...
Journal: Retrovirology
Item: Infection
Index: 110
ID: 5208ab18e0b8b851eabda0c5c83c1d31156da8e0
Number of matches: 9

...evidence of the fixation of specific aa substitutions suggesting that gag p27 is not the target of strong selective pressures such as those that might be expected if antigag cellular immune responses were present these observations corroborate our findings that natural sm hosts mount limited cellular immune responses to siv infection [22 23 72] comparison of our sivsm plasma rnaderived v1v2 sequences and a set of hiv1 envelope sequences obtained from proviral dna [46] while not the ideal glycosylation of sivsmm v1v2 is inversely correlated with pairwise nucleotide diversity figure 6 glycosylation of sivsmm v1v2...

Title: Evolution of the uniquely adaptable
lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host
Authors: Demma, LJ. Vanderford, TH...
Journal: Retrovirology
Item: Infection
Index: 110
ID: 5208ab18e0b8b851eabda0c5c83c1d31156da8e0
Number of matches: 9

...hiv vaccine strategies the observation that highlevel virus replication and extensive sequence diversification do not harm sms is consistent with the notion that the direct effects of siv replication are not sufficient to explain aids [44 45 74] instead our studies of natural host responses to infection indicate that indirect mechanisms such as host inflammatory immune responses elicited by virus infection likely play a role in the development of aids in new nonnatural hosts [22 23] because the humoral immune responses in naturally infected sms do not significantly suppress virus replication they may actually...

Title: Evolution of the uniquely adaptable
lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host
Authors: Demma, LJ. Vanderford, TH...
Journal: Retrovirology
Item: Infection
Index: 110
ID: 5208ab18e0b8b851eabda0c5c83c1d31156da8e0
Number of matches: 9

...do not harm sms is consistent with the notion that the direct effects of siv replication are not sufficient to explain aids [44 45 74] instead our studies of natural host responses to infection indicate that indirect mechanisms such as host inflammatory immune responses elicited by virus infection likely play a role in the development of aids in new nonnatural hosts [22 23] because the humoral immune responses in naturally infected sms do not significantly suppress virus replication they may actually serve to pro sooty mangabey human mote the continuous selection of env sequences...

Title: Evolution of the uniquely adaptable
lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host
Authors: Demma, LJ. Vanderford, TH...
Journal: Retrovirology
Item: Infection
Index: 110
ID: 5208ab18e0b8b851eabda0c5c83c1d31156da8e0
Number of matches: 9

...yerkes national primate research center atlanta ga were chosen for study individual animals were between 8 and 12 years of age and were estimated to have been infected for approximately 3 to 9 years based on available hiv2 seroconversion data thus all animals were born in and acquired their sivsmm infection in captivity group housing of the animals confounds identification of potential donorrecipient pairs plasma from animals fqi fjo ffj fdo and fbo was obtained on 31399 51299 and 51001 and viral rna was extracted and quantified using a realtime rtpcr assay designed to quantitatively detect the diverse sivsmm variants [...

Title: Evolution of the uniquely adaptable
lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host
Authors: Demma, LJ. Vanderford, TH...
Journal: Retrovirology
Item: Infection
Index: 110
ID: 5208ab18e0b8b851eabda0c5c83c1d31156da8e0
Number of matches: 9

...analysis as these are thought to be pcr artifacts [86] for tree construction the modeltest program [87] was used to construct and evaluate the dna substitution models used based on the modeltest results phylogenetic analysis on sequences obtained from successive time points during the acute infection was performed by maximum likelihood ml using the program treefinder [88] the generaltimereversible model which allows for rate variation between sites [89] [90] [91] was used and the shape parameter of the gamma distribution used in this model was...

Title: Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 Conjugation
Stimulates Hepatitis B Virus Production Independent of
Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway In Vitro
Authors: Li, Yujia. Li, Shilin...
Journal: Mediators Inflamm
Item: Infection
Index: 111
ID: 05e9af5c04c17b89fd8d65d62a381eb22e8316ed
Number of matches: 5

......

Title: Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 Conjugation
Stimulates Hepatitis B Virus Production Independent of
Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway In Vitro
Authors: Li, Yujia. Li, Shilin...
Journal: Mediators Inflamm
Item: Infection
Index: 111
ID: 05e9af5c04c17b89fd8d65d62a381eb22e8316ed
Number of matches: 5

...affected by elevated isg15 and isgylation though mature form of isg15 conjugation to target proteins was shown to be essential for isg15dependent antiviral effects both free isg15 intracellular or extracellular and isgylation could be detected [9] indicating potential functions of free isg15 involved in viral infection we thereby investigated whether free form isg15 or the isgylation was responsible for the increased hbv production since ube1l catalyzes the adenylation of isg15 inhibition of ube1l can suppress isg15 conjugation first of all we determined the efficiency of ube1l knockdown by realtime pcr as shown in figure 4 a...

Title: Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 Conjugation
Stimulates Hepatitis B Virus Production Independent of
Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway In Vitro
Authors: Li, Yujia. Li, Shilin...
Journal: Mediators Inflamm
Item: Infection
Index: 111
ID: 05e9af5c04c17b89fd8d65d62a381eb22e8316ed
Number of matches: 5

...pathological processes suggesting the potential regulation activity of isg15 isgylation in biology especially in innate immunity isgylation of the proteins involved in ifn signaling may inhibit the signaling cascade rna helicase enzymes retinoic acid inducible gene i rigi is a pattern recognition receptor prr which can be activated by viral infection resulting in endogenous type i ifn expression kim et al [26] demonstrated that isgylation of rigi can reduce both basal and virusinduced ifn promoter activity at the cellular level in a negative feedback manner jeon et al [29] found that isgylation of filamin b antagonizes the...

Title: Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 Conjugation
Stimulates Hepatitis B Virus Production Independent of
Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway In Vitro
Authors: Li, Yujia. Li, Shilin...
Journal: Mediators Inflamm
Item: Infection
Index: 111
ID: 05e9af5c04c17b89fd8d65d62a381eb22e8316ed
Number of matches: 5

...and total hbv dna our study reveals the complexity and multiple roles of isgylation and further work will be needed to determine the precise mechanism so that therapies targeting these pathways or targets can be developed in the future more interestingly the function of isg15 and isgylation during viral infection seems to be restricted to specific hosts kim et al [44] reported that hbv replication was not affected in isgylationdeficient mice they constructed a hbv replication model by injecting a replicationcompetent dna construct hydrodynamically into the mice although there is a significant difference in isg15 conjugation between ube1l...

Title: Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 Conjugation
Stimulates Hepatitis B Virus Production Independent of
Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway In Vitro
Authors: Li, Yujia. Li, Shilin...
Journal: Mediators Inflamm
Item: Infection
Index: 111
ID: 05e9af5c04c17b89fd8d65d62a381eb22e8316ed
Number of matches: 5

...feature of isg15isgylation in conclusion in this current study we reported an important and novel role of isg15 and isgylation in regulating hbv life cycle in hepg2215 cell model stably expressing hbv results from this study provide a rational explanation for drug especially type i ifn resistance and persistent infection of hbv making isg15 a possible predictor to traditional ifn therapy and a potential antiviral target for hbv treatment...

Title: Enteric Virus Diversity Examined by Molecular
Methods in Brazilian Poultry Flocks
Authors: De la Torre, David I.. Nuñez, Luis F....
Journal: Vet Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 113
ID: 36c6a493ce71b4e2df91b9b486cc847833a4ed25
Number of matches: 5

...table 2 multiple infections occurred with 25 profile combinations of viruses table 3 anv castv ibv chpv and artv were present in combination with each other resulting in between two and five virus combinations fadvi was present in combination with chpv anv and ibv areo showed a single infection the variance analysis showed no significant difference between the frequencies of single and multiple viruses p 036 1 22 81 2 1 04 3 2 07 4 2 07 5 1 04 6 19 7 7 3 11 8 1...

Title: Enteric Virus Diversity Examined by Molecular
Methods in Brazilian Poultry Flocks
Authors: De la Torre, David I.. Nuñez, Luis F....
Journal: Vet Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 113
ID: 36c6a493ce71b4e2df91b9b486cc847833a4ed25
Number of matches: 5

...number of enteric viruses were found in birds from all ages and in different stages of production both in broilers and hens tables 4 and 5 enteric viral infections mostly affect young birds probably due to their immature intestine epithelium which is the first organ affected during a viral infection this results in poor feed absorption with the consequent general symptoms [5] fadvi was detected in young and old birds tables 4 and 5 corroborating results obtained previously [29] where the virus was found in several samples from broilers layers and domestic chickens...

Title: Enteric Virus Diversity Examined by Molecular
Methods in Brazilian Poultry Flocks
Authors: De la Torre, David I.. Nuñez, Luis F....
Journal: Vet Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 113
ID: 36c6a493ce71b4e2df91b9b486cc847833a4ed25
Number of matches: 5

...were found in the liver intestines and pancreas the organs where this virus can be detected are the liver intestines caecal tonsils proventriculus bursa of fabricius thymus spleen lungs and kidneys [32] [33] [34] [35] especially in the first week of infection based on the pancreatic tissue samples that were positive for fadvi 528 table 7 we confirmed the importance of this organ for diagnosis of diseases caused by fowl adenovirus and even in cases of pancreatitis [36] chpv was detected in the liver intestines and pancreas which...

Title: Assay optimization for molecular detection of
Zika virus
Authors: Corman, Victor M. Rasche, Andrea...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 114
ID: 4ba9bd26567dc15bc9a0abf88342604d62e336ab
Number of matches: 7

......

Title: Assay optimization for molecular detection of
Zika virus
Authors: Corman, Victor M. Rasche, Andrea...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 114
ID: 4ba9bd26567dc15bc9a0abf88342604d62e336ab
Number of matches: 7

...zika virus in infected people is key to understanding the epidemiology the pathogenesis and alternative transmission routes of the virus such as sexual intercourse and blood transfusions 12 however in areas where the zika virus is cocirculating with dengue and chikungunya viruses physicians cannot reliably diagnose the zika virus infection by clinical presentation because the viruses cause similar symptoms using serology for zika virus diagnostics can be challenging because of the crossreactivity of antibodies elicited by other endemic flaviviruses such as dengue yellow fever st louis encephalitis and west nile viruses 3 13 14 molecular detection of viral nucleic acid...

Title: Assay optimization for molecular detection of
Zika virus
Authors: Corman, Victor M. Rasche, Andrea...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 114
ID: 4ba9bd26567dc15bc9a0abf88342604d62e336ab
Number of matches: 7

...challenging because of the crossreactivity of antibodies elicited by other endemic flaviviruses such as dengue yellow fever st louis encephalitis and west nile viruses 3 13 14 molecular detection of viral nucleic acid using realtime reverse transcription rtpolymerase chain reaction pcr assay is a highly reliable diagnostic method during acute infection currently there are six widely used realtime rtpcr assays for zika virus detection 7 13 15 16 the pan american health organization paho has recommended an additional realtime rtpcr assay 12 high realtime rtpcr sensitivity is important to avoid falsenegative results nucleotide mutations in the binding sites of primers and...

Title: Assay optimization for molecular detection of
Zika virus
Authors: Corman, Victor M. Rasche, Andrea...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 114
ID: 4ba9bd26567dc15bc9a0abf88342604d62e336ab
Number of matches: 7

...viremia and low viral loads complicate zika virus detection in blood 13 26 since zika virus rna has been detected in urine from zika virusinfected patients for two weeks or longer 26 we investigated whether blood or urine were the most suitable clinical specimens for diagnoses of acute zika virus infection we used the new ns1based assay to quantify viral loads in 21 serum samples and 12 urine samples from 24 patients infected with virus strains from the current outbreak as shown in fig 7 viral loads generally decreased during 2 to 12 days after symptom onset matched urine and...

Title: Assay optimization for molecular detection of
Zika virus
Authors: Corman, Victor M. Rasche, Andrea...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 114
ID: 4ba9bd26567dc15bc9a0abf88342604d62e336ab
Number of matches: 7

...numbers of diagnostic requests in resourceconstrained settings a study from puerto rico showed that 30 19 of 155 patients with suspected zika virus disease could be laboratoryconfirmed using molecular and serologic tools 40 in addition a study from brazil demonstrated that 119 45 of 262 patients with suspected zika virus infection had a positive realtime rtpcr result 41 the higher proportion of laboratoryconfirmed cases in those studies and our data suggest that a considerable proportion of patients with low viral loads may have gone undiagnosed by molecular testing during the current outbreak endemic countries also need highly sensitive molecular zika...

Title: Assay optimization for molecular detection of
Zika virus
Authors: Corman, Victor M. Rasche, Andrea...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 114
ID: 4ba9bd26567dc15bc9a0abf88342604d62e336ab
Number of matches: 7

...suggest a risk of falsenegative results during pooled and even individual blood donor screening such risk has been reported for the west nile virus where several people have acquired the virus through blood transfusion or solid organ transplantation because of falsenegative realtime rtpcr results 44 the association of zika virus infection and fetal malformations demand reliable zika virus diagnostics for pregnant women [8] [9] [10] [11] the current sensitivity of realtime rtpcr assays suggests that molecular testing during pregnancy may preferentially diagnose highly viremic pregnant women if intrauterine zika virus infections and the...

Title: Assay optimization for molecular detection of
Zika virus
Authors: Corman, Victor M. Rasche, Andrea...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 114
ID: 4ba9bd26567dc15bc9a0abf88342604d62e336ab
Number of matches: 7

...pregnant women if intrauterine zika virus infections and the congenital malformations correlate positively with high zika virus concentrations the limited test sensitivity might influence estimates of the manifestation index of congenital disease the low viral loads in many patients suggest a limited capacity for molecular protocols to exclude zika virus infection in highly affected areas hence cohort studies investigating zika virus pathogenesis in pregnant women need to do additional serological testing in conclusion our data emphasize the need for highly sensitive assays in molecular zika virus diagnostics in addition to an appropriate choice of method clinical sensitivity can be increased...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...very difficult mortality is usually fairly low 5 however some strains of the virus can also cause nephritis meaning that depending on strain mortality can be greater than 50 [7 8] or even up to 80 with some australian isolates [9] ibv infection leaves birds more susceptible to colibacillosis [10] and subsequent bacterial infections can also lead to a high level of mortality [11] currently attenuated live vaccines are used in broilers and pullets and killed vaccines are used in layers and breeders [12] however...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...disease resistance towards ibv virulent m41 strain building on the previous work by dar et al [17] and wang et al [18] we used affymetrix wholegenome chicken microarrays to examine the tracheal gene expression profiles of a line of birds known to be susceptible to ibv infection line 15i and a line known to show resistance line n we determined the early host response to infection and propose possible candidate genes for involvement in disease resistance towards ibv understanding how coronaviruses infect the host and identifying genes involved in resistance is important not only for the poultry...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...and wang et al [18] we used affymetrix wholegenome chicken microarrays to examine the tracheal gene expression profiles of a line of birds known to be susceptible to ibv infection line 15i and a line known to show resistance line n we determined the early host response to infection and propose possible candidate genes for involvement in disease resistance towards ibv understanding how coronaviruses infect the host and identifying genes involved in resistance is important not only for the poultry industry but also has important implications for human health as diseases such as sars are also caused by coronaviruses...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...limma and farms [25] packages within r in bioconductor [26] probes with a false discovery rate fdr value 005 and a fold change 15 were deemed to be biologically significant in order to determine which biological pathways are involved in the responses to viral infection we analysed our differentiallyexpressed de genes using pathway express [27 28] which uses kegg pathways [29] to pictorially display updown regulation of genes nb these diagrams are based on the human pathways and so are not completely representative of the chicken pathways genes differentially expressed during...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...position and interactions in any given pathway thus including an impact factor when calculating statistically significant pathways anything with a pvalue 025 is deemed significant when using this software use of the ingenuity pathway analysis ipa program [30] revealed which canonical pathways are being switched on by ibv infection in the host with benjaminihochberg multiple testing correction and allowed us to analyze the gene interaction networks involved in the host response genes were clustered by similar expression pattern and analysed for enriched goterms and transcription factor binding sites tfbs using expander v52 [31] normalised expression data from...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...gene interaction networks involved in the host response genes were clustered by similar expression pattern and analysed for enriched goterms and transcription factor binding sites tfbs using expander v52 [31] normalised expression data from control samples were compared with infected samples to examine the host response to ibv infection enrichment analysis of particular go terms or tfbs within clusters was done using the tango and prima functions respectively within the expander package taqman realtime quantitative rtpcr qrtpcr was used to quantify viral rna levels and for confirmation of the microarray results for the mrna levels of selected genes...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...tracheal tissue was chosen for examination in this study as the target of ibv is the epithelial surface of the respiratory tract viral rna was detected in infected birds but no significant difference in viral load was detected between lines at any of the days 2 3 or 4 post infection fig 1 this would indicate that the resistance to the virus seen in line n is due to how the birds respond to the virus once it has entered the body and is not a measure of how the birds can prevent initial infection by the virus itself when...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...2 3 or 4 post infection fig 1 this would indicate that the resistance to the virus seen in line n is due to how the birds respond to the virus once it has entered the body and is not a measure of how the birds can prevent initial infection by the virus itself when resistance to ibv infection was originally determined in these lines it was noted that they were equally susceptible to infection but a variation in outcome was seen in line n 33 of birds showed air sac lesions whereas 73 of 15i birds presented...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...this would indicate that the resistance to the virus seen in line n is due to how the birds respond to the virus once it has entered the body and is not a measure of how the birds can prevent initial infection by the virus itself when resistance to ibv infection was originally determined in these lines it was noted that they were equally susceptible to infection but a variation in outcome was seen in line n 33 of birds showed air sac lesions whereas 73 of 15i birds presented lesions mortality was 0 in line n but 47...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...how the birds respond to the virus once it has entered the body and is not a measure of how the birds can prevent initial infection by the virus itself when resistance to ibv infection was originally determined in these lines it was noted that they were equally susceptible to infection but a variation in outcome was seen in line n 33 of birds showed air sac lesions whereas 73 of 15i birds presented lesions mortality was 0 in line n but 47 within line 15i birds it was hypothesized that the different lines were producing different immunological...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...variation in outcome was seen in line n 33 of birds showed air sac lesions whereas 73 of 15i birds presented lesions mortality was 0 in line n but 47 within line 15i birds it was hypothesized that the different lines were producing different immunological responses upon infection [21] gene expression differences found in the susceptible 15i line between infected and control birds over days 2 3 and 4 post infection were analysed with a view to examining the innate host response to infection by ibv genes seen to be induced during the host response...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...0 in line n but 47 within line 15i birds it was hypothesized that the different lines were producing different immunological responses upon infection [21] gene expression differences found in the susceptible 15i line between infected and control birds over days 2 3 and 4 post infection were analysed with a view to examining the innate host response to infection by ibv genes seen to be induced during the host response to infection include c1s irf1 stat1 mx1 tlr3 and ctss as previously recognised by guo et al [35] we also identified ifit5 oasl...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...hypothesized that the different lines were producing different immunological responses upon infection [21] gene expression differences found in the susceptible 15i line between infected and control birds over days 2 3 and 4 post infection were analysed with a view to examining the innate host response to infection by ibv genes seen to be induced during the host response to infection include c1s irf1 stat1 mx1 tlr3 and ctss as previously recognised by guo et al [35] we also identified ifit5 oasl sca2 lyg2 isg122 ddx60 ifih1 irf7 table s1 to elucidate which biological...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...21] gene expression differences found in the susceptible 15i line between infected and control birds over days 2 3 and 4 post infection were analysed with a view to examining the innate host response to infection by ibv genes seen to be induced during the host response to infection include c1s irf1 stat1 mx1 tlr3 and ctss as previously recognised by guo et al [35] we also identified ifit5 oasl sca2 lyg2 isg122 ddx60 ifih1 irf7 table s1 to elucidate which biological pathways are being perturbed during the host response to ibv infection we analysed...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...response to infection include c1s irf1 stat1 mx1 tlr3 and ctss as previously recognised by guo et al [35] we also identified ifit5 oasl sca2 lyg2 isg122 ddx60 ifih1 irf7 table s1 to elucidate which biological pathways are being perturbed during the host response to ibv infection we analysed our data using pathway express [36] the resulting pathway diagrams are extremely useful in establishing which gene networks are involved in a particular experimental response as seen in fig 2 genes involved in antigen presentation and the tolllike receptor tlr pathway are upregulated tlrs...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...pathogen associated molecular patterns pamps and are crucial to the innate immune system in this study tlr3 is shown to be induced at 3 dpi tlr3 recognizes doublestranded rna intermediates produced during viral replication and has previously been shown to be induced in the trachea at this time after ibv infection [37] another pathway involved is the phosphatidylinositol signalling pathway table 2 phosphatidylinositol kinases are known to play an important role in the viral life cycle after infection of the host and pi4kb is known to be exploited by coronaviruses for viral entry the product of...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...during viral replication and has previously been shown to be induced in the trachea at this time after ibv infection [37] another pathway involved is the phosphatidylinositol signalling pathway table 2 phosphatidylinositol kinases are known to play an important role in the viral life cycle after infection of the host and pi4kb is known to be exploited by coronaviruses for viral entry the product of pi4kb catalysis is phosphatidylinositol 4phosphate pi4p and coronavirus entry into the host is mediated by the pi4p lipid microenvironment [38] genes involved in the complement system are...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...be exploited by coronaviruses for viral entry the product of pi4kb catalysis is phosphatidylinositol 4phosphate pi4p and coronavirus entry into the host is mediated by the pi4p lipid microenvironment [38] genes involved in the complement system are also highlighted as being upregulated in response to ibv infection complementmediated lysis of viruses is an important facet of the host innate immune system and its role in defence against viral infection [39] as reflected in the induction of these genes in this study use of ingenuity pathway analysis ipa software also allowed us to determine which biological...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...host is mediated by the pi4p lipid microenvironment [38] genes involved in the complement system are also highlighted as being upregulated in response to ibv infection complementmediated lysis of viruses is an important facet of the host innate immune system and its role in defence against viral infection [39] as reflected in the induction of these genes in this study use of ingenuity pathway analysis ipa software also allowed us to determine which biological systems are active during the host response upregulated genes are seen to be part of the canonical biological pathways shown in fig...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...upregulated genes are seen to be part of the canonical biological pathways shown in fig 3a biological processes involving pattern recognition receptors and interferon signalling feature heavily the interferon response is a powerful antiviral mechanism which has previously been shown to be involved in the host response after ibv infection a very early induction of ifn has been reported in splenocytes [40] and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells pbmcs and lung leukocytes [41] ifnb expression has also been reported in trachea between 1 and 2 dpi [42] we do not see...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...between 1 and 2 dpi [42] we do not see this increase in expression of interferon genes due to the absence of data earlier than 2 dpi but we do see the downstream effects with increased expression of many interferoninduced genes specific physiological processes activated upon ibv infection can also be seen in fig 3b the stimulation of various different immune cells is seen along with the indication of reproductive abnormality which would reflect the problems seen with egglaying upon ibv infection in order to cluster genes seen to be involved in the host response to...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...downstream effects with increased expression of many interferoninduced genes specific physiological processes activated upon ibv infection can also be seen in fig 3b the stimulation of various different immune cells is seen along with the indication of reproductive abnormality which would reflect the problems seen with egglaying upon ibv infection in order to cluster genes seen to be involved in the host response to infectious bronchitis into groups with similar expression profiles and probably sharing similar functions or gene regulatory pathways we utilised the click algorithm within the expander program [43] figure 4a shows the expression...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...expression profile of genes upregulated during the response to virus the expander program was also used to analyse the gene ontology go functional annotations of the genes being differentially expressed figure 4b shows the biological process terms which are significantly enriched in the genes responding during the host response to infection as would be expected these include terms like innate immune response and antigen processing and presentation nad adpribosyltransferase activity and phosphoinositide binding are also highlighted transcription factor binding sites present in de genes which are significantly overrepresented were also predicted figure 4c shows that genes upregulated during the host...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...which binds to the interferonstimulated response element isre in ifn promoters and functions as a molecular switch for antiviral activity analysis of the gene expression differences between infected and control birds across the two lines has provided us with information on how these lines differ in their response to infection examination of the gene expression profiles in the control birds of the two different lines also allowed us to identify genes which are inherently different between the susceptible and resistant birds it can be seen that there are numerous genes which show large expression differences between the two lines even...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...of the gene expression profiles in the control birds of the two different lines also allowed us to identify genes which are inherently different between the susceptible and resistant birds it can be seen that there are numerous genes which show large expression differences between the two lines even before infection dramatic differences in gene expression of certain genes including ddt sri blb1 hscb bf1 bf2 suclg2 mx1 and sri which are more highly expressed in the resistant n line table s2 shows all 1930 de probes so it can be seen that these are genes which have inherently different expression...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...including ddt sri blb1 hscb bf1 bf2 suclg2 mx1 and sri which are more highly expressed in the resistant n line table s2 shows all 1930 de probes so it can be seen that these are genes which have inherently different expression levels between susceptible and resistant birds even before infection occurs we therefore postulate that some of these genes may play an important role in disease resistance the potential interactome of ibv has recently been investigated by stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture silac coupled to a green fluorescent proteinnanotrap pulldown methodology [44] host...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...these genes include myh9 caprin1 dhx57 hnrnph3 rpl27a fmr1 c22orf28 hnrpdl sfrs3 rpl31 npm1 and rpsa this may therefore be one of the reasons why line 15i is more susceptible to ibv infectionthere are more host proteins to which the virus binds compared with the resistant line n upon infection differences in response are also seen between the two lines interestingly apart from cd38 and cd4 at 3 dpi and fkbp5 at 4 dpi all other differential gene expression between the lines is seen at 2 dpi in this study additional file 3 table s3 cd38 is a glycoprotein...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...to initiate or augment the early phase of tcell activation the protein encoded by fkbp5 is a member of the immunophilin protein family which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking early defence by the host is a key mechanism for combatting viral infection and induction of ifnb and other innate genes in response to ibv infection has been shown to peak around 1836 hr post infection [42] in this study genes more highly expressed or less downregulated in the resistant n line at 2 dpi include a number of collagen...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...by fkbp5 is a member of the immunophilin protein family which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking early defence by the host is a key mechanism for combatting viral infection and induction of ifnb and other innate genes in response to ibv infection has been shown to peak around 1836 hr post infection [42] in this study genes more highly expressed or less downregulated in the resistant n line at 2 dpi include a number of collagen genes col3a1 col1a2 col9a1 col9a2 col6a1 and col4a1 and other genes such as...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking early defence by the host is a key mechanism for combatting viral infection and induction of ifnb and other innate genes in response to ibv infection has been shown to peak around 1836 hr post infection [42] in this study genes more highly expressed or less downregulated in the resistant n line at 2 dpi include a number of collagen genes col3a1 col1a2 col9a1 col9a2 col6a1 and col4a1 and other genes such as acan fstl1 comp eif3a stat3 and igfbp5 genes seen to...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...number of collagen genes col3a1 col1a2 col9a1 col9a2 col6a1 and col4a1 and other genes such as acan fstl1 comp eif3a stat3 and igfbp5 genes seen to be more highly expressed or less downregulated in the susceptible 15i line include rbm39 mafb nnk2 ccn1 mgat5 and thrap3 one consequence of ibv infection is the production of poor quality misshapen eggs by infected birds [45] some of the genes previously identified as being important for the creation of a healthy eggshell are seen to be more highly expressed by the resistant n line birds after infection in this study these...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...one consequence of ibv infection is the production of poor quality misshapen eggs by infected birds [45] some of the genes previously identified as being important for the creation of a healthy eggshell are seen to be more highly expressed by the resistant n line birds after infection in this study these genes include col1a2 creld2 hsp90b1 p4hb and erp29 [46] for a full list of genes differentially expressed between the two lines in trachea 409 de probes see additional file 3 table s3 ipa analysis of genes showing different inherent expression between lines...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...inherent expression between lines 15i and n shows that the molecular functions of these genes is primarily concerned with their involvement in cell death and cell adhesion fig 5 two processes previously shown to be significant in infected kidneys [47] when the differential host responses to infection are examined it is seen that genes involved in proliferation of tlymphocytes and genes concerned with cell attachment and cytoplasmic organization are more highly expressed in the resistant line n other processes significantly involved are apoptosis and necrosis fig 6a which have been previously documented in ibvinfected vero cells...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...48] one of the most perturbed biological networks noted in this analysis is that involving genes related to connective tissue disorders and involve many collagen genes these genes are more highly expressed in susceptible line 15i birds compared to resistant line n birds fig 6b suggesting that ibv infection might cause more disorder of eggshell formation in this line [49] the production of poor quality eggs by ibv infected birds may in part be a reflection of the expression of these kinds of gene networks compared to that seen in resistant birds twentyone genes were...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...compared to that seen in resistant birds twentyone genes were selected for qrtpcr validation table 3 these genes were chosen based on their involvement in the host response and whether they were differentially expressed between the susceptible and resistant lines either inherently or during the course of infection of the 21 genes tested 19 showed comparable higher expression in response to infection in the resistant than in the susceptible line c inherently higher expression in the resistant line differential expression to that determined by the arrays however the results for ifnar2 and igfbp5 were not confirmed additional file...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...validation table 3 these genes were chosen based on their involvement in the host response and whether they were differentially expressed between the susceptible and resistant lines either inherently or during the course of infection of the 21 genes tested 19 showed comparable higher expression in response to infection in the resistant than in the susceptible line c inherently higher expression in the resistant line differential expression to that determined by the arrays however the results for ifnar2 and igfbp5 were not confirmed additional file 4 figure s1 besides knowing that the mhc b locus has a bearing...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...the mhc b locus has a bearing on disease resistance the lack of any genetic information or identified qtl meant that we had to rely upon the gene expression differences we saw between susceptible and resistant lines to give us clues as to genes potentially involved in resistance to ibv infection identifying genes which were expressed at different levels in the two lines of birds highlighted blocus genes blb1 bf1 bf2 bg as well as bringing to our attention various other nonmhc genes which due to their known biology could be candidates for being involved in resistance to ibv infection...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...infection identifying genes which were expressed at different levels in the two lines of birds highlighted blocus genes blb1 bf1 bf2 bg as well as bringing to our attention various other nonmhc genes which due to their known biology could be candidates for being involved in resistance to ibv infection table 4 mx1 c1s irf7 tlr3 c1r ccli7 isg122 and ifitm3 are all strongly induced during the host response to ibv infection they are all innate immune genes which could potentially have a role in determining susceptibility to the virus mx1 and ifitm3 are already established as antiviral molecules...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...as well as bringing to our attention various other nonmhc genes which due to their known biology could be candidates for being involved in resistance to ibv infection table 4 mx1 c1s irf7 tlr3 c1r ccli7 isg122 and ifitm3 are all strongly induced during the host response to ibv infection they are all innate immune genes which could potentially have a role in determining susceptibility to the virus mx1 and ifitm3 are already established as antiviral molecules [50] [51] [52] cd38 cd4 fkbp5 and stat3 all show a higher level of expression during...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...the host defence mechanism cd38 and cd4 with their role as receptors on immune cells as described above are obvious candidates along with fkbp5 as an immuneregulator stat3 is activated by various cytokines and growth factors and functions in cellular processes such as cell growth and apoptosis even before infection many genes are seen to be highly differentially expressed between lines 15i and n oasl is an interferoninduced molecule known to have antiviral activity against certain viruses such as hepatitis c virus ddt is highly homologous to the macrophage migration inhibition factor mif we have also shown it to be...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...macrophage migration inhibition factor mif we have also shown it to be highly differentially expressed in other chicken lines which are susceptible or resistant to mareks disease virus [53] ifnar2 is an obvious candidate prediction as the interferon response is central to the hosts defence against ibv infection tpd52l1 bcl2l1 faim2 and ciapin1 are all known to be involved in regulation of apoptosis a process seen to be important during ibv infection hscb sri and suclg2 although not having an obvious potential biological role in disease resistance are highly differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant lines and should...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...to mareks disease virus [53] ifnar2 is an obvious candidate prediction as the interferon response is central to the hosts defence against ibv infection tpd52l1 bcl2l1 faim2 and ciapin1 are all known to be involved in regulation of apoptosis a process seen to be important during ibv infection hscb sri and suclg2 although not having an obvious potential biological role in disease resistance are highly differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant lines and should thus be considered as potential candidates resistance to ibv infection is brought about by the immune response after the virus has entered the...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...involved in regulation of apoptosis a process seen to be important during ibv infection hscb sri and suclg2 although not having an obvious potential biological role in disease resistance are highly differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant lines and should thus be considered as potential candidates resistance to ibv infection is brought about by the immune response after the virus has entered the host and is not due to prevention of initial viral infection there is a small initial innate response at 2 dpi with much more gene expression seen at 3 and 4 dpi analysis of genes being activated...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...biological role in disease resistance are highly differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant lines and should thus be considered as potential candidates resistance to ibv infection is brought about by the immune response after the virus has entered the host and is not due to prevention of initial viral infection there is a small initial innate response at 2 dpi with much more gene expression seen at 3 and 4 dpi analysis of genes being activated or inhibited upon infection shows that the biological pathways primarily affected during ibv infection include mapk signalling those involved in the interferon response and...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...by the immune response after the virus has entered the host and is not due to prevention of initial viral infection there is a small initial innate response at 2 dpi with much more gene expression seen at 3 and 4 dpi analysis of genes being activated or inhibited upon infection shows that the biological pathways primarily affected during ibv infection include mapk signalling those involved in the interferon response and those involving pattern recognition receptors susceptible and resistant lines show a differential host response mostly at 2 dpi there are also genes which are inherently different between the two...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...host and is not due to prevention of initial viral infection there is a small initial innate response at 2 dpi with much more gene expression seen at 3 and 4 dpi analysis of genes being activated or inhibited upon infection shows that the biological pathways primarily affected during ibv infection include mapk signalling those involved in the interferon response and those involving pattern recognition receptors susceptible and resistant lines show a differential host response mostly at 2 dpi there are also genes which are inherently different between the two lines studied including many genes which control the apoptotic potential...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...faim2 and ciapin1 and others which could be potential candidates due to their known biology eg ddt and cd4 array data have been submitted to array express httpwwwebiacukarrayexpress under the accession number etabm1128 additional file 1 table s1 gene expression seen during the host response to ibv infection in the trachea of susceptible birds xlsx 24 kb additional file 2 table s2 gene expression differences found to be inherent between susceptible and resistant lines in the trachea xls 386 kb additional file 3 table s3 genes found to be differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant lines...

Title: The early immune response to infection of
chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in
susceptible and resistant birds
Authors: Smith, Jacqueline. Sadeyen, Jean-Remy...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 115
ID: 4d1f8955a62f01fe7a4d7d19593bdbd6047f4f41
Number of matches: 48

...susceptible birds xlsx 24 kb additional file 2 table s2 gene expression differences found to be inherent between susceptible and resistant lines in the trachea xls 386 kb additional file 3 table s3 genes found to be differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant lines in response to ibv infection in the trachea xls 107 kb additional file 4 figure s1 the authors declare no conflicts of interest and no competing financial interests...

Title: Isolation and Identification of Porcine
Deltacoronavirus and Alteration of Immunoglobulin Transport
Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of PDCoV-Infected
Piglets
Authors: Qian, Shaoju. Jia, Xiangchao...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 116
ID: 95cd65dbf317e24c13557dbf46ffbaa4c206f8be
Number of matches: 8

...by plaque purification and tested with the median tissue culture infectious dose tcid 50 assay protocol as described previously [7] immunofluorescence assays ifa were performed as described previously to observe pdcovinfected llcpk cells [9] llcpk cells infected with pdcov at a multiplicity of infection moi of 001 at 24 hpi were fixed with 4 paraformaldehyde in 24well plates subsequently pdcov nprotein polyclonal antibody 1100 prepared in our laboratory was used as the primary antibody followed by fluorescent isothiocyanate fitclabeled goat antirabbit secondary antibody 1500 abclona wuhanchina and was then counterstained at room temperature with...

Title: Isolation and Identification of Porcine
Deltacoronavirus and Alteration of Immunoglobulin Transport
Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of PDCoV-Infected
Piglets
Authors: Qian, Shaoju. Jia, Xiangchao...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 116
ID: 95cd65dbf317e24c13557dbf46ffbaa4c206f8be
Number of matches: 8

...with the histopathological results the pdcov antigen was detected by immunohistochemical staining in the cytoplasm of the infected villous enterocytes compared with the control group figure 4ef taken together these results indicate that pdcov chnjs2017 may cause intestinal lesions in piglets to characterize the effects of pdcov infection the levels of nfb fcrn and pigr in the intestinal mucosa of infected or noninfected control piglets were examined the mrna levels of nfb fcrn and pigr mrna in the intestinal mucosa of piglets were statistically significantly reduced p 001 compared to the control group especially in the jejunum...

Title: Isolation and Identification of Porcine
Deltacoronavirus and Alteration of Immunoglobulin Transport
Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of PDCoV-Infected
Piglets
Authors: Qian, Shaoju. Jia, Xiangchao...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 116
ID: 95cd65dbf317e24c13557dbf46ffbaa4c206f8be
Number of matches: 8

...nfb fcrn and pigr in the jejunum proximal jep levels of mrna were significantly lower than in the jejunum distal jed similar the protein expression of nfb fcrn and pigr were found to be consistent with the results of rtpcr figure 5d to characterize the effects of pdcov infection the levels of nfb fcrn and pigr in the intestinal mucosa of infected or noninfected control piglets were examined the mrna levels of nfb fcrn and pigr mrna in the intestinal mucosa of piglets were statistically significantly reduced p 001 compared to the control group especially in the jejunum...

Title: Isolation and Identification of Porcine
Deltacoronavirus and Alteration of Immunoglobulin Transport
Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of PDCoV-Infected
Piglets
Authors: Qian, Shaoju. Jia, Xiangchao...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 116
ID: 95cd65dbf317e24c13557dbf46ffbaa4c206f8be
Number of matches: 8

...were significantly lower than in the jejunum distal jed similar the protein expression of nfb fcrn and pigr were found to be consistent with the results of rtpcr figure 5d as shown above the mrna levels of fcrn pigr and nfb genes tend to be lower after pdcov infection it has been reported that nfb is involved in the regulation of fcrn and pigr expression in mice therefore the correlation between the mrna levels of these genes was examined the levels of nfb mrna were positively correlated with fcrn mrna levels in uninfected piglets p 005 ...

Title: Isolation and Identification of Porcine
Deltacoronavirus and Alteration of Immunoglobulin Transport
Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of PDCoV-Infected
Piglets
Authors: Qian, Shaoju. Jia, Xiangchao...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 116
ID: 95cd65dbf317e24c13557dbf46ffbaa4c206f8be
Number of matches: 8

...infected piglets p 005 figure 6de the levels of fcrn mrna were positively correlated with pigr mrna in the small intestine mucosa of infected piglets figure 6f as shown above the mrna levels of fcrn pigr and nfb genes tend to be lower after pdcov infection it has been reported that nfb is involved in the regulation of fcrn and pigr expression in mice therefore the correlation between the mrna levels of these genes was examined the levels of nfb mrna were positively correlated with fcrn mrna levels in uninfected piglets p 005 ...

Title: Isolation and Identification of Porcine
Deltacoronavirus and Alteration of Immunoglobulin Transport
Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of PDCoV-Infected
Piglets
Authors: Qian, Shaoju. Jia, Xiangchao...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 116
ID: 95cd65dbf317e24c13557dbf46ffbaa4c206f8be
Number of matches: 8

...to newborn piglets on pig farms in addition we collected fecal swabs from piglets challenged with pdcov and detected viral fecal shedding with realtime pcr pdcov rna was detected from 114 dpi and no rna were detected in the control group piglets during the study period this indicates that pdcov infection by fecaloral contamination may be the main route of transmission for piglets in addition during the necropsy on the seventh day large lesions were clearly observed in the small intestine of the piglets [9] in an earlier report microscopic lesions were observed in all parts of the...

Title: Isolation and Identification of Porcine
Deltacoronavirus and Alteration of Immunoglobulin Transport
Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of PDCoV-Infected
Piglets
Authors: Qian, Shaoju. Jia, Xiangchao...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 116
ID: 95cd65dbf317e24c13557dbf46ffbaa4c206f8be
Number of matches: 8

...in the cytoplasm of the villous intestinal cells of the piglets challenged with pdcov was detected by immunohistochemical analysis taken together these results confirm that the pdcov chnjs2017 strain isolated in this study may cause intestinal disease in newborn piglets iga and igg play a major role in mucosal infection immunity some cytokines or pathogens have also evolved ways to regulate pigr and fcrn to facilitate infection [29 30] reovirus lps a ligand for tolllike receptor 4 tlr4 tlr4 ifn and tumor necrosis factoralpha tnf all regulate pigr and fcrn expression mainly by the activation of the...

Title: Isolation and Identification of Porcine
Deltacoronavirus and Alteration of Immunoglobulin Transport
Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of PDCoV-Infected
Piglets
Authors: Qian, Shaoju. Jia, Xiangchao...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 116
ID: 95cd65dbf317e24c13557dbf46ffbaa4c206f8be
Number of matches: 8

...immunohistochemical analysis taken together these results confirm that the pdcov chnjs2017 strain isolated in this study may cause intestinal disease in newborn piglets iga and igg play a major role in mucosal infection immunity some cytokines or pathogens have also evolved ways to regulate pigr and fcrn to facilitate infection [29 30] reovirus lps a ligand for tolllike receptor 4 tlr4 tlr4 ifn and tumor necrosis factoralpha tnf all regulate pigr and fcrn expression mainly by the activation of the nfb or janus kinasesignal transducers and activators of transcription jakstat jakstat pathway [31] [32...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

......

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

......

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...elderly nursing home residents is high [1] with active surveillance the incidence of respiratory viral infection is estimated to range from 1428 per 1000 resident days [2] influenza and respiratory syncytial virus rsv are the viruses commonly responsible for morbidity and mortality associated with infection but other respiratory viruses including parainfluenza human metapneumovirus coronavirus and rhinovirus can also cause severe disease in this population [1 [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] it is a widely held belief that immunosenescence the waning of immune function...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...cause severe disease in this population [1 [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] it is a widely held belief that immunosenescence the waning of immune function associated with old age is responsible for this increased risk and severity of infection [8] however only sparse data exist to substantiate this position [9] as a first step towards the identification of immune biomarkers predictive of respiratory viral infection in elderly nursing home residents we characterized immune phenotypes in elderly nursing home residents [10] ...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...the waning of immune function associated with old age is responsible for this increased risk and severity of infection [8] however only sparse data exist to substantiate this position [9] as a first step towards the identification of immune biomarkers predictive of respiratory viral infection in elderly nursing home residents we characterized immune phenotypes in elderly nursing home residents [10] whole blood analysis of circulating cd4 and cd8 tcell subsets was performed in a crosssectional study involving 262 nursing home elderly participants and immune phenotypes were compared to immune phenotypes from healthy...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...is hypothesized that the reduced numbers of nave cd8 tcells observed in the elderly due to thymic involution coupled with an accumulation of poorly functioning terminally differentiated memory tcells and senescent cells possibly arising from chronic antigenic stimulation by cytomegalovirus cmv [15 16] predisposes elderly people to infection [17] supporting this hypothesis senescent cd8 tcells and high titres of cmv antibody have been found to be associated with influenza vaccine failure in older people [18] [19] [20] whether these same cd4 tcell subsets are associated with infection is...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...to infection [17] supporting this hypothesis senescent cd8 tcells and high titres of cmv antibody have been found to be associated with influenza vaccine failure in older people [18] [19] [20] whether these same cd4 tcell subsets are associated with infection is less clear the accumulation of a separate class of tcell the regulatory cd4 tcell tregs in elderly people has also been observed in elderly nursing home residents [10] and community dwelling elderly people [21] while tregs are known to be responsible for controlling the...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...[10] and community dwelling elderly people [21] while tregs are known to be responsible for controlling the magnitude of cd4 and cd8 tcell responses to viral infections [22] whether the accumulated tregs in the elderly lead to impairment of host control of infection is not known to our knowledge the relationship between immune phenotypes associated with immunosenescence and risk of respiratory viral infection has not been studied if a relationship is established this could help identify elderly nursing home residents at highest risk of become ill and could provide more focused care...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...the magnitude of cd4 and cd8 tcell responses to viral infections [22] whether the accumulated tregs in the elderly lead to impairment of host control of infection is not known to our knowledge the relationship between immune phenotypes associated with immunosenescence and risk of respiratory viral infection has not been studied if a relationship is established this could help identify elderly nursing home residents at highest risk of become ill and could provide more focused care through targeted prevention to this end we sought to identify immune biomarkers predictive of respiratory viral infection during the ensuing respiratory...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...risk of respiratory viral infection has not been studied if a relationship is established this could help identify elderly nursing home residents at highest risk of become ill and could provide more focused care through targeted prevention to this end we sought to identify immune biomarkers predictive of respiratory viral infection during the ensuing respiratory viral season in an elderly nursing home cohort in this prospective cohort study elderly participants were recruited from 32 nursing homes in 4 canadian cities halifax nova scotia sherbrooke quebec hamilton ontario and vancouver british columbia in september and october 2009 2010 and 2011 residents...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...spanning from the first week 5 of specimens submitted to the local public health laboratory for viral testing were positive for influenza and ending when 5 were positive for influenza for 2 consecutive weeks the influenza season was chosen as the period of followup as the rate of respiratory viral infection is highest during the winter months [2] trained research personnel reviewed each participant for the presence of symptoms or signs of respiratory illness twice weekly or more often if notified of symptoms by nursing home staff nasopharyngeal swabs copan eswab copan diagnostics inc murrieta california were obtained...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...by nursing home staff nasopharyngeal swabs copan eswab copan diagnostics inc murrieta california were obtained by the research staff when a resident had one or more of the following new symptoms or signs fever 38ucelsius worsening cough nasal congestion sore throat headache sinus problems muscle aches fatigue ear ache or infection chills not otherwise explained by an alternative diagnosis blood was obtained from participants between 0700 and 1000 hours and hand delivered to the research laboratory for immediate processing pbmcs were isolated and frozen using a validated common standard operating procedure [27] tcell immune phenotypes were determined...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...case analysis of immune phenotypes was planned if there was 10 missing data for each parameter [31] unadjusted hazard ratios hr and 95 confidence intervals cis using cox proportional hazards model were first constructed to explore the relationship between immune phenotypes and time to symptomatic respiratory viral infection in the event a resident had multiple respiratory viral infections only the first infection was included as an outcome if a participant died prior to a respiratory viral infection their time was censored on the date of death we hypothesized that the following immune phenotypes associated with immunosenescence would be...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...each parameter [31] unadjusted hazard ratios hr and 95 confidence intervals cis using cox proportional hazards model were first constructed to explore the relationship between immune phenotypes and time to symptomatic respiratory viral infection in the event a resident had multiple respiratory viral infections only the first infection was included as an outcome if a participant died prior to a respiratory viral infection their time was censored on the date of death we hypothesized that the following immune phenotypes associated with immunosenescence would be associated with increased risk of infection [12] [13] [14...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...using cox proportional hazards model were first constructed to explore the relationship between immune phenotypes and time to symptomatic respiratory viral infection in the event a resident had multiple respiratory viral infections only the first infection was included as an outcome if a participant died prior to a respiratory viral infection their time was censored on the date of death we hypothesized that the following immune phenotypes associated with immunosenescence would be associated with increased risk of infection [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] 21] low cd4...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...had multiple respiratory viral infections only the first infection was included as an outcome if a participant died prior to a respiratory viral infection their time was censored on the date of death we hypothesized that the following immune phenotypes associated with immunosenescence would be associated with increased risk of infection [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] 21] low cd4 and cd8 nave tcells and high cd4 and cd8 terminally differentiated and senescent tcells as well as high cmvreactive cd4 and cd8 tcells and high tregs low...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...without pbmcs p 042 or sex female 72 versus 64 without pbmcs p 012 between those that did and did not have pbmcs obtained fifteen participants 1 withdrew before the end of the study leaving 1072 as our final sample size seventythree participants died before a respiratory viral infection could be identified baseline characteristics of the final cohort are summarized in table 1 the median age was 86 years iqr 8090 years and the ages ranged from 65102 years eight persons were 100 years most 93 had at least one comorbidity and almost half 44 scored either...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...viruses in 87 symptomatic residents table 2 coronavirus 32 influenza 24 rhinovirus 17 and rsv 14 were the most common viruses found one nasopharyngeal swab positive for influenza a also had rhinovirus present we subsequently investigated whether a relationship existed between specific immune cell populations and respiratory virus infection the proportional hazards assumption was satisfied for all covariates included in the model and there was no concerning evidence of multicollinearity all vifs were 3 in univariable analyses low nave cd8 tcell hr 069 95 ci 051095 and high treg hr 047 95 ci 026085 were associated with a reduced...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...was satisfied for all covariates included in the model and there was no concerning evidence of multicollinearity all vifs were 3 in univariable analyses low nave cd8 tcell hr 069 95 ci 051095 and high treg hr 047 95 ci 026085 were associated with a reduced risk of respiratory viral infection and high terminally differentiated cd8 tcell hr 157 95 ci 110224 high senescent cd8 tcell hr 155 95 ci 111217 and high cmvreactive cd4 tcell hr 182 95 ci 113294 were associated with an increased risk of respiratory viral infection table 3 in multivariable analysis adjusted for age sex...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...026085 were associated with a reduced risk of respiratory viral infection and high terminally differentiated cd8 tcell hr 157 95 ci 110224 high senescent cd8 tcell hr 155 95 ci 111217 and high cmvreactive cd4 tcell hr 182 95 ci 113294 were associated with an increased risk of respiratory viral infection table 3 in multivariable analysis adjusted for age sex and frailty only high treg hr 041 95 ci 020081 and high cmvreactive cd4 tcell hr 169 95 ci 103278 remained predictive of respiratory viral infection in the final model table 3 and figure 4 in this prospective cohort...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...hr 182 95 ci 113294 were associated with an increased risk of respiratory viral infection table 3 in multivariable analysis adjusted for age sex and frailty only high treg hr 041 95 ci 020081 and high cmvreactive cd4 tcell hr 169 95 ci 103278 remained predictive of respiratory viral infection in the final model table 3 and figure 4 in this prospective cohort study of elderly nursing home residents cd4 t cells in particular tregs and cmvreactive cd4 tcells were predictive of respiratory viral infection during the ensuing respiratory viral season in multivariable analysis in contrast cd8 tcells were...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...high cmvreactive cd4 tcell hr 169 95 ci 103278 remained predictive of respiratory viral infection in the final model table 3 and figure 4 in this prospective cohort study of elderly nursing home residents cd4 t cells in particular tregs and cmvreactive cd4 tcells were predictive of respiratory viral infection during the ensuing respiratory viral season in multivariable analysis in contrast cd8 tcells were not found to be predictive in multivariable analysis to our knowledge this is the first study to identify immune biomarkers predictive of respiratory viral infection in elderly people tregs are responsible for creating the balance...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...particular tregs and cmvreactive cd4 tcells were predictive of respiratory viral infection during the ensuing respiratory viral season in multivariable analysis in contrast cd8 tcells were not found to be predictive in multivariable analysis to our knowledge this is the first study to identify immune biomarkers predictive of respiratory viral infection in elderly people tregs are responsible for creating the balance between the immune response to pathogens and the harmful sequelae of inflammation that arises with this response [35] high tregs have been consistently observed in elderly people when compared to healthy adults [10 21]...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...pathogens and the harmful sequelae of inflammation that arises with this response [35] high tregs have been consistently observed in elderly people when compared to healthy adults [10 21] and it has been hypothesized that this shift may be associated with increased risk of infection seen in the elderly [21 36] it is intriguing that in our study higher levels of circulating tregs were associated with reduced risk of symptomatic respiratory virus infection we did not systematically test all residents in our study for respiratory virus throughout the study so we can...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...10 21] and it has been hypothesized that this shift may be associated with increased risk of infection seen in the elderly [21 36] it is intriguing that in our study higher levels of circulating tregs were associated with reduced risk of symptomatic respiratory virus infection we did not systematically test all residents in our study for respiratory virus throughout the study so we cannot determine whether the association between high tregs and reduced risk of infection was due to absence of infection or whether there was a higher incidence of asymptomatic infections in the...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...that in our study higher levels of circulating tregs were associated with reduced risk of symptomatic respiratory virus infection we did not systematically test all residents in our study for respiratory virus throughout the study so we cannot determine whether the association between high tregs and reduced risk of infection was due to absence of infection or whether there was a higher incidence of asymptomatic infections in the high treg group little is known about the role of tregs in preventing acute respiratory viral infection in humans [35] in mice a robust treg response has been observed...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...of circulating tregs were associated with reduced risk of symptomatic respiratory virus infection we did not systematically test all residents in our study for respiratory virus throughout the study so we cannot determine whether the association between high tregs and reduced risk of infection was due to absence of infection or whether there was a higher incidence of asymptomatic infections in the high treg group little is known about the role of tregs in preventing acute respiratory viral infection in humans [35] in mice a robust treg response has been observed during influenza [37] and...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...so we cannot determine whether the association between high tregs and reduced risk of infection was due to absence of infection or whether there was a higher incidence of asymptomatic infections in the high treg group little is known about the role of tregs in preventing acute respiratory viral infection in humans [35] in mice a robust treg response has been observed during influenza [37] and rsv infection [38] and depletion of tregs delays rsv viral clearance from lungs [38] suggesting that tregs play an important role in controlling the immune...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...whether there was a higher incidence of asymptomatic infections in the high treg group little is known about the role of tregs in preventing acute respiratory viral infection in humans [35] in mice a robust treg response has been observed during influenza [37] and rsv infection [38] and depletion of tregs delays rsv viral clearance from lungs [38] suggesting that tregs play an important role in controlling the immune response to respiratory [39] in consideration of the murine data we speculate that elevated levels of tregs may suppress immune...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...elevated levels of tregs may suppress immune pathology associated with antiviral immunity cmv has been proposed as the chronic antigenic stimulus responsible for accelerated immunosenescence including the accumulation of senescent cd8 tcells [40 41] there have been at least three studies looking at the association between cmv infection and influenza vaccine response in the elderly [20 42 43] in one cmv was associated with influenza vaccine nonresponse [20] however two other studies found no association [42 43] in contrast to the reports on seropositivity we focused on the tcell...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...however two other studies found no association [42 43] in contrast to the reports on seropositivity we focused on the tcell response to cmv and observed that elevated frequencies of cmvreactive cd4 tcells but not cmvreactive cd8 tcells were associated with an increased risk of respiratory viral infection we are unaware of any other study linking cmvreactive cd4 tcells to increased risk of respiratory viral infection it is difficult to speculate on the possible biological relationship between the cmvreactive cd4 t cells and susceptibility to infection given the observation that cd4 tregs also correlate with susceptibility we interpret...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...seropositivity we focused on the tcell response to cmv and observed that elevated frequencies of cmvreactive cd4 tcells but not cmvreactive cd8 tcells were associated with an increased risk of respiratory viral infection we are unaware of any other study linking cmvreactive cd4 tcells to increased risk of respiratory viral infection it is difficult to speculate on the possible biological relationship between the cmvreactive cd4 t cells and susceptibility to infection given the observation that cd4 tregs also correlate with susceptibility we interpret these collective data as an indication that the distribution of functional cells ie effector suppressor th1 th2 etc...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...cmvreactive cd8 tcells were associated with an increased risk of respiratory viral infection we are unaware of any other study linking cmvreactive cd4 tcells to increased risk of respiratory viral infection it is difficult to speculate on the possible biological relationship between the cmvreactive cd4 t cells and susceptibility to infection given the observation that cd4 tregs also correlate with susceptibility we interpret these collective data as an indication that the distribution of functional cells ie effector suppressor th1 th2 etc within the cd4 t cell compartment has a strong influence on host resistance in the elderly most research to date...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...influence on host resistance in the elderly most research to date has focused on cd8 tcells in the elderly and these observation strongly support a new line of research in the elderly to understand how and why skewing of the cd4 tcell compartment contributes significantly to the outcome of respiratory infection low nave cd8 tcells high terminally differentiated cd8 tcells and senescent cd8 tcells have been described in elderly populations [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] and have been hypothesized to predict risk of infection [9 17] although...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...significantly to the outcome of respiratory infection low nave cd8 tcells high terminally differentiated cd8 tcells and senescent cd8 tcells have been described in elderly populations [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] and have been hypothesized to predict risk of infection [9 17] although there were associations between these immune phenotypes and risk of respiratory viral infection in univariable analyses after adjustment for known confounders such t cell phenotypes were defined using the flowdensity software package lymphocytes were first gated from nonmargin events and then singlets were gated...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...cd8 tcells have been described in elderly populations [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] and have been hypothesized to predict risk of infection [9 17] although there were associations between these immune phenotypes and risk of respiratory viral infection in univariable analyses after adjustment for known confounders such t cell phenotypes were defined using the flowdensity software package lymphocytes were first gated from nonmargin events and then singlets were gated cd45ra thresholds were calculated based on singlet lymphocytes fmo cd3 cells were gated and then separated into cd4cd8and cd4cd8...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...singlets were gated cd45ra thresholds were calculated based on singlet lymphocytes fmo cd3 cells were gated and then separated into cd4cd8and cd4cd8 expression of cd57 cd28 cd45ra and ccr7 was analyzed on either cd4cd8or cd8cd4 doi101371journalpone0108481g001 as age sex and frailty cd8 t cells were not predictive of respiratory viral infection once all immune phenotypes with suspected association with respiratory viral infection were included in the model this illustrates the need for a robust statistical approach including adequate sample size allowing for adjustment for known confounders and other immune phenotypes when exploring associations between immune biomarkers and outcomes frailty is...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...fmo cd3 cells were gated and then separated into cd4cd8and cd4cd8 expression of cd57 cd28 cd45ra and ccr7 was analyzed on either cd4cd8or cd8cd4 doi101371journalpone0108481g001 as age sex and frailty cd8 t cells were not predictive of respiratory viral infection once all immune phenotypes with suspected association with respiratory viral infection were included in the model this illustrates the need for a robust statistical approach including adequate sample size allowing for adjustment for known confounders and other immune phenotypes when exploring associations between immune biomarkers and outcomes frailty is a state variable which aims to capture a persons vulnerability to...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...using an approach that was unbiased relative to manual gating with variability as low or even lower than manual gating this approach should help facilitate the efficiency of future large studies of immune biomarkers this study provides insights into the role of immunosenescence and the risk of respiratory viral infection in elderly nursing home residents although our study was designed to identify associations and not causation our findings suggest the possibility that strategies to boost circulating tregs [45] or vaccines to prevent infection with cmv [46] or prophylactic antiviral therapy to prevent reactivation of cmv may...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...this study provides insights into the role of immunosenescence and the risk of respiratory viral infection in elderly nursing home residents although our study was designed to identify associations and not causation our findings suggest the possibility that strategies to boost circulating tregs [45] or vaccines to prevent infection with cmv [46] or prophylactic antiviral therapy to prevent reactivation of cmv may reduce respiratory viral infections in this highrisk population in addition those identified at increased risk of respiratory viral infection could be offered alternative prevention strategies such as heightened surveillance during the highest risk periods which...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...suggest the possibility that strategies to boost circulating tregs [45] or vaccines to prevent infection with cmv [46] or prophylactic antiviral therapy to prevent reactivation of cmv may reduce respiratory viral infections in this highrisk population in addition those identified at increased risk of respiratory viral infection could be offered alternative prevention strategies such as heightened surveillance during the highest risk periods which could help prevent nursing home outbreaks and transmission to healthcare workers and their families limitations of this study include lower than expected influenza viral infection although influenza is not necessarily the most common virus...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...addition those identified at increased risk of respiratory viral infection could be offered alternative prevention strategies such as heightened surveillance during the highest risk periods which could help prevent nursing home outbreaks and transmission to healthcare workers and their families limitations of this study include lower than expected influenza viral infection although influenza is not necessarily the most common virus isolated in nursing homes [1] we expected to see more than 21 cases in 1072 residents during the influenza season based on prior respiratory viral infection surveillance studies conducted in nursing homes [1 2] we...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...their families limitations of this study include lower than expected influenza viral infection although influenza is not necessarily the most common virus isolated in nursing homes [1] we expected to see more than 21 cases in 1072 residents during the influenza season based on prior respiratory viral infection surveillance studies conducted in nursing homes [1 2] we do not believe that cases were missed indeed we performed prospective active surveillance for symptomatic respiratory viral infection and approximately one third of the nasopharyngeal swabs were positive for virus comparable to another study which performed active surveillance...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...we expected to see more than 21 cases in 1072 residents during the influenza season based on prior respiratory viral infection surveillance studies conducted in nursing homes [1 2] we do not believe that cases were missed indeed we performed prospective active surveillance for symptomatic respiratory viral infection and approximately one third of the nasopharyngeal swabs were positive for virus comparable to another study which performed active surveillance for respiratory infections in nursing homes in canada [2] instead we believe the lower numbers were due to circulation of pandemic h1n1 an influenza strain that had...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...[47] in addition the lower numbers could have been due to the fact that we only included residents who had been vaccinated against influenza we felt that influenza vaccination status was too important a confounder to manage statistically both because of its potential ability to prevent influenza infection and because of its association with the healthy user bias [48 49] it remains possible that there are different immune predictors for each of the different respiratory viruses in this vaccinated cohort and combining the respiratory viruses together in one combined endpoint limited its generalizability however we...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...the fact they result in similar outcomes in this population [1 [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] the low number of participants with influenza precluded our ability to perform a sensitivity analysis looking at immune phenotypes predictive of influenza infection an additional limitation was that we were unable to include immune phenotypes as continuous variables in the analysis in general maintaining data as continuous is preferred over categorizing data [50] however an analysis including immune phenotype data as continuous was not feasible as it led to estimates...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...not feasible as it led to estimates with wide confidence intervals thus the analysis was performed using categorized variables similar to other aging studies [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] although seventythree participants died prior to developing a respiratory viral infection we do not believe this competing risk introduced significant bias competing risks are unlikely to bias the result when the followup is short or the proportion of participants experiencing a competing risk is less than the proportion of participants experiencing the outcome [56] in this study the...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...or the proportion of participants experiencing a competing risk is less than the proportion of participants experiencing the outcome [56] in this study the followup was short only one influenza season and the proportion of participants who died was less than those who developed a respiratory viral infection last these results were obtained in a frail elderly population and may not be generalizable to community dwelling elderly in conclusion in elderly nursing home residents high cmvreactive cd4 tcells were predictive of increased risk of respiratory viral infection and high tregs were predictive of reduced risk during the...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...died was less than those who developed a respiratory viral infection last these results were obtained in a frail elderly population and may not be generalizable to community dwelling elderly in conclusion in elderly nursing home residents high cmvreactive cd4 tcells were predictive of increased risk of respiratory viral infection and high tregs were predictive of reduced risk during the ensuing respiratory viral season these findings provide insights into immunosenescence and risk of infection and may help guide future prevention strategies figure s1 comparison of automated versus manual gating for tcell phenotypes the same gating hierarchy was used for manual...

Title: Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory
Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone, Jennie. Parsons, Robin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 117
ID: 05445d95af0648219e8eb051ab3015b2a4615027
Number of matches: 50

...be generalizable to community dwelling elderly in conclusion in elderly nursing home residents high cmvreactive cd4 tcells were predictive of increased risk of respiratory viral infection and high tregs were predictive of reduced risk during the ensuing respiratory viral season these findings provide insights into immunosenescence and risk of infection and may help guide future prevention strategies figure s1 comparison of automated versus manual gating for tcell phenotypes the same gating hierarchy was used for manual top row and automated bottom row approaches for the tcell panel as described in the text similar results were obtained for both methods tiff...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...[1] [2] [3] as such it is evident that viral entry into cells goes beyond the initial binding to virusspecific cell surface receptors and in fact necessitates interaction with the actin cytoskeleton and its regulators that would otherwise act as barriers to effective infection [4] given the unparalleled diversity demonstrated by virus species it is unsurprising that many viruses have evolved unique methods of not only subverting the barrier cellular actin presents but even hijacking its chief regulators the rho family gtpases [5] to actively promote viral entry...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...exhibit a dichotomy of actin dynamics [15] in activated tcells there is a polarized migratory morphology brought about by an active and plastic cytoskeleton in rounded resting tcells which include nave and memory subsets a far more restricted cytoskeletal activity is observed alongside a relative resistance to infection [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] although infection and subsequent depletion of activated tcells is a leading process in the natural morbidity and mortality of hiv1 infection it is infection of resting tcells that constitutes the principle barrier to cure...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...morphology brought about by an active and plastic cytoskeleton in rounded resting tcells which include nave and memory subsets a far more restricted cytoskeletal activity is observed alongside a relative resistance to infection [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] although infection and subsequent depletion of activated tcells is a leading process in the natural morbidity and mortality of hiv1 infection it is infection of resting tcells that constitutes the principle barrier to cure activation of resting tcells allows reestablishment of viremia when treatment is interrupted [21 22] therefore...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...a far more restricted cytoskeletal activity is observed alongside a relative resistance to infection [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] although infection and subsequent depletion of activated tcells is a leading process in the natural morbidity and mortality of hiv1 infection it is infection of resting tcells that constitutes the principle barrier to cure activation of resting tcells allows reestablishment of viremia when treatment is interrupted [21 22] therefore understanding viral entry into resting tcells is of paramount interest and relevance entry into these resting tcells is...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...restricted cytoskeletal activity is observed alongside a relative resistance to infection [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] although infection and subsequent depletion of activated tcells is a leading process in the natural morbidity and mortality of hiv1 infection it is infection of resting tcells that constitutes the principle barrier to cure activation of resting tcells allows reestablishment of viremia when treatment is interrupted [21 22] therefore understanding viral entry into resting tcells is of paramount interest and relevance entry into these resting tcells is considered a fusogenic...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...of viremia when treatment is interrupted [21 22] therefore understanding viral entry into resting tcells is of paramount interest and relevance entry into these resting tcells is considered a fusogenic process yet the static cortical actin found in this subset should constitute a barrier to successful infection this was initially evidenced by yu et al [23] who demonstrated that hiv1 pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein vsvg was incapable of infecting resting tcells through its obligate endocytotic process in contrast wildtype x4 tropic hiv1 was found to be capable of doing so suggesting that...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...entry process following this hypothesis the possibility of a cdc42lead signalling pathway was investigated by our group in 2014 [35] two novel cd42 inhibitors ml141 [36] [37] [38] and zcl278 [39] were employed to investigate inhibition of infection of three different hiv1 pseudotype virus strains [40 41] the intersectinspecific zcl278 was found to significantly inhibit the infectivity of all three pseudotype viruses in a dosedependent manner in both cell lines investigated tzmbl and pm1 at the highest doses used of 50 m the infectivity of...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...50] supporting fusogenic entry however evidence in recent years suggests that the entry process may involve endocytotic processes too targeted sirna screening in hela cells by kolokolstov et al [51] demonstrated that knockdown of various genes implicated in endocytosis function conferred a protection to rsv infection amongst the protective genes were clathrin light and heavy chain genes which the author took to suggest a clathrinmediated endocytotic entry process additionally pak1 and intersectins 1 and 2key components of cdc42 actin signallingwere demonstrated to convey protection to rsv infection when inhibited this was developed by sanjuanvergara et al...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...implicated in endocytosis function conferred a protection to rsv infection amongst the protective genes were clathrin light and heavy chain genes which the author took to suggest a clathrinmediated endocytotic entry process additionally pak1 and intersectins 1 and 2key components of cdc42 actin signallingwere demonstrated to convey protection to rsv infection when inhibited this was developed by sanjuanvergara et al [52] who demonstrated using dualwavelength imaging that rsv entry involves initial docking and hemifusion at cholesterol rich membrane domains the group then identified that this is followed by a pak1dependent actin reorganisation as the application of ipa3 a...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...proposed by krzyzaniak et al [53] that clearly demonstrates a primary role for cdc42 in rsv cellentry after demonstrating through fand nviral protein staining that rsv is endocytosed and that this process is clathrin dynaminand phindependent the group investigated the effect of various actindisrupting agents on rsv infection though rhoa and rac1 inhibition had a moderate effect cdc42 inhibition using pirl1a cdc42gdi complex activation inhibitor [54] produced a severe restriction of rsv infectivity in addition inhibition of downstream cdc42 effectors pak1 wasp and arp23 showed moderate decreases in infectivity when targeted individually individual rv strains...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...to be cdc42dependent [59] following on from this work other strains of rrv tfr41 uk and wa were characterised and utilise clathrindependent processes [60] marco et al [61] later showed that expression of dominant negative variants of cdc42 in target cells inhibits infection with the clathrindependent rv uk strain too suggesting that despite differing substantially all rv entry processes share a common cdc42dependence the entry routes for cov are still debated and various routes have been proposed for the various cov strains these include poorly characterised clathrinand caveolaeindependent entry pathways for severe...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...critical potential roles for cdc42 in this process using a high throughput sirna screen nomura et al [63] demonstrated that silencing of two major constituents of the arp23 complex resulted in significant reduction if mhv infectivity and use of actin cytoskeleton altering agents in the early stages of infection had similar restrictive effects on infection pointing to gtpase and specifically cdc42 involvement in the entry process furthermore the authors noted that though they concluded mhv likely entered by clathrin endocytosis infection was severely inhibited by ethylisopropyl amiloride eipa an agent primarily associated with macropinocytosis blockage eipa is indeed known...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...this process using a high throughput sirna screen nomura et al [63] demonstrated that silencing of two major constituents of the arp23 complex resulted in significant reduction if mhv infectivity and use of actin cytoskeleton altering agents in the early stages of infection had similar restrictive effects on infection pointing to gtpase and specifically cdc42 involvement in the entry process furthermore the authors noted that though they concluded mhv likely entered by clathrin endocytosis infection was severely inhibited by ethylisopropyl amiloride eipa an agent primarily associated with macropinocytosis blockage eipa is indeed known for its hallmark effect of inhibiting...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...in significant reduction if mhv infectivity and use of actin cytoskeleton altering agents in the early stages of infection had similar restrictive effects on infection pointing to gtpase and specifically cdc42 involvement in the entry process furthermore the authors noted that though they concluded mhv likely entered by clathrin endocytosis infection was severely inhibited by ethylisopropyl amiloride eipa an agent primarily associated with macropinocytosis blockage eipa is indeed known for its hallmark effect of inhibiting macropinocytosis but actually causes this effect by preventing the necessary rac1 and cdc42 signalling involved [64] these findings of restricted infectivity due to...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...over time with current opinion holding that entry can be either via clathrinendocytosis or macropinocytosis [65] evidence suggesting rho family gtpase involvement was first identified by quinn et al [66] who demonstrated rhob and rhoc overexpression via plasmids resulted in increased susceptibility to ebov infection in 293t cells later work investigating the macropinocytotic entry process builds on these findings and indicates key roles for cdc42 mulherkar et al [67] demonstrated that ebov infectivity in macropinocytotic permissible cells was severely reduced by eipa and actin polymerisation inhibitors furthermore pak1 and the rac1related gtpase...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...also investigated by the group and it was determined that ebov entry was dependent on pak1 but not arf6 suggesting cdc42 rather than rac1 was the specific rho gtpase involved these findings are supported by aleksandrowicz et al [65] who reproduced the finding that eipa inhibited ebov infection despite contemporary global interest in the ebov further study specifically targeting cdc42 has not been undertaken leaving us unable to characterise this involvement further the studies discussed here suggest that many rna viruses share a dependence on cdc42signalling to achieve successful infection in hiv1 this involvement of cdc42 has...

Title: CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA
Viruses
Authors: Swaine, Thomas. Dittmar, Matthias T.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 118
ID: dd2054667f5f1db92d4649fc420d0d86dc39dcd9
Number of matches: 17

...reproduced the finding that eipa inhibited ebov infection despite contemporary global interest in the ebov further study specifically targeting cdc42 has not been undertaken leaving us unable to characterise this involvement further the studies discussed here suggest that many rna viruses share a dependence on cdc42signalling to achieve successful infection in hiv1 this involvement of cdc42 has been most thoroughly characterised likely because of its global burden and the ongoing exploration of the viral lifecycle warranted in the hope of identifying new potential drug targets whilst a spectrum of techniques ranging from the broader use of general actin inhibition to...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

... collectively these observations suggest interference may prevent respiratory viruses reaching their epidemic peaks concurrently but also underscore the complexity of these interactions the exact nature of interactions between different respiratory viruses remains unclear although they are proposed to be driven by the innate immune system once a viral infection is established interferon production is believed to confer temporary immunity to neighbouring cells against infection by other respiratory viruses [17] in vitro infection with rsv is blocked by competitive infection of influenza a if the host is not infected with the two viruses simultaneously [18]...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...but also underscore the complexity of these interactions the exact nature of interactions between different respiratory viruses remains unclear although they are proposed to be driven by the innate immune system once a viral infection is established interferon production is believed to confer temporary immunity to neighbouring cells against infection by other respiratory viruses [17] in vitro infection with rsv is blocked by competitive infection of influenza a if the host is not infected with the two viruses simultaneously [18] similarly ferret models have shown that influenza a infection may prevent successive infection with...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...nature of interactions between different respiratory viruses remains unclear although they are proposed to be driven by the innate immune system once a viral infection is established interferon production is believed to confer temporary immunity to neighbouring cells against infection by other respiratory viruses [17] in vitro infection with rsv is blocked by competitive infection of influenza a if the host is not infected with the two viruses simultaneously [18] similarly ferret models have shown that influenza a infection may prevent successive infection with rsv [19] and that coinfection with different influenza subtypes...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...remains unclear although they are proposed to be driven by the innate immune system once a viral infection is established interferon production is believed to confer temporary immunity to neighbouring cells against infection by other respiratory viruses [17] in vitro infection with rsv is blocked by competitive infection of influenza a if the host is not infected with the two viruses simultaneously [18] similarly ferret models have shown that influenza a infection may prevent successive infection with rsv [19] and that coinfection with different influenza subtypes is dependent upon the order in which...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...immunity to neighbouring cells against infection by other respiratory viruses [17] in vitro infection with rsv is blocked by competitive infection of influenza a if the host is not infected with the two viruses simultaneously [18] similarly ferret models have shown that influenza a infection may prevent successive infection with rsv [19] and that coinfection with different influenza subtypes is dependent upon the order in which the viruses infect the host [20] despite this apparent interference viral coinfections do occur albeit with insufficient frequency to maintain an epidemiclevel spread of...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...against infection by other respiratory viruses [17] in vitro infection with rsv is blocked by competitive infection of influenza a if the host is not infected with the two viruses simultaneously [18] similarly ferret models have shown that influenza a infection may prevent successive infection with rsv [19] and that coinfection with different influenza subtypes is dependent upon the order in which the viruses infect the host [20] despite this apparent interference viral coinfections do occur albeit with insufficient frequency to maintain an epidemiclevel spread of the coinfecting viruses a...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...be shed for several weeks postresolution of symptoms [22] negative associations have also been observed between the detection of influenza a rsv parainfluenza virus or coronavirus and codetection of other respiratory viruses [8 23 24] providing further evidence for a refractory period after initial infection during which the host is less likely to be infected by subsequent exposure to another respiratory virus we used routine diagnostic testing data of specimens from both the community and hospitals at the victorian infectious diseases reference laboratory vidrl between 2002 and 2017 to describe relationships between respiratory viruses...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...infectious diseases reference laboratory vidrl between 2002 and 2017 to describe relationships between respiratory viruses with a focus on influenza a and rsv from may 2002 to december 2017 58 114 clinical specimens were collected from communities and hospitals and tested by polymerase chain reaction pcr for respiratory virus infection at vidrl there were no inclusion criteria regarding symptoms but it is assumed that testing was deemed clinically relevant multiple specimen types were tested but the majority were nosethroat swabs 642 or nasopharyngeal aspirates 171 the respiratory panel included nine viruses adenovirus influenza a influenza b parainfluenza virus picornavirus virus...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...and sex of the patient were provided data exclusions are shown in figure s1 data from outbreaks research and nonvictorian residents were excluded n 10 325 as they followed different sampling methods specimens collected from the same patient within 14 days were considered part of the same infection where both specimens were positive for the same virus or both were negative they were counted as one episode where there were both positive and negative results only the positive result was retained and when two specimens were positive for different viruses they were collapsed to represent one episode of...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...3 these three viruses were involved in the highest number of significant negative associations n 5 table 3 no positive associations between viruses were considered statistically significant multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age group sex and season was used to further investigate the probability of codetection given infection with influenza a rsv and picornavirus table 4 significant negative associations were observed for codetection with all viruses where influenza a was detected and all but one virus for rsv and picornavirus detections influenza b and human metapneumovirus respectively we used multiyear routine pcr testing data to establish...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...for rsv and picornavirus detections influenza b and human metapneumovirus respectively we used multiyear routine pcr testing data to establish patterns of respiratory virus circulation in victoria australia picornavirus rhinovirus was most frequently detected children aged 5 years and those living in rural areas experienced a high burden of infection time series analyses indicated the annual occurrence of epidemics for influenza a and rsv and less recurrent epidemics for influenza b coronavirus and parainfluenza virus picornavirus was observed to be endemic throughout the period of analysis rsv epidemics generally began in autumn and peaked early winter while influenza a began...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...virus codetection improved availability and sensitivity of diagnostic tests has resulted in more regular detection of coinfections [30] though the impact of viral coinfection on clinical severity remains unclear [31 32] a prospective household transmission study during the 2009 influenza pandemic reported that the infection wave caused by influenza ah1n1pdm09 was interrupted by a wave of noninfluenza respiratory virus infections [33] it found individuals infected with influenza a h1n1pdm09 were less likely to be infected by noninfluenza respiratory viruses than noninfected individuals rr 032 further there was a significant decrease in the...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...b least likely corroborating results of a previous study [36] while our data did not include patients symptoms immunological [37] and clinical [24 38] data suggest that the effect of coinfection on clinical severity depends on the specific pathogens coinfecting the patient infection by rhinovirus may result in temporary immunity of the host to infection by other respiratory viruses due to the production of cytokines [17] thus resulting in a negative association between rhinovirus infection and coinfection with another virus [23] moreover it is believed to be...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

... while our data did not include patients symptoms immunological [37] and clinical [24 38] data suggest that the effect of coinfection on clinical severity depends on the specific pathogens coinfecting the patient infection by rhinovirus may result in temporary immunity of the host to infection by other respiratory viruses due to the production of cytokines [17] thus resulting in a negative association between rhinovirus infection and coinfection with another virus [23] moreover it is believed to be the driver of epidemiological interaction between respiratory viruses at the population level...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...effect of coinfection on clinical severity depends on the specific pathogens coinfecting the patient infection by rhinovirus may result in temporary immunity of the host to infection by other respiratory viruses due to the production of cytokines [17] thus resulting in a negative association between rhinovirus infection and coinfection with another virus [23] moreover it is believed to be the driver of epidemiological interaction between respiratory viruses at the population level which is visible when two viruses may not reach their epidemic peak during the same period while rhinovirus has been the focus of...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...codetection we found that influenza a rsv and picornavirus all had significant negative associations with codetection of other viruses results of further investigation by logistic regression adjusted for covariates that are predictors of codetection sex age and season were compatible with influenza a rsv and picornavirus conferring temporary immunity against infection by another respiratory virus however we cannot make causal inferences from the design used and therefore cannot eliminate the role of other environmental factors our study has some limitations all inferences we made and indeed the majority of inferences made in other studies investigating respiratory virus interference...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...was drawn from patients ill enough to seek healthcare as some viruses such as picornavirus are more likely to result in asymptomatic associations considered significant are bolded the top cell represents the pvalue for each measure of association and the bottom cell the or and corresponding 95 ci for infection a no codetections with these two viruses occurred infection than others the distribution of viruses in our sample may differ from that in the population finally the referral base of paediatric samples for vidrl is limited as most victorian paediatric samples are forwarded to a childrens hospital given there is...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...as some viruses such as picornavirus are more likely to result in asymptomatic associations considered significant are bolded the top cell represents the pvalue for each measure of association and the bottom cell the or and corresponding 95 ci for infection a no codetections with these two viruses occurred infection than others the distribution of viruses in our sample may differ from that in the population finally the referral base of paediatric samples for vidrl is limited as most victorian paediatric samples are forwarded to a childrens hospital given there is a high burden of respiratory virus infection in children...

Title: Using routine testing data to understand
circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory
syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in
Victoria, Australia
Authors: Price, O. H.. Sullivan, S. G....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 120
ID: 06249faa885cabbce6eccdf1e40ffe2f43fb5092
Number of matches: 19

...viruses occurred infection than others the distribution of viruses in our sample may differ from that in the population finally the referral base of paediatric samples for vidrl is limited as most victorian paediatric samples are forwarded to a childrens hospital given there is a high burden of respiratory virus infection in children this may have limited our analyses a strength of our data is that it spanned 16 years accurately monitoring seasonal variation in respiratory virus epidemics has the potential to improve our understanding of interaction and interference between different respiratory viruses although this remains challenging as surveillance systems for...

Title: Beyond traditional surveillance: applying
syndromic surveillance to developing settings –
opportunities and challenges
Authors: May, Larissa. Chretien, Jean-Paul...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 123
ID: 1a9fdd51745b132ee92107b4e9c68597d3767b7e
Number of matches: 1

...indonesian ministry of health and the us naval medical research unit2 [namru2] in jakarta and was adopted by the government of indonesia as a national surveillance system in 2007 [1 5 14] ewors includes patients presenting to public hospitals and suspected of having an acute infection participating hospitals clinics and emergency departments use a short standardized questionnaire to collect demographic and clinical information the questionnaire is filled out on a computer terminal with ewors software and the data files are sent by email to the ewors hub in the ministry of health for analysis daily counts...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

......

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

......

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...near patients positive for this organism 97 3233 surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens with klebsiella pneumoniae being most common highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces efforts to introduce routine cleaning in wards may be a feasible strategy to improve infection control given that severe space constraints prohibit cohorting patients with respiratory illness pathogens present in ill patients respiratory secretions can contaminate nearby hospital surfaces such as floors walls bedrails and mattresses through coughing sneezing and touching [1] [2] [3] [4] ...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...including bedside nursing and cleaning are integral part of inpatient care in bangladeshi public hospitals contributing crowding of hospital wards [8 9] the world bank estimated that in 2014 only 32 of public funds per capita were spent annually on health infrastructure in bangladesh thus resources for infection control are severely limited in bangladeshi hospitals [7 10] making it difficult to implement international infection control guidelines [11] the lack of routine infection control practices including no regular surface cleaning may increase the transmission of respiratory pathogens via hospital surfaces [3 5...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...wards [8 9] the world bank estimated that in 2014 only 32 of public funds per capita were spent annually on health infrastructure in bangladesh thus resources for infection control are severely limited in bangladeshi hospitals [7 10] making it difficult to implement international infection control guidelines [11] the lack of routine infection control practices including no regular surface cleaning may increase the transmission of respiratory pathogens via hospital surfaces [3 5 6 8] family caregivers visitors and hospital staff may acquire respiratory infections either through direct contact with...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...in 2014 only 32 of public funds per capita were spent annually on health infrastructure in bangladesh thus resources for infection control are severely limited in bangladeshi hospitals [7 10] making it difficult to implement international infection control guidelines [11] the lack of routine infection control practices including no regular surface cleaning may increase the transmission of respiratory pathogens via hospital surfaces [3 5 6 8] family caregivers visitors and hospital staff may acquire respiratory infections either through direct contact with infected patients or via droplets aerosols or contaminated surfaces contaminated hospital...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...may increase the transmission of respiratory pathogens via hospital surfaces [3 5 6 8] family caregivers visitors and hospital staff may acquire respiratory infections either through direct contact with infected patients or via droplets aerosols or contaminated surfaces contaminated hospital surfaces can pose a serious risk of infection for patients health care workers caregivers and visitors within this context of scarce resources describing the magnitude of surface contamination in bangladeshi hospitals particularly identifying priority areas for decontamination could influence infection control policy and practice our objective was to assess the frequency with which patients hospitalized for respiratory...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...patients or via droplets aerosols or contaminated surfaces contaminated hospital surfaces can pose a serious risk of infection for patients health care workers caregivers and visitors within this context of scarce resources describing the magnitude of surface contamination in bangladeshi hospitals particularly identifying priority areas for decontamination could influence infection control policy and practice our objective was to assess the frequency with which patients hospitalized for respiratory illnesses in bangladeshi public hospitals contaminate nearby surfaces to identify commonly contaminated surfaces and to determine which pathogens are detected most frequently we conducted the study in two public tertiary care teaching...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...for hospital surfaces to be exposed to possible contamination by respiratory pathogens while also making sure that surfaces were swabbed before the enrolled patients were discharged or died as patient turnover in wards was high with a median hospital stay of three days [16] the risk for infection from these potentially contaminated surfaces between patients within a room between patients and healthcare workers or between patients and family caregivers would vary based on the particular surface and how these different risk groups interacted with the surface with one sterile rayon swab stick per surface the research assistant swabbed...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...95 2122 of these patients staphylococcus aureus in 18 422 and streptococcus pneumoniae in 14 322 patients viruses including human cytomegalovirus 422 respiratory syncytial viruses a and b 122 and human rhinoviruses 022 were rarely detected nearby these patients nearly twothirds of the patients hospitalized with laboratoryconfirmed acute respiratory infection had at least one nearby contaminated surface klebsiella pneumoniae was the most commonly detected pathogen in patients respiratory swabs and was detected in nearly every environmental swab testing suggesting widespread hospital contamination from current and previously hospitalized patients with the ability to spread rapidly in the hospital environment klebsiella pneumoniae...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...frequently contaminated surfaces were the bed sheet towel and bed rail further highlighting the perils of no routine surface cleaning practices in these hospitals studies in tertiary care hospitals of bangladesh have shown that one in 20 patients with a hospital stay greater than three days developed a hospitalacquired respiratory infection and that only 21 of those infections had a viral aetiology suggesting a large proportion of these infections might be bacterial [21 22] since future work should further investigate the role of klebsiella pneumoniae may be an important nosocomial pathogen in these hospitals several other studies...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...frequently used a multipurpose towel for patient secretions and for their own use without cleaning it in between these uses [8] this suggests that the towel may act as a potential vehicle for transmission of respiratory viral and bacterial pathogens from patient to caregiver [33] infection control could target care giving practices associated with the use of the towel and should test feasible lowcost interventions such as the supply of low cost disinfectant by hospitals that encourage caregivers to clean the towels more frequently and to improve hand washing practices including the use of hand sanitizer...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...this study identified that hospital surfaces in these bangladeshi hospitals were frequently contaminated with respiratory pathogens and pose a potential threat for fomiteborne transmission of respiratory infections to patients healthcare workers and family caregivers to prevent the spread of klebsiella and other infections between patients healthcare personnel must follow specific infection control precautions including strict adherence to hand hygiene and the use of gloves in addition our data clearly indicate that efforts to regularly disinfect environmental surfaces and ensure clean towels for patient caregiving could reduce risk of exposure to patients healthcare staff and visitors the government of bangladesh has taken...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...hand hygiene and the use of gloves in addition our data clearly indicate that efforts to regularly disinfect environmental surfaces and ensure clean towels for patient caregiving could reduce risk of exposure to patients healthcare staff and visitors the government of bangladesh has taken a number of initiatives to improve infection control in hospitals [36] despite this a 2013 nationally representative survey of healthcare facilities showed that healthcare workers performed recommended hand hygiene in only 9 of 919 opportunities suggesting low adherence to international standards [30] barriers include awareness training accountability and appropriate infrastructure among...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...no water 20 had no soap and 5080 had no alcohol based sanitizer to support these behaviours [30 37 38] this study highlighted the gaps in practice as well as the substantial barriers to improvement that will require widespread investments to address in 2018 the directorate of hospital infection control directorate general of health services dghs at the ministry of health and family welfare in bangladesh has communicated the intention to form infection control committees in each district and tertiary care hospital across the country to improve the safe care [39] further investigation to identify the...

Title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with
respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan, Md. Zakiul. Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 124
ID: ca34ce0dd508d0f8777cc259e1b2fd4a58b73491
Number of matches: 16

...highlighted the gaps in practice as well as the substantial barriers to improvement that will require widespread investments to address in 2018 the directorate of hospital infection control directorate general of health services dghs at the ministry of health and family welfare in bangladesh has communicated the intention to form infection control committees in each district and tertiary care hospital across the country to improve the safe care [39] further investigation to identify the true contribution of fomites in the transmission of respiratory pathogens within hospital settings could be useful to help these committees prioritize efforts to improve...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...practical applications especially with regards to disease elimination through vector control has only resulted in partial success the epidemiological reasoning behind the theory relies on a particular threshold condition involving the socalled basic reproduction number r 0 which denotes the expected number of secondary cases arising from a single infection in a totally susceptible population [8] to date r 0 is frequently used either to predict the extent of an epidemic outbreak or to derive the necessary conditions to prevent this outbreak from happening eg by means of vaccination the crux of the problem is how to...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...model infectious diseases is obtained by dividing the population into those that are susceptible s exposed but not yet infectious e infectious i and recovered r the same principle is then applied to extend these models to vectortransmitted diseases except for the fact that vectors usually do not recover from infection but are instead assumed to remain infectious until death this model can be realised by the following set of differential equations here 1 hv are the mean host and vector life expectancies is the daily biting rate p hv are the perbite transmission probabilities from vector to human...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

... or recovered r h individual vectors are equally set to be either susceptible s v exposed e v or infectious i v in which state they remain until death vectors are assumed to bite at a constant per day rate infectious vectors transmit the infection to a host with probability p h and susceptible vectors become infected upon biting an infectious host with probability p v for simplicity we fixed the extrinsic incubation period 1 v days the intrinsic incubation period 1 h days as well as the length of infections in the...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...distributed age profiles fig 1b which permit some vectors to live in excess of four times their mean life expectancy and potentially to transmit the pathogen for an unusually long period of time even more concerning is that the vector life expectancy in each compartment of the infection process is essentially the same fig 1a that is independent of when in its life a vector becomes infected and infectious its remaining life expectancy remains exponentially distributed around the mean life expectancy as a consequence all infectious vectors have a vectortohuman transmission period vhtp equal to the mean...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...constant vector mortality rates table 2 the small discrepancy between the two models is due to the ode models assumption of an exponentially distributed extrinsic incubation period whereas the ibm assumes this to be a fixed length of time using the ibm approach to track individual mosquitoes and infection events we also find that under this assumption the mean age at which vectors become infected is 20 days and infectious at an age of 25 days ie days beyond their average lifeexpectancy furthermore those vectors that have become infectious live for an average of 46 days which means that...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...and 3b in that case it was not unusual to observe 4060 secondary infections due to the aforementioned unrealistically high lifeexpectancies for some of the vectors permitting the accumulation of secondary cases well after the primary human case has recovered fig 3a the mean number of secondary infection ie r 0 across 500 model simulations was around 7 more than twice that of the model which assumed agedependent mortalities in the latter case we observed secondary infections in the range of 0 to 18 due to the models stochastic nature where some vectors may be infected...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...should be considered as one of the most robust ways to estimate a diseases reproduction number mathematical models describing the population dynamics of an infectious disease provide the necessary frameworks by which we can calculate an infectious diseases reproduction number r 0 based on specific parameters related to infection and transmission probabilities one of the most important factors influencing r 0 is the length at which an individual remains infectious for vectortransmitted diseases this places huge significance on vector mortality rates as vectors usually do not clear an infection and instead remain infectious for life many formulas to estimate...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...number r 0 based on specific parameters related to infection and transmission probabilities one of the most important factors influencing r 0 is the length at which an individual remains infectious for vectortransmitted diseases this places huge significance on vector mortality rates as vectors usually do not clear an infection and instead remain infectious for life many formulas to estimate r 0 are based on systems of ordinary differential equations odes which commonly assume that vector mortality is constant ie independent of age as we have demonstrated here the resulting exponential distribution and the effective resetting of life expectancies as...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...for life many formulas to estimate r 0 are based on systems of ordinary differential equations odes which commonly assume that vector mortality is constant ie independent of age as we have demonstrated here the resulting exponential distribution and the effective resetting of life expectancies as individuals transition through the infection stages permit some vectors to live for an extraordinary length of time as a result vectors are potentially able to transmit the disease multiple times that of what should biologically be possible leading to significantly inflated r 0 estimates in comparison to ode models individualbased models ibms provide much...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...models ibms provide much greater control over the dynamics that govern both demography and disease transmission here we used an individualbased modelling approach to elucidate the influence of vector mortality on r 0 estimates and to highlight the discrepancy between model predictions based on constant vs agedependent mortality because individual infection events can easily be tracked within an ibm the basic reproduction number can essentially be measured simply by counting the number of secondary infections arising from a single index case this in turn not only allowed us to compare different formulas for estimating r 0 but also provided us with...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...of the assumption regarding constant mortality or vector senescence have also been proposed including lumpedage class models [32] or systems of partial differential equations [33] however these methods can still suffer from the same issues as simpler ode models where transition rates between life and infection stages are usually exponentially distributed and where information about individual ages is lost at every transition stage the ease at which different distributions that govern host and vector mortality infection recovery and other epidemiological factors can be incorporated make ibm frameworks the natural choice to examine the influence of vector...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...however these methods can still suffer from the same issues as simpler ode models where transition rates between life and infection stages are usually exponentially distributed and where information about individual ages is lost at every transition stage the ease at which different distributions that govern host and vector mortality infection recovery and other epidemiological factors can be incorporated make ibm frameworks the natural choice to examine the influence of vector mortality or other such factors on r 0 estimations here we only concentrated on the effect of vector mortality whereas similar arguments are equally valid for the distribution underlying the...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...reliable for r 0 1 c number of communities in the lattice c the theoretical calculations of r 0 presented do not explicitly contain any spatial dynamics increasing the number of communities starting with a homogeneous mixing model does not affect the robustness of r 0 estimates d external infection rate the theoretical calculations of r 0 presented do not explicitly contain the external infection rate increasing the external infection rate does not influence the robustness of r 0 estimates from the initial growth rate unless external infection rates are high enough to start driving the epidemiological dynamics furthermore...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...calculations of r 0 presented do not explicitly contain any spatial dynamics increasing the number of communities starting with a homogeneous mixing model does not affect the robustness of r 0 estimates d external infection rate the theoretical calculations of r 0 presented do not explicitly contain the external infection rate increasing the external infection rate does not influence the robustness of r 0 estimates from the initial growth rate unless external infection rates are high enough to start driving the epidemiological dynamics furthermore r 0 estimates from the endemic equilibrium continue to be reliable until reintroduction of the disease...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...do not explicitly contain any spatial dynamics increasing the number of communities starting with a homogeneous mixing model does not affect the robustness of r 0 estimates d external infection rate the theoretical calculations of r 0 presented do not explicitly contain the external infection rate increasing the external infection rate does not influence the robustness of r 0 estimates from the initial growth rate unless external infection rates are high enough to start driving the epidemiological dynamics furthermore r 0 estimates from the endemic equilibrium continue to be reliable until reintroduction of the disease into the system is too...

Title: Robustness of the reproductive number
estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Authors: Tennant, Warren. Recker, Mario
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 125
ID: 1b21437159e00cfbc7a48cfb1cc4c27a818e2157
Number of matches: 29

...does not affect the robustness of r 0 estimates d external infection rate the theoretical calculations of r 0 presented do not explicitly contain the external infection rate increasing the external infection rate does not influence the robustness of r 0 estimates from the initial growth rate unless external infection rates are high enough to start driving the epidemiological dynamics furthermore r 0 estimates from the endemic equilibrium continue to be reliable until reintroduction of the disease into the system is too low for disease persistence for each parameter value tested 50 stochastic simulations were executed and r 0 estimated...

Title: Anti HSV-1 Activity of Halistanol Sulfate and
Halistanol Sulfate C Isolated from Brazilian Marine
Sponge Petromica citrina (Demospongiae)
Authors: da Rosa Guimarães, Tatiana. Quiroz, Carlos Guillermo...
Journal: Mar Drugs
Item: Infection
Index: 126
ID: 2f4331d2427906e96afeb82ef5c4a90dda236470
Number of matches: 6

...new antiviral agent a set of experiments was carried out to determine the stages at which the most active samples tsh fraction and compounds 1 and 2 affect the viral replication cycle pretreatment of vero cells with tsh fraction and compounds 1 and 2 for three hours before viral infection showed that these samples did not affect viral infectivity suggesting that they did not exert protective effects against the hsv1 infection process data not shown the direct virus inactivating activity of the tested samples in the absence of cells was also evaluated it was also observed that the tsh fraction...

Title: Anti HSV-1 Activity of Halistanol Sulfate and
Halistanol Sulfate C Isolated from Brazilian Marine
Sponge Petromica citrina (Demospongiae)
Authors: da Rosa Guimarães, Tatiana. Quiroz, Carlos Guillermo...
Journal: Mar Drugs
Item: Infection
Index: 126
ID: 2f4331d2427906e96afeb82ef5c4a90dda236470
Number of matches: 6

...fraction and compounds 1 and 2 affect the viral replication cycle pretreatment of vero cells with tsh fraction and compounds 1 and 2 for three hours before viral infection showed that these samples did not affect viral infectivity suggesting that they did not exert protective effects against the hsv1 infection process data not shown the direct virus inactivating activity of the tested samples in the absence of cells was also evaluated it was also observed that the tsh fraction and compounds 1 and 2 were able to reduce hsv1 infectivity at concentrations 8 12 and 6 lower than their ic...

Title: Anti HSV-1 Activity of Halistanol Sulfate and
Halistanol Sulfate C Isolated from Brazilian Marine
Sponge Petromica citrina (Demospongiae)
Authors: da Rosa Guimarães, Tatiana. Quiroz, Carlos Guillermo...
Journal: Mar Drugs
Item: Infection
Index: 126
ID: 2f4331d2427906e96afeb82ef5c4a90dda236470
Number of matches: 6

...their ic values table 2 this is in accordance with previous studies that have reported the virucidal activity of halistanol sulfates f and h against hiv replication [34 38] in order to determine whether these samples were able to interfere with early events of hsv infection their effects on hsv1 attachment and penetration were investigated separately all the tested samples inhibited virus attachment and penetration as shown in table 2 therefore the inactivation of hsv1 could be related to virions binding to heparan sulfate receptors inhibiting these two early stages of viral replication other natural...

Title: Anti HSV-1 Activity of Halistanol Sulfate and
Halistanol Sulfate C Isolated from Brazilian Marine
Sponge Petromica citrina (Demospongiae)
Authors: da Rosa Guimarães, Tatiana. Quiroz, Carlos Guillermo...
Journal: Mar Drugs
Item: Infection
Index: 126
ID: 2f4331d2427906e96afeb82ef5c4a90dda236470
Number of matches: 6

...the residual infectivity was determined by the viral plaque number reduction assay as described above pretreatment this assay was performed as described by bettega et al [57] briefly vero cell monolayers were pretreated with different concentrations of samples for 3 h at 37 c prior virus infection after washing cells were infected with 100 pfu of hsv1 for 1 h at 37 c the infected cells were washed overlaid with mem containing 15 cmc incubated for 72 h and treated as described earlier for the viral plaque number reduction assay simultaneous treatment this assay was performed...

Title: Revision of clinical case definitions:
influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory
infection
Authors: Fitzner, Julia. Qasmieh, Saba...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 127
ID: 07ddf570a1c38269ac3d1826cd8d013faeb6a339
Number of matches: 8

...surveillance this prompted improvements in the sensitivity and specificity of the case definition for influenza ie a respiratory disease that lacks uniquely defining symptomology the revision process not only modified the definition of influenzalike illness to include a simplified list of the criteria shown to be most predictive of influenza infection but also clarified the language used for the definition to enhance interpretability to capture severe cases of influenza that required hospitalization a new case definition was also developed for severe acute respiratory infection in all age groups the new definitions have been found to capture more cases without compromising specificity...

Title: Revision of clinical case definitions:
influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory
infection
Authors: Fitzner, Julia. Qasmieh, Saba...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 127
ID: 07ddf570a1c38269ac3d1826cd8d013faeb6a339
Number of matches: 8

...influenzalike illness to include a simplified list of the criteria shown to be most predictive of influenza infection but also clarified the language used for the definition to enhance interpretability to capture severe cases of influenza that required hospitalization a new case definition was also developed for severe acute respiratory infection in all age groups the new definitions have been found to capture more cases without compromising specificity despite the challenge still posed in the clinical separation of influenza from other respiratory infections the global use of the new who case definitions should help determine global trends in the characteristics and...

Title: Revision of clinical case definitions:
influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory
infection
Authors: Fitzner, Julia. Qasmieh, Saba...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 127
ID: 07ddf570a1c38269ac3d1826cd8d013faeb6a339
Number of matches: 8

...novel diagnostic tests that improve the detection of the diseasecausing pathogen 5 6 in other instances the language used in a case definition has been simplified andor an attempt has been made to reduce multiple definitions for the same condition to a single global one 7 the case definitions for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were revised multiple times between 1982 and 2014 to reflect new knowledge about the syndrome and the isolation of the virus and to include laboratory testing 8 in the revision of any case definition there needs to be careful deliberation over...

Title: Revision of clinical case definitions:
influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory
infection
Authors: Fitzner, Julia. Qasmieh, Saba...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 127
ID: 07ddf570a1c38269ac3d1826cd8d013faeb6a339
Number of matches: 8

...surveillance including a global case definition of severe influenza this initiative was in part a response to the 20092010 h1n1 influenza pandemic below as an illustration of case definition revision we discuss the process followed in revising whos case definitions for both influenzalike illness ili and severe acute respiratory infection sari since 1999 who has recommended a case definition for ili that can be used for public health surveillance to monitor the seasonal variations of influenza activity and to identify the best patients to be included in virological surveillance 9 the 20092010 h1n1 pandemic however prompted the further evaluation...

Title: Revision of clinical case definitions:
influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory
infection
Authors: Fitzner, Julia. Qasmieh, Saba...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 127
ID: 07ddf570a1c38269ac3d1826cd8d013faeb6a339
Number of matches: 8

...and recordkeepers who round down such temperatures an acute respiratory illness with a measured temperature of 38 c and cough with onset within the past 10 days a compared with corresponding definition published in 1999 9 box 2 criteria previously used in regional definitions of severe acute respiratory infection among individuals aged above five years the criteria used were those for pneumonia in this age group ie sudden onset of fever above 38c cough or sore throat shortness of breath or difficulty breathing and requiring hospitalization among individuals aged between two months and five years the criteria used were...

Title: Revision of clinical case definitions:
influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory
infection
Authors: Fitzner, Julia. Qasmieh, Saba...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 127
ID: 07ddf570a1c38269ac3d1826cd8d013faeb6a339
Number of matches: 8

...by expanding the sari case definition to include history of fever more young children infected with noninfluenza respiratory viruses may be misidentified as cases of influenza as young children infected with influenza viruses do not present with some of the symptoms that in adults are useful clinical predictors of such infection the use of the latest case definition of sari for influenza surveillance among such children needs to be very cautious 34 this is particularly true during the peak in the influenza season which tends to coincide with a peak in the circulation of other respiratory viruses for the detection of...

Title: Revision of clinical case definitions:
influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory
infection
Authors: Fitzner, Julia. Qasmieh, Saba...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 127
ID: 07ddf570a1c38269ac3d1826cd8d013faeb6a339
Number of matches: 8

...one that uses a higher temperature cutoff for fever 28 or includes rhinorrhea or other additional respiratory symptoms 35 to increase specificity the agespecific differences observed in the distributions of influenza virus subtypes 28 may be only partially responsible for the agerelated differences observed in healthseeking behaviour following infection with an influenza virus 36 such variation and the issue of infections with noninfluenza respiratory viruses being confused with influenza may lead to substantial sampling bias in attempts to follow influenza epidemiology on a national scale infections with respiratory syncytial virus have been shown to decrease the performance of a...

Title: Revision of clinical case definitions:
influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory
infection
Authors: Fitzner, Julia. Qasmieh, Saba...
Journal: Bull World Health Organ
Item: Infection
Index: 127
ID: 07ddf570a1c38269ac3d1826cd8d013faeb6a339
Number of matches: 8

...seven and 10 days after symptom onset appear no less likely to be laboratorytestpositive for influenza as those that present closer to symptom onset increasing the time frame to 10 days should therefore allow more cases to be captured without markedly increasing the use of resources sari severe acute respiratory infection a compared with previous regional definitions based on the criteria used by the integrated management of childhood illness strategy box 2 revision of clinical case definitions julia fitzner et al that is being developed by who is to assess the potential adverse impact of the virus on existing...

Title: Silver Sucrose Octasulfate (IASOS™) as a Valid
Active Ingredient into a Novel Vaginal Gel against
Human Vaginal Pathogens: In Vitro Antimicrobial
Activity Assessment
Authors: Marianelli, Cinzia. Petrucci, Paola...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 129
ID: 5eb1e53fb44c8a997713bd4fc55d65b904df3ce8
Number of matches: 8

...5 6] an highly symptomatic inflammatory state av typically presents with a yellow smelly vaginal discharge bv and av are generally accompanied with a vaginal ph increase above 45 beyond the healthy vaginal ph of 3845 [5 7] candidiasis is the most frequent symptomatic mycotic infection caused by the yeast candida albicans and a few other pathogenic candida species during their lifetime 75 of all women are expected to experience at least one episode of candidainduced vaginitis [8 9] acute pruritus and smelly vaginal discharge are usual complains in vaginal candidiasis associated with...

Title: Silver Sucrose Octasulfate (IASOS™) as a Valid
Active Ingredient into a Novel Vaginal Gel against
Human Vaginal Pathogens: In Vitro Antimicrobial
Activity Assessment
Authors: Marianelli, Cinzia. Petrucci, Paola...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 129
ID: 5eb1e53fb44c8a997713bd4fc55d65b904df3ce8
Number of matches: 8

...different antimicrobial agents have been reported in time thus challenging treatment efficacy and frequently resulting in relapses [12 13 14] vaginal pathogens may also survive antibiotics through the formation of bacterial colonies on the vaginal epithelium surface and named biofilms also reported to be responsible for vaginal infection recurrences [15 16] the magnitude of gynaecological and obstetrical consequences of vaginal infections particularly severe in pregnant women [17 18] recently fostered the development of newly emerging therapies including either novel vaginal delivery systems aimed to prolong the residence time of drugs into the vaginal...

Title: Silver Sucrose Octasulfate (IASOS™) as a Valid
Active Ingredient into a Novel Vaginal Gel against
Human Vaginal Pathogens: In Vitro Antimicrobial
Activity Assessment
Authors: Marianelli, Cinzia. Petrucci, Paola...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 129
ID: 5eb1e53fb44c8a997713bd4fc55d65b904df3ce8
Number of matches: 8

... in conclusion our in vitro results highlight the antimicrobial activity of iasos the patented silver salt of sucrose octasulfate against a number of bacterial strains involved in the onset of symptomatic vaginitis as well as against the yeast c albicans responsible of one of the most frequent vaginal fungal infection the data obtained in this study indicate also that silsos femme the vaginal gel formulation containing iasos may display important antimicrobial effects against bacterial and yeast pathogens suggesting a potential role of this novel formulation in the prevention andor treatment of feminine vaginal infections as an adjunct to drug therapy...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...heavily depends on glycolysis for differentiation where if glycolysis is blocked th17 differentiation and survival is impaired and an antiinflammatory phenotype is favored [8] importantly this shift to aerobic glycolysis allows immune cells to adapt survive and acquire their effector functions when under metabolically limited conditions during infection or hypoxia in this review we focus our discussion on the metabolic interplay between viruses and the innate immune response that occurs at the very early stage of viral infection of the host we illuminate what is known about how various viruses modulate cellular metabolism by distinct mechanisms and...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...aerobic glycolysis allows immune cells to adapt survive and acquire their effector functions when under metabolically limited conditions during infection or hypoxia in this review we focus our discussion on the metabolic interplay between viruses and the innate immune response that occurs at the very early stage of viral infection of the host we illuminate what is known about how various viruses modulate cellular metabolism by distinct mechanisms and how cells in response to viral infections produce interferons to alter specific metabolic pathways as one effective strategy to control viral replication viruses are completely dependent on their hosts cellular...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...tca cycle pyruvate is also reduced to lactate this type of glycolysis can also occur in the presence of sufficient oxygen in tumor cells a process called aerobic glycolysis or the warburg effect which was first described by otto warburg [20] it is now known that viral infection can cause a shift to aerobic glycolysis to generate a rapid source of atps and also using the abundant metabolic intermediates in the presence of reduced tca cycle to accelerate the synthesis of nucleotides amino acids and fatty acids that are needed for assembly of a large number of viral...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...including viral entry and viral budding are affected by the distribution of cholesterol in cellular membranes and are thus hindered when cholesterol biosynthesis is inhibited [35] transcription factors namely sterol regulatory elementbinding proteins srebps tightly regulate the biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids with regards to viral infection srebps are strongly linked to hcv pathogenesis whereby the virus upregulates srebp activity by stimulating pi3kakt signaling [36] consequently an antiviral mechanism employed by the immune response involves transcriptional downregulation of srebp2 to attenuate viral replication [37] in the quest for antiviral cellular factors...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...zebrafish [48 49] interestingly phylogenetic analysis identified ch25hb as the homolog of mammalian ch25h in zebrafish however its expression was not modulated by type 1 ifn nevertheless studies showed that overexpression of ch25hb had a protective effect on zebrafish larvae following spring viremia of carp virus svcv infection [49] in support of the results of many cell culture based assays 25hc has been shown to suppress hiv1 infection in humanized mice [38] more recently it was reported that 25hc reduces zika virus zikv viremia and improves survival in mice and rhesus monkeys...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...not modulated by type 1 ifn nevertheless studies showed that overexpression of ch25hb had a protective effect on zebrafish larvae following spring viremia of carp virus svcv infection [49] in support of the results of many cell culture based assays 25hc has been shown to suppress hiv1 infection in humanized mice [38] more recently it was reported that 25hc reduces zika virus zikv viremia and improves survival in mice and rhesus monkeys [44] which attests to the potential therapeutic value of 25hc as an antiviral agent viruses 2018 10 36 5...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...monkeys [44] which attests to the potential therapeutic value of 25hc as an antiviral agent viruses 2018 10 36 5 of 20 type 1 ifn nevertheless studies showed that overexpression of ch25hb had a protective effect on zebrafish larvae following spring viremia of carp virus svcv infection [49] in support of the results of many cell culture based assays 25hc has been shown to suppress hiv1 infection in humanized mice [38] more recently it was reported that 25hc reduces zika virus zikv viremia and improves survival in mice and rhesus monkeys...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...5 of 20 type 1 ifn nevertheless studies showed that overexpression of ch25hb had a protective effect on zebrafish larvae following spring viremia of carp virus svcv infection [49] in support of the results of many cell culture based assays 25hc has been shown to suppress hiv1 infection in humanized mice [38] more recently it was reported that 25hc reduces zika virus zikv viremia and improves survival in mice and rhesus monkeys [44] which attests to the potential therapeutic value of 25hc as an antiviral agent 25hc exerts it antiviral function by...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

... 25hc specifically alters the cellular membrane by reducing syncytia formation to inhibit hiv1 entry without affecting transcription translation or budding of hiv1 [38] likewise 25hc blocks zikv entry into the cell in a dosedependent manner [44] the inhibitory role of 25hc in hcv infection has also been extensively studied electron microscopy analysis revealed 25hc inhibited the formation of a membranous web hcv replication site on intracellular membranes [42] the second mechanism for the antiviral action of 25hc works by posttranslational modifications ptms glycosylation is the most common ptm and occurs to...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

... 25hc specifically alters the cellular membrane by reducing syncytia formation to inhibit hiv1 entry without affecting transcription translation or budding of hiv1 [38] likewise 25hc blocks zikv entry into the cell in a dosedependent manner [44] the inhibitory role of 25hc in hcv infection has also been extensively studied electron microscopy analysis revealed 25hc inhibited the formation of a membranous web hcv replication site on intracellular membranes [42] the second mechanism for the antiviral action of 25hc works by posttranslational modifications ptms glycosylation is the most common ptm and occurs to...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...25hc induces these changes has yet to be elucidated to add to the multiple antiviral mechanisms by 25hc one study delved into the relationship between immune mechanisms and the antiviral effects of 25hc cagno and colleagues reported that induction of 25hc promotes the production of il6 following hsv1 virus infection [53] for nonenveloped viruses such as polio virus 25hc exerts its antiviral activity through interacting with oxysterolbinding protein osbp [54] osbps are sensors coordinators andor transporters of cholesterol from the er to the golgi [55] experiments showed that 25hc interferes directly...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...sites of viral replication [56] similarly 25hc inhibited the replication of rhinoviruses by binding to osbp with high affinity locking it in an inactive state [57] it is evident from these studies that the sterol pathway including 25hc plays a pivotal role in viral infection and is conserved across species nevertheless while the host attempts to downregulate lipid uptake in this manner reports have suggested that tlrs and ifns can conversely increase lipid uptake from the environment leading to foam cell formation [58] [59] [60] to address the...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

... the important role of polyamines in viral replication was further supported by the results of studies showing that depletion of polyamines using difluoromethylornithine dfmo viruses 2018 10 36 7 of 21 a suicide inhibitor of odc1 which is a ratelimiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis significantly suppresses sindbis virus sinv infection of drosophila melanogaster and zebrafish danio rerio [68] the exploitation of polyamines by viruses is also evident in light of the viral mechanisms that manipulate the biosynthesis of polyamines hcmv adenovirus and vaccinia virus enhance the activity of odc1 which catalyses the conversion of ornithine to putrescine...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...to modulate polyamine metabolism so that viral replication can be suppressed indeed recent studies showed that interferon treatment leads to depletion of spermine and spermidine concurrent with increased putrescine as a result of sat1 induction knockout of sat1 restored putrescine level in the presence of interferon and significantly recovered the infection of chikv demonstrating depletion of polyamines through induction of sat1 represents one mechanism of ifn antiviral function [68] as we investigate into the regulation of the polyamine pathway by interferon viral proteins andor the changes in the cellular environment we begin to uncover multiple pathways of crossprotection...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...gene expression and replication [77] the important role of polyamines in viral replication was further supported by the results of studies showing that depletion of polyamines using difluoromethylornithine dfmo a suicide inhibitor of odc1 which is a ratelimiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis significantly suppresses sindbis virus sinv infection of drosophila melanogaster and zebrafish danio rerio [68] the exploitation of polyamines by viruses is also evident in light of the viral mechanisms that manipulate the biosynthesis of polyamines hcmv adenovirus and vaccinia virus enhance the activity of odc1 which catalyses the conversion of ornithine to putrescine...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...to modulate polyamine metabolism so that viral replication can be suppressed indeed recent studies showed that interferon treatment leads to depletion of spermine and spermidine concurrent with increased putrescine as a result of sat1 induction knockout of sat1 restored putrescine level in the presence of interferon and significantly recovered the infection of chikv demonstrating depletion of polyamines through induction of sat1 represents one mechanism of ifn antiviral function [68] as we investigate into the regulation of the polyamine pathway by interferon viral proteins andor the changes in the cellular environment we begin to uncover multiple pathways of crossprotection...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...the group showed that 5htp is a proviral factor [96] as longterm induction of ido expression leads to immunosuppression several viruses use this as an advantage to promote their own replication [97] gaelings and colleagues studied the regulation of the kynurenine pathway during iav infection as it was previously reported that iav induced the production of kynurenine [98 99] primary macrophages and mouse lungs infected with iav showed ifnmediated upregulation of ido1 however this ido1 activity was attenuated by the iav ns1 protein through suppressing interferon production [98] in...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...protein through suppressing interferon production [98] in addition to iav other viruses such as influenza b virus hsv12 also lead to the upregulation of the kynurenine pathway in immune cells [98] another important aspect to consider is the role of the serotonin pathway during infection a clear example comes from models of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus lcmvinduced hepatitis which leads to aggregation and activation of platelets [100 101] in mice these platelets secreted serotonin in the liver which resulted in hepatic sinusoid microcirculation failure and enhanced tcell cytotoxicity [102] these...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...hepatitis which leads to aggregation and activation of platelets [100 101] in mice these platelets secreted serotonin in the liver which resulted in hepatic sinusoid microcirculation failure and enhanced tcell cytotoxicity [102] these studies provide a unique perspective in the role of serotonin during infection and permit further investigation because of the immunosuppressive outcome due to longterm ido1 expression ido1 plays a counterintuitive role during chronic hiv1 infection ltrp depletion results in a shift to an immunotolerogenic microenvironment whereby there is an increase in the production of immunomodulatory kynurenine derivatives and t cell responses...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...resulted in hepatic sinusoid microcirculation failure and enhanced tcell cytotoxicity [102] these studies provide a unique perspective in the role of serotonin during infection and permit further investigation because of the immunosuppressive outcome due to longterm ido1 expression ido1 plays a counterintuitive role during chronic hiv1 infection ltrp depletion results in a shift to an immunotolerogenic microenvironment whereby there is an increase in the production of immunomodulatory kynurenine derivatives and t cell responses are suppressed which may accelerate disease progression [103 104] a recent study using an sivinfected pigtailed macaque model also reported evaluation...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...105] interestingly their results showed no significant reduction in tryptophan levels in the spleen or brain despite a substantial depletion in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid csf based on these findings drewes and colleagues proposed that tryptophan depletion is not a primary contributor to tcell impairment during hivsiv infection [105] which challenges the previous reports regarding the role of the kynurenine pathway during acute and chronic viral infections and warrants further research into this important subject ifnmediated ido1 upregulation upon various acute and chronic viral infections has been demonstrated by many research groups however it...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...an immunosuppressive environment during chronic viral infections [106] nonetheless the immunosuppressive nature of ido could be used as an advantage promising results showed that the 1mt reduced the size and growth of tumors in mice preimmunized with a tumor antigen [107] with regards to infection early studies demonstrated that mice treated with 1mt had higher cd4 t cell and effector memory cd8 tcell counts [108] recent studies have shown that suppressing ido in combination with a natural killer cell stimulator and an influenza vaccine boots protective immunity against influenza [109 110...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...influenza [109 110] furthermore mice treated with 1mt and infected with iav had an elevated cd4 cd8 and effector memory tcell response in the lungs compared to control groups [111] the same group also showed an increase in prr and proinflammatory cytokines upon iav infection [112] these results suggest the use of 1mt as a facilitator to enhance the immune response against infection in combination with adjuvants and vaccination nevertheless one should be cautious as multiple pathways are affected upon tryptophan depletion and exact mechanisms remain unknown propagation of large amounts...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...effector memory tcell response in the lungs compared to control groups [111] the same group also showed an increase in prr and proinflammatory cytokines upon iav infection [112] these results suggest the use of 1mt as a facilitator to enhance the immune response against infection in combination with adjuvants and vaccination nevertheless one should be cautious as multiple pathways are affected upon tryptophan depletion and exact mechanisms remain unknown propagation of large amounts of viral progenies in a short time demands the synthesis of large quantities of viral genomes which requires the adequate supply...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...] [116] [117] [118] prior to its discovery as an antiviral factor against viruses samhd1 gene mutations were found to associate with the autoimmune neurological condition the aicardigoutires syndrome ags [119] ags affects newborn infants and mimics a congenital viral infection with elevated interferon levels in cerebrospinal fluid [120] the samhd1 gene was first identified in human dendritic cells as an ortholog of the mouse gene mg11 induced by interferon upon viral infection [121] subsequent studies have also shown type 1 type ii ifns and...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...syndrome ags [119] ags affects newborn infants and mimics a congenital viral infection with elevated interferon levels in cerebrospinal fluid [120] the samhd1 gene was first identified in human dendritic cells as an ortholog of the mouse gene mg11 induced by interferon upon viral infection [121] subsequent studies have also shown type 1 type ii ifns and tolllike agonists upregulate samhd1 expression in multiple cell types including murine macrophages [122] pbmcs 6 monocytes [123] and microglia [124] interestingly samhd1 mrna levels were upregulated...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...is that the high levels of samhd1 in resting cd4 t cells impairs the synthesis of hiv1 dna [138] these aborted viral dna fragments trigger pyropoptosis through activating ifi16 the dna sensor which leads to depletion of cd4 cells [139] additionally samhd1 inhibits hiv1 infection of dcs which delays the sensing of hiv1 infection and the onset of immune responses consequently leaving the virus a longer time window to establish local infection the foot hold for later systemic infection [125] viral infections remain a significant challenge to human health ranging from seasonal...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...cd4 t cells impairs the synthesis of hiv1 dna [138] these aborted viral dna fragments trigger pyropoptosis through activating ifi16 the dna sensor which leads to depletion of cd4 cells [139] additionally samhd1 inhibits hiv1 infection of dcs which delays the sensing of hiv1 infection and the onset of immune responses consequently leaving the virus a longer time window to establish local infection the foot hold for later systemic infection [125] viral infections remain a significant challenge to human health ranging from seasonal outbreaks of influenza affecting 20 of the global population...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...trigger pyropoptosis through activating ifi16 the dna sensor which leads to depletion of cd4 cells [139] additionally samhd1 inhibits hiv1 infection of dcs which delays the sensing of hiv1 infection and the onset of immune responses consequently leaving the virus a longer time window to establish local infection the foot hold for later systemic infection [125] viral infections remain a significant challenge to human health ranging from seasonal outbreaks of influenza affecting 20 of the global population to recent outbreaks of zika virus dengue virus ebola virus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus merscov [...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...sensor which leads to depletion of cd4 cells [139] additionally samhd1 inhibits hiv1 infection of dcs which delays the sensing of hiv1 infection and the onset of immune responses consequently leaving the virus a longer time window to establish local infection the foot hold for later systemic infection [125] viral infections remain a significant challenge to human health ranging from seasonal outbreaks of influenza affecting 20 of the global population to recent outbreaks of zika virus dengue virus ebola virus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus merscov [140] due to the appearance...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...metabolic profiles between cancer cells and virus infected cells it may not come as a surprise that more drug candidates used in the treatment of cancer will be shown effective in controlling pathogenic viruses another example came from the detailed analysis of metabolic changes in primary hepatocytes upon hcv infection [148] in agreement with others levy and colleagues demonstrated that hcvinfected primary hepatocytes underwent a warburglike shift in glycolysis while downregulating oxidative phosphorylation importantly concomitant transcriptional regulatory analysis of glycolysis identified an enrichment of two nuclear receptors hnf4 and hnf1 hnf4 is key in regulating lipid homeostasis...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...lactate production in addition upon addition of hnf4 antagonists a threeto fourfold decrease in viral rna levels was observed [148] again this study supports the concept that reversing the metabolic changes caused by viruses using chemical compounds may serve as an attractive therapeutic strategy to control viral infection as fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis are enhanced upon viral infection to support the generation of new viral progenies it comes to no surprise that 5 adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase ampk is also activated ampk is an intracellular sensor that maintains metabolic homeostasis through regulating glucose and lipid metabolism...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...decrease in viral rna levels was observed [148] again this study supports the concept that reversing the metabolic changes caused by viruses using chemical compounds may serve as an attractive therapeutic strategy to control viral infection as fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis are enhanced upon viral infection to support the generation of new viral progenies it comes to no surprise that 5 adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase ampk is also activated ampk is an intracellular sensor that maintains metabolic homeostasis through regulating glucose and lipid metabolism [152 153] activated ampk inhibits fatty acid and cholesterol...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...[153] dysregulation of ampk is implicated in metabolic syndromerelated diseases studies have shown activated ampk can restrict a number of rna viruses including rift valley fever virus rvfv bunyavirus sinv and vsv [154] a recent paper investigated ampk activation in response to kshv primary infection [155] results showed that inhibition of ampk significantly enhances kshv lytic replication given the importance of ampk in cellular metabolism multiple drugs have been developed to treat metabolic disorders one such drug is 5aminoimidazole4carboxamide ribonucleotide aicar an amp analog which can stimulate ampk activity studies conducted...

Title: Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic
Network against Viral Infection
Authors: Raniga, Kavita. Liang, Chen
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 130
ID: 31f30e0bd74035d9bbae69437e8af989fa78966c
Number of matches: 35

...cellular metabolism multiple drugs have been developed to treat metabolic disorders one such drug is 5aminoimidazole4carboxamide ribonucleotide aicar an amp analog which can stimulate ampk activity studies conducted using aicar to treat ischemia and type ii diabetes have shown promise [156 157] with regards to viral infection the group observed inhibition of kshv lytic genes upon aicar treatment corresponding to the suppression of lytic replication furthermore metformin the firstline drug for managing type ii diabetes also decreased viral yields by 60 and also inhibited the activation of kshv lytic genes [155] overall these results...

Title: Inhibitory effect of small interfering RNA on
dengue virus replication in mosquito cells
Authors: Wu, Xinwei. Hong, Hua...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 131
ID: 2c6d1fc20495ba6b8b43ffe06cc0d9bb80244d96
Number of matches: 6

...growth in recent decades df affects 100 million people and results in about 25000 deaths annually mostly in tropical and subtropical regions dhf has become a leading cause of serious illness and death among children in some asian countries [3] unfortunately effective vaccines or therapies against the infection are still not available [4] rna interference rnai is a sequencespecific rna degradation process in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells triggered by doublestranded rna dsrna widely existing in many species from nematode to human [5] [6] [7] [8] ...

Title: Inhibitory effect of small interfering RNA on
dengue virus replication in mosquito cells
Authors: Wu, Xinwei. Hong, Hua...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 131
ID: 2c6d1fc20495ba6b8b43ffe06cc0d9bb80244d96
Number of matches: 6

...effect as the dsrna did therefore in this study we designed and synthesized 21 nt sirnas against the deni viral prm gene and investigated their inhibition effects of dengue virus replication in transfected c636 cells in four sirnas we designed only one showed the function to reduce cpe after den infection as expected the location of this sirna in den1 is inside the corresponding location of 290 nt dsrna reported before in den2 with transfection of the selected sirna c636 cells showed reduced cpe and increased cell survival by 226 folds and eliminated viral rna by about 9754 compared to...

Title: Inhibitory effect of small interfering RNA on
dengue virus replication in mosquito cells
Authors: Wu, Xinwei. Hong, Hua...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 131
ID: 2c6d1fc20495ba6b8b43ffe06cc0d9bb80244d96
Number of matches: 6

...expected the location of this sirna in den1 is inside the corresponding location of 290 nt dsrna reported before in den2 with transfection of the selected sirna c636 cells showed reduced cpe and increased cell survival by 226 folds and eliminated viral rna by about 9754 compared to virus infection only group at the 7 th dpi these data indicate that sirna against den viral genome can effectively inhibit viral rna replication in the c636 cells protect host cell from viral attack suggesting its potential role in prevention and treatment of dengue fever recent study have shown [19]...

Title: Inhibitory effect of small interfering RNA on
dengue virus replication in mosquito cells
Authors: Wu, Xinwei. Hong, Hua...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 131
ID: 2c6d1fc20495ba6b8b43ffe06cc0d9bb80244d96
Number of matches: 6

...new research strategy for the prevention and treatment of this disease our data showed that synthetic sirna against the den membrane glycoprotein precursor gene effectively inhibited den viral rna replication and increased c636 cell survival rate sirna may offer a potential new strategy for prevention and treatment of den infection the stability and inhibitory efficiency of sirna need further improvement in the future type 1 den strain gz02218 and aedes albopictus c6 36 cell line were both from the department of virologyimmunology in guangzhou center for disease control and prevention c636 cells were grown at 28c in eagles minimal...

Title: Inhibitory effect of small interfering RNA on
dengue virus replication in mosquito cells
Authors: Wu, Xinwei. Hong, Hua...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 131
ID: 2c6d1fc20495ba6b8b43ffe06cc0d9bb80244d96
Number of matches: 6

...hiperfect transfection reagent were used for each well after cultured at 28c for 4 hours the medium with transfection reagent was removed cells were washed by mem challenged by 100 tcid 50 den1 and cultured at 33c in maintain medium for further investigation the cytopathic effect cpe of den1 infection on c6 36 cells including cell rounding syncytium formation and cell death was evaluated under a light microscope and scored based on the severity from 0 no cpe observed no cell death to the most severe level cpe observed in 100 cells at the 7 th dpi mtt...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...particularly with regard to the localisation of infecting virus genomes themselves and their regulated or premature presentation to the cell environment quantitative spatiotemporal information at the single particle level on localisation uncoating and transport of the infecting genome is required for any complete understanding of many critical aspects of virus infection and virus pathogenesis among the factors which have limited the quantitative spatiotemporal analysis of genome transport and presentation are the insensitivity or ready tractability of methods to directly visualise and measure virus genomes the inability to differentiate genomes that are encapsidated from those that have dissociated the inability to...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...fluorescent dna binding proteins eg yfptetr [17] offer possibilities for live cell imaging but require specialised recombinant viruses or cell lines and can still be highly limited in detecting infecting genomes such limitations and issues of sensitivity or tractability have meant that many studies on aspects of virus infection have almost invariably relied on indirect surrogate measures of detection of virus genomes reports eg on the effect of inhibitors on dna entry or analysis of dna sensing have inferred effects on genome localisation from protein localisation clearly genomes not bound by surrogate markers will not be detected for any...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...factors such assays also give little information on other aspects of uncoating and the morphological state of infecting genomes these and other considerations limit our understanding of genome entry uncoating nuclear translocation and physical transitions all of which are necessary for a true understanding of the earliest processes governing virus infection and host responses in this regard the development of bioorthogonal metabolic precursors combined with cycloaddition to corresponding capture reagents is increasingly being exploited in various approaches to biological processes and to mechanisms in infection and immunity [16 [18] [19] [20] [21...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...all of which are necessary for a true understanding of the earliest processes governing virus infection and host responses in this regard the development of bioorthogonal metabolic precursors combined with cycloaddition to corresponding capture reagents is increasingly being exploited in various approaches to biological processes and to mechanisms in infection and immunity [16 [18] [19] [20] [21] analysis of dna synthesis by labelling with alkynederivatised nucleosides and cycloaddition to azidecoupled fluorochromes has been evaluated in several systems [20 22 23] and used in spatial biochemical and systems approaches...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...with alkynederivatised nucleosides and cycloaddition to azidecoupled fluorochromes has been evaluated in several systems [20 22 23] and used in spatial biochemical and systems approaches to investigate dna replication and the cell cycle these techniques have recently been exploited by the greber laboratory for analysis of adenovirus adv infection [16] using viruses incorporating the alkynederivatised nucleosides edc ethynyldeoxycytidine or edu ethynyldeoxyuridine in their genomes for the spatiotemporal investigation of genome trafficking at the single particle level we also recently showed that edc was efficiently incorporated into hsv replication compartments and that incubation with edc had no significant...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...treated on the support prior to cycloaddition virus dna ejected from the capsid could be coupled to azidelinked fluorochromes and detectable as filamentous strands genomes were not detectable in virions in solution nor on cell surfaces at 4c where numerous capsids could readily be observed but without genome accessibility when infection was initiated by raising the temperature to 37c dna uncoating and transport in the nucleus could be observed within 30 mins and prior to synthesis and recruitment of the major immediateearly ie regulator icp4 using these assays we undertake a comprehensive quantitative spatiotemporal analysis of genome trafficking and uncoating including...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...analysis by threedimensional structured illumination microscopy together with additional data reported here this work provides the first direct quantitative spatiotemporal analysis of hsv genome transport and presentation to the cellular environment revealing new processes in genome dynamics not previously appreciated and advancing our understanding of these crucial early steps in infection localisation of nascent replicating dna with virus replication proteins using combined clickchemistry and immunofluorescence approaches we found that edc ethynyldeoxycytidine was more sensitive for detection of hsv replication centres than edu ethynyldeoxyuridine consistent with the high gc content of hsv dna [24] in this work optimising...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...have found for normal hsv stocks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 overall even prolonged incubation with edc at concentrations at least up to 10 m was well tolerated with minimal effect of virus replication and the progression of infection edc incorporation in uninfected cells 4 hrs showed dna synthesis in approximately 2530 of cells these patterns are consistent with previous spatial analysis of cellular dna synthesis and reflect approximate stage within sphase [20 22] in hsv infected cells the percentage of positive cells increased...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...showed dna synthesis in approximately 2530 of cells these patterns are consistent with previous spatial analysis of cellular dna synthesis and reflect approximate stage within sphase [20 22] in hsv infected cells the percentage of positive cells increased to approximately 55 by 5 hpi hours post infection and virtually all cells were positive for edc incorporation by 8 hpi fig 2a summarised panel b from higher resolution spatial analysis of active dna synthesis and localisation of the major dna replication protein icp8 several distinct patterns were observed fig 3 by 5 hpi in those cells...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

... we also observed populations of infected cells wherein multiple intense focal clusters of nascent dna synthesis were observed but in this case without any clear colocalisation with icp8 which nevertheless still formed in distinct smaller fig 3 iv or larger fig 3 vvii lobules these latter patterns likely represent infection of cells which were in sphase or committed to sphase and not prevented from doing so the localisation of icp8 likely represents some level of ongoing viral dna synthesis in such sphase cells in the background of prominent cellular dna synthesis again these results are entirely consistent with previous data...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...such sphase cells in the background of prominent cellular dna synthesis again these results are entirely consistent with previous data [31] we carried out a series of experiments to optimise conditions for the production of hsv edc and then scaled up see materials and methods with multiround infection initiated at low multiplicity of infection moi 0005 pfucell and two pulselabelling intervals in the presence of 5 m edc overall yields of hsv edc virus produced were virtually unchanged from normal virus production the lack of any pronounced effect of edc on hsv yield and its incorporation into...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...of prominent cellular dna synthesis again these results are entirely consistent with previous data [31] we carried out a series of experiments to optimise conditions for the production of hsv edc and then scaled up see materials and methods with multiround infection initiated at low multiplicity of infection moi 0005 pfucell and two pulselabelling intervals in the presence of 5 m edc overall yields of hsv edc virus produced were virtually unchanged from normal virus production the lack of any pronounced effect of edc on hsv yield and its incorporation into replication compartments does not necessarily mean...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...in size at this time 2 hrs and distinctly larger than the few foci detected within the cytoplasm see below no specific genome signal was observed for the control hsv1 [17] fig 5b panels vvi in further control experiments the appearance of nuclear genome foci after hsv edc infection was completely dependent upon the coppercatalysed cycloaddition reaction was blocked by incubation with neutralising antibody prior to infection and was not prevented by prior treatment of hsv edc virions with dnase s6 fig altogether these data provide robust support for the proposal that the nuclear foci represent uncoated hsv...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...see below no specific genome signal was observed for the control hsv1 [17] fig 5b panels vvi in further control experiments the appearance of nuclear genome foci after hsv edc infection was completely dependent upon the coppercatalysed cycloaddition reaction was blocked by incubation with neutralising antibody prior to infection and was not prevented by prior treatment of hsv edc virions with dnase s6 fig altogether these data provide robust support for the proposal that the nuclear foci represent uncoated hsv edc genomes that have reached nuclear pores uncoated and have been transported into the nucleus with infrequent though...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...became more difficult to quantitate accurately at later times because of the changing morphology at 23 hpi see below and because immediate early protein synthesis had almost invariably already occurred by 2 hpi fig 6a panel i shows a representative maximum projection image of cells 30 min after hsv edc infection illustrating the frequent occurrence of genomes at a consistent and close proximity to capsids most likely representing recent uncoating events where the genome had not yet physically moved far from the capsids from which they emanated fig 6a inset at this early stage hsv edc nuclear genomic foci were...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...6 at moi 20 and 10 at moi 50 moreover while representing minority populations high numbers of foci could be observed in some nuclei example panel a ii with maximum numbers for moi 10 20 and 50 being 21 27 and 34 respectively fig 6b and 6d later in infection while there was a trend of increased numbers of nuclear foci this was generally less than a 50 increase but more difficult to quantitate as indicated above capsidfree cytoplasmic foci example fig 6e vertical arrows were infrequently observed though at higher mois these could represent 78 of the total foci...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...dimension and packaged genome dimensions the resolution of which is beyond the limits of these techniques on the other hand 3dsim combined with quantitative object analysis allowed a better resolved spatiotemporal analysis of nuclear entry in the cell we examined genome presentation in the nucleus at early times of infection 05 hpi cells were imaged by 3dsim and the data processed using the object analyser module of huygens image processing software in which after 3d segmentation geometrical and spatial localisation data can be calculated for individual objects a representative 2d field of the 3d rendered image is shown in fig...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...total population 50 genomes were analysed for each category unpaired twotailed ttests were used for statistical results p0005 p00001 httpsdoiorg101371journalppat1006721g007 transport and nuclear entry of the hsv genome but there was also a marked increase in irregularity as the foci became more decondensed and dissipated as infection progressed beyond 2 hrs the genome signal became more difficult to quantitate evolving into diffuse dissipated aggregates of lower intensity but frequently with smaller more condensed foci remaining see below usually on the perimeter of the decondensed material to examine this alteration in genome compaction further we extended the...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...localisation and compaction we next investigated the effect of inhibition of transcription viral dna synthesis or translation on genome localisation to the nucleus and the morphological condensation state cells were infected moi 10 either untreated or in the presence of a series of inhibitors each added 1 hr prior to infection actinomycin d act d 5 gml acyclovir acv 500 m phosphonoacetic acid paa 400 gml or cycloheximide chx 100 gml to inhibit transcription virus dna replication and protein synthesis control experiments confirmed activity of the drugs eg icp4 protein synthesis was completely blocked by act d and chx but not...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...or downstream of transcription per se but not requiring dna replication are reflected in increasing volume and irregularity and decreased compaction of the uncoated genomic foci we repeated this analysis for act d including relatively late times 8 hpi comparing the fate of infecting virus genomes during normal progression of infection or when transcription was inhibited fig 10a under normal conditions the temporal trend to increasing dissipation and decreased signal intensity continued so that by 8 hpi the diffuse dispersed signal from incoming genomes was extremely low fig 10a in distinct contrast in the presence of act d not...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...inhibition which suppressed galactosidase activity did so by preventing hsv genome transport to the nucleus [37] having established a direct assay we addressed whether proteasome inhibition had any detectable effect for genome uncoating and nuclear import mg132 10 m was added to cells 1 hr prior to infection with hsv edc at moi 10 and genome localisation assessed at 05 hpi compared to untreated cells the distribution of numbers of nuclear genome foci in individual cells was assessed for at least 50 cells in each condition fig 11a insets show representative individual nuclei overall there was no significant...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...leptomycin b as used in the previous studies in contrast to the effects on adv we observed no significant effect on hsv edc genome uncoating and import by comparison when we examined nocodazole treatment a drug which depolymerises microtubules and has been previously shown in many studies to inhibit hsv infection and capsid transport [38] [39] [40] we observed a very striking inhibition of the appearance of nuclear genomes control experiments for the activities of mg132 and leptomycin b using known targets and effects confirmed their action s8b fig taken together with the positive...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...] [54] [55] nevertheless altogether these studies give an incomplete understanding of infecting genome dynamics at times difficult to reconcile [56] and with little insight into spatial aspects of transport uncoating and organisation of the genome itself during the progressive stages or early infection thus many fundamental aspects of early genome dynamics remain poorly understood in this work we focus on spatial aspects of genome dynamics during hsv infection with results which yield new insight into intracellular transport and organisation of the genome and help complement biochemical analyses to inform or qualify their interpretation...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...[56] and with little insight into spatial aspects of transport uncoating and organisation of the genome itself during the progressive stages or early infection thus many fundamental aspects of early genome dynamics remain poorly understood in this work we focus on spatial aspects of genome dynamics during hsv infection with results which yield new insight into intracellular transport and organisation of the genome and help complement biochemical analyses to inform or qualify their interpretation a summary of key conclusions and their implications from different aspects of this work is illustrated in fig 12 and discussed below we demonstrate...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...with previous work [28] [29] [30] however results demonstrating the incorporation of edc into replication compartments and its minimal effect on virus yields do not necessarily mean that it would be incorporated into inhibitors were added to cells for 1 hr prior to infection with hsv edc moi 10 cells were analysed at 05 hpi for the localisation of edclabeled genomes as described for other figures for mg132 we also analysed genome localisation at 1 hr a each panels shows a representative image at high magnification x63 objective together with histograms of quantitative evaluation...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...shows 2 nd and 3 rd quartiles with a horizontal bar in the middle showing the median while whiskers show up to 595 of the total population denotes the mean value unpaired twotailed ttests were used for statistical results ns not statistically significant p00001 in this experiment infection even in the untreated sample was somewhat less efficient than standard but there was no significant difference with either mg132 or leptomycin b at 30 min and no diference for mg132 at 1 hr in contrast nocodazole treatment resulted in a substantial and significant reduction in accumulation of uncoated nuclear...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...where the genome is associated with several core proteins in particular protein vii [59] such differences in internal pressure and proteingenome association are likely reflected in differences in mechanism in nuclear pore engagement and genome import uncoated nuclear genomes could be detected within 30 min of infection at 37c with hsv edc using similar methods to examine adv infection genomes could not be detected in the nucleus at 30 min and quantitative analysis on nuclear entry was performed at 25 hrs a comparatively late point in our analyses when genomes were already uncoated decondensed and in...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...[59] such differences in internal pressure and proteingenome association are likely reflected in differences in mechanism in nuclear pore engagement and genome import uncoated nuclear genomes could be detected within 30 min of infection at 37c with hsv edc using similar methods to examine adv infection genomes could not be detected in the nucleus at 30 min and quantitative analysis on nuclear entry was performed at 25 hrs a comparatively late point in our analyses when genomes were already uncoated decondensed and in many cases beginning to replicate this does not necessarily indicate that hsv genome...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...in our analyses we directly measure genome import while previous conclusions were based on measurements of gene expression galactosidase at 6 hpi or on measure of capsid localisation of a fluorescent virus at 25 hpi proteasome inhibition could have inhibited a number of processes involved in surrogate readout later in infection or inhibited bulk capsid dynamics that were not important for early genome delivery as summarised fig 12 at the earliest time detectable stage 1 within 05 hpi uncoated nuclear genomes were in a comparatively homogeneous roughly spherical form that had expanded to approximately 3fold the volume within virions...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...although a small percentage of nuclei could contain relatively high numbers the mean numbers of nuclear genome foci was approximately 5 and around 90 of cells had fewer than 10 increasing moi by 5fold did not increase nuclear genome numbers 5fold indicating the operation of some form of limits on infection though this could be at a number of stages and a decreasing efficiency of nuclear import at higher mois similar conclusions were made for adv nuclear entry [16] we currently cannot discriminate the fate of capsids which do not uncoat at the nuclear pore while for...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...genomes themselves ie the templates for transcription could directly contribute to congregation even if not all genomes were transcribing this could be via components of the transcriptionsplicing apparatus somehow progressively capturing multiple genomes in a spatially restricted manner it could also be that genome congregation is a host response to infection with no viral proteins yet made specifically recognising the process of transcription and sequestering genomes as a result further explanations are possible but understanding the process of genome congregation will be important for any full understanding of genome dynamics competency for transcription and host responses to infection see below ...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...host response to infection with no viral proteins yet made specifically recognising the process of transcription and sequestering genomes as a result further explanations are possible but understanding the process of genome congregation will be important for any full understanding of genome dynamics competency for transcription and host responses to infection see below during normal infection genomes underwent further progressive decondensation eventually becoming difficult to discriminate and dissipating within dna replication compartments we frequently observed longer lived residual condensed foci usually at the periphery of replication compartments fig 12 stages 24 the intermediate stages of these genome transitions did...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...viral proteins yet made specifically recognising the process of transcription and sequestering genomes as a result further explanations are possible but understanding the process of genome congregation will be important for any full understanding of genome dynamics competency for transcription and host responses to infection see below during normal infection genomes underwent further progressive decondensation eventually becoming difficult to discriminate and dissipating within dna replication compartments we frequently observed longer lived residual condensed foci usually at the periphery of replication compartments fig 12 stages 24 the intermediate stages of these genome transitions did not require dna replication per se...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...association with icp4 warrants discussion while there was heterogeneity at an individual genome level with some genomes not accumulating icp4 the majority of condensed genomes recruited and were enriched for icp4 by 12 hrs as discussed above this does not necessarily imply productive transcription from all genomes however as infection progressed there was a clear distinction in this association those genomes that remained as condensed foci found mainly on the periphery of replication compartments were selectively depleted for icp4 and frequently devoid of the protein altogether one possible explanation is that these foci never accumulated icp4 in which case they...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...of pooled neutralising human serum sigmaaldrich at 2 or clinical grade purified human immunoglobulin ivig carimune nf nanofiltered human immune globulin csl behring at 2 mgml having demonstrated complete neutralisation of extracellular virus at this dose 6 log reduction in virus titre high multiplicity infections were performed at multiplicities of infection stated in the experiments and for routine experiments usually at a moi of 10 in control experiments for genome uncoating the inoculum was treated with 500 uml dnase i roche for 1 hr at 4c or 10 mgml ivig for 05 hr at room temperature inhibitors were used at the...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...room temperature inhibitors were used at the following final concentrations acycloguanosine acv thermo scientific 500 m phosphonoacetic acid paa 400 gml actinomycin d sigmaaldrich 5 g ml mg132 calbiochem 10 m leptomycin b sigmaaldrich 20 nm nocodazole sigmaaldrich 2 m inhibitors were added to cells for 1 hr prior to infection to examine the effects of edc on cell growth rpe1 cells were pulsed with increasing concentrations of edc sigmaaldrich t511307 for 48 hr and examined by phasecontrast microscopy either live or after fixation and staining with crystal violet viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion using an automated cell...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...mockinfected or infected with parental hsv1 [17] or hsv edc by normal procedures moi 10 at 4c for 45 min to allow virus adsorption to the cell surface cultures were then either washed and fixed immediately for analysis of adsorbed virus or shifted to 37c to allow the infection to proceed for analysis of infected cells at very early times ie 30 mins the inoculum was then removed and cells washed and fixed for longer times the inoculum was removed and replaced with prewarmed medium containing 2 ncs cultures were washed and fixed at various times thereafter as indicated...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...and immunofluorescence for vp5 scale bar 10 m experimental variations from the normal process were as follows i during the cycloaddition cui was omitted from the reaction mixture ii the virus inoculum was treated with clinical grade neutralizing antibody ivig 100 mgml for 05 hr at room temperature prior to infection iii the inoculum was treated with dnase i 500 u ml for 05 h at 10c prior to infection iv cells were infected with a mock inoculum which consisted of concentrated supernatant from uninfected rpe1 cells pulsed and prepared as for an infected hsv1 edc stock tif 3dsim data...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...the cycloaddition cui was omitted from the reaction mixture ii the virus inoculum was treated with clinical grade neutralizing antibody ivig 100 mgml for 05 hr at room temperature prior to infection iii the inoculum was treated with dnase i 500 u ml for 05 h at 10c prior to infection iv cells were infected with a mock inoculum which consisted of concentrated supernatant from uninfected rpe1 cells pulsed and prepared as for an infected hsv1 edc stock tif 3dsim data of a representative rpe1 cell infected with hsv1 edc moi 20 at 05 hpi isorendered in huygens analysis software...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...effects of drug treatments a representative images of the localisation of icp4 in cells infected with hsv1 edc moi 10 and either untreated or incubated in the presence of actd 5 gml chx 100 gml or acv 500 m paa 400 gml as indicated cells were fixed 3 hr post infection and processed for immunofluorescence of icp4 scale bar 10 m b uninfected cells were treated with mg132 10 m nocodazole 2 m or leptomycin b 20 nm for 15 hr as during analysis of infection then fixed and processed for immunofluorescence for pml tubulin or cyclin b1 respectively red channel...

Title: Spatiotemporal dynamics of HSV genome nuclear
entry and compaction state transitions using
bioorthogonal chemistry and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Sekine, Eiki. Schmidt, Nora...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 132
ID: 5be812ecd3a63e7b5e718f17d9ca3a0d0fdb4a70
Number of matches: 44

...or acv 500 m paa 400 gml as indicated cells were fixed 3 hr post infection and processed for immunofluorescence of icp4 scale bar 10 m b uninfected cells were treated with mg132 10 m nocodazole 2 m or leptomycin b 20 nm for 15 hr as during analysis of infection then fixed and processed for immunofluorescence for pml tubulin or cyclin b1 respectively red channel cells were counterstained with dapi panels i and iv show mg132 treatment increases pml number and size per nuclei panels ii and v demonstrate microtubule depolymerisation upon nocodazole treatment panels iii and vi show inhibition...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...and colleagues described a new process used by the world health organization for rapidly developing clinical management guidelines in emergency situations these situations include outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases the authors discussed how they developed such a rapid advice guideline for the pharmacological management of avian influenza a h5n1 virus infection the guideline recommends giving the antiviral drug oseltamivir at a dose of 75 mg twice daily for five days in this debate nicholas white argues that such dosing is inadequate robert webster and elena govorkova say that combination antiviral therapy should be used and tim uyeki reminds us that clinical...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...and elena govorkova say that combination antiviral therapy should be used and tim uyeki reminds us that clinical care of patients with h5n1 entails much more than antiviral treatment these issues may also apply to therapy of patients hospitalized with severe disease due to novel swineorigin influenza a h1n1 virus infection rapidly fatal infections need urgent treatment with optimum doses of appropriate antimicrobials such doses should ideally produce maximum effects as quickly as possible and provide the greatest differential between lives saved and lives lost because of toxicity if the antimicrobial drug is not eliminated rapidly a loading dose should...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...develop treatment guidelines for h5n1 influenza has recommended an adult dose of 75 mg twice daily for five days this is the standard dose regimen for uncomplicated seasonal influenza [9 10] if absorbed well this 75 mg dose might provide maximal neuraminidase inhibition at the sites of infection in all patients seriously ill with h5n1 influenza in other words it might be enough but the truth is that we just do not know the concentrationeffect relationship in patients has not been characterised oseltamivir doses of up to 1000 mg have been given to volunteers high doses of oseltamivir...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...oseltamivir are reasonably well tolerated in humans and there is experimental evidence to suggest they could be more effective [5 7 8 11 12] there seems little to gain and everything to lose by using a low dose of this potentially lifesaving drug in a highly lethal infection the evidencebased approach grading of recommendations assessment development and evaluation or grade see httpwwwgradeworkinggrouporg now considered state of the art for guideline development [1 13 14] has been constrained by lack of rct evidence on higher doses of oseltamivir in recent years a hierarchy of the quality...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...of the two approaches tend to converge the current approach to guideline development may be too restrictive where there is little or no direct evidence from rcts the current evidencebased approach to treatment guidelines certainly needs reconsideration in the absence of direct evidence on dosing in a rapidly lethal infection basic precepts of antimicrobial pharmacology bayesian priors and common sense argue that the highest possible dose of an antimicrobial should be used at least initially until evidence becomes available to inform the recommendation nature has again sent a message to scientists and public health officials concerned with the current...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...against neuraminidase inhibitorresistant and amantadineresistant viruses new treatments such as immunomodulatory drugs that potentially control immune systemmediated tissue damage will require strong experimental evidence before adoption combination chemotherapy consisting of antiinfluenza drugs and inflammation inhibitors eg celecoxib and mesalazine was recently reported as a promising approach to control h5n1 infection in mice [25] another exciting recent discovery is the ability of the type ii diabetes drug pioglitazone to modulate tissuedamaging compounds of the innate immune response without compromising t cellmediated viral clearance [26] the passive administration of humanized monoclonal antibodies to h5 hemagglutinin in...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...the creation of comprehensive influenza antibody libraries from survivors of the h5n1 avian influenza [29] have also provided encouraging data many virus and host factors influence the outcome of h5n1 disease progression therefore multiple antiinfluenza drugs must be used to effectively treat and prevent the spread of infection figure 1 results from our experiments [23 24] suggest that a combination therapy approach guards against the emergence of resistant strains thus we propose that combinations of adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors be immediately introduced ribavirin use be further evaluated and clinical trials of t705 proceed with...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...[23 24] suggest that a combination therapy approach guards against the emergence of resistant strains thus we propose that combinations of adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors be immediately introduced ribavirin use be further evaluated and clinical trials of t705 proceed with urgency the emergence of a new respiratory infection that can cause rapid severe outcomes including death presents major challenges for identifying optimal clinical management and treatment for example early in the severe acute respiratory syndrome sars epidemic oral or intravenous ribavirin was administered to patients with sars on the assumption that this antiviral medication would have activity against...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...treatment of patients with sars and hemolytic anemia occurred in some treated patients [30 31] methylprednisolone was also administered widely to patients with sars and higher doses were associated with avascular necrosis among survivors [32 33] to date no definitive treatment exists for human infection with sarsassociated coronavirus sarscov and there are still challenges in collecting data from controlled clinical treatment trials of novel pathogens [34] since 1997 sporadic human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza a hpai h5n1 virus has caused illness in more than 440 persons in 15 countries [...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...doses were associated with avascular necrosis among survivors [32 33] to date no definitive treatment exists for human infection with sarsassociated coronavirus sarscov and there are still challenges in collecting data from controlled clinical treatment trials of novel pathogens [34] since 1997 sporadic human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza a hpai h5n1 virus has caused illness in more than 440 persons in 15 countries [35] [36] [37] with mortality consistently higher than 60 among reported cases [37] in contrast with the emergence of human...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...with highly pathogenic avian influenza a hpai h5n1 virus has caused illness in more than 440 persons in 15 countries [35] [36] [37] with mortality consistently higher than 60 among reported cases [37] in contrast with the emergence of human infection with sarscov a pathogen with no previously documented treatment hpai h5n1 virus is an influenza a virus and antiviral medications with documented in vitro activity and clinical benefit for related susceptible seasonal influenza a subtype viruses have existed for years however most published clinical studies of antiviral treatment for human...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...with sarscov a pathogen with no previously documented treatment hpai h5n1 virus is an influenza a virus and antiviral medications with documented in vitro activity and clinical benefit for related susceptible seasonal influenza a subtype viruses have existed for years however most published clinical studies of antiviral treatment for human infection with seasonal influenza a viruses have been conducted among otherwise healthy outpatients with uncomplicated influenza in which early treatment less than 48 hours from illness onset was assessed [38] [39] [40] [41] there have been only two published retrospective studies of...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...illness onset was assessed [38] [39] [40] [41] there have been only two published retrospective studies of treatment among hospitalized elderly [42 43] in the absence of controlled clinical treatment trial data for patients with hpai h5n1 virus infection what is the best guidance based upon available data is it valid to extrapolate data from early treatment of seasonal influenza a virus infection largely for uncomplicated influenza among outpatients to hospitalized patients with severe hpai h5n1 disease especially when the pathogenesis may be different [4 6] ...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...studies of treatment among hospitalized elderly [42 43] in the absence of controlled clinical treatment trial data for patients with hpai h5n1 virus infection what is the best guidance based upon available data is it valid to extrapolate data from early treatment of seasonal influenza a virus infection largely for uncomplicated influenza among outpatients to hospitalized patients with severe hpai h5n1 disease especially when the pathogenesis may be different [4 6] in 2006 who convened a panel to assess the available evidence and issued guidance for antiviral treatment and chemoprophylaxis of h5n1 virus infection [...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...virus infection largely for uncomplicated influenza among outpatients to hospitalized patients with severe hpai h5n1 disease especially when the pathogenesis may be different [4 6] in 2006 who convened a panel to assess the available evidence and issued guidance for antiviral treatment and chemoprophylaxis of h5n1 virus infection [9 10] limited data suggest higher h5n1 patient survival with earlier or any oseltamivir treatment standard dosing for five days compared to late or no treatment [4 44 45] who also issued guidance recommending consideration of higher oseltamivir dosing and longer duration of treatment...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...clinical presentation and severe disease [4 22] and recommended against routine corticosteroid treatment [4 22] to date clinical data on h5n1 antiviral treatment to guide clinicians are limited multiple challenges confront the clinician caring for a patient with suspected or confirmed h5n1 virus infection first hpai h5n1 virus is dynamic and a moving target h5n1 virus strains continue to evolve into multiple genotypes and antigenically distinct clades and subclades and at least ten clades of h5n1 virus strains have been identified to date [4] virus strains in four clades including three...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...during early treatment [48] and was reported in a patient who had received oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis [49] while human data on combination antiviral treatment are very limited [50] animal data support a benefit of combination antiviral treatment over monotherapy for h5n1 virus infection [23 24] indeed who recommended consideration of combination antiviral treatment with an adamantane plus a neuraminidase inhibitor for h5n1 patients infected with susceptible virus strains [4 22] the biggest challenge for physicians to initiating antiviral treatment is to identify h5n1 virusinfected patients early before...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...h5n1 virusinfected patients early before severe disease progression has occurred nonspecific signs and symptoms hinder clinical recognition of early h5n1 disease in most patients [4 51] and some h5n1 patients do not always have identified exposure to h5n1 virus [44 52] fortunately h5n1 virus infection remains rare worldwide so the only way to detect early infection is to test a huge number of suspected cases early in which very few will have h5n1 virus infection [53] additionally wide availability of an accurate simple inexpensive rapid point of care test which does not...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...signs and symptoms hinder clinical recognition of early h5n1 disease in most patients [4 51] and some h5n1 patients do not always have identified exposure to h5n1 virus [44 52] fortunately h5n1 virus infection remains rare worldwide so the only way to detect early infection is to test a huge number of suspected cases early in which very few will have h5n1 virus infection [53] additionally wide availability of an accurate simple inexpensive rapid point of care test which does not exist currently as well as antiviral medications would be needed at...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...some h5n1 patients do not always have identified exposure to h5n1 virus [44 52] fortunately h5n1 virus infection remains rare worldwide so the only way to detect early infection is to test a huge number of suspected cases early in which very few will have h5n1 virus infection [53] additionally wide availability of an accurate simple inexpensive rapid point of care test which does not exist currently as well as antiviral medications would be needed at health care facilities in countries with h5n1 poultry outbreaks however h5n1 virus may not always be detectable in an...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...mortalityeven among patients who are admitted with severe disease collection of comprehensive clinical data detailing how patients with h5n1 are cared for and training in standard icu care and ventilator management of patients with h5n1 for clinicians in h5n1affected countries might lead to improved clinical management with higher patient survival infection control must be emphasized among health care workers and family caregivers [59] [60] [61] in the setting of a disease with very high mortality with no available controlled human clinical data to guide clinicians in which most patients present with severe disease a...

Title: What Is the Optimal Therapy for Patients with
H5N1 Influenza?
Authors: White, Nicholas J.. Webster, Robert G....
Journal: PLoS Med
Item: Infection
Index: 134
ID: 3bd416cb6ace33b8879fa9e93778de31ae256773
Number of matches: 22

...respiratory distress syndrome and management of other complications collection of detailed clinical data is needed to inform optimal management of patients with h5n1 with defined clinical and virological outcomes similar issues confront clinicians treating patients hospitalized with severe lower respiratory tract disease due to novel swineorigin influenza a h1n1 virus infection currently resistant to adamantane antivirals [62] icmje criteria for authorship read and met njw rgw eag tmu contributed to the writing of the paper njw rgw eag tmu...

Title: Proteases and Their Inhibitors in Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Dey, Tapan. Kalita, Jatin...
Journal: J Clin Med
Item: Infection
Index: 135
ID: ecdc5c17ed143ffed9542802ce029dd323bb6a28
Number of matches: 1

...however further in vivo studies will be required to determine the therapeutic potential of these aminoglycosides for the treatment of copd proteinase 3 pr3 is the most abundant serine protease present in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils [86] and is mostly active in the immune response to infection and is an autoantigen in wegeners disease [87] in addition it possesses antibacterial activity against a host of pathogens such as pseudomonas aeruginosa staphylococcus aureus aspergillus fumigatus and candida albicans [88] as degranulationassociated neutrophilic inflammation was found to play a major role in copd...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...the feline hemoplasmas which has recently been experimentally confirmed [15] mhf is the most pathogenic of the three feline hemoplasma species and can induce severe hemolytic anemia which is potentially fatal if left untreated in contrast the other two feline hemoplasmas may induce mild anemia and the infection often remains subclinical [16] the natural route of hemoplasma transmission between cats is still unresolved but aggressive interactions and bloodsucking arthropods have mainly been implicated [17] [18] [19] for experimental transmission the intraperitoneal intravenous or subcutaneous inoculation of hemoplasmacontaining blood...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...but aggressive interactions and bloodsucking arthropods have mainly been implicated [17] [18] [19] for experimental transmission the intraperitoneal intravenous or subcutaneous inoculation of hemoplasmacontaining blood has been successful [10 [19] [20] [21] recently a lowdose infection model for mhf that aimed to more accurately mirror the natural transmission of hemoplasmas was developed [22] different antibiotic regimens reduce hemoplasma blood loads and alleviate clinical signs but so far no treatment protocol has successfully and consistently cleared feline hemoplasma infections [21 [23]...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...found in the study by hicks et al [28] where an early increase in the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor tnf and interleukin6 il6 was observed in cats protected from mhf reinfection furthermore the immune response seemed to be skewed towards a th1 response after primary mhf infection whereas a switch from an initial th1 to a delayed th2 response was observed after primary cmt infection [27 28] these results suggest that cats respond to infection by different feline hemoplasma species with different immune mechanisms important data on the immune response elicited by hemoplasma...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor tnf and interleukin6 il6 was observed in cats protected from mhf reinfection furthermore the immune response seemed to be skewed towards a th1 response after primary mhf infection whereas a switch from an initial th1 to a delayed th2 response was observed after primary cmt infection [27 28] these results suggest that cats respond to infection by different feline hemoplasma species with different immune mechanisms important data on the immune response elicited by hemoplasma infection have been provided by previous studies [27 28] but the mechanisms that confer protection...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...protected from mhf reinfection furthermore the immune response seemed to be skewed towards a th1 response after primary mhf infection whereas a switch from an initial th1 to a delayed th2 response was observed after primary cmt infection [27 28] these results suggest that cats respond to infection by different feline hemoplasma species with different immune mechanisms important data on the immune response elicited by hemoplasma infection have been provided by previous studies [27 28] but the mechanisms that confer protection against reinfection have yet to be clarified passive immunization transfers humoral immunity to...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...whereas a switch from an initial th1 to a delayed th2 response was observed after primary cmt infection [27 28] these results suggest that cats respond to infection by different feline hemoplasma species with different immune mechanisms important data on the immune response elicited by hemoplasma infection have been provided by previous studies [27 28] but the mechanisms that confer protection against reinfection have yet to be clarified passive immunization transfers humoral immunity to a nonimmune individual in the form of antibodies and allows the protective role of antibodies in the absence of cellular...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...were monitored in passively immunized and control cats in the main experiment 15 4monthold male specified pathogenfree spf cats from liberty research inc waverly new york usa were used as recipient cats five adult spf cats served as blood donors three of these cats had overcome a previous mhf infection hbu2 hbz2 and hcd2 [28] while two cats were nave adult spf cats gcn5 and jcr4 moreover in a preexperiment a 2yearold male castrated spf cat hcc4 was used all cats were housed in groups in a confined university facility under ethologically and hygienically ideal conditions [...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...housed in groups in a confined university facility under ethologically and hygienically ideal conditions [29] all experiments were approved by the veterinary office of the canton of zurich tvb 922014 and were conducted in accordance with swiss laws fifty days prior to plasma transfusion and experimental infection the spf status of all the cats was confirmed by testing for the absence of infection with feline hemoplasmas feline calicivirus feline herpesvirus1 feline coronavirus feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus as well as bartonella henselae and chlamydia felis as recently described [19 30] the absence of...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...] all experiments were approved by the veterinary office of the canton of zurich tvb 922014 and were conducted in accordance with swiss laws fifty days prior to plasma transfusion and experimental infection the spf status of all the cats was confirmed by testing for the absence of infection with feline hemoplasmas feline calicivirus feline herpesvirus1 feline coronavirus feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus as well as bartonella henselae and chlamydia felis as recently described [19 30] the absence of mhf infection was again confirmed by realtime taqman quantitative qpcr [12] on day...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...spf status of all the cats was confirmed by testing for the absence of infection with feline hemoplasmas feline calicivirus feline herpesvirus1 feline coronavirus feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus as well as bartonella henselae and chlamydia felis as recently described [19 30] the absence of mhf infection was again confirmed by realtime taqman quantitative qpcr [12] on day 0 prior to plasma transfusion and mhf inoculation all donor cats and the cat from the preexperiment were bloodtyped using a commercial immunochromatography technique feline lab test a b alvedia france the recipient cats had...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...france the recipient cats had been bloodtyped by liberty research inc waverly a standard salineagglutination crossmatching procedure was performed to ascertain the compatibility of transfusion [31] for passive immunization a total of 118 ml of plasma was collected from the three cats that had overcome previous mhf infection hbu2 hbz2 and hcd2 [28] the plasma was collected from these cats on day 538 post mhf inoculation hbu2 had cleared the infection without treatment whereas hbz2 and hcd2 had received antibiotic treatment to clear the infection hbz2 10 mgkgday doxycycline for 44 days hcd2 10 mg...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...31] for passive immunization a total of 118 ml of plasma was collected from the three cats that had overcome previous mhf infection hbu2 hbz2 and hcd2 [28] the plasma was collected from these cats on day 538 post mhf inoculation hbu2 had cleared the infection without treatment whereas hbz2 and hcd2 had received antibiotic treatment to clear the infection hbz2 10 mgkgday doxycycline for 44 days hcd2 10 mg kgday doxycycline for 27 days followed by 2 mgkg day marbofloxacin for 23 days in the latter two cats antibiotic treatment was stopped 59129 days prior...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...collected from the three cats that had overcome previous mhf infection hbu2 hbz2 and hcd2 [28] the plasma was collected from these cats on day 538 post mhf inoculation hbu2 had cleared the infection without treatment whereas hbz2 and hcd2 had received antibiotic treatment to clear the infection hbz2 10 mgkgday doxycycline for 44 days hcd2 10 mg kgday doxycycline for 27 days followed by 2 mgkg day marbofloxacin for 23 days in the latter two cats antibiotic treatment was stopped 59129 days prior to plasma collection all cats tested negative for mhf for at least eight consecutive...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...the adult cat hcc4 transfused with an aliquot of plasma pool a during the preexperiment tested mhf pcrnegative in each of the samples collected during the 23 weeks after the transfusion data not shown the cat stayed clinically healthy throughout the entire experiment prior to plasma transfusion and experimental infection day 0 all cats in both groups tested mhf pcrnegative all cats in groups a and b became mhf pcrpositive within 731 days and 738 days pi respectively figures 1a and b except for one cat jhw3 in group b cat jhw3 remained pcrnegative throughout the 100day followup...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...the pcrnegative cat jhw3 in group b was excluded from the analysis p mwu 00759 the cats in both groups tested negative in the dnak elisa defined as an od 415 033 prior to the plasma transfusion figures 2a and b after passive immunization and subsequent infection group a cats showed slightly but significantly higher dnak elisa od 415 values at days 3 7 and 14 pi compared with the od 415 values of cats in group b p mwu 005 figure 2c from day 21 until day 100 pi no significant difference in the...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...groups on day 100 pi remarkably compared with baseline values rbc of was still increased in several cats in groups a and b at day 100 pi figures 4a and b therefore one further measurement was obtained at day 179 pi rbc of significantly changed during the course of infection only in cats in group a p f 00004 figure 4a the rbc of reached maximal values at day 21 pi in eight out of ten animals in group a range 50 hemolysis in nacl 063079 wv and at day 100 pi in cat jhz1 50 hemolysis in...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...in nacl 075 wv day 179 pi reference interval 50 hemolysis in nacl 050057 wv figure 4b all cats in both groups tested negative in the direct coombs test at all time points data not shown cats in both groups showed an increase in leukocyte counts immediately after infection followed by a significant decrease with the nadir being reached three to four weeks pi data not shown there was no significant difference in leukocyte counts between the two groups during the 100day followup period the lymphocyte cell counts showed an initial increase followed by a significant decrease with the...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...mhf at day 0 significant differences between groups are indicated with asterisks p mwu 005 the reference interval for rbc of based on measurements in nine healthy cats is shaded grey 50 hemolysis in nacl 050057 wv [10] rbc of significantly changed during the course of infection in cats in group a p f 00004 significantly higher levels at days 21 and 100 pi compared with day 0 preinoculation p d 005 but not in cats in group b higher in group a compared to group b during the study period but significance was...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...a but the decrease in cell counts was delayed and the nadir was reached at 6 weeks pi p f 00001 figure 5b again this pattern was less pronounced in cats in group b p f 00067 figure 5b in contrast the monocyte counts increased after infection in cats in group a with maximal values reached at day 35 pi p f 00001 figure 5c again this pattern was less pronounced in cats in group b p f 00135 figure 5c when compared to the counts in group b the monocyte counts in...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...all analyzed lymphocyte subsets [cd5 cd4 and cd8 t lymphocytes activated cd4 t lymphocytes cd4 cd25 and b lymphocytes cd45rb220 ] showed a significant change over time p f 005 in the control cats a significant change during the course of infection was only observed for the activated cd4 t lymphocyte subset p f 005 specifically cats in group a showed a significant decrease in the cd4 cd8 and cd5 t lymphocyte counts with the nadir reached at days 21 21 and 28 pi respectively coinciding with...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...cats in group b with significance reached at days 3 and 14 pi p mwu 005 the activated cd4 t lymphocyte subsets showed a somewhat different pattern than the other lymphocyte subsets in group a the activated cd4 t lymphocyte counts increased early during the course of infection into the onset of pcrpositivity and peak bacteremia and then they markedly decreased and reached a nadir at day 42 pi p f 00001 this pattern was also present but less pronounced in group b p f 00249 figure 6f furthermore compared with cats in group b...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...00001 additional file 1c compared with cats in group b cats in group a showed significantly higher globulin concentrations at days 21 and 35 pi p mwu 005 additional file 1c this is the first study to investigate the protective role of the humoral immune response against hemoplasma infection using a passive immunization experiment our study demonstrated that the passive transfer of antibodies from mhfrecovered to nave spf cats does not prevent infection high bacterial loads and the development of clinical signs following homologous challenge with mhf the passively immunized and control cats showed no differences in the onset...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...pi p mwu 005 additional file 1c this is the first study to investigate the protective role of the humoral immune response against hemoplasma infection using a passive immunization experiment our study demonstrated that the passive transfer of antibodies from mhfrecovered to nave spf cats does not prevent infection high bacterial loads and the development of clinical signs following homologous challenge with mhf the passively immunized and control cats showed no differences in the onset and extent of bacteremia and anemia during the course of mhf infection hicks et al [28] recently documented that mhfrecovered cats were...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...transfer of antibodies from mhfrecovered to nave spf cats does not prevent infection high bacterial loads and the development of clinical signs following homologous challenge with mhf the passively immunized and control cats showed no differences in the onset and extent of bacteremia and anemia during the course of mhf infection hicks et al [28] recently documented that mhfrecovered cats were protected from reinfection following rechallenge with a homologous mhf isolate our study indicates that the presence of antibodies to mhf cannot mediate protection against homologous challenge but that cellular or innate immune mechanisms may be necessary to...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...28] recently documented that mhfrecovered cats were protected from reinfection following rechallenge with a homologous mhf isolate our study indicates that the presence of antibodies to mhf cannot mediate protection against homologous challenge but that cellular or innate immune mechanisms may be necessary to provide protection against mhf infection this is also in line with the study by hicks et al [28] which reported protection from mhf reinfection in the absence of a pronounced th2type response in the cats after rechallenge in the latter study the protected cats showed no increase in antidnak antibody and il10...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...up to day 28 pi it is possible that the level of antibodies in the passively immunized cats following transfusion was not sufficiently high to prevent bacteremia however hicks et al [28] documented protection from mhf although the antibody levels to dnak did not rise after mhf challenge infection and remained at rather low levels mean logtransformed relative antibody level ral 12 when compared to the control cats with de novo mhf infection peak mean ral 22 they concluded that if mhfspecific antibodies had been responsible for immune protection in these cats then low levels of antidnak...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...prevent bacteremia however hicks et al [28] documented protection from mhf although the antibody levels to dnak did not rise after mhf challenge infection and remained at rather low levels mean logtransformed relative antibody level ral 12 when compared to the control cats with de novo mhf infection peak mean ral 22 they concluded that if mhfspecific antibodies had been responsible for immune protection in these cats then low levels of antidnak antibodies could be sufficient to provide protection against mhf infection because the assay and the calculations used to quantify antidnak antibodies in that study were...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...antibody level ral 12 when compared to the control cats with de novo mhf infection peak mean ral 22 they concluded that if mhfspecific antibodies had been responsible for immune protection in these cats then low levels of antidnak antibodies could be sufficient to provide protection against mhf infection because the assay and the calculations used to quantify antidnak antibodies in that study were different from those used in the present study a direct comparison of antibody titers was not possible furthermore it needs to be considered that antibodies with different epitope specificities that are not detected with current...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...from those used in the present study a direct comparison of antibody titers was not possible furthermore it needs to be considered that antibodies with different epitope specificities that are not detected with current dnak elisa could mediate immune protection however assays to measure such antibodies are not available infection enhancement ie earlier onset of bacteremia and anemia was recently documented in cats that had recovered from cmt infection and were rechallenged with mhf [15] all cmtrecovered cats were serologically positive before mhf inoculation the study suggested that the preexisting antibodies against cmt might have had enhanced...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...to be considered that antibodies with different epitope specificities that are not detected with current dnak elisa could mediate immune protection however assays to measure such antibodies are not available infection enhancement ie earlier onset of bacteremia and anemia was recently documented in cats that had recovered from cmt infection and were rechallenged with mhf [15] all cmtrecovered cats were serologically positive before mhf inoculation the study suggested that the preexisting antibodies against cmt might have had enhanced infection kinetics in the cmtrecovered cats [15] although infection kinetics were not different between the passively...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...enhancement ie earlier onset of bacteremia and anemia was recently documented in cats that had recovered from cmt infection and were rechallenged with mhf [15] all cmtrecovered cats were serologically positive before mhf inoculation the study suggested that the preexisting antibodies against cmt might have had enhanced infection kinetics in the cmtrecovered cats [15] although infection kinetics were not different between the passively immunized and control cats in this study our results still suggest that the transfer of antibodies from mhfrecovered cats could potentially be harmful the passively immunized cats showed a significant increase in...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...in cats that had recovered from cmt infection and were rechallenged with mhf [15] all cmtrecovered cats were serologically positive before mhf inoculation the study suggested that the preexisting antibodies against cmt might have had enhanced infection kinetics in the cmtrecovered cats [15] although infection kinetics were not different between the passively immunized and control cats in this study our results still suggest that the transfer of antibodies from mhfrecovered cats could potentially be harmful the passively immunized cats showed a significant increase in rbc of during the course of infection this effect was not...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...15] although infection kinetics were not different between the passively immunized and control cats in this study our results still suggest that the transfer of antibodies from mhfrecovered cats could potentially be harmful the passively immunized cats showed a significant increase in rbc of during the course of infection this effect was not observed in the control cats indicating that the increase was not simply due to a nonspecific effect of plasma transfusion on rbc fragility it can be hypothesized that the antibodies bound to the mhf organisms attached to rbcs rbcbound antibodies have been found after primary mhf...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...this effect was not observed in the control cats indicating that the increase was not simply due to a nonspecific effect of plasma transfusion on rbc fragility it can be hypothesized that the antibodies bound to the mhf organisms attached to rbcs rbcbound antibodies have been found after primary mhf infection [16 39 40] and can induce receptormediated rbc phagocytosis or the activation of the complement system [41] in the present study rbcbound antibodies were not detected in the cats by coombs test but the sensitivity of this assay may be limited [42] ...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...[41] in the present study rbcbound antibodies were not detected in the cats by coombs test but the sensitivity of this assay may be limited [42] the bilirubin concentrations were also higher in the passively immunized versus control cats at some time points during infection rbc destruction leads to the formation of free hemoglobin which is processed by the mononuclear phagocytic system during this process bilirubin is formed released in the blood stream and further metabolized and excreted by the liver during pronounced rbc destruction the capacity of the liver to metabolize bilirubin is overwhelmed...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...b lymphocyte counts and higher total protein and globulin concentrations than the control cats at several time points during the experiment furthermore peak globulin concentrations coincided with peak antidnak antibody levels in both groups this result was also found in our recent study where we documented polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia during mhf infection coinciding with high antidnak antibodies [15] we speculated that a large portion of the immune globulin pool was not hemoplasmaspecific and was potentially due to a polyclonal b lymphocyte activation the induction of autoreactive antibodies has recently been reported for the porcine hemoplasma mycoplasma suis and is...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...infect the plasma donor cats contributed to the more pronounced immune response in the passively immunized cats this has been reported for other feline pathogens ie feline coronavirus fcov which can cause feline infectious peritonitis fip [44] during the pathogenesis of fip the virus targets macrophages and infection of these cells can be enhanced in the presence of antibodies antibodydependent enhancement ade [45] takano et al [44] showed that cats passively immunized with antibodies to serotype i fcov showed an enhanced onset of disease following inoculation with the homologous serotype this was not...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...the homologous serotype this was not found when cats passively immunized with antibodies to serotype ii fcov were challenged with serotype i the authors concluded that fcov reinfection with the same serotype might induce ade and could advance the development of fip although ade has also been suspected in bacterial infection [46] it is unknown whether it might play a role in the pathogenesis of feline hemoplasma infections [15] signs of infection enhancement have recently been documented in candidatus m turicensisrecovered seropositive cats following a challenge with mhf [15] the study suggested...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...reinfection with the same serotype might induce ade and could advance the development of fip although ade has also been suspected in bacterial infection [46] it is unknown whether it might play a role in the pathogenesis of feline hemoplasma infections [15] signs of infection enhancement have recently been documented in candidatus m turicensisrecovered seropositive cats following a challenge with mhf [15] the study suggested that the presence of antibodies directed against cmt could enhance mhf infection however to the best of our knowledge disease enhancement after rechallenge with the same feline...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...a role in the pathogenesis of feline hemoplasma infections [15] signs of infection enhancement have recently been documented in candidatus m turicensisrecovered seropositive cats following a challenge with mhf [15] the study suggested that the presence of antibodies directed against cmt could enhance mhf infection however to the best of our knowledge disease enhancement after rechallenge with the same feline hemoplasma species has not been documented in contrast two studies showed that cats that had recovered from mhf or cmt infection were protected from reinfection following rechallenge with the same hemoplasma species respectively [27...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...the study suggested that the presence of antibodies directed against cmt could enhance mhf infection however to the best of our knowledge disease enhancement after rechallenge with the same feline hemoplasma species has not been documented in contrast two studies showed that cats that had recovered from mhf or cmt infection were protected from reinfection following rechallenge with the same hemoplasma species respectively [27 28] both studies had used an aliquot of the same mhf or cmt isolate for reinfection that had been used for primary infection of the cats personal communication rhl the passively immunized cats...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...studies showed that cats that had recovered from mhf or cmt infection were protected from reinfection following rechallenge with the same hemoplasma species respectively [27 28] both studies had used an aliquot of the same mhf or cmt isolate for reinfection that had been used for primary infection of the cats personal communication rhl the passively immunized cats showed a significant decrease in lymphocyte counts near the onset of peak bacteremia around 3 weeks pi this comprised decreases in absolute counts of cd4 t lymphocytes cd8 t lymphocytes and b lymphocytes around three to 4...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...of cd4 t lymphocytes cd8 t lymphocytes and b lymphocytes around three to 4 weeks pi and was followed by an increase of the lymphocyte subsets until the end of the study in two recent studies we reported a very similar pattern in the lymphocyte subsets following mhf infection of nave and cmtrecovered cats the decrease was explained by the migration of the cells from the peripheral blood to the draining lymph nodes where they become activated and proliferate [15 28] in the individual cats the decrease in leukocyte lymphocyte and neutrophil counts occurred just prior...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...counts could be caused by the increased consumption of these cells which are involved in bacterial killing or less likely by reduced production due to undefined inhibitory factors [47] monocytosis could be found due to hemolysis [48] and was shown to be associated with mhf infection in naturally infected cats [49] we documented leukopenia and neutropenia as well as decreased eosinophils lymphocytes and increased monocytes at times of peak mhf bacteremia also in a recent study [15] it is difficult to judge whether the decrease in the white blood cell...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...one cat in group b jhw3 stayed pcrnegative and seronegative during the 100day followup period but it developed bacteremia and seroconverted 154 days after mhf inoculation although lowlevel bacteremia below the detection limit of the pcr assay cannot be completely excluded in this cat we would expect a productive infection to result in seroconversion [20 50] because all cats in this study were kept under strictly controlled hygienic conditions vectorborne transmission between the cats can be excluded however all cats of group b were housed together and four out of five cats in group b tested mhf...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

... the present study had some limitations no masking was used during data collection and analysis furthermore the relatively small groups size used in this study for animal welfare reasons could have masked significant differences between the passively immunized and control cats however as no protection but rather signs of infection enhancement were found in the passively immunized cats the limited group size should not have affected the principal hypothesis addressed in this study the present study used an experimental setup to address the protective role of passively transferred antibodies in mhf infection experimental infection studies do have some inherent...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...as no protection but rather signs of infection enhancement were found in the passively immunized cats the limited group size should not have affected the principal hypothesis addressed in this study the present study used an experimental setup to address the protective role of passively transferred antibodies in mhf infection experimental infection studies do have some inherent limitations when results are generalized to natural infections however to mirror the natural transmission of hemoplasmas most accurately a published lowdose infection model was applied in this study [22] the inoculated dose contained only 1000 copies of mhf which corresponds...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...protection but rather signs of infection enhancement were found in the passively immunized cats the limited group size should not have affected the principal hypothesis addressed in this study the present study used an experimental setup to address the protective role of passively transferred antibodies in mhf infection experimental infection studies do have some inherent limitations when results are generalized to natural infections however to mirror the natural transmission of hemoplasmas most accurately a published lowdose infection model was applied in this study [22] the inoculated dose contained only 1000 copies of mhf which corresponds to approximately...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...this study the present study used an experimental setup to address the protective role of passively transferred antibodies in mhf infection experimental infection studies do have some inherent limitations when results are generalized to natural infections however to mirror the natural transmission of hemoplasmas most accurately a published lowdose infection model was applied in this study [22] the inoculated dose contained only 1000 copies of mhf which corresponds to approximately 005 l of infectious blood from a naturally infected cat [22] this small blood volume can easily be transmitted by bloodsucking arthropods or via...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...[19] therefore the infectious dose applied to the cats should not be the reason for the lack of protection in the passively immunized cats several measures were undertaken to ensure that the plasma used for passive immunization did not contain viable mhf organisms that could transmit infection the donor cats were tested weekly for at least eight consecutive weeks before the plasma was collected all these samples and the plasma pool itself were tested in triplicate with a highly sensitive mhfspecific qpcr assay [12] and revealed pcrnegative results furthermore an aliquot of the plasma pool...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...mhfspecific qpcr assay [12] and revealed pcrnegative results furthermore an aliquot of the plasma pool used for passive immunization was transfused into an adult spf the cat was followed for 23 weeks after transfusion and stayed pcrnegative in conclusion passive immunization did not provide protection against experimental infection with mhf but instead enhanced rbc fragility and was associated with a more pronounced immune response after infection this result suggests that a humoral immune response in the absence of cellular immune mechanisms is insufficient to provide protection from mhf infection potential vaccine candidates should include the induction of a...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...for passive immunization was transfused into an adult spf the cat was followed for 23 weeks after transfusion and stayed pcrnegative in conclusion passive immunization did not provide protection against experimental infection with mhf but instead enhanced rbc fragility and was associated with a more pronounced immune response after infection this result suggests that a humoral immune response in the absence of cellular immune mechanisms is insufficient to provide protection from mhf infection potential vaccine candidates should include the induction of a cellular immune response against mhf and the plasma transfusions fsb was responsible for the clinical aspects of the...

Title: Passive immunization does not provide
protection against experimental infection with
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Authors: Sugiarto, Sarah. Spiri, Andrea M....
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 136
ID: 283047560dd3e30f1161338e0f4f2fcc335328f1
Number of matches: 53

...conclusion passive immunization did not provide protection against experimental infection with mhf but instead enhanced rbc fragility and was associated with a more pronounced immune response after infection this result suggests that a humoral immune response in the absence of cellular immune mechanisms is insufficient to provide protection from mhf infection potential vaccine candidates should include the induction of a cellular immune response against mhf and the plasma transfusions fsb was responsible for the clinical aspects of the study and supported the plasma transfusions of the cats rhl supported the statistical analyses ss and bw drafted the manuscript bw and rhl...

Title: Unifying Viral Genetics and Human
Transportation Data to Predict the Global Transmission
Dynamics of Human Influenza H3N2
Authors: Lemey, Philippe. Rambaut, Andrew...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 137
ID: 8d2f1769c1de3d813cf910561ff0401fb9d75121
Number of matches: 4

...a stochastic metapopulation susceptibleinfectedrecovered sir model with n 14 populations matching the 14 air communities analyzed in the phylogeographic model the model tracks the number of susceptible s infected i and recovered r individuals in each population each day of the simulation the simulations begin with a single initial infection in mexico on january 5th 2009 [31] infection spreads through massaction within each population according to the following epidemiological parameters populationspecific host population size is equal to human population size text s1 basic epidemiological parameters are based on empirical estimates from h1n1 the duration of infection was...

Title: Unifying Viral Genetics and Human
Transportation Data to Predict the Global Transmission
Dynamics of Human Influenza H3N2
Authors: Lemey, Philippe. Rambaut, Andrew...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 137
ID: 8d2f1769c1de3d813cf910561ff0401fb9d75121
Number of matches: 4

...matching the 14 air communities analyzed in the phylogeographic model the model tracks the number of susceptible s infected i and recovered r individuals in each population each day of the simulation the simulations begin with a single initial infection in mexico on january 5th 2009 [31] infection spreads through massaction within each population according to the following epidemiological parameters populationspecific host population size is equal to human population size text s1 basic epidemiological parameters are based on empirical estimates from h1n1 the duration of infection was chosen as 3 days [31] and the basic reproductive...

Title: Unifying Viral Genetics and Human
Transportation Data to Predict the Global Transmission
Dynamics of Human Influenza H3N2
Authors: Lemey, Philippe. Rambaut, Andrew...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 137
ID: 8d2f1769c1de3d813cf910561ff0401fb9d75121
Number of matches: 4

...initial infection in mexico on january 5th 2009 [31] infection spreads through massaction within each population according to the following epidemiological parameters populationspecific host population size is equal to human population size text s1 basic epidemiological parameters are based on empirical estimates from h1n1 the duration of infection was chosen as 3 days [31] and the basic reproductive number r 0 or average number of secondary infections arising from a primary infector during their infectious period in a completely susceptible population was chosen as 13 [31] this results in a transmission rate...

Title: Unifying Viral Genetics and Human
Transportation Data to Predict the Global Transmission
Dynamics of Human Influenza H3N2
Authors: Lemey, Philippe. Rambaut, Andrew...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 137
ID: 8d2f1769c1de3d813cf910561ff0401fb9d75121
Number of matches: 4

...a transmission rate b0433 although estimates of r 0 for pandemic h1n1 vary across studies the exact r 0 value is unlikely to affect the comparative simulations we perform as this is expected to equally impact the overall expansion rate and not the relative migration dynamics across populations force of infection l j within population j scales with infected frequency across populations following l jp n i1 r ij bi i s j n j where the coupling coefficient r ij represents the rate of contacts from population i to population j relative to withinpopulation contacts and r jj1 ...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...spectrum of illnesses in pigs birds dogs and foxes [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] there are only two circovirus species reported in pigs namely the closely related porcine circovirus types 1 and 2 pcv1 and 2 however only pcv2 infection is known to cause clinical disease manifested by reproductive respiratory renal enteric lymphatic cardiovascular nervous andor skin disorders resulting in significant economic losses to pork producers [1 6] several divergent circovirus genomes have been also detected in human feces bats mink and fish [7] [...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...processed for bacteriology and virology tissues were fixed in 10 neutral buffered formalin processed by standard technique and stained by hemotoxylin and eosin he technique for light microscopic examination sections from these same paraffin blocks were also used for immunohistochemical staining in the examined pig haemophilus parasuis joint infection was confirmed by real time pcr from a joint swab the light microscopic examination of the tissue slides trachea esophagus synovial capsule heart lung thymus thyroid gland and lymph node revealed moderate fibrinous arthritissynovitis with necrotizing arteriolitis in the synovial capsule additionally light microscopic examination revealed necrotizing arteriolitis in the...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...virus prrsv classical swine fever virus csfv pestivirus footandmouth disease virus fmdv porcine parvovirus ppv 1 and 2 west nile virus wnv encephalomyocarditis virus emcv mycoplasma hyosynoviae mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infections were ruled out by specific validated pcrs performed at the umnvdl following standard operating procedures toxoplasma gondii infection was ruled out by immunohistochemistry in sections of heart bacterial aerobic cultures from lung heart and joint were negative because the etiology for the cardiac lesions was unresolved a heart and lung tissues homogenate was analyzed using viral metagenomic deep sequencing the homogenate was clarified by 15000 g...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...to the umnvdl on may 2016 the pig was 9to 10weeks of age and had a history of respiratory disease and rectal prolapse the pathologic examination including gross and light microscopic tissue examination and ancillary diagnostic testing revealed severe segmental necrohemorrhagic and fibrinous transmural proctitis caused by salmonella derby infection moderate multifocal cranioventral pneumonia with neutrophilic bronchiolitis and alveolitis caused by streptococcus suis haemophilus parasuis and mycoplasma hyorhinis infection and mild arthritis caused by haemophilus parasuis and mycoplasma hyorhinis joint infection additionally the pig had multifocal mild lymphohistiocytic periarteriolitis of undetermined cause in the heart kidney and liver portal tracts...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...disease and rectal prolapse the pathologic examination including gross and light microscopic tissue examination and ancillary diagnostic testing revealed severe segmental necrohemorrhagic and fibrinous transmural proctitis caused by salmonella derby infection moderate multifocal cranioventral pneumonia with neutrophilic bronchiolitis and alveolitis caused by streptococcus suis haemophilus parasuis and mycoplasma hyorhinis infection and mild arthritis caused by haemophilus parasuis and mycoplasma hyorhinis joint infection additionally the pig had multifocal mild lymphohistiocytic periarteriolitis of undetermined cause in the heart kidney and liver portal tracts occasionally in the heart the inflammatory cells lymphocytes infiltrated the tunica media of the arterioles mural arteriolitis fig 3a...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...microscopic tissue examination and ancillary diagnostic testing revealed severe segmental necrohemorrhagic and fibrinous transmural proctitis caused by salmonella derby infection moderate multifocal cranioventral pneumonia with neutrophilic bronchiolitis and alveolitis caused by streptococcus suis haemophilus parasuis and mycoplasma hyorhinis infection and mild arthritis caused by haemophilus parasuis and mycoplasma hyorhinis joint infection additionally the pig had multifocal mild lymphohistiocytic periarteriolitis of undetermined cause in the heart kidney and liver portal tracts occasionally in the heart the inflammatory cells lymphocytes infiltrated the tunica media of the arterioles mural arteriolitis fig 3a at the sites of mural inflammation there was pyknotic nuclear debris...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...genbank jq4340031 the transcriptome of this sick pigs heart therefore contained nucleic acids from pcv3 pastv4 and equine hepacivirus pcv2 is a causative agent for systemic disease in pigs worldwide and is often found in the context of other viral and bacterial infections [1 25] pcv2 infection has been reported to cause fetal infection and death abortion resulting from mild to severe lymphocytic myocarditis [26] [27] [28] pcv2 infection is also one of the most commonly recognized causes of arteriolitis in pigs [29] interestingly in pigs with...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...pigs heart therefore contained nucleic acids from pcv3 pastv4 and equine hepacivirus pcv2 is a causative agent for systemic disease in pigs worldwide and is often found in the context of other viral and bacterial infections [1 25] pcv2 infection has been reported to cause fetal infection and death abortion resulting from mild to severe lymphocytic myocarditis [26] [27] [28] pcv2 infection is also one of the most commonly recognized causes of arteriolitis in pigs [29] interestingly in pigs with pcv2associated arteriolitis the viral nucleic acid is...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...pigs worldwide and is often found in the context of other viral and bacterial infections [1 25] pcv2 infection has been reported to cause fetal infection and death abortion resulting from mild to severe lymphocytic myocarditis [26] [27] [28] pcv2 infection is also one of the most commonly recognized causes of arteriolitis in pigs [29] interestingly in pigs with pcv2associated arteriolitis the viral nucleic acid is detectable in the leiomyocytes of the arteriolar tunica media and within inflammatory cells [29] a similar viral nucleic acid...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...media and within inflammatory cells [29] a similar viral nucleic acid distribution was demonstrated by ish in the pcv3usmo2015 infected pig in this report all pcv3 infected pigs in this report were between 23 and 910 weeks of age this suggests that animals probably contracted the infection at a young age after birth although congenital transmission should also be considered interestingly some forms of pcv2associated disease such as porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome occur more commonly in pigs between 5 and 12 weeks of age [30] agedependent susceptibility to pcv2 infection has been associated with...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...animals probably contracted the infection at a young age after birth although congenital transmission should also be considered interestingly some forms of pcv2associated disease such as porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome occur more commonly in pigs between 5 and 12 weeks of age [30] agedependent susceptibility to pcv2 infection has been associated with declining levels of maternal immunity obtained through the colostrum in juvenile pigs [31] attributing causality to a potential new pathogen without fulfilling kochs postulates is challenging typically this begins with elimination of usual pathogens known to be able to cause the lesion and...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...our study the most common viral causes of arteriolitisvasculitis namely pcv2 and prrsv as well as nonsuppurative myocarditis were ruled out by specific testing leaving the causative agents undetermined other potential causes of nonsuppurative myocarditis were ruled out during the initial diagnostic workup concurrently metagenomic analysis produced results consistent with infection by a new circovirus we called pcv3 whose mrna was detected infrequently but intralesionally in the tunica media of an inflamed cardiac arteriole scattered cardiomyocytes and inflammatory cells presumably macrophages infiltrating the adjacent myocardium in case 1 these results indicate an anatomical association between transcription of pcv3 viral mrna...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...pastv4 was also detected in the blood of healthy pigs from croatia [35] a related astrovirus 75 nucleotide identity was recently found in nasal swabs of pigs with an acute respiratory disease in the us [36] while pastv4 is a highly prevalent enteric infection in both healthy and diarrheic pigs [34] pastv4 as a systemic blood infection and in combination with other infectious agents such as pcv3 as was the case for all 3 animals here is also a credible pathogen for other clinical signs multiple bovine astroviruses have also been...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...a related astrovirus 75 nucleotide identity was recently found in nasal swabs of pigs with an acute respiratory disease in the us [36] while pastv4 is a highly prevalent enteric infection in both healthy and diarrheic pigs [34] pastv4 as a systemic blood infection and in combination with other infectious agents such as pcv3 as was the case for all 3 animals here is also a credible pathogen for other clinical signs multiple bovine astroviruses have also been recently located in brain tissues and associated with neurological signs [37] [38]...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...] [39] [40] [41] a pathogenic role for the other viruses detected namely rotavirus a and porcine cytomegalovirus in case 1 porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in case 2 and equine hepacivirus in case 3 are unknown porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus an uncommon porcine infection may also be associated with the mild neurological lesions seen in case 2 [42] equine hepacivirus may have been introduced by to the addition of equine sera to the heart tissue homogenate the detection of a new circovirus genome in tissues of pigs using deep sequencing...

Title: Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs
with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation
Authors: Phan, Tung Gia. Giannitti, Federico...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 138
ID: 2e313159ccde7f6fbd8d036a04beb2ce3a2809e4
Number of matches: 16

...in tissue homogenates from three pigs with multisystemic inflammation and cardiac pathology of undetermined etiology the complete genome of pcv3 was sequenced from these samples genetic analysis showed that pcv3 represents a new species in the genus circovirus in situ hybridization detected pcv3 nucleic acids in heart lesions corroborating virus infection thus identifying pcv3 as a potential contributing cause of clinical disease in pigs...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Virus 2009 H1N1 and
Adenovirus in a High Risk Population of Young Adults:
Epidemiology, Comparison of Clinical Presentations, and
Coinfection
Authors: Yun, Heather C.. Fugate, William H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 139
ID: 5912189e6ca5053f8e7a2de341c90341f737aa7e
Number of matches: 10

...[4] [5] [6] [7] in one large study of transmission dynamics of adenovirus in a military training setting approximately onethird of incoming trainees were already immune onethird developed a febrile uri due to adenovirus and the remainder seroconverted with subclinical or asymptomatic infection [8] large influenza outbreaks are less common given the universal immunization of basic trainees and routine use of ring antiviral chemoprophylaxis in training units with known influenza cases if cases occur within the first two weeks after immunization [9 10] however in 2009 typespecific influenza vaccine...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Virus 2009 H1N1 and
Adenovirus in a High Risk Population of Young Adults:
Epidemiology, Comparison of Clinical Presentations, and
Coinfection
Authors: Yun, Heather C.. Fugate, William H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 139
ID: 5912189e6ca5053f8e7a2de341c90341f737aa7e
Number of matches: 10

...the first week of training trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine was administered during the first week of training throughout the study period but 2009 h1n1 vaccine was not available until december 1 2009 during the study period oseltamivir was routinely used for treatment of ill trainees with confirmed 2009 h1n1 infection oseltamivir was also routinely used for chemoprophylaxis of well trainees in close contact with a confirmed case the center for advanced molecular detection 59 th medical wingscience and technology air education and training command was established in 2003 for prospective evaluation of epidemiology and novel technologies to rapidly detect...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Virus 2009 H1N1 and
Adenovirus in a High Risk Population of Young Adults:
Epidemiology, Comparison of Clinical Presentations, and
Coinfection
Authors: Yun, Heather C.. Fugate, William H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 139
ID: 5912189e6ca5053f8e7a2de341c90341f737aa7e
Number of matches: 10

...evaluation of epidemiology and novel technologies to rapidly detect respiratory pathogens in trainees with uri subjects were approached for enrollment at the point of care for their uri and met inclusion criteria if they were bmts 17 years of age or older and had any symptom of upper respiratory tract infection or pneumonia demographic data including age race gender week of training citystate of previous residence and smoking history were recorded additionally a symptom questionnaire including respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms perceived stress level on a 10point likert scale and clinical signs including vital signs height and weight physical exam findings and...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Virus 2009 H1N1 and
Adenovirus in a High Risk Population of Young Adults:
Epidemiology, Comparison of Clinical Presentations, and
Coinfection
Authors: Yun, Heather C.. Fugate, William H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 139
ID: 5912189e6ca5053f8e7a2de341c90341f737aa7e
Number of matches: 10

...vs 83 subjects with adenovirus were much less likely to have 2009 h1n1 than those without adenovirus 13 vs 81 a comparison of demographic information in subjects infected with 2009 h1n1 vs adenovirus is presented in table 3 significant findings include gender disparities of 2009 h1n1 and adenovirus infection with a larger proportion of males presenting with adenovirus p 0047 including subjects with coinfections adenovirus was detected in 60 of female subjects vs 74 of male subjects and 2009 h1n1 in 30 of female subjects vs 19 of male subjects 2009 h1n1 infected subjects also presented one week...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Virus 2009 H1N1 and
Adenovirus in a High Risk Population of Young Adults:
Epidemiology, Comparison of Clinical Presentations, and
Coinfection
Authors: Yun, Heather C.. Fugate, William H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 139
ID: 5912189e6ca5053f8e7a2de341c90341f737aa7e
Number of matches: 10

...out of over 8000 subjects enrolled [23] to our knowledge negative associations between adenovirus and influenza a virus either seasonal or 2009 h1n1 detection have not been demonstrated it is also unclear if there is a negative association between the two viruses whether adenovirus is protective against influenza infection or vice versa in this data set influenza patients presented earlier although not after excluding those presenting during the first week of training who likely would have arrived with their infection the policy of cohorting together all bmts with fever and uri regardless of the causative pathogen would seem to...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Virus 2009 H1N1 and
Adenovirus in a High Risk Population of Young Adults:
Epidemiology, Comparison of Clinical Presentations, and
Coinfection
Authors: Yun, Heather C.. Fugate, William H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 139
ID: 5912189e6ca5053f8e7a2de341c90341f737aa7e
Number of matches: 10

...is also unclear if there is a negative association between the two viruses whether adenovirus is protective against influenza infection or vice versa in this data set influenza patients presented earlier although not after excluding those presenting during the first week of training who likely would have arrived with their infection the policy of cohorting together all bmts with fever and uri regardless of the causative pathogen would seem to increase the likelihood of coinfection rather than skewing the data towards the appearance of a negative association it will also be worthwhile to see whether influenza epidemiology will change since the...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Virus 2009 H1N1 and
Adenovirus in a High Risk Population of Young Adults:
Epidemiology, Comparison of Clinical Presentations, and
Coinfection
Authors: Yun, Heather C.. Fugate, William H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 139
ID: 5912189e6ca5053f8e7a2de341c90341f737aa7e
Number of matches: 10

...patients that may have either adenovirus or 2009 h1n1 on the basis of syndromic presentation can be alleviated on the relative scarcity of coinfection and on the absence of any evidence of increased illness severity among coinfected subjects the differing demographics and clinical presentations of adenovirus vs 2009 h1n1 infection in this study are also of interest first the gender differences seen for each virus are intriguing males represented 89 of the study population enrolled after presenting with respiratory illness however males generally represent only 80 of the air force basic training population so the study population was already disproportionately...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Virus 2009 H1N1 and
Adenovirus in a High Risk Population of Young Adults:
Epidemiology, Comparison of Clinical Presentations, and
Coinfection
Authors: Yun, Heather C.. Fugate, William H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 139
ID: 5912189e6ca5053f8e7a2de341c90341f737aa7e
Number of matches: 10

...26] adenovirus was consistently more likely to produce signs and symptoms referable to the throat while 2009 h1n1 produced a predominance of cough as well as shorter illness duration prior to presentation for care potentially reflecting more rapid development of uncomfortable symptoms these findings may have importance for both infection control and empiric therapy the strengths of this study include the molecular characterization of respiratory pathogens together with capture of detailed clinical data in a large cohort of otherwise healthy adult patients with few complicating comorbidities as well as the closed nature of the population which lends itself to capture...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Virus 2009 H1N1 and
Adenovirus in a High Risk Population of Young Adults:
Epidemiology, Comparison of Clinical Presentations, and
Coinfection
Authors: Yun, Heather C.. Fugate, William H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 139
ID: 5912189e6ca5053f8e7a2de341c90341f737aa7e
Number of matches: 10

...of the population which lends itself to capture of events such as hospital admissions and pneumonia diagnoses limitations include the absence of serologic data or the ability to serially characterize pathogens from the same cohort of individuals which would provide more granular detail about the time course of developing each infection subject enrollment was variable throughout the study period depending on rates of clinical illness within the training population as well as availability of study personnel to enroll trainees and given that 2009 h1n1 influenza virus pcr was done as part of clinical care there could have been some differences in...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Virus 2009 H1N1 and
Adenovirus in a High Risk Population of Young Adults:
Epidemiology, Comparison of Clinical Presentations, and
Coinfection
Authors: Yun, Heather C.. Fugate, William H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 139
ID: 5912189e6ca5053f8e7a2de341c90341f737aa7e
Number of matches: 10

...due to this variability in total enrollment and because 2009 h1n1 testing became infrequent clinically after november 2009 inferences about the impact of h1n1 towards the end of 2009 are limited however data from the naval health research centers febrile respiratory illness surveillance update show a rate of febrile respiratory infection that increased in december of 2009 82 of which was associated with adenovirus with no influenza virus detected [27] additionally the use of oseltamivir both for prophylaxis and for treatment would have impacted both epidemiology and severity of illness finally without inclusion of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic individuals...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

......

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...pathway to promote its replication an acmnpv late gene product induces p40 nuclear accumulation previously we and other groups have revealed the nuclear accumulation mechanism of p7883 and gactin [29] [30] [31] two key elements of the actin polymerization machinery during acmnpv infection to investigate how acmnpv accumulates arp23 the central regulator of actin polymerization in the nucleus we cloned the cdna sequences of arp23 subunits from sf9 cells a commercially available spodoptera frugiperda cell line commonly used for baculovirus infection genbank accession kj1873991 jq3649411 kj1874001 gu3565951 kj1874011 kj1874021 [34] ...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...] two key elements of the actin polymerization machinery during acmnpv infection to investigate how acmnpv accumulates arp23 the central regulator of actin polymerization in the nucleus we cloned the cdna sequences of arp23 subunits from sf9 cells a commercially available spodoptera frugiperda cell line commonly used for baculovirus infection genbank accession kj1873991 jq3649411 kj1874001 gu3565951 kj1874011 kj1874021 [34] here p40 was selected to represent arp23 because p40 appeared to be the most abundant protein detected by either western blot or fluorescence microscopy arp2 and p20 were less abundant than p40 arp2 could only be detected by...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...by western blot or fluorescence microscopy when transiently expressed in sf9 cells we prepared plasmidbased expression constructs encoding p40 tagged with a v 5 epitope p40v 5 at its cterminus or p40 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein at its nterminus egfpp40 to monitor the arp23 dynamics during acmnpv infection cytoplasmic localization was noted by immunofluorescence for p40v 5 for mock infected cells fig 1a left panel but some nuclear localization was observed for cells infected with acmnpv carrying an egfp marker vac egfp diagramed in s1a fig as evidenced by cell fraction and western blot...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...to the nucleus only in cells infected with acmnpv expressing polyhedrin vac polh diagramed in s1a fig fig 1b this phenotype is in accordance with the observation described by goley et al in which yellow fluorescent proteintagged p21 p21yfp was observed to accumulate in the nucleus during acmnpv infection [23] to test whether egfpp40 associates with other arp23 subunits arp2ha was coexpressed with egfp or egfpp40 in sf9 cells respectively western blot assay demonstrated that arp2ha approx 46 kda egfp approx 27 kda and egfpp40 approx 69 kda were present in the whole cell...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...ha approx 21 kda fig 1c right panel implying that egfp fusion to p40 does not impair the incorporation of p40 into arp23 taken together these phenotypes demonstrated that either the cterminally tagged p40v 5 or the nterminally tagged egfpp40 can be used to monitor arp23 dynamics during acmnpv infection we next investigated which class of viral genes needed to be expressed for p40 nuclear accumulation aphidicoline aph an inhibitor of dna synthesis was used to shut off acmnpv subcellular distribution of p40 in plasmidtransfected cells p40v 5 was transiently expressed in sf9 cells by plasmid transfection and...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...sdspage and probed with antiv 5 antitubulin and antihistoneh 3 antibodies to detect p40 tubulin and histoneh 3 respectively b egfpp40 subcellular late gene expression [35] the dynamic localization of p40 in acmnpvinfected cells was monitored in the presence or absence of aph early during infection 012 hpi p40 resided predominantly in the cytoplasm irrespective of aph treatment fig 1d during the late phase of infection after 12 hpi acmnpv infection resulted in detectable p40 accumulation in the nucleus in the absence of aph suggesting that viral late gene products may play an important role...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...b egfpp40 subcellular late gene expression [35] the dynamic localization of p40 in acmnpvinfected cells was monitored in the presence or absence of aph early during infection 012 hpi p40 resided predominantly in the cytoplasm irrespective of aph treatment fig 1d during the late phase of infection after 12 hpi acmnpv infection resulted in detectable p40 accumulation in the nucleus in the absence of aph suggesting that viral late gene products may play an important role in p40 nuclear accumulation when the expression of viral late genes was shut off by aph p40 failed to accumulate in...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...expression [35] the dynamic localization of p40 in acmnpvinfected cells was monitored in the presence or absence of aph early during infection 012 hpi p40 resided predominantly in the cytoplasm irrespective of aph treatment fig 1d during the late phase of infection after 12 hpi acmnpv infection resulted in detectable p40 accumulation in the nucleus in the absence of aph suggesting that viral late gene products may play an important role in p40 nuclear accumulation when the expression of viral late genes was shut off by aph p40 failed to accumulate in the nucleus as demonstrated by...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...fig 2a and 2b resulting in a predominantly cytoplasmic localization of p40 similar nuclear relocation induced by ac34 also occurred for p20 s2a fig indicating that ac34 is sufficient to accumulate arp23 in the nucleus to further verify the role of ac34 in p40 nuclear accumulation during acmnpv infection an ac34knockout bacmid with an egfp expression cassette vac34ko egfp diagramed in s1b fig was constructed [36] immunofluorescence microscopy at 48 hours posttransfection hpt demonstrated that exogenous p40 p40v 5 resided in the cytoplasm of vac34ko egfptransfected cells whereas the restoration of ac34 to vac34ko...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...occurred for p20 s2b fig indicating that ac34 is responsible for the arp23 nuclear accumulation induced by acmnpv arp23 nuclear accumulation is dependent on the presence of ac34 in the nucleus previously we revealed that virusencoded npf p7883 another key element of the nuclear actin polymerization machinery during acmnpv infection is relocated to the nucleus by binding to and cotransportation with c42 which harbors a nuclear localization sequence nls [31] based on this scenario and the fact that ac34 is present in the nucleus fig 2a and 2b we were prompted to explore whether p40...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...approx 21 kda in sf9 cells respectively at 48 hpt the cells were harvested and subjected to a coip assay using antiha the immunoprecipitated proteins and the wcl were separated by sdspage and probed with antiha and antiegfp d acmnpv late gene products induce p40 nuclear accumulation in the late infection phase sf9 cells transfected with the p40v 5 encoding plasmid were either mock infected or infected with vac egfp moi 2 in the presence or absence of aph the cells were fixed at 6 12 and 24 hpi or harvested for fractionation and further treated as described in a...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...dependent on the presence of ac34 in the nucleus similar nuclear accumulation also occurred for p20 s2a fig indicating that the aa 195215 region is essential for ac34 to accumulate arp23 in the nucleus to verify the role of aa 195215 of ac34 in p40 nuclear accumulation during acmnpv infection ac34 was used to rescue vac34ko egfp generating vac34ko ac34195215 diagramed in s1b fig when p40 was coexpressed in bacmidtransfected cells only vac34ko ac34 could induce p40 nuclear accumulation at 48 hpt in contrast to the cytoplasmic distribution pattern of p40 in vac34ko egfp and vac34ko ac34195215 transfected...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...360374 of p40 resulted in p40 p40 360374 v 5 accumulation in the nucleus fig 5a implying that the p40 cterminus functions as a nes to determine the cytoplasmic distribution of p40 to further confirm p40 nuclear accumulation is crm1dependent cellular crm1 was knockeddown using doublestranded rna acmnpv infection inhibits cellular crm1dependent nuclear export given the evidence that the cytoplasmic distribution of arp23 is controlled by crm1dependent nuclear export and acmnpv infection induces arp23 nuclear accumulation one of the possible explanations is that acmnpv infection inhibits cellular crm1dependent nuclear export and subsequently leads to arp23 retention in the nucleus...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...functions as a nes to determine the cytoplasmic distribution of p40 to further confirm p40 nuclear accumulation is crm1dependent cellular crm1 was knockeddown using doublestranded rna acmnpv infection inhibits cellular crm1dependent nuclear export given the evidence that the cytoplasmic distribution of arp23 is controlled by crm1dependent nuclear export and acmnpv infection induces arp23 nuclear accumulation one of the possible explanations is that acmnpv infection inhibits cellular crm1dependent nuclear export and subsequently leads to arp23 retention in the nucleus to evaluate the influence of acmnpv infection on the crm1 pathway a classic nes peptide lqnkleeldl [41] was fused to...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...confirm p40 nuclear accumulation is crm1dependent cellular crm1 was knockeddown using doublestranded rna acmnpv infection inhibits cellular crm1dependent nuclear export given the evidence that the cytoplasmic distribution of arp23 is controlled by crm1dependent nuclear export and acmnpv infection induces arp23 nuclear accumulation one of the possible explanations is that acmnpv infection inhibits cellular crm1dependent nuclear export and subsequently leads to arp23 retention in the nucleus to evaluate the influence of acmnpv infection on the crm1 pathway a classic nes peptide lqnkleeldl [41] was fused to mcherry mcherrynes and egfp egfpnes to construct probes for crm1dependent nuclear export ...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...evidence that the cytoplasmic distribution of arp23 is controlled by crm1dependent nuclear export and acmnpv infection induces arp23 nuclear accumulation one of the possible explanations is that acmnpv infection inhibits cellular crm1dependent nuclear export and subsequently leads to arp23 retention in the nucleus to evaluate the influence of acmnpv infection on the crm1 pathway a classic nes peptide lqnkleeldl [41] was fused to mcherry mcherrynes and egfp egfpnes to construct probes for crm1dependent nuclear export when mcherrynes was transiently expressed in sf9 cells a predominantly cytoplasmic distribution pattern was observed fig 6 adding lmb to the...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...the nucleus of infected cells and remained in the cytoplasm of uninfected cells fig 6 this differential distribution indicated that acmnpv causes dysfunctional cellular crm1dependent nuclear export to identify which class of viral genes was responsible for the dysfunction aph was added to the culture medium after virus infection all the cells showed cytoplasmic distribution of mcherrynes fig 6 suggesting that acmnpv late gene products were responsible for the virusinduced dysfunction in the crm1 pathway because we demonstrated that ac34 is responsible for virusinduced arp23 nuclear accumulation and acmnpv inhibits crm1dependent nuclear export which can lead to...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...ac34 but not ac34 195215 vac34ko ac34195215 could accumulate mcherrynes in the nucleus fig 7b indicating that ac34 is involved in the crm1 pathway dysfunction induced by acmnpv taken together this evidence demonstrated that ac34 induces arp23 nuclear retention by inhibiting crm1dependent nuclear export during acmnpv infection the nuclear import mechanisms of key elements of actin polymerization machinery including actin and nwasp have been previously identified [710] however nucleocytoplasmic shuttling mechanism of arp23 the central regulator of actin polymerization has not been elucidated yet in this study a unique virusinfection system was employed to...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...in [42] in particular in cardioviruses and enteroviruses cardioviruses use their leader proteins to induce the hyperphosphorylation of nucleoporins and disrupt the rangtp gradient [43 44] thus inducing an efflux of the nuclear proteins required for viral replication and leading to interferon suppression enterovirus infection results in cellular protein retention in the cytoplasm via the degradation of nucleoporins mediated by the virusencoded proteases 2a and 3c [45] [46] [47] other viruses such as herpes simplex virus [48] human papillomavirus [49 50] severe...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...53] employ a variety of methods to interfere with the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of cellular proteins therefore facilitating viral replication and escape from the host antiviral immune response unlike most viruses which primarily induce impaired protein nuclear import or enhance protein nuclear export our results demonstrated that acmnpv infection results in impaired protein nuclear export as a nucleopolyhedrovirus most acmnpv replication processes including viral genome replication gene transcription and nucleocapsid assembly all occur in the nucleus these processes require a variety of proteins including but not limited to virusencoded transcription factors transcriptases and capsid proteins as well as some...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...transcription factors transcriptases and capsid proteins as well as some cellular proteins eg actin arp23 to accumulate in the nucleus acmnpv contains 156 predicted orfs at least 50 aa in length aside from a limited number of exceptions the nuclear import mechanisms of most viral and cellular proteins during acmnpv infection remain unknown currently at least 7 exportins have been identified in eukaryotic cells [8 32 [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] unlike other exportins that only transport highly specialized cargoes reviewer in [59] crm1 mediates the...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...the nucleus as a consequence betabaculoviruses do not need a viral protein or mechanism to induce nuclear accumulation of arp23 although only p40 and p20 were proved to be retained in the nucleus of acmnpvinfected cells in this study both arp2 3 components behave in a similar way upon virus infection which is supported by the evidence that ac34 homologues are absent in the genomes of betabaculoviruses [61] nuclear gactin is required for the transcriptional activity of rna polymerases [63] [64] [65] and the epigenetic activation of chromatin reviewed in [5...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...] nuclear gactin is required for the transcriptional activity of rna polymerases [63] [64] [65] and the epigenetic activation of chromatin reviewed in [5 66] among the three key actin polymerization elements that are accumulated in the nucleus during acmnpv infection only gactin is recruited to the nucleus by early viral gene products [29 30] this early nuclear accumulation of gactin could increase the nuclear gactin pool and promote the transcription of viral early genes that are transcribed by host rna polymerase ii [61] late...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...gactin is recruited to the nucleus by early viral gene products [29 30] this early nuclear accumulation of gactin could increase the nuclear gactin pool and promote the transcription of viral early genes that are transcribed by host rna polymerase ii [61] late in infection p7883 and arp23 accumulate in the nucleus and induce nuclear actin polymerization that converts gactin to factin the resulting nuclear gactin pool depletion could lead to the loss of the transcriptional activity of host rna polymerases and the epigenetic reprogramming of host chromatin towards transcriptional inhibition which could contribute to...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...converts gactin to factin the resulting nuclear gactin pool depletion could lead to the loss of the transcriptional activity of host rna polymerases and the epigenetic reprogramming of host chromatin towards transcriptional inhibition which could contribute to the host gene transcription shutoff that occurs in the late phase of baculovirus infection [67 68] consistent with this cytochalasin d a chemical that specifically prevents actin polymerization behaves as an antagonist of the virusinduced shutdown of host gene expression [69] in this respect nuclear actin polymerization induced by baculovirus infection may also participate in the regulation of...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...occurs in the late phase of baculovirus infection [67 68] consistent with this cytochalasin d a chemical that specifically prevents actin polymerization behaves as an antagonist of the virusinduced shutdown of host gene expression [69] in this respect nuclear actin polymerization induced by baculovirus infection may also participate in the regulation of hostvirus gene expression by the modulation of the nuclear gactin pool in addition to its role in assisting viral nucleocapsid assembly and transport which has long been recognized in summary ac34 subversion of the crm1dependent nuclear export during acmnpv infection suggests that...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...by baculovirus infection may also participate in the regulation of hostvirus gene expression by the modulation of the nuclear gactin pool in addition to its role in assisting viral nucleocapsid assembly and transport which has long been recognized in summary ac34 subversion of the crm1dependent nuclear export during acmnpv infection suggests that alphabaculoviruses may employ an efficient way by encoding a single protein to accumulate multiple viral and host proteins in the nucleus to assist in virus replication as a key element of actin polymerization machinery arp23 is present in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus our finding that arp23...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...compartments to exert different functions sf9 cells from s frugiperda were cultured in graces medium invitrogen with 5 fetal bovine serum invitrogen and 01 antibioticantimycotic invitrogen at 27c sf9 cells were transfected with the indicated plasmids or bacmids using the cellfectin ii reagent invitrogen following the standard procedures for infection the sf9 cells were incubated with virus stock solution for 1 h at a multiplicity of infection moi of 2 moi 2 the cells were then rinsed twice and then incubated in fresh medium or medium with aph 5 gml sigma the cells were fixed for further immunofluorescence detection...

Title: Autographa californica Multiple
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related
Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of
CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Authors: Mu, Jingfang. Zhang, Yongli...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 140
ID: 9586f483c1144f2e1b3105d587b826f467d02832
Number of matches: 31

...with 5 fetal bovine serum invitrogen and 01 antibioticantimycotic invitrogen at 27c sf9 cells were transfected with the indicated plasmids or bacmids using the cellfectin ii reagent invitrogen following the standard procedures for infection the sf9 cells were incubated with virus stock solution for 1 h at a multiplicity of infection moi of 2 moi 2 the cells were then rinsed twice and then incubated in fresh medium or medium with aph 5 gml sigma the cells were fixed for further immunofluorescence detection at 6 12 and 24 hpi to block crm1dependent nuclear export lmb 01 gml beyotime was added...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

......

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...consider the heterogeneity of after dividing the population into the hcw and c groups each group was subdivided into the susceptible s exposed e infectious i hospitalized j isolationtreated q and recovered r groups during the isolated treatment period following the confirmed diagnosis it is assumed that no spread of infection would occur since the j and r groups in the hcw and c groups have the same behavioral patterns contact rates and rates of transmission they were not divided further into medical and nonmedical groups figure 1 shows the flow of spread of evd and light blue color was used...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...the areas of the hospitals from the local community to establish the mathematical model of korean evd the western african evd epidemic model refer to supplemental data from the 2014 sierra leone data was modified to fit the circumstances of the korean healthcare system firstly unlike western africa where infection from the funeral customs was an important route for spreading it was assumed that the korean healthcare environment would not lead to infection through contact with the bodies of the deceased in addition all patients with evd symptoms were assumed to be hospitalized and isolated the duration from the day...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...model refer to supplemental data from the 2014 sierra leone data was modified to fit the circumstances of the korean healthcare system firstly unlike western africa where infection from the funeral customs was an important route for spreading it was assumed that the korean healthcare environment would not lead to infection through contact with the bodies of the deceased in addition all patients with evd symptoms were assumed to be hospitalized and isolated the duration from the day of onset of evd symptoms to the day of hospitalization and isolation periods was set with reference to cases imported into the usa...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...addition all patients with evd symptoms were assumed to be hospitalized and isolated the duration from the day of onset of evd symptoms to the day of hospitalization and isolation periods was set with reference to cases imported into the usa table 1 the rate of transmission of infection is estimated by using the who report of new evd case data for sierra leone at the time of the 2014 western african evd evd epidemic data were estimated by comparing data from the whos weekly accumulating patient number and that of the model from corresponding dates it...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...of new evd case data for sierra leone at the time of the 2014 western african evd evd epidemic data were estimated by comparing data from the whos weekly accumulating patient number and that of the model from corresponding dates it was also based on rates of transmission of infection that minimize the squared difference between the number of new cases from the data and from the model estimation using the least square fitting method [2] in parameter estimation the direction of spread between the community and healthcare worker groups was not considered in other words ...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...spread using the sierra leone data are the first imported patient is assumed to be one from the latent patients in the community 0 1 1 period of isolation to recovery 14 days [4] [5] [6] in the mathematical model of evd infection transmission the basic reproductive number of evd infections 0 calculated by the nextgeneration method is as follows [9] here and refer to the community and healthcare worker population respectively the basic reproductive number of infection 0 when calculated based on i was...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...[6] in the mathematical model of evd infection transmission the basic reproductive number of evd infections 0 calculated by the nextgeneration method is as follows [9] here and refer to the community and healthcare worker population respectively the basic reproductive number of infection 0 when calculated based on i was 242 before the activation of interim policy which decreases to 076 following the policy in case of delay in diagnosis scenario ii a delay of 3 days 6 days causes the first case patient to show the basic reproductive number...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...individual events [10] in this study outbreak duration is defined as the time from arrival of the first patient to recovery of the last patient in the stochastic simulation by the gillespie algorithm the duration between events is inversely related to the sum of propensity related to infection hospitalization isolation and recovery the propensity of each event is listed in table 2 transitions propensity using the partial rank correlation coefficient prcc we have analyzed the effects of changes in parameters in the mathematical model on model outcome [11] in this study the rate...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...recovery the propensity of each event is listed in table 2 transitions propensity using the partial rank correlation coefficient prcc we have analyzed the effects of changes in parameters in the mathematical model on model outcome [11] in this study the rate of transmission of infection duration of symptom onset to hospitalization 1 1 and duration from confirmed diagnosis of hospitalized patient to isolation 1 were set as variables and subsequently the number of secondary infection cases during the transmission period were set as a function of the corresponding variable in the analysis...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...mathematical model on model outcome [11] in this study the rate of transmission of infection duration of symptom onset to hospitalization 1 1 and duration from confirmed diagnosis of hospitalized patient to isolation 1 were set as variables and subsequently the number of secondary infection cases during the transmission period were set as a function of the corresponding variable in the analysis of susceptibility the cases of delay in diagnosis and missed imported patients were not considered in the process of calculating prcc in order to perform latin hypercube sampling of the combined variables applied...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...of each variable is assumed to follow a uniform distribution within 052 times that of the mean values used in the simulation table 3 shows the values of prcc and p 2000 trials of simulation performed it could be confirmed from the prcc results that the number of secondary infection cases was most sensitive to the rate of transmission of infection of hospitalized patients against healthcare workers and the duration of confirmed diagnosis and isolation among hospitalized patients furthermore the rate of transmission between healthcare workers did not significantly affect the number of secondary infected patients as shown by the...

Title: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Korea: use of a
mathematical model and stochastic simulation to estimate
risk
Authors: Ko, Youngsuk. Lee, Seok-Min...
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 142
ID: a05a9d684b2b6de28b18e78a82585b76a973e258
Number of matches: 13

...052 times that of the mean values used in the simulation table 3 shows the values of prcc and p 2000 trials of simulation performed it could be confirmed from the prcc results that the number of secondary infection cases was most sensitive to the rate of transmission of infection of hospitalized patients against healthcare workers and the duration of confirmed diagnosis and isolation among hospitalized patients furthermore the rate of transmission between healthcare workers did not significantly affect the number of secondary infected patients as shown by the high p values of the prcc results...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...center for disease prevention and control cdc and hubei provincial cdc with data collected by wuhan cdc documented the details of the epidemic day by day from december 8 2019 to january 21 2020 [1] data in this study showed that detected and confirmed cases with covid19 infection declined from the peak of 44 on january 8 to only 2 on january 19 2020 suggesting that the epidemic was likely under control china officially declared the epidemic as an outbreak on january 20 when obvious humantohuman transmissions were ascertained with reagent probes and primers distributed to local...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...in the united states us [9] similar to an eruption of a volcano or occurrence of an earthquake no matter how closely it is monitored how much research we have done how much we know about it no one knows for sure if and when the virus infection will become an outbreak therefore there is no socalled rational responses no standardoperatingprocedure sop to follow no measures to take without negative consequences [2] however defining the covid19 as nonlinear and chaotic does not mean that we cannot do anything after we knew it was an...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...and chaotic does not mean that we cannot do anything after we knew it was an outbreak but simply waiting on the contrary defining it as nonlinear and chaotic will better inform us to make right decisions and to take appropriate actions 1 during the early stage of an infection which we cannot tell whether it will be growing into an outbreak we must closely monitor it using limited data and to find the early signs of change and to predict if and when it will become an outbreak 2 after it is declared as an outbreak it is...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...the ultimate goal of this study is to attempt to provide some solutions to this paradox by providing early messages to inform control measures to be optimistic and not panic to ask right questions and to take right actions data for this study were daily cumulative cases with covid19 infection for the first two months 63 days of the epidemic from december 8 2019 to february 8 2020 these data were derived from two sources 1 data for the first 44 days from december 8 2019 to january 20 2020 were derived from published studies that were determined scientifically [...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...dynamic of covid19 on a daily basis to 1 assess whether the covid19 epidemic was nonlinear and chaotic 2 evaluate the responsiveness of the epidemic to the massive measures against it and 3 inform the future trend of the epidemic in theory the true number of persons with covid19 infection can never be known no matter how we try to detect it in practice of all the infected cases in a day there are some who have passed the latent period when the virus reaches a detectable level these patients can then be detected if a detection services are available...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...days before the start of eventual declines on february 4 as indicated by f x and f x in fig 2 and p i in fig 3 in this study we used a novel approach to distill information from the cumulative number of diagnosed cases of covid19 infection among various types of surveillance data this data often reported the earliest and on a continuous basis with high completeness and are most widely available in addition patients with a diagnosed infection are those with high likelihoods to spread the virus to others findings from this study provided useful information...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...study we used a novel approach to distill information from the cumulative number of diagnosed cases of covid19 infection among various types of surveillance data this data often reported the earliest and on a continuous basis with high completeness and are most widely available in addition patients with a diagnosed infection are those with high likelihoods to spread the virus to others findings from this study provided useful information in a real time manner to monitor evaluate and forecast the covid19 epidemic in china the methods used in this study although somewhat mathematical are easy to follow while information extracted from...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...health professionals as well as administrators to make right decisions and take the right strategies at the right time in the right places for the right people knowing the nonlinear and chaotic nature is also essential for taking actions to control the outbreak of an epidemic like the covid19 infection as soon as an outbreak is confirmed the follow measures should be in position immediately 1 closely and carefully monitor the epidemic 2 take evidencebased interventions to control the epidemic 3 actively assess responses of the epidemic to the interventions 4 allow errors in the intervention particularly during the early...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...assess responses of the epidemic to the interventions 4 allow errors in the intervention particularly during the early period of the epidemic 5 always prepare for alternatives another confusion is when an epidemic starts everyone asks what it is how does it happen how should i do to avoid infection is there any effective treatment answering these questions takes time but there is no need to wait till all these questions are resolved before taking actions we can take actions to prevent covid19 immediately while waiting for answers to these questions this is because we have the evidencebased strategy for...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...is no need to wait till all these questions are resolved before taking actions we can take actions to prevent covid19 immediately while waiting for answers to these questions this is because we have the evidencebased strategy for control and prevention of any infectious disease without complete understanding of an infection that is socalled tricomponent strategy locating and controlling the sources of infection identifying and blocking the transmission paths and protecting those who are susceptible [10] this was just what china has done is doing and will continue to do this time typical examples of control and prevention...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...taking actions we can take actions to prevent covid19 immediately while waiting for answers to these questions this is because we have the evidencebased strategy for control and prevention of any infectious disease without complete understanding of an infection that is socalled tricomponent strategy locating and controlling the sources of infection identifying and blocking the transmission paths and protecting those who are susceptible [10] this was just what china has done is doing and will continue to do this time typical examples of control and prevention measures include locking down of cities communities and villages with potential of...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...action on january 22 2020 the next day after the massive intervention started on january 21 2020 this result was also picked up by the exponential modeling from day one on january 21 2020 when the massive intervention measures activated to february 4 2020 is the latent period of covid19 infection the second derivative precisely recorded the change in newly diagnosed cases in response to the massive measures reflected as the rapid increase in detection rate consistent with the result from the exponential modeling analysis the detected responsiveness of the epidemic to the intervention provided data to predict the occurrence...

Title: First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time
surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model
Authors: Chen, Xinguang; Yu, Bin
Journal: Global Health Research and Policy
Item: Infection
Index: 143
ID: 469ed0f00c09e2637351c9735c306f27acf3aace
Number of matches: 13

...in china may end up soon despite a delay of 43 days from the first confirmed cases on december 8 2019 to january 20 2020 the covid19 epidemic was highly responsive to massive interventions supporting the effectiveness of these interventions it is our prediction that the outbreak of the covid19 infection will be brought under control by the end of february 2020 given the effective control measures known to everyone increases in immune level in the total population due to latent infections and most widely spread of knowledge and skills for infectious disease control and prevention among the 14 billion people...

Title: Host-Driven Phosphorylation Appears to
Regulate the Budding Activity of the Lassa Virus Matrix
Protein
Authors: Ziegler, Christopher M.. Eisenhauer, Philip...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 144
ID: 1341e9e33488d304353f31081a8422ed8715b5b6
Number of matches: 2

...is currently little data confirming the presence of lasv di particles however it is thought that most animal viruses produce some level of di particles and some arenaviruses in particular are known to produce significant levels of di particles [78 79] more specifically a high multiplicity of infection with lasv virus yields lower infectious titers and higher ratios of viral genomic rna to particles compared with lowmultiplicity infections [80] these findings are consistent with a virus that produces appreciable levels of di particles [81 82] a prominent function of the arenavirus z...

Title: Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine
epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral
RNA at long distances from infected herds
Authors: Alonso, Carmen. Goede, Dane P...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 147
ID: 11022b299f98034d0060f9c036333f1b9024d7a1
Number of matches: 6

......

Title: Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine
epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral
RNA at long distances from infected herds
Authors: Alonso, Carmen. Goede, Dane P...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 147
ID: 11022b299f98034d0060f9c036333f1b9024d7a1
Number of matches: 6

... furthermore farms located in close proximity to a known infected farm have increased odds of being pedv infected recently detection of pedv rna attributed to airborne spread within a space housing experimentally infected pigs was reported [13] however because sentinel pigs did not succumb to pedv infection airborne transmission was not confirmed based on the hypothesis that pedv particles can be suspended in the air and remain infectious while airborne our objective was to determine whether infectious pedv could be detected in air samples under both experimental and field conditions to evaluate whether pedv could become...

Title: Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine
epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral
RNA at long distances from infected herds
Authors: Alonso, Carmen. Goede, Dane P...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 147
ID: 11022b299f98034d0060f9c036333f1b9024d7a1
Number of matches: 6

...copiesml based on a standard curve ranging from 396 10 10 to 757 10 10 corresponding to values of 15 to 16 cycle threshold or ct the inoculation material was prepared and kept refrigerated for 24 h at 4c prior to inoculation after inoculation clinical signs of pedv infection including body temperature diarrhea vomiting and lethargy were recorded for 3 days at each sampling event from 24 h post challenge air samples were collected by placing a cyclonic air collector midwest microtek brookings sd usa in the center of the isolation room 12 m above the floor pigs did...

Title: Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine
epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral
RNA at long distances from infected herds
Authors: Alonso, Carmen. Goede, Dane P...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 147
ID: 11022b299f98034d0060f9c036333f1b9024d7a1
Number of matches: 6

...collected experimentally 125 10 8 916 10 7 none of the air samples collected under field conditions were positive on bioassay pedv was considered exotic to the north american swine population until it was first diagnosed on april 2013 once pedv diagnosis was confirmed the infection spread very rapidly among swine herds causing devastating losses to producers because of the rapid spread of the virus among farms aerosol transmission was suspected in some areas where virus transmission could not be explained by any other known routes in our study we assessed the detection and viability of...

Title: Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine
epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral
RNA at long distances from infected herds
Authors: Alonso, Carmen. Goede, Dane P...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 147
ID: 11022b299f98034d0060f9c036333f1b9024d7a1
Number of matches: 6

...is able to survive in the environment for extended periods facilitating the risk of disease transmission [15] bioassay completed with air samples collected under experimental conditions demonstrated that pedv could remain infectious while airborne however inoculation with samples collected under field conditions did not result in pedv infection the lack of infectivity could be attributed to the lower viral concentration in the field samples or the inactivation of the virus by temperature solar light intensity ultraviolet radiation or during sample storage field samples were collected during the month of july in the oklahoma panhandle region at a time...

Title: Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine
epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral
RNA at long distances from infected herds
Authors: Alonso, Carmen. Goede, Dane P...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 147
ID: 11022b299f98034d0060f9c036333f1b9024d7a1
Number of matches: 6

...storage field samples were collected during the month of july in the oklahoma panhandle region at a time of high environmental temperature ranging from 15 to 289c and low relative humidity ranging from 23 to 67 further research is needed to determine the airborne infectious dose needed to induce pedv infection and the impact of environmental factors such as uv light relative humidity and temperature on pedv viability in summary we have demonstrated that pedv can become airborne remain infectious while suspended in the air and that pedv genetic material can be transported long distances following natural infections further studies...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

......

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...acute viruses chronic viruses persist in a semistable relationship within their host generating antigenic stimulation for several months to decades these chronic viral infections can be categorized into 1latent lack of substantial viral production between initial and late stages 2productive persistent viral production between beginning and late stages and 3slow infection increasing viral production from incubation period to late stages [2] figure 1 these stages are established by restricting viral propagation and reprogramming viral gene expression in conjunction with viral adaptation the host controls the immune response to prevent overwhelming chronic inflammation that could otherwise become harmful to...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...these stages are established by restricting viral propagation and reprogramming viral gene expression in conjunction with viral adaptation the host controls the immune response to prevent overwhelming chronic inflammation that could otherwise become harmful to various tissues enduring hyperantigenemia even at low to undetectable levels which occurs during persistent viral infection imposes a permanent stress on the immune system [3] the magnitude of the cd8 tcell response following initial infection can be substantial and it is essential that most of the expanded cells die after antigen clearance to maintain lymphoid homeostasis [4] however for an...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...immune response to prevent overwhelming chronic inflammation that could otherwise become harmful to various tissues enduring hyperantigenemia even at low to undetectable levels which occurs during persistent viral infection imposes a permanent stress on the immune system [3] the magnitude of the cd8 tcell response following initial infection can be substantial and it is essential that most of the expanded cells die after antigen clearance to maintain lymphoid homeostasis [4] however for an efficient memory pool to persist selected cd8 t cells that have escaped apoptosis must retain sufficient replicative potential to allow successive rounds...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...] this is partly due to losses in interleukin2 receptor cd122 and interleukin7 receptor cd127 that limit generation of virusspecific t cells [6 7] because viral antigen is intermittently or constantly supplied to these cells viralspecific t cells never cease proliferating depending on the length of infection this could result in progressively shorter telomeres and an agerelated decline in tcell responses somatic cells like those of nave effector and memory t cells have a finite proliferative capacity due largely to the inability of dna polymerase to replicate the distal ends of chromosomes pluripotent stem cells and...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...polymerase to replicate the distal ends of chromosomes pluripotent stem cells and the majority of cancer cells can circumvent this problem by upregulating telomerase a reverse transcriptase that can retrogradely add a six base pair ttaggg nucleotide enduring hyperantigenemia even at low to undetectable levels which occurs during persistent viral infection imposes a permanent stress on the immune system [3] the magnitude of the cd8 tcell response following initial infection can be substantial and it is essential that most of the expanded cells die after antigen clearance to maintain lymphoid homeostasis [4] however for an...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...upregulating telomerase a reverse transcriptase that can retrogradely add a six base pair ttaggg nucleotide enduring hyperantigenemia even at low to undetectable levels which occurs during persistent viral infection imposes a permanent stress on the immune system [3] the magnitude of the cd8 tcell response following initial infection can be substantial and it is essential that most of the expanded cells die after antigen clearance to maintain lymphoid homeostasis [4] however for an efficient memory pool to persist selected cd8 t cells that have escaped apoptosis must retain sufficient replicative potential to allow successive rounds...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...] this is partly due to losses in interleukin2 receptor cd122 and interleukin7 receptor cd127 that limit generation of virusspecific t cells [6 7] because viral antigen is intermittently or constantly supplied to these cells viralspecific t cells never cease proliferating depending on the length of infection this could result in progressively shorter telomeres and an agerelated decline in tcell responses the average telomere length for naive cd4 and cd8 t cells is about 25 kb longer than effector or memory t cells [8] it would be easy to infer then that during...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...are at a distinct replicative disadvantage compared to early effector t cells due to a theoretical loss of telomere sequence following the initial encounter with antigen however this does not appear to be the case antigenspecific t and b cells can upregulate telomerase activity during the initial response to acute infection thereby preserving the clonal potential of initial memory t cells for subsequent encounter [17 18] however despite the preservation of telomere length telomerase activity is not retained after resolution of acute viral infection [19] enduring antigenspecific t cells are then susceptible to telomere defects...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...t and b cells can upregulate telomerase activity during the initial response to acute infection thereby preserving the clonal potential of initial memory t cells for subsequent encounter [17 18] however despite the preservation of telomere length telomerase activity is not retained after resolution of acute viral infection [19] enduring antigenspecific t cells are then susceptible to telomere defects including senescence and death during subsequent clonal expansions or proliferation figure 3 on average peripheral blood mononuclear cells pbmcs lose about 50 bp of telomeric dna per year but this loss has the potential...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...t cells are then susceptible to telomere defects including senescence and death during subsequent clonal expansions or proliferation figure 3 on average peripheral blood mononuclear cells pbmcs lose about 50 bp of telomeric dna per year but this loss has the potential to be increased during chronic viral infection such as in the case of patients receiving antiretroviral treatment art for hiv1 where loss of up to 250 bp per year of telomeric dna has been documented [20] telomere attrition and the dna damage response during chronic viral infection during an initial viral encounter a robust...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...potential to be increased during chronic viral infection such as in the case of patients receiving antiretroviral treatment art for hiv1 where loss of up to 250 bp per year of telomeric dna has been documented [20] telomere attrition and the dna damage response during chronic viral infection during an initial viral encounter a robust tcell response occurs followed by telomerase activation and retention of telomere lengths subsequent antigen encounters lead to inactivation of the telomerase promoter and loss of telomerase expression telomere attrition caused by chronic exposure to viral antigen is exacerbated over time dotted arrows enduring...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...outcome is programmed cell death apoptosis or replicative senescence a deleterious consequence of excessive telomere shortening is the premature induction of replicative senescence of cd8 t cells [21] while senescent cells are unable to expand they can telomere attrition and the dna damage response during chronic viral infection during an initial viral encounter a robust tcell response occurs followed by telomerase activation and retention of telomere lengths subsequent antigen encounters lead to inactivation of the telomerase promoter and loss of telomerase expression telomere attrition caused by chronic exposure to viral antigen is exacerbated over time dotted arrows enduring...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...] unlike most somatic cells t cells which include cd8 cd4 nave and memory can reactivate telomerase through mitogenic stimulation [17] [18] [19] these cells initially harbor nearly undetectable levels of telomerase upon antigenic stimulation as is the case with acute viral infection telomerase is reactivated this process is reiterated during second antigenic stimulation but by the third and all subsequent stimulations t cells are less responsive to mitogenic stimulation and the telomerase gene promoter is inactivated [20] a deleterious consequence of excessive telomere shortening is the premature induction of...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...still being defined but include 1impaired memory t cells 2impaired cd8 tcell effector responses 3impaired cd4 tcell responses 4resistance to apoptosis and 5accelerated immune senescence figure 3 the theory that cd8 tcell functions are exhausted during chronic viral infections was originally described during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus lcmv infection in mice [44] unlike acute viral infections some lcmv viral isolates persist within their host and do not cause lethality thereby mimicking chronic infection [45] the hosts ctl response disappears following infection with these chronic strains of lcmv the original proposal advocated that the...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...3 the theory that cd8 tcell functions are exhausted during chronic viral infections was originally described during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus lcmv infection in mice [44] unlike acute viral infections some lcmv viral isolates persist within their host and do not cause lethality thereby mimicking chronic infection [45] the hosts ctl response disappears following infection with these chronic strains of lcmv the original proposal advocated that the virus was never effectively cleared because t cells were overwhelmed fighting the virus and the ctl response was eliminated entirely it is now clear that exhausted t...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...chronic viral infections was originally described during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus lcmv infection in mice [44] unlike acute viral infections some lcmv viral isolates persist within their host and do not cause lethality thereby mimicking chronic infection [45] the hosts ctl response disappears following infection with these chronic strains of lcmv the original proposal advocated that the virus was never effectively cleared because t cells were overwhelmed fighting the virus and the ctl response was eliminated entirely it is now clear that exhausted t cells show progressive losses in antiviral functions proliferative capacity is diminished...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...interleukin2 il2 production cytolytic killing decreased tumor necrosis factor tnf and interferongamma ifn production and diminished degranulation all of which can result in clonal deletion [46] dampened cytolytic responses during chronic viral infections have been shown in viralspecific cd8 t cells of hiv ebv and cytomegalovirus cmv infection [47] this includes loss of perforin along with granzyme proteases that are vital for ctls ability to eliminate antigenpresenting cells and to control the level of activated cd8 t cells through apoptosis during chronic infection [48] there is also an extensive profile of gene...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...shown in viralspecific cd8 t cells of hiv ebv and cytomegalovirus cmv infection [47] this includes loss of perforin along with granzyme proteases that are vital for ctls ability to eliminate antigenpresenting cells and to control the level of activated cd8 t cells through apoptosis during chronic infection [48] there is also an extensive profile of gene dysregulation between exhausted t cells and nave or effector t cells including defects in host cell signaling molecules calcium binding cytokine signaling apoptosiscell death and migration [6] impaired ctl function is attributed in part to...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...cells and nave or effector t cells including defects in host cell signaling molecules calcium binding cytokine signaling apoptosiscell death and migration [6] impaired ctl function is attributed in part to the presence of coinhibitory markers that are part of the normal yet transient response to acute infection these inhibitory markers serve to dampen and inhibit further immune responses but continue to be expressed on the surface of exhausted t cells a more advanced stage of tcell exhaustion marked by damped tcell effector functions occurs when more inhibitory markers are found on the surface of the t cell...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...the surface of the t cell along with a greater variety of inhibitory markers expressed [49 50] the most wellknown and highly expressed inhibitory marker on exhausted t cells is programmed death receptor pd1 a member of the cd28 costimulatory family pd1 modulates the tcell response to infection reduces ctl effectors and decreases proliferation of specific effector memory cd8 t cells [51 52] additional markers found on exhausted t cells include naturalkiller cell receptor 2b4 tcell immunoglobulin and mucin protein3 tim3 natural killer receptor by55 cd160 ly49 family members lymphocyteactivation gene 3 lag3 cytotoxic tlymphocyteassociated...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...] unlike most somatic cells t cells which include cd8 cd4 nave and memory can reactivate telomerase through mitogenic stimulation [12] [13] [14] these cells initially harbor nearly undetectable levels of telomerase upon antigenic stimulation as is the case with acute viral infection telomerase is reactivated this process is reiterated during second antigenic stimulation but by the third and all subsequent stimulations t cells are less responsive to mitogenic stimulation and the telomerase gene promoter is inactivated [15] less is known about tcell exhaustion in cd4 t cells it is...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...inhibitory markers such as ctla4 cd200 and band tlymphocyte associated protein btla [54] exhausted cd4 t cells have diminished th1 responses and altered effector functions the latter related to their distinct transcriptional program regulatory t cells tregs also have altered functions during chronic viral infections chronic viral infection leads to upregulation of pd1 on the surface of tregs and enhanced treg proliferation [55] this allows for greater inhibitory function against cd4 and cd8 t cells in addition expression of ctla4 on the surface of tregs aids in enhancing their immune suppressive actions [56 57...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

... exhausted t cells have been found in individuals infected with a multitude of human chronic viruses and in mice with lcmv as described above telomere shortening in viralspecific t cells has a hierarchical ranking system with some antigens producing telomere shortening at a faster rate than other antigens cmv infection seems to take the highest spot in this hierarchy having a more differentiated state and shorter telomeres than any other virus such as hiv ebv and hcv [38] it has yet to be confirmed but one could infer that viral infections that lead to a more extensive...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...viral infections that lead to a more extensive exhaustive state would be prone to faster telomere shortening and immune senescence hiv infects cd4 t cells and is responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome aids due to advances in antiretroviral therapy art hivinfected individuals are living longer during chronic hiv infection the immune system bears a striking resemblance to those of otherwise healthy elderly people with higher incidences of infection and loss of effector functions [58] this is despite the fact that there is a precipitous drop in infectious hiv between acute and chronic phases with over 99...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...senescence hiv infects cd4 t cells and is responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome aids due to advances in antiretroviral therapy art hivinfected individuals are living longer during chronic hiv infection the immune system bears a striking resemblance to those of otherwise healthy elderly people with higher incidences of infection and loss of effector functions [58] this is despite the fact that there is a precipitous drop in infectious hiv between acute and chronic phases with over 99 of hiv antigen coming from hiv particles in later stages this suggests that a consequence of art is that...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...these cd8 t cells have been linked to an increase in complications and nonaidsrelated malignancies researchers have discovered that while there is an increase in the immune senescence phenotype cd8 t cells that are cd28cd27 most of these are cmvspecific this is due to the fact that during chronic hiv infection there is an increase in viralspecific nonhiv cd8 t cells in fact most hivspecific cd8 t cells have an intermediate phenotype in which they still express cd27 another report determined that an increase in cd57 on hivspecific cd8 t cells serves as a better marker of immune senescence since it...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...and decreased telomere lengths in cd8 t cells [71] cd4 t cells in hiv twins retained their replicative potential despite the fact that telomerase activity remained low to undetectable in all populations of cells this suggests that cd4 t cells do not undergo replicative senescence in hiv infection however the fact that cd8 t cells demonstrated shorter telomeres was in line with tcell senescence though in this study as in the one above cd8 t cells were not sorted for hivspecific memory cells apposite support for telomere shortening in hivspecific exhausted t cells results from a study...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...32] telomerase addition results in increased hiv targeting and a reduction in p16 and p21 levels like hiv hepatitis b and c hbv and hcv viruses are productive chronic viruses and display tcell exhaustion from telomere shortening hbv and hcv are the major causes of acute liver infection however only hbv and hcv are responsible for a large proportion of global chronic liver disease anywhere from 6090 of hbv and hcv infections reroute to chronic infection a delayed immune response to the everchanging viral mutational landscape allows the virus to adapt and persist especially in hcv infections in...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...viruses are productive chronic viruses and display tcell exhaustion from telomere shortening hbv and hcv are the major causes of acute liver infection however only hbv and hcv are responsible for a large proportion of global chronic liver disease anywhere from 6090 of hbv and hcv infections reroute to chronic infection a delayed immune response to the everchanging viral mutational landscape allows the virus to adapt and persist especially in hcv infections in fact chronic viral liver disease is nearly completely due to the adaptive immune response where immunopathology consisting of a lowlevel ctl response destroys hepatocytes and leads to liver...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...persist especially in hcv infections in fact chronic viral liver disease is nearly completely due to the adaptive immune response where immunopathology consisting of a lowlevel ctl response destroys hepatocytes and leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma hcc [69] telomere length measurements in hbv and hcv infection have been performed in the host cell hepatocytes telomere lengths have been found to be shorter in hepatocytes from chronic hcv infection especially in hcc which leads to chromosomal instability [73] [74] [75] studies on replicative senescence in hcvspecific cd8 t cells are...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...consisting of a lowlevel ctl response destroys hepatocytes and leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma hcc [69] telomere length measurements in hbv and hcv infection have been performed in the host cell hepatocytes telomere lengths have been found to be shorter in hepatocytes from chronic hcv infection especially in hcc which leads to chromosomal instability [73] [74] [75] studies on replicative senescence in hcvspecific cd8 t cells are difficult due to the relative scarcity of hcvspecific cells in the periphery [76] despite this difficulty an abundance of...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...may contribute to immunosuppression [77] telomere length assessments in hcc patients infected with hbv or hcv demonstrated shorter telomere lengths not only in liver biopsied tissue but also in pbls [78] telomere attrition was not seen in hbvhcvnoninfectious hcc this suggests that longterm hbvhcv infection causes adverse effects on telomere lengths in pbls in support of this chronic hcv patients have shorter telomeres in cd4 and cd8 t cells with the memory phenotype [79] telomere lengths were comparable to those of normal aging of 10 years which was enhanced to 15 years...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...with hcv or dual hcvhiv researchers found differences in telomere lengths compared to lengths of nonhcvinfected viruses 2017 9 289 9 of 23 individuals [81] telomere lengths in cd4 t cells were shorter in hcvinfected individuals and shorter in both cd4 and cd8 t cells in dual infection telomere lengths did not correlate with a more differentiated cell again owing to the possibility that length measurements were taken on total pbmcs from the patients and were not sorted for viralspecific t cells among the genes altered during chronic hbv infection was telomeric repeat binding factor 2 interacting protein...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...both cd4 and cd8 t cells in dual infection telomere lengths did not correlate with a more differentiated cell again owing to the possibility that length measurements were taken on total pbmcs from the patients and were not sorted for viralspecific t cells among the genes altered during chronic hbv infection was telomeric repeat binding factor 2 interacting protein terf2ip [82] terf2ip is known to regulate telomere dynamics and terf2ip expression was decreased in hbvspecific cd8 t cells in addition expression of genes associated with cellular senescence were found downregulated in exhausted hbvspecific cd8 t cells including atm...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...cd8 t cells in addition expression of genes associated with cellular senescence were found downregulated in exhausted hbvspecific cd8 t cells including atm several dna repair proteins rad proteins and polh dna polymerase eta a polymerase involved in translesion repair [79] early exposure in life to hbv infection can possibly lead to shorter telomere lengths in cd8 t cells and early development of immunosenescence [83] while only an indirect measurement of hbv infection was performed these individuals lived in hbv endemic areas where hcc development was high and had tcell immune markers of hbv infection...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...proteins and polh dna polymerase eta a polymerase involved in translesion repair [79] early exposure in life to hbv infection can possibly lead to shorter telomere lengths in cd8 t cells and early development of immunosenescence [83] while only an indirect measurement of hbv infection was performed these individuals lived in hbv endemic areas where hcc development was high and had tcell immune markers of hbv infection tcrv12 these individuals also demonstrated low cd3 and cd4 tcell counts suggesting immune impairment from longterm exposure to hbv chronic hcv patient cd8 t cells were shown to...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...infection can possibly lead to shorter telomere lengths in cd8 t cells and early development of immunosenescence [83] while only an indirect measurement of hbv infection was performed these individuals lived in hbv endemic areas where hcc development was high and had tcell immune markers of hbv infection tcrv12 these individuals also demonstrated low cd3 and cd4 tcell counts suggesting immune impairment from longterm exposure to hbv chronic hcv patient cd8 t cells were shown to have shorter telomeres with hallmarks of dna damage including h2ax marker of dna doublestranded breaks and p53 serine phosphorylation [84]...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...phenotype but did not express pd1 or tim3 possibly owing to the fact that hcvspecific cd8 t cells were not analyzed it could be that these t cells since not hcvspecific could owe their phenotypes to bystander effects from secreted prodifferentiation factors released during the course of the chronic viral infection this has been described for cmv infection in which release of interferonalpha ifn causes cmvspecific cd4 t cells to differentiate and lose telomere lengths [85] ifn can be released in response to cmv infection and inhibits telomerase activity leading to telomere shortening [86] so...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...tim3 possibly owing to the fact that hcvspecific cd8 t cells were not analyzed it could be that these t cells since not hcvspecific could owe their phenotypes to bystander effects from secreted prodifferentiation factors released during the course of the chronic viral infection this has been described for cmv infection in which release of interferonalpha ifn causes cmvspecific cd4 t cells to differentiate and lose telomere lengths [85] ifn can be released in response to cmv infection and inhibits telomerase activity leading to telomere shortening [86] so while a direct examination of telomere lengths...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...effects from secreted prodifferentiation factors released during the course of the chronic viral infection this has been described for cmv infection in which release of interferonalpha ifn causes cmvspecific cd4 t cells to differentiate and lose telomere lengths [85] ifn can be released in response to cmv infection and inhibits telomerase activity leading to telomere shortening [86] so while a direct examination of telomere lengths and senescence has not been examined for hbvor hcv specific cd8 t cells it can be suggested that telomere dynamics and slowed replication are altered in exhausted hbvspecific t cells...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...cells have been found in the liver spleen and blood and the exhausted inhibitory receptor phenotype varies according to the inhibitory marker and level of expression cd127 or the il7 receptor is upregulated on effector and memory t cells and is a marker for the activated state during hbv acute infection [87] low cd127 expression is seen on exhausted cd8 t cells in other chronic viral infections such as hiv [88] in hcvspecific t cells that expressed low cd127 and high inhibitory markers impaired proliferation was seen and could only be reinvigorated once pd1pdl1 was...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...ctl responses [89] not only was tim3 present on the surface of chronically infected hcv t cells but cd57 was also present in conjunction with tim3 [89] given the colocalization of these two markers on the same cell it suggests that during chronic hcv infection exhausted t cells undergo senescence less is axiomatic between viralspecific tcell exhaustion in latent viral infections including whether or not latent viral infection can lead to shortened telomeres replicative senescence andor apoptosis the majority of studies on tcell exhaustion were performed in the lcmv model which though correctly depicting...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...present in conjunction with tim3 [89] given the colocalization of these two markers on the same cell it suggests that during chronic hcv infection exhausted t cells undergo senescence less is axiomatic between viralspecific tcell exhaustion in latent viral infections including whether or not latent viral infection can lead to shortened telomeres replicative senescence andor apoptosis the majority of studies on tcell exhaustion were performed in the lcmv model which though correctly depicting chronic productive viruses does not accurately reflect chronic latent viruses often these viruses are hidden from immune surveillance andor produce a low abundance of...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...viruses are hidden from immune surveillance andor produce a low abundance of viral antigens studies using an adapted influenza a virus to mimic chronic antigen stimulation have shown that cd8 tcell exhaustion still occurs [90] this model allowed for the absence of large viral loads and lymphocyte infection and demonstrated tcell exhaustion albeit with altered mechanisms while evidence of tcell exhaustion andor senescence is found in latent chronic viral infections as outlined below there is still a large gap in research describing telomere dynamics during these infections a majority of the chronic latent viruses discussed are known to...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...highlighting the fact that more studies need to be done to examine the relationship between longterm chronic viral infections and their effect on viralspecific immune responses in regard to telomere attrition and senescence an additional hindrance to the study of tcell exhaustion and its downstream effects during latent viral infection is the lack of data owing to the endemic nature of some of these viruses a challenge remains in finding noninfected t cells for some worldwide endemic latent viruses for example in order to measure tcell exhaustion or telomere lengths in varicella zoster virus vzvspecific t cells nonvzv t cells...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...of terminal differentiation over 60 of htlvspecific cd8 t cells in tsp patients expressed the late differentiated phenotype cd28cd27 whereas 60 of htlvspecific cd8 t cells in htlv carriers had the intermediate phenotype cd28cd27 [102] several studies have reported characteristics associated with a senescent phenotype during htlvi infection impaired cd8 t cells in their ability to proliferate in response to antigen stimulation increased levels of proinflammatory and prosenescence cytokines such as il6 and tnf and reduced expression of cd28 [109] in vitro taxspecific t cells from tspham patients also display phenotypes of effector memory t...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...cancers it is estimated that nearly 90 of the world population is infected with ebv ebv is responsible for a wide plethora of human diseases including those associated with defective b cells such as acute infectious mononucleosis aim and a wide variety of nonbcell diseases given the prevalence of ebv infection in the population it is likely that most individuals harbor ebvspecific cd8 t cells studies have shown pd1 expression on ebv cd8 t cells in healthy individuals which were increased in ebv cd8 t cells from ebv monoinfection or ebvhiv coinfection high expression of tim3 was also found on ebv...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

... pdl1 has also been found to be elevated in ebvpositive hl and ptld [118] in the latter it was shown that an ebv latent gene product lmp1 could elevate pdl1 gene promoter expression a clearer understanding of the effect of telomere dynamics during chronic ebv infection came from studying ebvspecific cd8 t cells during and after aim during and immediately following viruses 2017 9 289 12 of 23 aim ebvspecific cd8 t cells were able to prevent telomere erosion by upregulating telomerase [11] in the majority of individuals telomere lengths remained unchanged immediately...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...to be exposed to ebv antigen but were unable to upregulate telomerase this and the fact that longterm clones of ebvspecific t cells decrease over time suggest that chronic ebv exposure leads to replicative senescence of ebv cd8 t cells [119] in other situations in which ebv infection is not controlled researchers examined telomere dynamics chronic ebv infection and replication often occurs in hivinfected immunocompromised individuals in fact aidsrelated nonhodgkin lymphoma aidsnhl is thought to evolve due to accumulation of ebvspecific t cells that have lost their cytotoxic immune function ie exhausted and are no longer able to...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...upregulate telomerase this and the fact that longterm clones of ebvspecific t cells decrease over time suggest that chronic ebv exposure leads to replicative senescence of ebv cd8 t cells [119] in other situations in which ebv infection is not controlled researchers examined telomere dynamics chronic ebv infection and replication often occurs in hivinfected immunocompromised individuals in fact aidsrelated nonhodgkin lymphoma aidsnhl is thought to evolve due to accumulation of ebvspecific t cells that have lost their cytotoxic immune function ie exhausted and are no longer able to control ebv infection [120] in these individuals...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...controlled researchers examined telomere dynamics chronic ebv infection and replication often occurs in hivinfected immunocompromised individuals in fact aidsrelated nonhodgkin lymphoma aidsnhl is thought to evolve due to accumulation of ebvspecific t cells that have lost their cytotoxic immune function ie exhausted and are no longer able to control ebv infection [120] in these individuals ebvspecific cd8 t cells showed marked decreases in telomere length which seemed to preclude a senescentlike phenotype towards ebv infection as suggested due to a large decrease in ifnproducing ebv cd8 t cells which was similarly seen in the elderly [121]...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...to accumulation of ebvspecific t cells that have lost their cytotoxic immune function ie exhausted and are no longer able to control ebv infection [120] in these individuals ebvspecific cd8 t cells showed marked decreases in telomere length which seemed to preclude a senescentlike phenotype towards ebv infection as suggested due to a large decrease in ifnproducing ebv cd8 t cells which was similarly seen in the elderly [121] a similar situation occurs in xlinked lymphoproliferative syndrome xlp in which there is an inflated immune response to ebv infection an examination of ebvspecific cd8 t...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...preclude a senescentlike phenotype towards ebv infection as suggested due to a large decrease in ifnproducing ebv cd8 t cells which was similarly seen in the elderly [121] a similar situation occurs in xlinked lymphoproliferative syndrome xlp in which there is an inflated immune response to ebv infection an examination of ebvspecific cd8 t cells in survivors demonstrated loss of telomerase shorter telomere lengths and a more differentiated state ccr7cd27 [122] unlike htlv and ebv infections there is little to no information regarding telomere shortening and how it relates to tcell exhaustion during some chronic...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...telomerase shorter telomere lengths and a more differentiated state ccr7cd27 [122] unlike htlv and ebv infections there is little to no information regarding telomere shortening and how it relates to tcell exhaustion during some chronic viral infections this is the case for chronic kaposis sarcomaassociated herpesvirus kshv infection also known as human herpesvirus8 hhv8 and human papilloma virus hpv infection to date no study has been done to examine tcell exhaustion or senescent markers nor telomere length on hhv8specific memory cells given the fact that tcell exhaustion has been found in all chronic viral infections it is conceivable...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...] unlike htlv and ebv infections there is little to no information regarding telomere shortening and how it relates to tcell exhaustion during some chronic viral infections this is the case for chronic kaposis sarcomaassociated herpesvirus kshv infection also known as human herpesvirus8 hhv8 and human papilloma virus hpv infection to date no study has been done to examine tcell exhaustion or senescent markers nor telomere length on hhv8specific memory cells given the fact that tcell exhaustion has been found in all chronic viral infections it is conceivable that this is also the case in hhv8 patients patients with kaposis...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...on some cells of hhv8associated diseases [124 125] senescent markers such as decreased cd57cd28 on cd4 and cd8 t cells have also been found in hhv8infected individuals with hivassociated ks [126] information is also needed on replicative senescence and tcell exhaustion in chronic hpv infection however the low antigenic loads of hpv infection likely contribute to the fact that tcell exhaustion may not occur to the same extent or is difficult to detect in hpvinfected individuals compared to other chronic viral diseases this is because longterm existing t cells require the presence of viral antigen...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...125] senescent markers such as decreased cd57cd28 on cd4 and cd8 t cells have also been found in hhv8infected individuals with hivassociated ks [126] information is also needed on replicative senescence and tcell exhaustion in chronic hpv infection however the low antigenic loads of hpv infection likely contribute to the fact that tcell exhaustion may not occur to the same extent or is difficult to detect in hpvinfected individuals compared to other chronic viral diseases this is because longterm existing t cells require the presence of viral antigen to survive and the direct amount of antigen...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...memory cd8 t cells from the mucosa there are some reported studies suggesting tcell dysfunction however most studies have not directly assessed the phenotype of hpvspecific cd8 t cells ie inhibitory markers or cytokine profile t cells and dendritic cells in cervical tissue were positive for pd1 in highgrade hpv infection [133] this was seen in conjunction with a reduction in ifn and il12 from helper t cells it has also been shown in hpvassociated recurrent respiratory papillomatosis rrp that hpvspecific t cells are dysfunctional with decreased stat5 activity and reduced il2 however this has been linked to...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...discussed below be given at the proper time before the cells become permanently differentiated in the latter case it would then be imperative to target these cells for removal through enhanced cell death since reactivation is not possible furthermore in a subset of cd8 t cells exposed to chronic viral infection expression of the tcell factor1 tcf1 gene has been shown to be elevated [144] because these cells retain properties of both exhausted and memory t cells tcf1 cells may represent a pole of cells that can be reactivated and proliferate during chronic infection when inhibitory markers such...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...exposed to chronic viral infection expression of the tcell factor1 tcf1 gene has been shown to be elevated [144] because these cells retain properties of both exhausted and memory t cells tcf1 cells may represent a pole of cells that can be reactivated and proliferate during chronic infection when inhibitory markers such as pd1 are blocked another concern is whether antiexhaustion therapy can fully reactivate viralspecific pools of memory t cells and whether exhausted t cells retain all their effector functions another caveat is determining how many and which immune inhibitory receptors should be targeted as shown...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...example a drug targeting ctl4 ipilimumab was approved by the food and drug administration fda and has shown success in patients with metastatic melanoma however in some viral infections targeting ctla4 has led to increased viral production and a reduction in antiviral therapy [145] in chronic hcv infection pd1 therapy led to only small increases in proliferation suggesting that a cocktail of therapies against various inhibitory markers would be more successful use of an antipd1 antibody had great effects in the simian version of hiv simian immunodeficiency virussiv siv cd8 t cells increased in the blood and led...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...nivolumab for treating htlviassociated atl in addition a phase 2 trial for nivolumab on hpvassociated squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal scca patients showed complete or partial responses in some patients [149] a combination of antipd1 and antictla4 therapies produced an enhanced ability to control ebv infection leading to reductions in lymphomas increased ebv effector responses and decreases in ebvinfected b cells [150] additional evidence for blocking more than one inhibitory receptor is seen in cancers such as nonsmall cell lung cancer patients that develop resistance to antipd1 therapy [151] this...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...individual chromosomes this is important because a single chromosome harboring a critically short telomere can initiate senescence [14] studies will need to be repeated to look at the individual chromosome level 2most of the molecular determinants for tcell exhaustion have been discovered with the use of lcmv infection in mice or have been interpreted from viral studies carried out in mice however mice have extremely different telomere dynamics than humans for one unlike humans mice have extremely long telomeres [153] a second concern is the lifespan differences between the two species humans live considerably longer...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...repeated cellular stimulation in immune cells results in transcriptional silencing of the telomerase promoter therefore while the outcome telomere shortening and immune senescence may be similar in chronic infections the cell subpopulations and the underlying signaling mechanisms involved are worth investigating understanding the regulatory mechanisms controlling telomerase expression in chronic infection will allow the design of specific targeted therapies and may apply to some other chronic stimulation disorders in conclusion sustained antigenic stimulation due to chronic viral infection imposes considerable constraints on the immune system chronic proliferation of viralspecific memory t cells can lead to telomere shortening activation of the...

Title: Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and
Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Bellon, Marcia. Nicot, Christophe
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 149
ID: 63b21e59e43206a09eaa36fdc5233f22af7515e3
Number of matches: 67

...infections the cell subpopulations and the underlying signaling mechanisms involved are worth investigating understanding the regulatory mechanisms controlling telomerase expression in chronic infection will allow the design of specific targeted therapies and may apply to some other chronic stimulation disorders in conclusion sustained antigenic stimulation due to chronic viral infection imposes considerable constraints on the immune system chronic proliferation of viralspecific memory t cells can lead to telomere shortening activation of the ddr and replicative senescence tcell exhaustion occurs leading to loss of ctl effector and memory cell function these constraints make it difficult to effectively clear the virus and...

Title: Seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine
respiratory syncytial virus in cattle in the Nineveh
Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Hussain, Khder Jassiem. Al-Farwachi, Maab Ibrahim...
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 150
ID: 437a7f66e0cb7f9fdf9d6b3ff4da80939e9ac546
Number of matches: 2

...respiratory syncytial virus brsv is one of the main causes of severe pneumonia interstitial edema and emphysema in cattle [1] brsv is an rna virus with a nonsegmented singlestranded negativesense 152 kb genome that belongs to the genus pneumovirus and family paramyxoviridae [2] brsv infection leads to sudden fever rhinitis cough respiratory distress abdominal breathing and decreased appetite [3] the previous epidemiological studies reported that the prevalence of brsv in cattle ranged from 28 to 70 depending on animal age and environmental conditions [4] [5] [6]...

Title: Seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine
respiratory syncytial virus in cattle in the Nineveh
Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Hussain, Khder Jassiem. Al-Farwachi, Maab Ibrahim...
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 150
ID: 437a7f66e0cb7f9fdf9d6b3ff4da80939e9ac546
Number of matches: 2

...poor ventilation and high humidity in the barns the current report is the first epidemiological investigation of brsv prevalence among cattle in the nineveh province iraq our results revealed a high prevalence of the disease in the cattle of this region and identified several risk factors associated with brsv infection more studies are required to further our understanding of the disease mia designed and planned the study kjh and sdh did the collection of samples kjh analyzed the samples mia and kjh interpreted the results all authors read and approved the final manuscript...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...] and declared the public health emergency of international concern pheic over the global outbreak of 2019ncov in january 31 2020 based on the current epidemiological survey and data more comprehensive information is required to understand 2019ncov feature epidemiology of the outbreak including the source transmission extent of infection and the clinical picture further strategies are required to determine according to the current status coronaviruses are enveloped positivesense single stranded rna viruses that are distributed broadly among humans other mammals and birds which cause respiratory enteric hepatic and neurologic diseases [5] six coronavirus species are...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...wind velocity should also be attention to the transmission 2019ncov pneumonia emerging attacks in the cold seasonal nature akin to viruses such as sars and influenza [19] based on the current epidemiological survey most individuals had a history of close contact to a patient who had 2019ncov infection or a history of travel from wuhan city or hubei province china the incubation period is generally 37 days within 14 days [20] the symptoms of 2019ncov infection were nonspecific the most common symptoms were onset of fever generalized weakness and dry cough some patients had headache...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...on the current epidemiological survey most individuals had a history of close contact to a patient who had 2019ncov infection or a history of travel from wuhan city or hubei province china the incubation period is generally 37 days within 14 days [20] the symptoms of 2019ncov infection were nonspecific the most common symptoms were onset of fever generalized weakness and dry cough some patients had headache andor myalgia but upper respiratory symptoms such as runny nose were rare [20] diarrhea was often identified which had been reported 106 in sars and up to 30...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...8 days [2] patients infected with 2019ncov might develop acute respiratory distress syndrome ards followed by septic shock refractory metabolic acidosis and coagulation dysfunction if the disease could not be controlled [20] notably some patients were afebrile or confirmed biologically to have an asymptomatic infection [21] these cryptic cases of walking pneumonia might serve as a possible source to propagate the outbreak further studies on the epidemiological significance of these asymptomatic cases are warranted the blood cell counts of patients showed total white blood cells lymphocyte and platelet were lower than...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...portal of transmission at the same time we could not ignore the environmental assessments at the persontoperson transmission was efficient and superspreading events had led to major outbreaks in public gathering places the severity of disease is an important indirect factor helps to identify those who had been infected if infection does not cause serious disease or asymptomatic infection infected people probably end up in health care centers instead they would go to work and travel thereby potentially spreading the virus to their contacts [16] recent epidemiological survey and studies showed the patients who did not travel to...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...could not ignore the environmental assessments at the persontoperson transmission was efficient and superspreading events had led to major outbreaks in public gathering places the severity of disease is an important indirect factor helps to identify those who had been infected if infection does not cause serious disease or asymptomatic infection infected people probably end up in health care centers instead they would go to work and travel thereby potentially spreading the virus to their contacts [16] recent epidemiological survey and studies showed the patients who did not travel to wuhan became infected with the virus after several...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...abroad [25 26] however it is not completely under control people with symptoms of pneumonia reported travel history to wuhan have been identified at international airports over the past week it is crucial to isolate patients trace and quarantine contacts as early as possible because asymptomatic infection began to appear [21] most importantly the extent of interhuman transmission needs to be determined transmission of sarscov and merscov occurred to a large extent by means of superspreading events [27 28] superspreading events have been implicated in 2019ncov transmission so educate the public...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...the extent of interhuman transmission needs to be determined transmission of sarscov and merscov occurred to a large extent by means of superspreading events [27 28] superspreading events have been implicated in 2019ncov transmission so educate the public on both food and personal hygiene and compliance to infection isolation to prevent superspreading events deserves highly attention transmission of 2019ncov probably occurs through spreading airborne and contact aerosol and fecaloral transmission remain unclear [24] public health measures including quarantining in the community as well as timely diagnosis and strict adherence to universal precautions in health...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...airborne precautions personal protection including gloves gowns respiratory protection eye protection and hand hygiene some procedures performed on 2019ncov infected patients could generate infectious aerosols eg nasopharyngeal specimen collection sputum induction and open suctioning of airways should be performed cautiously if performed these procedures should take place in an airborne infection isolation room and personnel should use respiratory and eye protection and hand hygiene [30] in addition management of environmental infection control including laundry food service utensils and medical waste should also be performed artificial intelligence ai alternative selection to reducing infection for medical personnel should be explored...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...infectious aerosols eg nasopharyngeal specimen collection sputum induction and open suctioning of airways should be performed cautiously if performed these procedures should take place in an airborne infection isolation room and personnel should use respiratory and eye protection and hand hygiene [30] in addition management of environmental infection control including laundry food service utensils and medical waste should also be performed artificial intelligence ai alternative selection to reducing infection for medical personnel should be explored joint developed by respiratory research institution of zhongshan hospital fudan university and realmax ltd co which will be benefit for remote guidance of...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...should take place in an airborne infection isolation room and personnel should use respiratory and eye protection and hand hygiene [30] in addition management of environmental infection control including laundry food service utensils and medical waste should also be performed artificial intelligence ai alternative selection to reducing infection for medical personnel should be explored joint developed by respiratory research institution of zhongshan hospital fudan university and realmax ltd co which will be benefit for remote guidance of practices no antiviral treatment for coronavirus infection has been proven to be effective previous studies showed the combination of lopinavir...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...medical waste should also be performed artificial intelligence ai alternative selection to reducing infection for medical personnel should be explored joint developed by respiratory research institution of zhongshan hospital fudan university and realmax ltd co which will be benefit for remote guidance of practices no antiviral treatment for coronavirus infection has been proven to be effective previous studies showed the combination of lopinavir and ritonavir may be beneficial for sarscov and merscov infected patients [31 32] treatment with intravenous remdesivir a novel nucleotide analogue prodrug in development showed significant improvement for the first case in us [...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...infected patients [31 32] treatment with intravenous remdesivir a novel nucleotide analogue prodrug in development showed significant improvement for the first case in us [24] a trial has been initiated quickly to assess the efficacy and safety of remdesivir in patients hospitalized with 2019ncov infection recently a potent binding of 2019ncov spike protein by a sarscov specific human monoclonal antibody were under investigation [33] as the cytokine storm was observed in severe 2019ncov infection patients low dose corticosteroids has been used to treat the patients for possible benefit by reducing inflammatoryinduced lung...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...trial has been initiated quickly to assess the efficacy and safety of remdesivir in patients hospitalized with 2019ncov infection recently a potent binding of 2019ncov spike protein by a sarscov specific human monoclonal antibody were under investigation [33] as the cytokine storm was observed in severe 2019ncov infection patients low dose corticosteroids has been used to treat the patients for possible benefit by reducing inflammatoryinduced lung injury however corticosteroids did not reduce the mortality for sarscov and merscov infection by who interim guidance [34 35] treatment regiments were classified into three categories depends on the...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...human monoclonal antibody were under investigation [33] as the cytokine storm was observed in severe 2019ncov infection patients low dose corticosteroids has been used to treat the patients for possible benefit by reducing inflammatoryinduced lung injury however corticosteroids did not reduce the mortality for sarscov and merscov infection by who interim guidance [34 35] treatment regiments were classified into three categories depends on the severity of the disease 1 for mild to moderate disease the major treatment is supportive therapy [21] 2 for severe disease oxygen inhalation through mask high nasal oxygen...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...of patients need to be consideration we should not only pay attention to disease treatment but also the mental issues of patients in addition some traditional chinese medicine tcm such as snow lotus saussuea involucrata lianhuaqingwen [36] liushenwan [37] might be beneficial for coronavirus infection treatment through immunity enhancement further evidence is needed to assess the effect of tcm treatment for patients infected with 2019ncov 2019ncov pneumonia are emerging attack at china and worldwide in the winter of 20192020 the identified 2019ncov genome has been sequenced the closest to some betacoronaviruses detected in bats...

Title: 2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: emerging attack and management strategies
Authors: She, Jun. Jiang, Jinjun...
Journal: Clin Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 152
ID: 61dbde818b21b253a6656b32d30b0dfa2bf0e234
Number of matches: 18

...compared with 96 of sars and 344 of mers reported by who it seems the new virus is not as fatally as many people thought the most common symptoms were onset of fever generalized weakness and dry cough notably some patients were afebrile or confirmed biologically to have an asymptomatic infection and the ground glass changes on chest ct scan were earlier than the positive for rtpcr test in some cases repeat testing of nasopharyngeal swab or sputum samples are recommended in clinical suspected cases with an initially negative result according to the current status blocking transmission isolation respiratory and eye...

Title: A data-driven model for influenza
transmission incorporating media effects
Authors: Mitchell, Lewis. Ross, Joshua V.
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 156
ID: a106bdc3abdca61cda30b7f968c388e320e547e3
Number of matches: 7

...effect during the 20092010 h1n1 pandemic by fitting to news report data collected from newspaper homepages during the pandemic second pure statistical models of media and prevalence are used on large datasets to produce statistical regression models relating some measure of volume of media concerning epidemics to the prevalence of infection [9 10] or reproductive number [19] such models have recently become popular due to the rapid increase in new data streams coming from internet and online social media usage [20 21] the study of signorini et al [11] is an...

Title: A data-driven model for influenza
transmission incorporating media effects
Authors: Mitchell, Lewis. Ross, Joshua V.
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 156
ID: a106bdc3abdca61cda30b7f968c388e320e547e3
Number of matches: 7

...and i i 1 i 2 the media function reduces the total number of infected persons ie the final size of the epidemic and size of the peak while not notably changing the timing of the peak the slower rate of depletion of susceptibles means that the infection dies out slightly slower in the model with media effect to investigate how well the various transmission models both with and without media effects describe real influenza outbreaks we fit 2126 with f i 1 as well as 2731 to weekly laboratoryconfirmed influenza incidence data for the 19982013...

Title: A data-driven model for influenza
transmission incorporating media effects
Authors: Mitchell, Lewis. Ross, Joshua V.
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 156
ID: a106bdc3abdca61cda30b7f968c388e320e547e3
Number of matches: 7

...as with the ili data the laboratoryconfirmed case data are expressed as a percentage of the total number of visits to sentinel surveillance providers the inset plot shows the corresponding media functions with bestfitting parameters while no model is able to correctly estimate the size of the peak of the infection the model with linear media function f m is the only one which correctly identifies the week in which the infection peaks the media functions f m and f 1 are also the only models which describe the decay of the infection postpeak well while the media function f...

Title: A data-driven model for influenza
transmission incorporating media effects
Authors: Mitchell, Lewis. Ross, Joshua V.
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 156
ID: a106bdc3abdca61cda30b7f968c388e320e547e3
Number of matches: 7

...sentinel surveillance providers the inset plot shows the corresponding media functions with bestfitting parameters while no model is able to correctly estimate the size of the peak of the infection the model with linear media function f m is the only one which correctly identifies the week in which the infection peaks the media functions f m and f 1 are also the only models which describe the decay of the infection postpeak well while the media function f m i was derived based upon twitter data our intention in focusing on newssharing behaviours is to model the effects of...

Title: A data-driven model for influenza
transmission incorporating media effects
Authors: Mitchell, Lewis. Ross, Joshua V.
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 156
ID: a106bdc3abdca61cda30b7f968c388e320e547e3
Number of matches: 7

...estimate the size of the peak of the infection the model with linear media function f m is the only one which correctly identifies the week in which the infection peaks the media functions f m and f 1 are also the only models which describe the decay of the infection postpeak well while the media function f m i was derived based upon twitter data our intention in focusing on newssharing behaviours is to model the effects of mass media more generally indeed we might expect that populationlevel engagement with other forms of mass media show a similar monotonically...

Title: A data-driven model for influenza
transmission incorporating media effects
Authors: Mitchell, Lewis. Ross, Joshua V.
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 156
ID: a106bdc3abdca61cda30b7f968c388e320e547e3
Number of matches: 7

...up until around 1012 weeks before the peak when fitting data earlier than 12 weeks before the peak the no media model is preferred suggesting that the effect of media coverage becomes more important later in the season furthermore neither model is able to reliably predict the peak of the infection in terms of either size or timing based upon data from before the peak only this suggests that in order to make accurate predictions and estimate parameters rather than explain an existing dataset when only small amounts of data are available we must use a more advanced methodology such as...

Title: A data-driven model for influenza
transmission incorporating media effects
Authors: Mitchell, Lewis. Ross, Joshua V.
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 156
ID: a106bdc3abdca61cda30b7f968c388e320e547e3
Number of matches: 7

...incidence data better than a model without media effects and better than previously proposed media functions we observed a relationship between outbreak size and media awareness with a quadratic model becoming more likely as the final size of the outbreak increased this suggests that the relationship between media coverage and infection rates is nonlinear especially in more severe seasons future extensions to the media function could incorporate extra reductions in disease transmission due to factors such as early media coverage preexisting immunity or seasonality public awareness campaigns could lead to an increase in earlyseason social media activity and sharing of news...

Title: The threat of climate change to
non-dengue-endemic countries: increasing risk of dengue
transmission potential using climate and non-climate
datasets
Authors: Lee, Jung-Seok. Farlow, Andrew
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 158
ID: 52e898e9b4110cbc6a8beac32cd86672f96489ca
Number of matches: 2

...fever is a major public health concern in many parts of the tropics and subtropics the disease is transmitted to humans by infective female aedes mosquitoes the two most common species being aedes aegypti and aedes albopitus the epidemiology of dengue is complicated because there are four antigenically distinctive serotypes infection with one serotype provides lifelong immunity to that specific serotype but does not confer prolonged protection against the other three serotypes [1 2] while clinical presentations usually exhibit mild symptoms a potential lethal complication called severe dengue can also occur and is the main cause of hospitalization...

Title: The threat of climate change to
non-dengue-endemic countries: increasing risk of dengue
transmission potential using climate and non-climate
datasets
Authors: Lee, Jung-Seok. Farlow, Andrew
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 158
ID: 52e898e9b4110cbc6a8beac32cd86672f96489ca
Number of matches: 2

...a safe and effective dengue vaccine dengvaxia cydtdv is the only available vaccine at the time of this research but the recent reports announced by the vaccine manufacturer and by who indicate that vaccinating seronegative individuals with cydtdv may increase the risk of experiencing more severe illness when a breakthrough infection occurs after vaccination [27] [28] [29] thus the use of cydtdv is not recommended for japan and south korea given that the majority of their populations are seronegatives instead the two countries may consider other secondgeneration vaccine candidates that are currently in phase...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

......

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...seeded onto a549 cells to isolate viral strains phylogenetic analysis was conducted on the highly variable region of adenoviral hexon gene results a total of 1300 hospitalized adult patients with lower respiratory tract infections were enrolled in which 189 patients 145 were detected as having at least one viral infection the coinfection rate in this study was 259 49189 the dominant viral pathogen from 2014 to 2017 was parainfluenza virus with a detection rate of 72 followed by influenza virus respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus based on the climate seasons determined by daily average temperature the highest overall viral detection...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...common in respiratory infections of the adult population in shandong province china liu et al 2015 to the best of our knowledge there were no commercial vaccines available for most of these viruses except for influenza a and b viruses lambkinwilliams et al 2018 the etiology of respiratory infection in the adult population has been overlooked at least in china although there are plenty of reports on the epidemiology of respiratory viral infection in the pediatric population wang et al 2016 china is a vast country with notable variations in climate characteristics among different regions due to the...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...were no commercial vaccines available for most of these viruses except for influenza a and b viruses lambkinwilliams et al 2018 the etiology of respiratory infection in the adult population has been overlooked at least in china although there are plenty of reports on the epidemiology of respiratory viral infection in the pediatric population wang et al 2016 china is a vast country with notable variations in climate characteristics among different regions due to the differences in socioeconomic geographic or climate factors the epidemiological features of viral infection in the respiratory tract show dramatic variation among different study populations...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...there are plenty of reports on the epidemiology of respiratory viral infection in the pediatric population wang et al 2016 china is a vast country with notable variations in climate characteristics among different regions due to the differences in socioeconomic geographic or climate factors the epidemiological features of viral infection in the respiratory tract show dramatic variation among different study populations sloan et al 2011 lu et al 2013 he et al 2014 rehder et al 2015 harbin is one of the major metropolises in northeast china hosting more than eight million people the winter in harbin lasts for...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...base may also be involved in the neutralization of adenoviruses tomita et al 2018 to the best of our knowledge the hypervariable region of adenoviral hexon protein plays an essential role in viral typespecific immunity in this report the prevalence of common viruses in the lower respiratory tract infection of hospitalized adult patients from harbin china was explored in hopes of revealing the clinical and pathogenic features of respiratory viruses adenoviral strains were isolated from positive cases to identify potential molecular variations within its hypervariable regions from january 2014 to december 2017 sputum samples were collected from 1300...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...neighborjoining tree was reconstructed using the kimura 2 parameters distance whose robustness was tested by the bootstrap method with 1000 replications implemented in mega kumar et al 2018 software version 1001 the parsimony tree was also built on the same dataset in total 1300 hospitalized adult patients with respiratory infection were enrolled from january 2014 to december 2017 in harbin city among these patients 710 were male and 590 were female as shown in bronchiectasis 20 with asthma and 51 with other infections some clinical signs were more frequent among cases with certain diagnoses in all 370 665 pneumonia cases...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

... among the 1300 total patients 189 145 cases were determined to be positive with at least one of seven viruses including influenza virus a and b piv type 1 2 and 3 rsv and adv one hundred and forty patients were infected with only one virus as the single infection and 49 patients were coinfected with more than one virus double infections were observed in 43 cases while triple infection was found in six cases as shown in table 2 the most frequent single infection was piv 59 cases and the major double infection was combined influenza and parainfluenza...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...viruses including influenza virus a and b piv type 1 2 and 3 rsv and adv one hundred and forty patients were infected with only one virus as the single infection and 49 patients were coinfected with more than one virus double infections were observed in 43 cases while triple infection was found in six cases as shown in table 2 the most frequent single infection was piv 59 cases and the major double infection was combined influenza and parainfluenza viruses 17 cases the details were accessible from the supplementary table s2 the median age of the viral...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...one hundred and forty patients were infected with only one virus as the single infection and 49 patients were coinfected with more than one virus double infections were observed in 43 cases while triple infection was found in six cases as shown in table 2 the most frequent single infection was piv 59 cases and the major double infection was combined influenza and parainfluenza viruses 17 cases the details were accessible from the supplementary table s2 the median age of the viral positive group was 63 iqr 5469 and the negative group was 61 iqr 5171 the age...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...one virus as the single infection and 49 patients were coinfected with more than one virus double infections were observed in 43 cases while triple infection was found in six cases as shown in table 2 the most frequent single infection was piv 59 cases and the major double infection was combined influenza and parainfluenza viruses 17 cases the details were accessible from the supplementary table s2 the median age of the viral positive group was 63 iqr 5469 and the negative group was 61 iqr 5171 the age difference between the viral infection positive and negative group...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...and the major double infection was combined influenza and parainfluenza viruses 17 cases the details were accessible from the supplementary table s2 the median age of the viral positive group was 63 iqr 5469 and the negative group was 61 iqr 5171 the age difference between the viral infection positive and negative group was not statistically significant p 0730 the viral detection rate varied from 166 108652 in the middle age group to 119 43360 in the senior citizen group but the difference was not statistically significant p 0104 there was no significant difference in the viral...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...seasons including influenza virus 89 21236 piv 97 23236 and rsv 93 22236 as shown in table 3 adv was more frequently detected in winter with a detection rate of 18 15813 piv was the dominant viral pathogen during the study period accounting for 655 1929 of the viral infection cases in 2014 403 2152 in 2015 547 2953 in 2016 and 436 2455 in 2017 as shown in table 3 viral coinfections were more not equally distributed among seasons with the highest ratio in spring at 72 17236 p 0022 flu piv rsv adv cases ...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...began late in june and ended in mid of august one exception was found in the summer in 2017 which was related to a sudden drop of air temperature from 272 c on 18th july to 188 c on 27th july 2017 the overall percentage of viral infection was significantly connected with clinical diagnoses p 0025 as shown in table 1 the highest detection rate was observed in the pneumonia group 178 99556 followed by bronchitis 139 69496 while the lowest detection rate was found in the asthma group 5 120 chest tightness was the only...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...178 99556 followed by bronchitis 139 69496 while the lowest detection rate was found in the asthma group 5 120 chest tightness was the only symptom that showed statistically significant difference p 0011 between the positive 381 72189 and negative 481 5341111 group of viral infections the respiratory viral infection did not prolong hospital stay statistically p 0306 although the median days in the hospital for the positive viral infection group was 12 iqr 917 which was shorter than 13 in the negative group iqr 917 overall the viral detection rate was relatively lower in the chronic diseases group...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...tightness was the only symptom that showed statistically significant difference p 0011 between the positive 381 72189 and negative 481 5341111 group of viral infections the respiratory viral infection did not prolong hospital stay statistically p 0306 although the median days in the hospital for the positive viral infection group was 12 iqr 917 which was shorter than 13 in the negative group iqr 917 overall the viral detection rate was relatively lower in the chronic diseases group 117 vs 169 with statistical significance p 0008 detection rates varied among different chronic diseases but the difference was not...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...pathogens has made the surveillance of these infections critical to public health authorities zou et al 2016 li et al 2017 the key indicators for viral infections from this report and recent published surveys in china has been summarized in table 4 the overall detection rate of viral infection among hospitalized adult patients in this report is 145 which was consistent with the result of 168 in the age group above 14 years old by a national survey from 2009 to 2013 in china feng et al 2014 the dominant viral pathogen throughout this study period was piv...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...the age group above 14 years old by a national survey from 2009 to 2013 in china feng et al 2014 the dominant viral pathogen throughout this study period was piv with a detection rate of 72 followed by influenza virus the national survey on hospitalized patients with respiratory infection in china from 2009 to 2013 showed that influenza virus had the highest detection rate of 80 in adult patients the detection rate of respiratory viruses in the over 16 years age group was 242 in shandong province of china liu et al 2015 and was dominated by influenza virus...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...yu et al 2018 compared with recent surveys in beijing shandong and other regions in china this report showed that the piv dominated epidemic seasons from 2014 to 2017 in adult patients in harbin which should be important for preparing future epidemic control strategies in public health the viral infection rate within asthma subgroup of this report was 5 and it was one patient with rsv among 20 asthma patients in total as shown in table 3 asthma is related to viral infection while the detection rates varies among different pathogens a recently published metaanalysis showed that the mean...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...harbin which should be important for preparing future epidemic control strategies in public health the viral infection rate within asthma subgroup of this report was 5 and it was one patient with rsv among 20 asthma patients in total as shown in table 3 asthma is related to viral infection while the detection rates varies among different pathogens a recently published metaanalysis showed that the mean prevalence of rsv influenza virus piv and adv was 136 10 56 and 38 respectively zheng et al 2018 the apparently low detection rate within asthma group in this report could be possibly...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...and adv was 136 10 56 and 38 respectively zheng et al 2018 the apparently low detection rate within asthma group in this report could be possibly caused by the sampling bias due to the limited subgroup size air temperature was a major meteorological variable associated with respiratory viral infection chan et al 2015 harbin city is located at 46 degrees north latitude with an annual average temperature of 49 degrees celsius climate seasons are not in equal length in harbin according to historical statistics from 1981 to 2010 the longest season in harbin is winter which starts on...

Title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral
Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in
Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017
Authors: Wang, Yingchen. Dong, Tuo...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 159
ID: cb495813627c5daa898a901ef2c076fe8469ea66
Number of matches: 22

...not included in this report which prevents us from drawing a comprehensive picture on the pathogens associated with lower respiratory tract infections in this report 145 of lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized adults from harbin were found to be related with common respiratory viruses the piv dominated viral infection from 2014 to 2017 with detection rates of 72 climate seasons based on daily temperature records were found to be reliable in seasonality analysis adv type 3 strains with slight variations were isolated from positive cases further surveillance would be important to continuously monitoring the viral etiology in adult patients...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...also caused large outbreaks in madagascar [2] egypt [3 4 5] saudi arabia [6] and yemen [6] in endemic areas rvfv naturally circulates among mosquitoes and ruminants such as sheep goat and cattle [7] rvfv infection in adult ruminants causes febrile illness and a high rate of abortions while some newborn animals less than 12 weeks of age develop an acute infection which results in higher mortality rates than those in adults [8] humans infected with rvfv usually develop an acute febrile myalgic...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...6] in endemic areas rvfv naturally circulates among mosquitoes and ruminants such as sheep goat and cattle [7] rvfv infection in adult ruminants causes febrile illness and a high rate of abortions while some newborn animals less than 12 weeks of age develop an acute infection which results in higher mortality rates than those in adults [8] humans infected with rvfv usually develop an acute febrile myalgic syndrome however a small percentage of patients have a lethal illness that results in hepatic damage hemorrhagic feverlike illness encephalitis andor retinal vasculitis [8]...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...of tfiih an essential transcriptional factor for cellular rna polymerase ii [25] furthermore the rvfv nss binds to sin3aassociated protein 30 sap30 which is important for maintaining the repressor complex containing histone deacetylase 3 on the interferon ifnb promoter and suppresses the ifnb promoter activation early in infection [26] accordingly the nss protein in the nucleus of infected cells most probably exerts these host transcriptionalsuppressive activities including that of ifn production inhibition and contributes to viral virulence [21] in contrast the biological function of cytoplasmic nss is largely unknown rvfv nss expression...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...investigated the effect of actd a host transcriptional inhibitor on the replication of mp12 lacking the nss gene in ifnincompetent veroe6 cells veroe6 cells were mockinfected or infected with mp12 or rmp12rluc which expressed renilla luciferase rluc in place of the nss figure 1a at a multiplicity of infection moi of 3 after 1 h virus adsorption cells were incubated in the absence or presence of 5 mgml of actd supernatants were harvested at 16 hours postinfection hpi and virus titers were measured by plaque assay actd treatment had little effect on mp12 titers yet it significantly reduced the...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...type i ifn in infected 293 cells we noted an efficient accumulation of rmp12rluc n mrna at 8 hpi in the presence of actd figure 6c because rmp12rluc replication in the presence of actd did not induce an accumulation of phosphorylated eif2a early in the course of the infection figure 4a this efficient rmp12rluc replication probably occurred prior to 8 hpi in the presence of actd as shown in figure 6d immunoprecipitated pkr from rmp12rlucflaginfected cells was phosphorylated both in the presence and absence of actd which led us to suggest that rmp12rlucflag replication activated pkr...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...prevents eif2a phosphorylation to secure the translation of viral mrnas and efficient virus replication we think that both of these two nss functions are tightly related and protect efficient viral replication by suppressing host antiviral responses in rvfvinfected cells the nss establishes general transcriptional suppression at a later stage of infection after 8 hpi [25] while nss also suppresses specific ifnb mrna transcription at early stages of infection about 3 hpi by maintaining repressor complex including sap30 on ifnb promoter [26 45] pkr downregulation early in infection is probably important for maintaining efficient viral translation...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...two nss functions are tightly related and protect efficient viral replication by suppressing host antiviral responses in rvfvinfected cells the nss establishes general transcriptional suppression at a later stage of infection after 8 hpi [25] while nss also suppresses specific ifnb mrna transcription at early stages of infection about 3 hpi by maintaining repressor complex including sap30 on ifnb promoter [26 45] pkr downregulation early in infection is probably important for maintaining efficient viral translation in combination with the suppression of host ifn responses we suspect that the nssmediated pkr downregulation activity is important...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...general transcriptional suppression at a later stage of infection after 8 hpi [25] while nss also suppresses specific ifnb mrna transcription at early stages of infection about 3 hpi by maintaining repressor complex including sap30 on ifnb promoter [26 45] pkr downregulation early in infection is probably important for maintaining efficient viral translation in combination with the suppression of host ifn responses we suspect that the nssmediated pkr downregulation activity is important for rvfv replication and survival in infected mammalian hosts rvfvinfection in rhesus monkeys showed that type i ifn is detectable around 1...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...dead monkey even kept high titer of ifn 120 to 480 uml from 1 day postinfection [46] in fact the best correlation with outcome was early detection of ifn and not necessarily the height of the response nss suppresses ifnb mrna transcription early in the course of infection in cultured cells [26 45] our present data suggest that the early downregulation of pkr in rvfvinfected cells might contribute to the inhibition of type i ifn induction because pkr is known to serve as a pathogenrecognition receptor [47] furthermore some of the host...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...pkr abundance is likely increased in many uninfected cells of infected animals rvfv needs to replicate in such cells to survive in infected hosts the reduction in pkr abundance occurred as early as 4 hpi figure 7g and the nss protein is produced very early in rvfv infection [48] immediate nss synthesis and subsequent nssinduced pkr downregulation in the cells some of which have increased pkr abundance could rapidly disarm the pkrmediated antiviral functions and contribute to rvfv replication and survival in animal hosts possible mechanisms of the accumulation of phosphorylated eif2a in actdtreated...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...cellgro an rvfv vaccine candidate mp12 [13] and recombinant mp12 [19] were used for the experiments and infectivity was assessed by a plaque assay in vero e6 cells cells were treated with transcriptional inhibitors actd sigma 5 mgml or aamanitin sigma 50 mgml immediately after infection or transfection to induce the inhibition of proteasome function cells were immediately treated with mg132 sigma at 10 mm or lactacystin sigma at 50 mm after infection or transfection to suppress pkc activity cells were treated with a general pkc inhibitor g 6983 calbiochem at 100 nm immediately after infection...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...assay in vero e6 cells cells were treated with transcriptional inhibitors actd sigma 5 mgml or aamanitin sigma 50 mgml immediately after infection or transfection to induce the inhibition of proteasome function cells were immediately treated with mg132 sigma at 10 mm or lactacystin sigma at 50 mm after infection or transfection to suppress pkc activity cells were treated with a general pkc inhibitor g 6983 calbiochem at 100 nm immediately after infection with rmp12rluc or mp12 cells were treated with puromycin cellgro at 100 mgml immediately after infection or transfection to inhibit cellular translation standard molecular biological techniques...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...infection or transfection to induce the inhibition of proteasome function cells were immediately treated with mg132 sigma at 10 mm or lactacystin sigma at 50 mm after infection or transfection to suppress pkc activity cells were treated with a general pkc inhibitor g 6983 calbiochem at 100 nm immediately after infection with rmp12rluc or mp12 cells were treated with puromycin cellgro at 100 mgml immediately after infection or transfection to inhibit cellular translation standard molecular biological techniques including a pcrbased mutagenesis method were used for plasmid constructions pcr fragments encoding pkrde7 orf with an nterminal flagtag sequence were cloned between...

Title: Rift Valley Fever Virus NSs Protein Promotes
Post-Transcriptional Downregulation of Protein Kinase PKR and
Inhibits eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro. Narayanan, Krishna...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 160
ID: 7234aab6f4e46d4349fee1e8b38412a5eaebbe3f
Number of matches: 15

...sigma at 10 mm or lactacystin sigma at 50 mm after infection or transfection to suppress pkc activity cells were treated with a general pkc inhibitor g 6983 calbiochem at 100 nm immediately after infection with rmp12rluc or mp12 cells were treated with puromycin cellgro at 100 mgml immediately after infection or transfection to inhibit cellular translation standard molecular biological techniques including a pcrbased mutagenesis method were used for plasmid constructions pcr fragments encoding pkrde7 orf with an nterminal flagtag sequence were cloned between the hpa i and spe i sites of pprot7s plasmid [19] designated as...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...20th century 3 pandemics were documented 1918 spanish flu 1957 asian flu and 1968 hong kong flu the 2009 h1n1 flu was the first pandemic in the 21st century [5] in the 2009 h1n1 flu and in other pandemics a majority of infected patients recovered from this infection without complications however some previously healthy patients developed pneumonia patients that developed severe pneumonia can experience acute respiratory distress syndrome ards multiorgan failure and even death nevertheless the mortality rate of the 2009 h1n1 flu was far less than that of previous pandemics [6] [7] [...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...[12] the immune system of the host matures through childhood and then declines as people age [13] [14] [15] thus it could be postulated that the infants and the elderly have either an immature or reduced immune response to viral infection respectively furthermore this may explain the higher mortality rate in these age groups during the winter influenza season however we previously observed that pneumonia and severe pneumonia were more prevalent in the 59 y group than in the 04 y group [16] although the 2009 h1n1flu occurred...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...similar in both the children and adults figure 2 black and gray bars the median age of the 373 hospitalized patients was 10 y range 2 mo86 y mean 194 201 y and the maletofemale ratio was 111 196177 the total admission rate due to influenza infection was 84 3734463 the age distribution of the patients admitted to hospital are shown on figure 1 black bar and these demonstrated similar patterns to those of the total patient cohort except older age group the admission rate of the 010 y was 88 1912160 the 1120 y was 47...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...for our study has been observed in other regions of korea [9] additionally other countries found that children and young adults 40 y comprised a predominant portion of the infected patient and that older adult groups 4050 y were possibly protected from this new viral infection [9 [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] moreover the mortality in this pandemic was not higher than for seasonal influenza and was highest in the older adult group which is similar to seasonal influenza although the numbers of infected...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...the 1959 y group and 273 in the older than 60 y group with no statistical differences among adult groups [23] dudareva et al in germany reported that those younger than 50 y group had highest levels of crossreactive antibodies prior to the pandemic and the highest infection rates furthermore they proposed that one of the possible reasons for the lower risk of infection among older persons could be preexisting immunity not detectable by crossreactive antibodies [24] given that this pandemic reemerged nearly 4 decades after last pandemic 1968 hong kong flu it is possible...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...differences among adult groups [23] dudareva et al in germany reported that those younger than 50 y group had highest levels of crossreactive antibodies prior to the pandemic and the highest infection rates furthermore they proposed that one of the possible reasons for the lower risk of infection among older persons could be preexisting immunity not detectable by crossreactive antibodies [24] given that this pandemic reemerged nearly 4 decades after last pandemic 1968 hong kong flu it is possible that crossimmunity andor an unknown herd immunity against a previous pandemic influenza virus known as h3n2...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome after the introduction of the vaccine in korea [29] and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome aids after the introduction of antivirals [30] an initially severe disease with high mortality can transform into a milder phenotype over time the characteristic explosive infection rate during the pandemic which is shown in figure 2 has also been reported in other regions of korea and other countries [7] [8] [9] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] this epidemiological...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...epidemiological pattern was observed in countries where vaccination for h1n1 virus was not performed including australia and new zealand [17 18 21] and in countries where the vaccination started during the pandemic including korea [9 19 20] the rapid decline in the number of infection might also be explained by unknown herd immunity to pandemic influenza virus [16] although it was reported that a significant proportion of the populations can be infected with pandemic influenza up to 4050 based on previous seroprevalence studies there have been few population based data for infection...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...infection might also be explained by unknown herd immunity to pandemic influenza virus [16] although it was reported that a significant proportion of the populations can be infected with pandemic influenza up to 4050 based on previous seroprevalence studies there have been few population based data for infection rates during previous pandemics because of the lack of diagnostic tools such as rtpcr [1 2 4] in korea during the 2009 h1n1 flu period korea centers for disease control and prevention reported that a total of 740835 patients 15 of the 49 millions of total population...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...the maletofemale ratios among those with pneumonia showed a similar trend 31 in the children and 12 in the adults this tendency has been previously reported by studies on children andor adult group [3 18 31 32] these findings suggest that the immunologic reaction to h1n1 virus infection is associated with age and sex in this study we found that clinical parameters such as admission rate the frequency of underlying diseases the rate of pneumonia and the values of laboratory parameter such as crp and esr were associated with the increasing age especially in the 65...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...majority of h1n1 infected patients recovered without developing pneumonia it is possible that the previously healthy patients that did develop progressive pneumonia may have had a hyperactive immunologic reaction to the viral insults [10] [11] [12] however because the ultimate recovery from viral infection should be controlled by immune system of the host including t cells we hypothesised that the patients with underlying diseases that require immune cells to control the diseases may have an immunological defect as a result of immunological consumption patients with underlying diseases especially older patients who have natural immune...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...patients with underlying diseases especially older patients who have natural immune weakness may experience a delayed recovery from viral insult or die from the deterioration of underlying diseases thus it is possible that in these patient groups the cause of mortality may be an individual immunological defect rather than viral infection this phenomenon has been observed in other systemic infection including severe acute respiratory syndrome sars by corona viruses and was recently observed in hemolytic uremic syndrome which is caused by toxinproducing e coli [33 34] furthermore the proportion of these older patients 60 y with underlying...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...natural immune weakness may experience a delayed recovery from viral insult or die from the deterioration of underlying diseases thus it is possible that in these patient groups the cause of mortality may be an individual immunological defect rather than viral infection this phenomenon has been observed in other systemic infection including severe acute respiratory syndrome sars by corona viruses and was recently observed in hemolytic uremic syndrome which is caused by toxinproducing e coli [33 34] furthermore the proportion of these older patients 60 y with underlying diseases accounted for 50 of the fatal cases...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...patients had higher leukocytes counts with lower lymphocyte differentials and higher crp and esr values compared to the group without pneumonia because there have been no controlledclinical trials that use corticosteroids to treat influenza patients since the last pandemic 1968 hong kong flu the efficacy of corticosteroids on influenza infection is not known [36] we previously reported that treating children with severe pneumonia with early corticosteroids effectively prevented disease progression [10 16 37] in the present adult series two previously healthy female patients 30 y and 42 y had progress pneumonia and developed ards...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...unknown whether the virus particle itself or other mediators induce inflammation in lung lesions [10] the corticosteroids may reduce the systemic immune reaction caused by hyperactive immune cells t cells with hypercytokinemia [10 38] the initial lung injury that is caused by primary viral infection leads to secondary bacterial infection and further aggravation of ards [4] previous studies reported that 1020 of the patients with severe pneumonia were coinfected with bacteria and that greater than 50 of the fatalities in pandemics were caused by coinfection with bacteria including s pneumoniae s aureus...

Title: Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection in children
and adults: A cohort study at a single hospital
throughout the epidemic
Authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo. Go, Eun-Ji...
Journal: Int Arch Med
Item: Infection
Index: 161
ID: b82539a18c6aea935321822f2de5937fd7fef769
Number of matches: 16

...itself or other mediators induce inflammation in lung lesions [10] the corticosteroids may reduce the systemic immune reaction caused by hyperactive immune cells t cells with hypercytokinemia [10 38] the initial lung injury that is caused by primary viral infection leads to secondary bacterial infection and further aggravation of ards [4] previous studies reported that 1020 of the patients with severe pneumonia were coinfected with bacteria and that greater than 50 of the fatalities in pandemics were caused by coinfection with bacteria including s pneumoniae s aureus and s pyrogens [4...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...a noncirculative circulative or propagative manner 20 a small amount of genera are transmitted by plant pathogens such as fungi or protozoans 56 the rest about 35 of the genera are vertically transmitted plant viruses note that this transmission strategy is free from the cost of a high multiplicity of infection moi required for horizontally transmitted multipartite viral forms to succeed amongst 18 proposed multipartite families only four infect animals exclusively bidnaviridae 2122 alphatetraviridae 23 both infecting insects nodaviridae infecting fishes 24 and a possible bipartite virus infecting mammals from the family picobirnaviridae 25 figure 2 represents the abundances of plant...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...some exceptions containing a few species for example tenuivirus have four to six segments and infect planthoppers 26 apart from plants and jingmenvirus infect only animals 27 other examples will be discussed later attending to genome composition multipartite rna plant viruses present two constitutive segments containing essential genes for infection with extra segments with not well known functions usually needed to accomplish infection such as in the families benyviridae and ophioviridae the tripartite family bromoviridae and genera hordeivirus and pomovirus from the family virgaviridae are an exception to the former rule since they bear constitutive genes distributed among all the...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...segments and infect planthoppers 26 apart from plants and jingmenvirus infect only animals 27 other examples will be discussed later attending to genome composition multipartite rna plant viruses present two constitutive segments containing essential genes for infection with extra segments with not well known functions usually needed to accomplish infection such as in the families benyviridae and ophioviridae the tripartite family bromoviridae and genera hordeivirus and pomovirus from the family virgaviridae are an exception to the former rule since they bear constitutive genes distributed among all the three segments multipartite dna plant viruses appear with two types of genome configurations...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...to the former rule since they bear constitutive genes distributed among all the three segments multipartite dna plant viruses appear with two types of genome configurations a representative of the first type is begomovirus a genus in the geminiviridae family which has a principal segment containing the main genes for infection this segment is accompanied either by an auxiliary segment or by a satellite that modify host range and symptoms 28 the second type is represented by the nanoviridae family this is an extreme case of multipartitism with each of the 6 to 8 separated segments coding for a genethough not...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...by an auxiliary segment or by a satellite that modify host range and symptoms 28 the second type is represented by the nanoviridae family this is an extreme case of multipartitism with each of the 6 to 8 separated segments coding for a genethough not all segments are essential for infection in vitro 29 segmented viruses table 2 display a broader host range and reach a higher number of segments the majority are membraneenveloped viruses barring birna megabirna and reoviridae families interestingly viral families with segmented genomes only contain species with this architecture while most families with multipartite genera also...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...fourth nonessential satellite component modifies its virulence depending on the specific satellite 74 or on the infected host 75 cooperative interactions in mixed infections are also usual for rna plant viruses coinfection of potyviruses with other species of different families is also related with changes in the aetiology of the infection cooperation ultimately leads to interdependence symbiosis of two species belonging to different families as it has been documented for luteoviruses and umbraviruses in groundnut rosette virus or pea enation mosaic virus longterm interactions may end up in speciation and modular evolution of plant viruses could emerge as a consequence of...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...described jingmenviruses infect mosquitoes cattle and nonhuman primates 27 thus broadening the range of hosts of multipartite viruses this observation suggests that the initial restriction of multipartitism to plant viruses might be a result of a skewed and incomplete sampling 13 second it has been repeatedly observed that after an infection cycle the abundances of different segments of the multipartite genome might vary in orders of magnitude 14 22 46 with relative frequencies that seem to be hostspecific 1479 the latter observation implies that ensuring maintenance of the genetic information requires a much higher moi which will be controlled by the...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...more accurate maintenance of the genetic information nor a faster replication of shorter genomes were detected instead it turned out that viral particles of the bipartite form were more stable presumably due to a lower pressure exerted on the capsid by shorter rna segments allowing for a longer lifetime between infection events 51 in any of the scenarios explored be they qualitative or quantitative a sufficiently high moi in transmission was seen as a requirement for persistence bona fide advantages of multipartition should compare this strategy with segmentation and demonstrate that a similar advantage is not to be found in segmented...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...moi 12 the precise cost of moi to maintain a multipartite genome has been analytically worked out 91 in the scenario of a stochastic deme model 92 it has been shown that under independent propagation of the genome parts a precise relationship between the gain in average lifetime between infection events due to shorter genomes and the moi of the propagation exists 91 if moi is not high enough or the gain in stability is too small the multipartite form will be unable to displace the wild type in competition otherwise nonsegmented and multipartite forms coexist analogous relationships are obtained...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...not be discarded 97 98 high moi could be facilitated through the formation of complexes containing several heterogeneous particles through plaguelike dynamics of vector populations or even through movement of the genome parts within the plant tissuesuch that the simultaneous presence of all segments in a precise cell before the infection cycle starts would not be required 99 concluding remarks and prospects evolution has been successful in selecting for durable associations between agents that with independent origins and after a period of competition eventually found a more stable and robust existence in permanent cooperative associations examples are hypercycles as precursors of...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...previously thought what about sessile marine organisms and seagrasses in particular as of today there are no viruses described infecting marine plants such as posidonia oceanica 104 which forms vast meadows of clonal individuals highly reminiscent of monocultures on land does posidonia host multipartite viruses if so how is the infection transmitted these are questions that might be instrumental in eventually understanding how multipartitism comes about and persists despite its apparent disadvantages admittedly there might be other ways of alleviating the high moi requirement that we are not aware of in which case multipartitism might straight away benefit from advantages such...

Title: Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or
evolutionary treat?
Authors: Lucía-Sanz, Adriana. Manrubia, Susanna
Journal: NPJ Syst Biol Appl
Item: Infection
Index: 162
ID: 77e7d43cae5e05f9a6937b0c3326871a41ea20cd
Number of matches: 12

...opportunistic colonization of new niches plants offer a particularly plastic ground for loose cooperative associations between viruslike agents of different characteristics a plausible hypothesis is thus that these associations might have turned permanent at the point when conditions drove the partners to an interdependent relationship an ecological context where infection would be conditional on the joint abilities of a pair of viruses or of a group of genes would naturally select for initially multipartite viral forms we favor the previous scenario as the more plausible mechanistic origin of multipartite viral forms whether associations among fragments is a stable strategy...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...immune complexes in the plasma of hivinfected [hiv] individuals [3 4] consequently only a tiny portion 01 of circulating virions are actually infectious [5 6] hiv1 gp120 additionally binds to dcspecific icamgrabbing nonintegrin dcsign initiating an intracellular signalling cascade that promotes viral infection and dissemination to t cells [7 8] a subset of cd14dcsign dc has been identified in blood which can bind hiv1 and to transmit infectious virus to t cells [9] the virus then actively replicates in activated cd4 t cells which are chronically induced...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...to t cells [7 8] a subset of cd14dcsign dc has been identified in blood which can bind hiv1 and to transmit infectious virus to t cells [9] the virus then actively replicates in activated cd4 t cells which are chronically induced during hiv infection by various mechanisms [10 11] during progression to aids hiv individuals become increasingly immunosuppressed and susceptible to opportunistic infections and some cancers this is accompanied by progressive depletion of dc from different anatomical compartments but the reasons for this remain largely unknown for example it has been...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...this is accompanied by progressive depletion of dc from different anatomical compartments but the reasons for this remain largely unknown for example it has been demonstrated that by in situ hybridization dcsign expression was significantly reduced in the spleen of sivinduced aids [12] furthermore in latestage hiv infection a dramatic depletion of lymph node myeloid dc mdc was also observed with mdc 20fold less frequent in hiv nodes than in control nodes [13] consistently another report employed flow cytometry and immunofluorescence study to show that the frequencies of lymph node mdc were significantly decreased in...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...13] consistently another report employed flow cytometry and immunofluorescence study to show that the frequencies of lymph node mdc were significantly decreased in a model of simian aids [14] suggesting that mdc are lost from rather than being recruited to lymphoid tissue in advanced siv infection in addition mdc from sivinfected animals undergo spontaneous cell death during culture [14] supporting the hypothesis that the loss of mdc may be due to cell death moreover dc that are annexin vpositive could be identified in the lymph nodes of monkeys with aids indicating that the...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...dc that reach the lymph nodes [17] normally migration of dc from peripheral nonlymphoid sites into secondary lymphoid tissues is promoted by dc maturation the process by which the cells acquire enhanced capacities for t cell activation and the regulation of immune responses in peripheral sites of infection and inflammation dc maturation can be induced by stimuli such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide lps and the proinflammatory cytokines tnfa and ilb within the lymphoid tissues further dc activation can be induced by activated t cells that upregulate cd40 ligand cd40l which ligates cd40 on the dc [18] ...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...other infections as is observed during disease progression to aids we previously reported that chemotaxis of monocytederived dc modc can be induced by mtropic hiv1 r5 strains through binding of gp120 to ccr5 [27] this finding may in part explain the observation that during acute hiv1 infection there is rapid accumulation of dcsign cells within the lymphoid tissues [12] in contrast as disease progresses chronically to aids circulating and lymphoid tissueassociated dc become progressively depleted [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] ...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...apoptosis following coculture with activated but not nave cd4 t cells fig 1a right upper vs lower panel treatment of modc with crosslinked gp120 clearly induced apoptosis in both a dosedependent fig 1b and timedependent fig 1c author summary hiv1 infected individuals become increasingly immunocompromised and susceptible to opportunistic infection during disease progression which is associated with significant reduction of the dendritic cell number in the peripheral blood or secondary lymphoid tissues because dendritic cells are the most powerful antigenpresenting cells their survival is critical for host defence and inadequate dendritic cell number will fail to induce effective host immune...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...tissues because dendritic cells are the most powerful antigenpresenting cells their survival is critical for host defence and inadequate dendritic cell number will fail to induce effective host immune responses here we describe a mechanism that may at least partly explain why dendritic cells become significantly depleted in chronic hiv1 infection we found that after binding of the hiv1 envelope protein gp120 to the dendritic cell surface protein dcsign the subsequent activation by cd40 ligation or by exposure to bacterial product lipopolysaccharide or proinflammatory cytokines such as tnfa and il1b will lead to overexpression of proapoptotic molecule ask1 resulting in excessive...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...blood of hiv1 infected individuals have actually been presensitized by viral gp120 which exists in vast amount in the blood for activationinduced exorbitant death our study thus reveals a previously unknown pathway for dendritic cell depletion and provides clues for potential therapeutic approaches to prevent dc depletion in chronic hiv infection figure 1 crosslinked recombinant gp120 sensitizes modc for cd40lmediated apoptosis after coculture with activated cd4 t cells a modc were treated for 24 h with antihis mab alone control dc left panels or with 25 nm gp120 ada crosslinked with antihis mab gp120dc right panels and cocultured with autologous...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...have been presensitised in vivo by circulating immune complexes of gp120 hiv1 gp120 sensitizes cultured dc and blood dc for apoptosis after exposure to lps tnfa and il1b we next studied the survival of gp120primed dc after exposure to typical stimuli that might be encountered at peripheral sites of infection and inflammation prior to dc migration to lymphoid tissues modc were treated with crosslinked recombinant gp120 and subsequently cultured with 100 ngml lps tnfa or il1b for 3 d very considerable levels of apoptosis were induced in gp120primed dc after exposure to lps and this could be significantly prevented by...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...[29] [30] [31] 36 ] and lymphoid tissues [12 34] become progressively depleted during disease progression to aids and the reduction of dc number is proportional to the viral rna loads [29 35 37] it is unlikely that direct infection and killing of dc by hiv1 can account for this substantial depletion given the remarkably low frequency of cells that are actually infected we present in this study a gp120exerted mechanism that figure 6 crosslinked recombinant gp120 or hiv serum sensitizes modc for apoptosis after activation by lps tnfa...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...n 4 before or after gp120 immunoprecipitation ip with or without prepretreatment with anticd4 plus anticcr5 or antidcsign mabs and subsequently exposed to 100 ngml lps for 3 d p0 may account at least in part for the progressive depletion of conventional dc subsets as seen in chronic hiv infection we provide evidence that modc can be sensitized by crosslinked recombinant gp120 fig 1 and 2 and hiv1 sera fig 3 and 4 to undergo greatly accelerated apoptosis in response to cd40 ligation which typically occurs after dc migration into lymphoid tissue the extent of...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...[12] we further propose that during disease progression to aids this may contribute to the decreased capacity to mount effective immune responses [15] [16] [17] 59] and also to increased susceptibility to multiple opportunistic infections in fact the types of infection that are seen during aids progression somewhat resemble those described for some of the recently identified dc deficiency syndromes [13] the presence of lps resulting from for example the mucosal barrier of the galt being compromised or concomitant bacterial infections [14 50] can also...

Title: Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes
ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human
Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chen, Yongxiong. Hwang, Shiuh-Lin...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 165
ID: 19dcbc62263225d430f506aa5745d23a66543de8
Number of matches: 17

...to crosslink dcsign also whether the subsequent modulation of tlr responsiveness can additionally or synergistically contribute to the defects of pathogenspecific immunity in aids warrants further investigation in a narrower context it is also clear that many other mechanisms can contribute to depletion of different subsets of dc during hiv1 infection including negative control of the numbers of plasmacytoid dc by type i interferons [28] whether or not binding of gp120 to other membrane receptors of dc can sensitize the respective subsets for apoptosis also needs to be further clarified finally accelerated activationinduced apoptosis of gp120sensitized dc is...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus or sarscov contain more than two transmembrane domains and are proposed to form a third class [3] with the ability to modify membrane permeability several viroporins have been shown to play critical functions in the entry genome replication assembly and release during virus infection for example the m2 protein of iav forms a tetrameric proton channel which is activated in the acidic endosomes during iav entry [4] protons entering the interior of virions through the m2 channel facilitate uncoating and release of the ribonucleoprotein into the cytosol [5] ...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...autophagy is also activated under conditions such as starvation or growth factor deprivation so that cells can recycle amino acids and fatty acids to maintain metabolism for cell survival autophagy is also induced under a variety of cellular stress such as hypoxia reactive oxygen species dna damage protein aggregates or infection of intracellular pathogens [31] in most scenarios autophagy facilitates stress adaptation and promotes cell survival however in other settings autophagy constitutes an alternative pathway of cell death termed autophagic cell death [32] complete autophagy pathway can be divided into four steps initiation isolated membrane...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...] viroporininduced autophagy may be mediated by the activation of calciumdependent kinases such as the calciumcalmodulindependent kinase kinase camkk as described below for rotavirus nsp4 section 43 remodeling of intracellular membranes has been observed in cells infected with various rna viruses [45] for example coronavirus infection induces the formation of doublemembrane vesicles dmvs whereas intracellular vacuoles could be observed in picornavirusinfected cells [46 47] these membrane structures usually colocalize with nonstructural proteins and are proposed to play important roles in the replicationtranscription of the viral genomes [45] the majority of...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

... the proapoptotic function of sarscov e protein could be mediated by a reported interaction with the cellular antiapoptotic protein bcell lymphomaextralarge bclxl [88] however both studies adopted the cdna transfection approach and the function of e protein was not examined under the context of an actual infection moreover addition of epitope tag has been shown to drastically affect the membrane topology and function of the ibv e protein [89] thus the proapoptotic activity of flagtag sarscov e protein observed in one of the studies needs to be validated with an untagged protein [88...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...the involvement of e protein in cell stress response and apoptosis [90] significant splicing of xbp1 mrna can be observed in cells infected with rsarscove but not in cells infected with wild type virus suggesting that the sarscov e protein may inhibit the activation of ire1 during infection meanwhile activation of the perk and atf6 branches of upr is not significantly affected by the deletion of e notably overexpression of sarscov e protein is also found to downregulate the induction of stress genes in cells treated with er stresssors or infected with respiratory syncytial virus rsv [90...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...level of apoptosis is also detected in cells infected with rsarscove compared with wild typeinfected cells suggesting an antiapoptotic function of the sarscov e protein [90] interestingly a previous study reported by our group has shown that the ire1xbp1 pathway protects cells from apoptosis induced by ibv infection [91] in contrast the higher level of ire1xbp1 activation in rsarscoveinfected cells is associated with more severe cell death it is likely that the ire1 pathway may serve different regulatory functions in cells infected with different coronaviruses it is also possible that the antiapoptotic function of sarscov...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...of perk has not been determined [16] on the other hand transfection of 3a does not activate the ire1 and atf6 branches of upr [16] a previous study by this group has shown that activation of the perkeif2atf4chop pathway promotes apoptosis induction during ibv infection [101] therefore the ability to modulate the perk branch of upr could at least partially explain why overexpression of the sarscov 3a protein induces apoptotic cell death in cell culture and a drosophila model [102 103] the mechanism behind 3ainduced er stress however has...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...protein of some betacoronaviruses the sarscov 3a protein has been shown to acquire olinked glycosylation posttranslationally in the er [98] compared with the large s protein that is massively synthesized and heavily glycosylated the 3a protein may not significantly contribute to the increased er burden during sarscov infection notably freundt et al [104] have used reverse genetics to generate a recombinant sarscov with the orf 3a deleted 3a compared with wild type sarscov vero cells infected the 3a mutant experience less membrane rearrangement and golgi fragmentation with a reduced amount of vesicle formation [104]...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...in a phdependent manner [106 107] a domain spanning amino acids 4790 has been shown to insert into membranes and exhibit structural characteristics of a viroporin [41] consistently overexpression of nsp4 increases the cytoplasmic calcium concentration which is a wellknown effect caused by rotavirus infection [41 108] the disruption of calcium homeostasis by nsp4 is potentiated by the activation of the er calcium sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 stim1 which induces storeoperated calcium entry by allowing calcium influx across the plasma membrane [109] notably a cleavage product of nsp4...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...that fulllength nsp4 is secreted in a soluble oligomeric lipoprotein form which binds to glycosaminoglycans on the surface of different cell types [111] a recent study by crawford et al [112] has uncovered the important role of this viroporin in modulating autophagy induction during rotavirus infection cellular autophagy is required for efficient rotavirus replication as production of infectious virions is markedly reduced by the autophagy inhibitor 3methylademine or in the atg3 or atg5 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells however autophagy is not complete in rotavirusinfected cells although autophagy is properly initiated as determined by the lipidation and...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...a1 and the tandemfluorescent lc3 reporter suggest that rotavirusinduced autophagy does not proceed to the lysosomal fusion stage [17] interestingly rotavirus nsp4 is found to colocalize with lc3 puncta in the infected cells which then merge into larger puncta that surround the viroplasm at later stage of infection such colocalized nsp4lc3 puncta can also be observed in cells overexpressing the nsp4egfp fusion protein but is absent when an ion channel mutant of nsp4 is used [112] formation of nsp4lc3 puncta is also significantly inhibited by the treatment of cytosolic calcium chelator or inhibitor of camkk...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...the ion channel activity of m2 is not required in the process accumulation of autophagosomes in the perinuclear region has been observed in cells infected with several iav strains [113] because the gfplc3 puncta do not colocalize with the lysosomal markers it is concluded that iav infection inhibits autophagosome maturation which is confirmed by experiments using the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine and the tandemfluorescent lc3 reporter notably similar blockage of autophagosome degradation can be detected in cells transfected with the m2 protein but not with other iav proteins moreover knockdown of m2 by sirna or infection with a...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...that iav infection inhibits autophagosome maturation which is confirmed by experiments using the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine and the tandemfluorescent lc3 reporter notably similar blockage of autophagosome degradation can be detected in cells transfected with the m2 protein but not with other iav proteins moreover knockdown of m2 by sirna or infection with a m2deleted iav mutant results in a significant reduction of autophagosome accumulation [113] interestingly this activity is not shared by the homologous viroporin bm2 in influenza b virus importantly treatment of m2 channel blocker amantadine or transfection of m2 viroporin mutants fails to attenuate the autophagosome...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...the prosurvival autophagy pathway [113] a recent study by beale and wise further characterizes the molecular mechanism by which the iav m2 protein modulates autophagy [114] apart from the accumulation of autophagosomes in the perinuclear region as previously described [113] iav infection has also been shown to relocalize lc3 to the plasma membrane in an m2dependent manner moreover sequence analysis has identified a highly conserved fvsi or fvni motif in the cytoplasmic tail of m2 this fvxi motif matches the consensus lc3interacting region lir motif presents in other lc3binding proteins and is...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...on these small viral membrane proteins could provide insights on the functional study of viroporins so they are also briefly reviewed here the family flaviviridae includes several important human pathogens such as yellow fever virus west nile virus wnv dengue virus denv japanese encephalitis virus jev and hcv flavivirus infection has been shown to induce membrane rearrangement in the er resulting in the formation of vesicle packets and dmvs that are associated with genome replication [115 116] these membraneremodeling events are driven by two hydrophobic transmembrane nonstructural proteins ns4a and ns4b [117] [118]...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...] the involvement of these two proteins in modulating the upr has been documented for wnv [120] specifically ns4a has been shown to activate the ire1 and atf6 branches of upr which are required for the maintenance of cell survival and innate immune evasion during wnv infection [120 121] overexpression of ns4b of hcv has also been shown to induce the ire1 and atf6 pathways leading to the activation of nfb signaling [122] in terms of autophagy overexpression of ns4a of denv2 has been shown to induce pi3kdependent autophagy [123...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...further facilitated by the identification of specific viroporin inhibitors which have been proven to be promising antivirals for the treatment of several devastating and emerging viral infections reviewed in [3] however there has been limited investigation on the involvement of viroporins in the host response to viral infection such as the er stress response and autophagy moreover cautions should be taken when interpreting data from some of these studies first phenotypes observed in cells overexpressing specific viroporins may not essentially reflect their physiological functions in the setting of an actual infection epitope tagging andor forced expression of a...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...viroporins in the host response to viral infection such as the er stress response and autophagy moreover cautions should be taken when interpreting data from some of these studies first phenotypes observed in cells overexpressing specific viroporins may not essentially reflect their physiological functions in the setting of an actual infection epitope tagging andor forced expression of a viroporin may sometimes significantly modify its membrane topology subcellular localization or function leading to falsepositive results further experiments using recombinant viruses with abolished ion channel activity for the corresponding viroporins should be used to validate these findings second a certain function of a...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...ion channel activity third when comparing a recombinant viroporin mutant virus to wild type virus in terms of cellular response it is essential to ensure that disruption of ion channel activity does not affect the replication and infectivity of the virus because some signaling pathways are only transiently activated during infection and highly sensitive to the infection dosage subtle differences between the infectivity of viroporin mutant and the parental virus might lead to falsepositive conclusions finally apart from in vitro or cellbased assays physiological significance of a viroporin needs to be validated using appropriate animal models many recent studies have...

Title: The Emerging Roles of Viroporins in ER Stress
Response and Autophagy Induction during Virus
Infection
Authors: Fung, To Sing. Torres, Jaume...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 167
ID: 9450e90f9c678f1eb0ce33caac814ebc1b2e97e7
Number of matches: 20

...a recombinant viroporin mutant virus to wild type virus in terms of cellular response it is essential to ensure that disruption of ion channel activity does not affect the replication and infectivity of the virus because some signaling pathways are only transiently activated during infection and highly sensitive to the infection dosage subtle differences between the infectivity of viroporin mutant and the parental virus might lead to falsepositive conclusions finally apart from in vitro or cellbased assays physiological significance of a viroporin needs to be validated using appropriate animal models many recent studies have demonstrated the role of er stress...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...transcriptional strategy host preference clinical signs of disease and prrsv infects cells of the macrophagemonocyte lineage including dendritic cells [20] [21] [22] [23] permissive cells express cluster of differentiation cd163 a hemoglobinhaptoglobin scavenger which is the necessary receptor for prrsv infection and replication [24] [25] [26] macrophages and dendritic cells are common members of the mononuclear phagocyte system that plays a varied and important role in many aspects of tissue remodeling development immunity and immunopathology [27] classically designated as part of...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...antigen [2829] if a pathogen is able to infect and destroy manipulate or maintain itself within macrophages or dendritic cells it then has the potential to modulate the immune response into a favorable situation for its own replication and survival therefore many pathogens employ strategies for macrophage infection as a way to make the host more amenable to infection recent research into mycobacterium tuberculosis mtb has shown that after phagocytosis the bacterium arrests phagosome maturation and intraphagosome lipolysis resulting in mtb survival and an increased supply of nutrients for growth [30 31] human immunodeficiency virus...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...and destroy manipulate or maintain itself within macrophages or dendritic cells it then has the potential to modulate the immune response into a favorable situation for its own replication and survival therefore many pathogens employ strategies for macrophage infection as a way to make the host more amenable to infection recent research into mycobacterium tuberculosis mtb has shown that after phagocytosis the bacterium arrests phagosome maturation and intraphagosome lipolysis resulting in mtb survival and an increased supply of nutrients for growth [30 31] human immunodeficiency virus hiv infects macrophages to establish reservoirs within the host for the...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...] interestingly multiple prrsv proteins nonstructural protein nsp 1 nsp2 nsp4 nsp5 nsp11 and nucleocapsid have been reported to possess interferon inhibiting abilities in addition a number of in vivo experiments have reproduced earlier in vitro findings showing that interferon is inhibited during the early stages of prrsv infection [47 49 50] while the impact of type 1 interferon suppression is likely to create a favorable environment for the virus to replicate and survive in phagocytic cells it is still unclear what effect if any suppression of type 1 interferon activity has on the adaptive immune...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...49 50] while the impact of type 1 interferon suppression is likely to create a favorable environment for the virus to replicate and survive in phagocytic cells it is still unclear what effect if any suppression of type 1 interferon activity has on the adaptive immune response to infection [51] future investigations could clarify the relative contributions of viral proteins on modulation of interferon production and their impacts on viral growth survival and the subsequent development of the adaptive immune response apart from interfering with interferon expression prrsv has also displayed the in vitro ability...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...that target immune cells is fraught with challenges extensive variation in viral genetics primary immune responses and crossprotection indicates that much remains to be learned about cellular pathogenesis in order to arrive at better immunological solutions immunosuppression refers to suppression of the immune system and its ability to fight infection hiv and infectious bursal disease virus are examples of viral infections that destroy entire lymphoid cell populations that ablate or disable adaptive immune responses lymphoproliferative cancers block cellular differentiation and deprive the body of mature effector lymphocytes thus causing immunosuppression in a different manner prrsv does neither infection does not...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...to fight infection hiv and infectious bursal disease virus are examples of viral infections that destroy entire lymphoid cell populations that ablate or disable adaptive immune responses lymphoproliferative cancers block cellular differentiation and deprive the body of mature effector lymphocytes thus causing immunosuppression in a different manner prrsv does neither infection does not lead to severe lymphoid depletion or ablation and it does not interfere profoundly with lymphocyte differentiation or maturation leukocyte perturbations in lymphoid tissues are associated with prrsv infection suggesting that adaptive immunity might be weakened though not destroyed [56] [57] [58] [...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...cellular differentiation and deprive the body of mature effector lymphocytes thus causing immunosuppression in a different manner prrsv does neither infection does not lead to severe lymphoid depletion or ablation and it does not interfere profoundly with lymphocyte differentiation or maturation leukocyte perturbations in lymphoid tissues are associated with prrsv infection suggesting that adaptive immunity might be weakened though not destroyed [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] the immune system also maintains peripheral tolerance to self and commensal bacteria through immunosuppressive mechanisms that include regulatory t cells tregs...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...studies in prrsv infections give an ambiguous picture about the role of tregs prrsv2 strains are reported to induce a strong treg response which included transforming growth factor tgf1 secretion in vitro as well as in vivo [65 66] other studies did not show treg responses to infection with either prrsv1 or prrsv2 [67 68] interleukin10 il10 an immunosuppressive cytokine expressed by various cell types including tregs was induced by prrsv2 vaccination in weaned pigs in one study but was not induced in weaned or adult pigs in another study [69] additional...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...expressed by various cell types including tregs was induced by prrsv2 vaccination in weaned pigs in one study but was not induced in weaned or adult pigs in another study [69] additional in vitro and in vivo studies reported il10 mrna transcription and cytokine production after prrsv infection [70] [71] [72] however kinetic analysis in serum of viremic pigs of various ages showed that elevated il10 levels were primarily a function of age and were not associated with infection status [69] the only exception was in weaned pigs...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...in vivo studies reported il10 mrna transcription and cytokine production after prrsv infection [70] [71] [72] however kinetic analysis in serum of viremic pigs of various ages showed that elevated il10 levels were primarily a function of age and were not associated with infection status [69] the only exception was in weaned pigs infected with a virulent virus in which a transient increase was associated with viral pathogenesis [69] on balance the immunological evidence for prrsv inducing a state of immunosuppression does not appear to be compelling secondary...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...a virulent virus in which a transient increase was associated with viral pathogenesis [69] on balance the immunological evidence for prrsv inducing a state of immunosuppression does not appear to be compelling secondary infections following prrs disease outbreak in swine herds suggesting a reduced ability to fight infection is an alternative indicator of immunosuppression an early study showed concurrent pulmonary bacterial infections in 58 of 221 prrs cases [73] however the study did not determine if bacterial infections were present before the prrs outbreaks the immunosuppression question also was addressed in more controlled settings using...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...an alternative indicator of immunosuppression an early study showed concurrent pulmonary bacterial infections in 58 of 221 prrs cases [73] however the study did not determine if bacterial infections were present before the prrs outbreaks the immunosuppression question also was addressed in more controlled settings using dual infection models with prrsv and various bacterial species a summary of published literature in 2003 showed no predisposition to bacterial disease in 8 of 15 coinfection models three ambiguous outcomes and four cases in which severity of disease was increased [74] more recent studies found a positive association...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...prrsv and various bacterial species a summary of published literature in 2003 showed no predisposition to bacterial disease in 8 of 15 coinfection models three ambiguous outcomes and four cases in which severity of disease was increased [74] more recent studies found a positive association between prrsv infection and replication of porcine circovirus 2 pcv2 or swine influenza virus [75 76] it is possible that bacterial infections in swine herds increase following prrs outbreaks due an increased burden of viral infection on host resilience to pathogen burden subclinical viral and bacterial infections are common with...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...increased [74] more recent studies found a positive association between prrsv infection and replication of porcine circovirus 2 pcv2 or swine influenza virus [75 76] it is possible that bacterial infections in swine herds increase following prrs outbreaks due an increased burden of viral infection on host resilience to pathogen burden subclinical viral and bacterial infections are common with pcv2 salmonella enterica haemophilus parasuis various mycoplasma species leptospira and escherichia coli being examples control of infection is maintained by a combination of immune resistance to microbial replication and tissue tolerance to damage in a coinfection...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...it is possible that bacterial infections in swine herds increase following prrs outbreaks due an increased burden of viral infection on host resilience to pathogen burden subclinical viral and bacterial infections are common with pcv2 salmonella enterica haemophilus parasuis various mycoplasma species leptospira and escherichia coli being examples control of infection is maintained by a combination of immune resistance to microbial replication and tissue tolerance to damage in a coinfection model of influenza virus and legionella pneumophila it was clearly demonstrated that l pneumophila infection was subclinical in healthy mice but was lethal in the presence of influenza virus [77...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...pcv2 salmonella enterica haemophilus parasuis various mycoplasma species leptospira and escherichia coli being examples control of infection is maintained by a combination of immune resistance to microbial replication and tissue tolerance to damage in a coinfection model of influenza virus and legionella pneumophila it was clearly demonstrated that l pneumophila infection was subclinical in healthy mice but was lethal in the presence of influenza virus [77] overwhelming disease was due to loss of tissue resilience since the bacterial load was unchanged [77] this model might account for mortalities observed in experimental swine following prrsv exposure...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...swine and an alternative mechanism for increased disease in prrsvinfected herds generalized immunosuppression does not appear to be a key feature of prrsv pathogenesis prrsv like many viruses has developed countermeasures to host immune responses that enable it to survive and replicate for extended periods of time before the infection is resolved prrsv modulation of intracellular antiviral defense mechanisms has been reviewed extensively [79] the effects of prrsv infection on adaptive immune response ie antigenspecific t cell b cell and antibody responses are less well characterized the antiviral response of t cells to prrsv examined primarily by...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...prrsv pathogenesis prrsv like many viruses has developed countermeasures to host immune responses that enable it to survive and replicate for extended periods of time before the infection is resolved prrsv modulation of intracellular antiviral defense mechanisms has been reviewed extensively [79] the effects of prrsv infection on adaptive immune response ie antigenspecific t cell b cell and antibody responses are less well characterized the antiviral response of t cells to prrsv examined primarily by the ifn enzymelinked immunospot elispot appears to develop slowly over a period of weeks and is not associated with changes in viral...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...differentiation induction of antibody responses to prrsv proteins both structural and nonstructural occurred in the same time frame as antibody responses to keyhole limpet hemocyanin klh an irrelevant protein antigen [51] the antibody response to klh was also the same in the presence or absence of prrsv infection [51] similarly prrsv infection did not inhibit cellular or humoral immune protection in response to pseudorabies virus vaccination [82] thus the adaptive b cell response is not delayed or suppressed by prrsv an extended viremia and prolonged survival in lymphoid tissues is characteristic...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...proteins both structural and nonstructural occurred in the same time frame as antibody responses to keyhole limpet hemocyanin klh an irrelevant protein antigen [51] the antibody response to klh was also the same in the presence or absence of prrsv infection [51] similarly prrsv infection did not inhibit cellular or humoral immune protection in response to pseudorabies virus vaccination [82] thus the adaptive b cell response is not delayed or suppressed by prrsv an extended viremia and prolonged survival in lymphoid tissues is characteristic of prrsv infection these features show that...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...] similarly prrsv infection did not inhibit cellular or humoral immune protection in response to pseudorabies virus vaccination [82] thus the adaptive b cell response is not delayed or suppressed by prrsv an extended viremia and prolonged survival in lymphoid tissues is characteristic of prrsv infection these features show that prrsv has mechanisms of immune avoidance that are not present in viruses such as influenza virus and foot and mouth disease virus in which sterilizing immunity is achieved within 1014 days it appears from the findings of field observations and experimental investigations that some type of...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...mouth disease virus in which sterilizing immunity is achieved within 1014 days it appears from the findings of field observations and experimental investigations that some type of prrsvspecific t cell interference is present whereas specific b cell inhibition or a generalized state of immunosuppression are not immunological hallmarks of prrsv infection the antibody response to prrsv typically dominates discussions of prrsv immunity as neutralizing antibodies are the crucial component of immunemediated protection against most viral infections [8384] as a result shortly after the identification of prrsv as the causative agent of mystery swine disease there was a strong...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...response detected at around 2842 days postinoculation is specific for the inoculating virus with partial neutralizing activity against heterologous viruses [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] following the identification of prrsv neutralizing antibodies the effectiveness of immunoglobulins in protecting against infection was evaluated with passive transfer studies these experiments displayed the effectiveness of neutralizing antibodies at preventing clinical infection and disease against homologous challenge [91 92] however these studies also showed that immune protection can be quite limited especially between prrsv1 and prrsv2 [93] within prrsv1...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...heterologous viruses [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] following the identification of prrsv neutralizing antibodies the effectiveness of immunoglobulins in protecting against infection was evaluated with passive transfer studies these experiments displayed the effectiveness of neutralizing antibodies at preventing clinical infection and disease against homologous challenge [91 92] however these studies also showed that immune protection can be quite limited especially between prrsv1 and prrsv2 [93] within prrsv1 or prrsv2 protection against homologous inoculation is consistently solid whereas protection against heterologous challenge is variable for unclear...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...animals exposed first to a prrsv vaccine strain followed by homologous or heterologous virus challenge [86] however the majority of data analyzed were below the neutralization assay cutoff duration of viremia up to 42 days was linked with increased breadth of neutralizing antibodies following a single viral infection [101] however since crossneutralization activity and titer data were not presented it was not possible to further interpret the results the animals were not subsequently challenged so it is not known if the crossneutralizing activity in serum was predictive of protection other studies showed that significant neutralizing...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...and titer data were not presented it was not possible to further interpret the results the animals were not subsequently challenged so it is not known if the crossneutralizing activity in serum was predictive of protection other studies showed that significant neutralizing antibody responses are not commonly observed during viremic infection of young pigs as well as in adult sows [69 [102] [103] [104] recently vaccinology research in hiv has shown that sequential immunizations tailored for specific stages of the immune response may be useful for inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies [105]...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...daunting task however as previously shown some animals are capable of developing such a response simply the key to adapting the immune phenomenon of some animals to a vaccine capable of inducing broadly protective immunity in many animals lies in identifying conserved epitopes on surface proteins which are necessary for infection while the purported targets of neutralization have been extensively discussed in recent reviews it is worth noting that several epitopes on the membrane m protein gp5 gp2 gp3 and gp4 have been shown or implicated to harbor neutralizing activity [114 116 [118] [119] [...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...have been shown or implicated to harbor neutralizing activity [114 116 [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] however knocking out only cd163 in the pig is sufficient to render animals nonsusceptible to prrsv infection and replication [24 25 125] it is proposed that following endocytosis cd163 associates with the virus within the endosome resulting in uncoating of the virus and the release of the viral genome into the cellular cytoplasm [126] since cd163 is necessary for viral infection...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...infection and replication [24 25 125] it is proposed that following endocytosis cd163 associates with the virus within the endosome resulting in uncoating of the virus and the release of the viral genome into the cellular cytoplasm [126] since cd163 is necessary for viral infection and replication the logical next step is to identify the conserved regions of viral surface proteins most likely the minor glycoproteins gp2 gp3 and gp4 that interact with cd163 [124 127] traditionally the nonneutralizing antibody response to prrsv has been considered useful only for its ability to...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...antibody functions such as antibody dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity adcc antibodydependent complementmediated cytotoxicity cdc and antibodydependent complementmediated virolysis may be important in the clearance of virus and virally infected cells from an animal to our knowledge there are only two published papers investigating nonneutralizing antibody functions in the context of prrsv infection [59 132] both of these in vitro studies utilized a prrsv1 virus and failed to find an effect of adcc and cdc on infected cells however experiments focused on prrsv2 viruses with extended time points beyond 12 h are warranted a more extensive review of nonneutralizing antibody...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...on infected cells however experiments focused on prrsv2 viruses with extended time points beyond 12 h are warranted a more extensive review of nonneutralizing antibody functions can be found in the cited review [133] if antibodies are the most important effectors of the immune system against viral infection then b cells that make the antibodies are the most important cells previous research on the interaction between prrsv and the porcine b cell is contradictory it has recently been suggested that prrsv infection results in lymphocyte apoptosis and immune impairment [61] several sources have shown that...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...133] if antibodies are the most important effectors of the immune system against viral infection then b cells that make the antibodies are the most important cells previous research on the interaction between prrsv and the porcine b cell is contradictory it has recently been suggested that prrsv infection results in lymphocyte apoptosis and immune impairment [61] several sources have shown that prrsv largely or exclusively induces a specific humoral response to infection [51 134] other studies report that prrsv infection results primarily in polyclonal b cell activation leading to hypergammaglobulinemia and the...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...important cells previous research on the interaction between prrsv and the porcine b cell is contradictory it has recently been suggested that prrsv infection results in lymphocyte apoptosis and immune impairment [61] several sources have shown that prrsv largely or exclusively induces a specific humoral response to infection [51 134] other studies report that prrsv infection results primarily in polyclonal b cell activation leading to hypergammaglobulinemia and the development of immune complexes [135] [136] [137] [138] the majority of work describing infection leading to polyclonal activation...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...porcine b cell is contradictory it has recently been suggested that prrsv infection results in lymphocyte apoptosis and immune impairment [61] several sources have shown that prrsv largely or exclusively induces a specific humoral response to infection [51 134] other studies report that prrsv infection results primarily in polyclonal b cell activation leading to hypergammaglobulinemia and the development of immune complexes [135] [136] [137] [138] the majority of work describing infection leading to polyclonal activation and hypergammaglobulinemia was performed in germfree isolator piglets this model is...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...specific humoral response to infection [51 134] other studies report that prrsv infection results primarily in polyclonal b cell activation leading to hypergammaglobulinemia and the development of immune complexes [135] [136] [137] [138] the majority of work describing infection leading to polyclonal activation and hypergammaglobulinemia was performed in germfree isolator piglets this model is very effective for comparing b cell and antibody repertoire development in the fetus as the germfree status of the pigs removes many of the variables present when experiments are performed on conventionally reared animals [...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...as the understanding of mechanisms for inducing a strong long lived plasma cell response may be important for future vaccine design as well as comprehending hostpathogen interactions interestingly even though neutralizing antibodies have historically garnered the majority of attention in prrsv immunology it is wellknown that pigs readily control infection in the absence of neutralizing antibodies furthermore viremia is reported in the presence of neutralizing antibodies [152 153] therefore there must be other facets of the immune system which effectively function to control infection and eliminate prrsv from the host while some of this activity may be...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...majority of attention in prrsv immunology it is wellknown that pigs readily control infection in the absence of neutralizing antibodies furthermore viremia is reported in the presence of neutralizing antibodies [152 153] therefore there must be other facets of the immune system which effectively function to control infection and eliminate prrsv from the host while some of this activity may be attributed to nonneutralizing functions of antibodies the t cell response to infection demands further investigation a recent prrs immunity review summarized previous research on functional t cell subsets and prrsv epitope targets as well as gaps in...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...the presence of neutralizing antibodies [152 153] therefore there must be other facets of the immune system which effectively function to control infection and eliminate prrsv from the host while some of this activity may be attributed to nonneutralizing functions of antibodies the t cell response to infection demands further investigation a recent prrs immunity review summarized previous research on functional t cell subsets and prrsv epitope targets as well as gaps in t cell immunity [11] here we provide context for the understanding of novel results that have not been comprehensively reviewed early...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...here we provide context for the understanding of novel results that have not been comprehensively reviewed early research on the t cell response to prrsv identified a large transient decrease in the cd4 cd8 t cell ratio early usually within the first week in the course of infection [154] the change in this ratio could have been due to a temporary loss of cd4 cells through apoptosis or to an increase in cd8 cells due to antigenspecific proliferation [154] the importance of these findings for clearance of prrsv or protection...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...154] the change in this ratio could have been due to a temporary loss of cd4 cells through apoptosis or to an increase in cd8 cells due to antigenspecific proliferation [154] the importance of these findings for clearance of prrsv or protection from infection were not known at the time and other explanations such as fluxes in cell populations between spleen other lymphoid tissues and blood could not be discounted experiments to address the helper t cell type 1helper t cell type 2 th1th2 paradigm in the pig showed that prrsv induced a...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...t cell type 2 th1th2 paradigm in the pig showed that prrsv induced a strong th1 response as expected identified in vivo by an increased expression of th1specification factor tbx21tbet in cd4 cells [155] however the finding is at odds with previously reports indicating that prrsv infection results in the production of il10 a cytokine classically associated with a th2 phenotype similarly monocytederived dendritic cells modcs infected with prrsv down regulate swine leukocyte antigen slai slaii cd40 and cd80 as well as promote il10 secretion over il12 secretion [156] delineation of the th1th2 response...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...an important role in extracellular bacterial immunity through the production of the proinflammatory cytokines il17a il17f and il22 [158 159] il17 producing th17 cells are known to exist in the pig [160] the importance of this t cell subset in the context of prrsv infection has recently been investigated a strain of chinese highly pathogenic prrsv hpprrsv appeared to suppress th17 cells in the peripheral blood and lungs of pigs resulting in an increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections [56] remarkably the effect was prrsv strainspecific as a nonhp prrsv strain failed...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...of infected cells in adcc [161] however nk cells may deploy even more extensive and important functions in porcine immunity than are currently realized an early clue that nk cells were involved in innate responses to prrsv was a sharp peak in serum ifn shortly after infection [162] the acute response was attributed to nk cells as the result was deemed too early for a t cell response and suggested that decreased viral burdens in the lung prior to humoral or t cell responses could be due to the function of nk cells however...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...too early for a t cell response and suggested that decreased viral burdens in the lung prior to humoral or t cell responses could be due to the function of nk cells however it is known that porcine macrophages are also capable of producing ifn in the presence of prrsv infection [163 164] furthermore prrsv appears to suppress the nk cell response without significantly affecting nk cell numbers [165] [166] [167] [168] the cause of this suppression has yet to be determined although viral proteins rather than soluble factors...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...response at the herd level the reasons for this failure are not completely known but presumably include mechanisms by which the virus subverts the immune system the ability of the virus to rapidly mutate while not losing fitness challenges the host immune system to keep pace at the same time infection of macrophages a key player in immunoregulation challenges both innate and adaptive immune cell mobilization as well as induction of a coordinated response that is needed for effective control and elimination of the virus fortunately foundational advances in the understanding of viral pathogenesis and immunity are enabling more informative...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...immune cell mobilization as well as induction of a coordinated response that is needed for effective control and elimination of the virus fortunately foundational advances in the understanding of viral pathogenesis and immunity are enabling more informative investigations the identification of cd163 as the necessary and sufficient receptor for infection supports the implications of broadly neutralizing antibodies that a conserved target is present on all prrsv understanding how prrsv surface glycoproteins interact with cd163 should lead to the identification of conserved epitopes which are necessary for infection if as appears to be the case there is only one conserved way...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...informative investigations the identification of cd163 as the necessary and sufficient receptor for infection supports the implications of broadly neutralizing antibodies that a conserved target is present on all prrsv understanding how prrsv surface glycoproteins interact with cd163 should lead to the identification of conserved epitopes which are necessary for infection if as appears to be the case there is only one conserved way into the cell then there must be a conserved viral sequence or structure which enables viral entry furthermore the knowledge that pigs eventually develop sterilizing immunity if given enough time supports the concept that conserved epitopes exist...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...pigs eventually develop sterilizing immunity if given enough time supports the concept that conserved epitopes exist on the virus therefore the study of mature animals which have cleared the virus may provide the key to understanding how the immune system eventually gets the upper hand on the virus and cures infection even with seminal advances in several aspects of the study of prrsv there remains much to be understood and clarified currently the published literature presents conflicting views on many aspects of prrsv adaptive immunity especially related to t and b cell responses and the production or inhibition of cytokines...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...advances in several aspects of the study of prrsv there remains much to be understood and clarified currently the published literature presents conflicting views on many aspects of prrsv adaptive immunity especially related to t and b cell responses and the production or inhibition of cytokines in the face of infection the continued development of antigenspecific reagents of high sensitivity and specificity is needed for understanding how the host responds to prrsv infection furthermore it is important that future prrsv studies focus on the relevant host animal the conventional pig while the study of this outbred animal species is perhaps challenging...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...conflicting views on many aspects of prrsv adaptive immunity especially related to t and b cell responses and the production or inhibition of cytokines in the face of infection the continued development of antigenspecific reagents of high sensitivity and specificity is needed for understanding how the host responds to prrsv infection furthermore it is important that future prrsv studies focus on the relevant host animal the conventional pig while the study of this outbred animal species is perhaps challenging at times it affords the ability to study the hostpathogen interaction in the only species in which the virus naturally interacts additionally...

Title: Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Rahe, Michael C.. Murtaugh, Michael P.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 168
ID: 83d82d42b92c964ba7bd7bd9f456a16c9d3cbaaf
Number of matches: 52

...additionally knowledge gained about the immunology of conventional pigs will accelerate immunological elucidation of other pigpathogen interactions in conclusion prrsv continues to be the most burdensome pathogen of pigs worldwide due to its propensity for immune evasion and manipulation however the continued study of the porcine immune response to infection with improved reagents and methods will illuminate those aspects of the hostpathogen interaction that are now hidden it is through these discoveries that the complex question that is prrsv will finally be answered...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...a member of the family picornaviridae is a nonenveloped rna virus [1] since its identification in 1969 [2] episodes of ev71 outbreak occurred periodically throughout the world [3] [4] [5] [6] clinical manifestation of ev71 infection includes febrile illness acute respiratory disease handfootandmouth disease herpangia myocarditis aseptic meningitis acute flaccid paralysis brainstem andor cerebellar encephalitis guillainbarre syndrome or combinations of these clinical features [7 8] though handfootandmouth disease is a benign disease the neurologic and systemic complications are more severe [9]...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...even succumb to such complications [10] to date the largest epidemic of ev71 occurred in china in 2008 and 2009 nearly 490000 cases of which 126 deaths occurred were reported over a million cases of handfootandmouth disease were reported in 2009 [4 5] ev71 infection recurs every 2 or 3 years in asiapacific region it is evident that redox environment is a factor affecting hostmicrobe interactions the susceptibility of host cells to hiv coxsackievirus and influenza virus is affected by redox microenvironment [11] [12] [13] [14]...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...a factor affecting hostmicrobe interactions the susceptibility of host cells to hiv coxsackievirus and influenza virus is affected by redox microenvironment [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] we have recently found that increased oxidative stress in host cells enhances ev71 infection [16] it is intriguing that viral infection can itself induce oxidative stress in host cells increased superoxide production has been observed in pneumonia caused by influenza a virus [17] herpes simplex virus hsv infection of microglia cells elicits oxidative stress which probably causes the...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...to hiv coxsackievirus and influenza virus is affected by redox microenvironment [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] we have recently found that increased oxidative stress in host cells enhances ev71 infection [16] it is intriguing that viral infection can itself induce oxidative stress in host cells increased superoxide production has been observed in pneumonia caused by influenza a virus [17] herpes simplex virus hsv infection of microglia cells elicits oxidative stress which probably causes the neurotoxicity [18] rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...found that increased oxidative stress in host cells enhances ev71 infection [16] it is intriguing that viral infection can itself induce oxidative stress in host cells increased superoxide production has been observed in pneumonia caused by influenza a virus [17] herpes simplex virus hsv infection of microglia cells elicits oxidative stress which probably causes the neurotoxicity [18] rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus induce ros production in fibroblasts and epithelial cells [19 20] we have recently found that ev71 infection can lead to increased reactive oxygen species ros generation [...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...a virus [17] herpes simplex virus hsv infection of microglia cells elicits oxidative stress which probably causes the neurotoxicity [18] rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus induce ros production in fibroblasts and epithelial cells [19 20] we have recently found that ev71 infection can lead to increased reactive oxygen species ros generation [16] however the mechanism for ros production in ev71infected cells remains elusive mitochondria are important organelle for cellular energy metabolism and have been recently implicated in responses of host cell to viral infection they lie at the...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...recently found that ev71 infection can lead to increased reactive oxygen species ros generation [16] however the mechanism for ros production in ev71infected cells remains elusive mitochondria are important organelle for cellular energy metabolism and have been recently implicated in responses of host cell to viral infection they lie at the crossroad of metabolism redox homeostasis apoptosis and innate immune signaling and probably form a multifunctional signaling platform termed mitoxosome [21] mitochondriaassociated adaptors such as mavs are involved in modulation of innate immunity [22] additionally intermembrane space proteins such as cytochrome...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...] mitochondriaassociated adaptors such as mavs are involved in modulation of innate immunity [22] additionally intermembrane space proteins such as cytochrome c and smacdiablo and outer mitochondrial membrane proteins such as bcl2 are involved in initiation and regulation of apoptosis [23 24] viral infection is associated with changes in mitochondrial functions hepatitis c virus hcvinfected cells have impaired oxidative phosphorylation and increased ros generation [25 26] expression of hcv protein represses mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial coupling efficiency and leads to increased ros production [27] likewise expression of...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...30] these proteins are known to induce oxidative stress [30] [31] [32] it is currently unknown whether ev71induced oxidative stress is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the present study we investigated the mechanistic aspect of ros generation induced by ev71 infection we examined the changes in mitochondria in ev71infected cells our findings show that ev71 infection induces mitochondrial dysfunction and anomalous changes in their morphology and subcellular distribution these mitochondria represent the sites of ros generation such changes are associated with altered cellular energy metabolism mitochondrial ros are essential to viral...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...31] [32] it is currently unknown whether ev71induced oxidative stress is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the present study we investigated the mechanistic aspect of ros generation induced by ev71 infection we examined the changes in mitochondria in ev71infected cells our findings show that ev71 infection induces mitochondrial dysfunction and anomalous changes in their morphology and subcellular distribution these mitochondria represent the sites of ros generation such changes are associated with altered cellular energy metabolism mitochondrial ros are essential to viral replication process the increase in mitochondrial mass in infected cells may compensate for energy deficit...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...described for measurement of nicotinamide nucleotides [41] western blotting and silver staining sdspage and western blotting were performed as previously described [42] the chemiluminescent signal was detected with xray film fujifilm japan the silver staining was performed as previously described [43] infection of neural sf268 cells with ev71 induces oxidative stress in timedependent manner the levels of ros as indicated by dcf fluorescence in cells infected at multiplicity of infection moi of 2 were 3and 6fold that of uninfected control at 48 and 72 hr respectively figure 1 as mitochondria...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...the chemiluminescent signal was detected with xray film fujifilm japan the silver staining was performed as previously described [43] infection of neural sf268 cells with ev71 induces oxidative stress in timedependent manner the levels of ros as indicated by dcf fluorescence in cells infected at multiplicity of infection moi of 2 were 3and 6fold that of uninfected control at 48 and 72 hr respectively figure 1 as mitochondria are major sites of ros generation we test if ev71 induces ros generation in mitochondria the ev71 infectedsf268 cells were stained at 54 hr postinfection pi with mitotracker...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

... more important the sites of ros production coincided with mitochondria in ev71infected cells figure 2b it was consistent with staining of the infected cells with mitosox red a mitochondrionspecific probe for ros figure 2c the infected cells showed 3fold increase in mitochondrial ros generation at infection time greater than 60 hr the infected cells exhibited a great loss of viability to study the host cell responses to viral infection we focused on analyses of cells at early or midphase of infection in subsequent studies the mitochondrial production of ros is validated by pharmacological approach treatment...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...of the infected cells with mitosox red a mitochondrionspecific probe for ros figure 2c the infected cells showed 3fold increase in mitochondrial ros generation at infection time greater than 60 hr the infected cells exhibited a great loss of viability to study the host cell responses to viral infection we focused on analyses of cells at early or midphase of infection in subsequent studies the mitochondrial production of ros is validated by pharmacological approach treatment of ev71infected cells with complex i inhibitor rotenone and complex iii inhibitor antimycin a significantly inhibited ros generation figure 3 unlike respiratory...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

... figure 2c the infected cells showed 3fold increase in mitochondrial ros generation at infection time greater than 60 hr the infected cells exhibited a great loss of viability to study the host cell responses to viral infection we focused on analyses of cells at early or midphase of infection in subsequent studies the mitochondrial production of ros is validated by pharmacological approach treatment of ev71infected cells with complex i inhibitor rotenone and complex iii inhibitor antimycin a significantly inhibited ros generation figure 3 unlike respiratory complex inhibitors treatment of cells with apocyanin a nadph oxidase nox inhibitor...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...generation in infected sf268 cells and that ros is generated at a site of mitochondrial electron transport chain distal to complex iii increased ros production is suggestive of mitochondrial anomalies to test such possibility we examined the subcellular structure of infected sf268 cells using electron microscope fortyeight hour after infection numerous sf268 cells were rounded a number of membrane bound vesicle appeared in cytoplasm figures 4b f in some cells replication sites of ev71 developed from rough endoplasmic reticulum and were characterized by the presence of ribosomes at its periphery and accumulation of mitochondria in its proximity...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...heterogeneous in morphology ranging from round ovoid structure to long interconnected structure in uninfected cells most mitochondria appeared red and represent energized mitochondria figure 5a a large percentage of the energized mitochondria were elongated tubular or oblong structure they formed a network distributed more evenly throughout cytoplasm upon infection there were changes in mitochondria most mitochondria showed green fluorescence and were depolarized or deenergized figure 5b they appeared to cluster in the perinuclear region figures 2b 5b some of mitochondria were swollen and a majority of the remainder took a short ovoid form additionally...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...or deenergized figure 5b they appeared to cluster in the perinuclear region figures 2b 5b some of mitochondria were swollen and a majority of the remainder took a short ovoid form additionally we applied a flow cytometric analysis to quantify dy m in infected cells infection of cells with ev71 causes about 10 and 40 reduction in dy m at 24 and 48 hr pi respectively these findings suggest that ev71 infection induces significant drop in electrochemical potential it is likely that increase in ros generation and reduction in dy m are causally related to...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...a majority of the remainder took a short ovoid form additionally we applied a flow cytometric analysis to quantify dy m in infected cells infection of cells with ev71 causes about 10 and 40 reduction in dy m at 24 and 48 hr pi respectively these findings suggest that ev71 infection induces significant drop in electrochemical potential it is likely that increase in ros generation and reduction in dy m are causally related to anomalous electron transport amperometric method was applied to measure the oxygen consumption rate which reflects the function of electron transport chain as shown in figure 6a...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...increase in ros generation and reduction in dy m are causally related to anomalous electron transport amperometric method was applied to measure the oxygen consumption rate which reflects the function of electron transport chain as shown in figure 6a the oxygen consumption rate of sf268 cells increased after ev71 infection the rate normalized to cell number was elevated about 23fold at 48 hr pi however the oligomycininsensitive oxygen consumption ie oxygen consumption in the presence of oligomycin which represents that unrelated to atp synthesis accounted for a large percentage of oxygen consumption in infected cells oligomycininsensitive oxygen consumption rate was...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...ubiquinolcytochrome c reductase core protein i uqcrc1 ubiquinolcytochrome c reductase core protein ii uqcrc2 and cytochrome c oxidase ii coxii was elevated other proteins for example succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit b iron sulfur protein sdhb and cytochrome c cyc remained largely unchanged in their expression these findings suggest that ev71 infection induces mitochondrial proliferation and changes in expression of mitochondrial proteins it is possible that mitochondrial dysfunction affects atp supply we measured the levels of atp adp and amp in control and infected cells as shown in figure 8 intracellular level of atp was reduced by about 60 in...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...while those of adp and we have previously shown that ros are conducive to viral replication it is possible that mitochondriongenerated ros act as signal to initiate molecular events associated with ev71 replication we treated control and uninfected cells with mitochondrionspecific antioxidant mitotempo and studied its consequences on ev71 infection to determine the optimal mitotempo concentration for experiments we treated control and ev71infected cells with increasing concentrations of mitotempo and studied its effect on ros generation mitotempo reduced ev71induced mitochondrial ros generation in a dosedependent manner figure 9a at 200 mm mitotempo completely suppressed mitochondrial ros production in...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...generation mitotempo reduced ev71induced mitochondrial ros generation in a dosedependent manner figure 9a at 200 mm mitotempo completely suppressed mitochondrial ros production in infected cells this concentration was used in subsequent experiments it is known that phosphorylation of eif2a signifies the initiation of viral protein synthesis during enteroviral infection [44 45] we treated control and ev71infected cells with 200 mm mitotempo and examined the effect of mitotempo on eif2a phosphorylation as shown in figure 9b the level of eif2a phosphorylation increased significantly in infected cells treatment with mitotempo reduced both basal and ev71induced eif2a phosphorylation...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...protein targets to mitochondria and induces their anomalies [54 55] our preliminary results have recently shown that ev71 proteins associate with mitochondria and elicit oxidative stress the functional significance of ros in ev71 remains unclear it is undisputable that ros generation has functional consequence on viral infection rabies virus can induce oxidative stress in dorsal root ganglion neurons which diminishes axonal growth [56] oxidative stress also promotes sglutathionylation of cellular proteins which regulates activities of various cellular proteins [57] it has been shown that deglutathionylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 is...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...cellular proteins [57] it has been shown that deglutathionylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 is required for its efficient interaction with cbp and transactivation of interferon genes [58] treatment with mitotempo that reduces mitochondrial ros generation inhibits eif2a phosphorylation a hallmark event in ev71 infection it is probable that ros play a regulatory role in ev71 infection mitochondria play a prominent role in energy metabolism electron transport through respiratory complexes and the resulting proton motive force are critical to oxidative phosphorylation virusinduced mitochondrial dysfunction is not specific for ev71 and can be observed for...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...of interferon regulatory factor 3 is required for its efficient interaction with cbp and transactivation of interferon genes [58] treatment with mitotempo that reduces mitochondrial ros generation inhibits eif2a phosphorylation a hallmark event in ev71 infection it is probable that ros play a regulatory role in ev71 infection mitochondria play a prominent role in energy metabolism electron transport through respiratory complexes and the resulting proton motive force are critical to oxidative phosphorylation virusinduced mitochondrial dysfunction is not specific for ev71 and can be observed for other viruses in most cases viral infection induces mitochondrial dysfunction and reduction...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...a regulatory role in ev71 infection mitochondria play a prominent role in energy metabolism electron transport through respiratory complexes and the resulting proton motive force are critical to oxidative phosphorylation virusinduced mitochondrial dysfunction is not specific for ev71 and can be observed for other viruses in most cases viral infection induces mitochondrial dysfunction and reduction in proton motive force and cellular atp content hepatitis c virus hcvinfected cells show mitochondrial dysfunction and decrease in dy m [59] infection of mouse neural cells with sindbis virus causes mitochondrial dysfunction [60] the lowered mitochondrial respiratory efficiency...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...virusinduced mitochondrial dysfunction is not specific for ev71 and can be observed for other viruses in most cases viral infection induces mitochondrial dysfunction and reduction in proton motive force and cellular atp content hepatitis c virus hcvinfected cells show mitochondrial dysfunction and decrease in dy m [59] infection of mouse neural cells with sindbis virus causes mitochondrial dysfunction [60] the lowered mitochondrial respiratory efficiency of ev71infected cells is consistent with change in cristae it has been recently shown that cristae shape affects the interaction between respiratory complexes and the respiratory efficiency [61] ...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...oxidative phosphorylation which is indicated by decreases in energy charge and atpadp ratio moreover it has been recently shown that dissipation of proton motive force leads to defective mavs signaling and hence crippled antiviral defense [62 63] the subcellular distribution of mitochondria in ev71infected cells changes after infection after infection the mitochondria are converted from the interconnecting tubular form to short ovoid form and are clustered near nuclei perinuclear clustering of mitochondria has also been observed for hbv and hcv [64 65] it is reasoned that redistribution of mitochondria in infected cells serves the purpose...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...which is indicated by decreases in energy charge and atpadp ratio moreover it has been recently shown that dissipation of proton motive force leads to defective mavs signaling and hence crippled antiviral defense [62 63] the subcellular distribution of mitochondria in ev71infected cells changes after infection after infection the mitochondria are converted from the interconnecting tubular form to short ovoid form and are clustered near nuclei perinuclear clustering of mitochondria has also been observed for hbv and hcv [64 65] it is reasoned that redistribution of mitochondria in infected cells serves the purpose either to...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...interconnecting tubular form to short ovoid form and are clustered near nuclei perinuclear clustering of mitochondria has also been observed for hbv and hcv [64 65] it is reasoned that redistribution of mitochondria in infected cells serves the purpose either to meet the energy requirement of viral infection process or to cordon off mitochondria to prevent proapoptotic mediators energy is needed for synthesis of viral protein and nucleic acid changes in metabolism in host cells have been implicated in viral pathogenesis [66] the depletion of atp during ev71 infection is attributed to its direct...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...the energy requirement of viral infection process or to cordon off mitochondria to prevent proapoptotic mediators energy is needed for synthesis of viral protein and nucleic acid changes in metabolism in host cells have been implicated in viral pathogenesis [66] the depletion of atp during ev71 infection is attributed to its direct incorporation into newly synthesized viral genome or to its involvement in energyrequiring processes decrease in rcr has much impact on cellular metabolism to ensure the continual atp supply to support viral replication process the infected cells may put a strain on shopworn but still working...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...of glycolysis results in reduction in energy charge moreover mitochondria are involved in biosynthesis of such biomolecules as lipids picornaviral replication machinery is assembled on membrane which is probably derived from endoplasmic reticulum [67] such process depends on significant alteration of membrane lipids alteration of mitochondria during infection may shift the lipid metabolic reactions such as phosphatidylserine decarboxylation cytochrome p450dependent steroid metabolism or acetylcoacitrate metabolism to fulfill the metabolic need associated with viral replication it has been recently shown that poliovirus induces long chain acylcoa synthetase 3 activity [68] the mitochondrial outer membrane protein that...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...3 activity [68] the mitochondrial outer membrane protein that regulates fatty acid import for formation of replication complex it is envisaged that impaired mitochondria are functionally altered to sustain viral replication as mentioned in preceding paragraphs functional alterations of mitochondria may play vital roles during ev71 infection mitochondria undergo adaptive changes to compensate for their reduced respiratory efficiency and diminished functions a nonexclusive view is that different pools of mitochondria exist [69 70] some mitochondria may experience different extent of dysfunctional change the damaged but stillfunctional mitochondria may undergo biogenesis and make up for...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

... some mitochondria may experience different extent of dysfunctional change the damaged but stillfunctional mitochondria may undergo biogenesis and make up for the deficit in mitochondrial functions the increases in mitochondrial mass may represent such adaptive response it is not unprecedented that virus induces mitochondrial biogenesis for instance human cytomegalovirus infection causes biogenesis of mitochondria [71] accumulation of mitochondria in the vicinity of viral assembly factories in african swine fever virusinfected cells is accompanied by de novo synthesis of mitochondria mass [72] increased mitochondrial mass in ev71infected cells is accompanied by differential increases in levels...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

... increased mitochondrial mass in ev71infected cells is accompanied by differential increases in levels of mitochondrial proteins mitochondrial proteins such as coxii are specifically elevated increase in level of coxii is consistent with increase in its transcription [73] interestingly levels of mitochondrial proteins are differentially changed during infection it is speculative whether such differential changes in protein expression contribute to mitochondrial respiratory functions it has been recently suggested that the respiratory chain complexes are not arranged simply in a linear order of enzymatic complexes these complexes display different activities toward one another [74] subunits of...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...[75] it is exemplified by the 8 kda subunit of complex i for which onethirds of protein level correlates with 70 of complex i activity it follows that differential increases in mitochondrial proteins can contribute to maintenance of respiratory functions previous studies have shown that ev71 infection elicits apoptosis in sf268 cells [76] conspicuous apoptosis is detected at 72 hr postinfection however apoptosis is atypical in the sense that bid is not cleaved in ev71infected sf268 cells tbid the cleavage product of bid is involved in permeabilization of mitochondrial outer membrane [77]...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...] it is currently unknown whether mitochondrial membrane permeabilization is involved in ev71induced death of sf268 cells it is likely that mitochondria in these cells differ in some ways from those of infected nonneural cells which exhibit typical apoptosis moreover our studies focus on the early or midphase of infection it is conceivable that mitochondria can undergo biogenesis in sf268 cells at early or midphase of infection whilst they experience destructive changes during the late phase of infection vesicular structures in picornavirusinfected cells represent the site of replication these membranous structures are thought to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...cells it is likely that mitochondria in these cells differ in some ways from those of infected nonneural cells which exhibit typical apoptosis moreover our studies focus on the early or midphase of infection it is conceivable that mitochondria can undergo biogenesis in sf268 cells at early or midphase of infection whilst they experience destructive changes during the late phase of infection vesicular structures in picornavirusinfected cells represent the site of replication these membranous structures are thought to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum er synthesis of picornaviral protein can activate er stress response it has been recently shown that ev71...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

...some ways from those of infected nonneural cells which exhibit typical apoptosis moreover our studies focus on the early or midphase of infection it is conceivable that mitochondria can undergo biogenesis in sf268 cells at early or midphase of infection whilst they experience destructive changes during the late phase of infection vesicular structures in picornavirusinfected cells represent the site of replication these membranous structures are thought to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum er synthesis of picornaviral protein can activate er stress response it has been recently shown that ev71 induces er stress response and causes eif2a phosphorylation through activation of...

Title: Enterovirus 71 Induces Mitochondrial
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That is Required for
Efficient Replication
Authors: Cheng, Mei-Ling. Weng, Shiue-Fen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 169
ID: 7ac54db3298b52d9d78f4255e40447904bd90ad7
Number of matches: 41

... interestingly ros are implicated in activation of pkr and perk [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] raising the possibility that mitochondrial ros may play signaling role in the process antioxidants may be used as therapeutic intervention of enteroviral infection we have previously shown that nacetylcysteine and epigallocatechin gallate can suppress ev71 replication [16 35] the antiviral activities of epigallocatechin gallate and related compounds correlate with their antioxidative activities the fact that mitotempo has antiviral effect pinpoints mitochondrial ros as target for therapeutic intervention taken together...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

......

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...may constitute particularly vulnerable points in gene regulation that can be exploited by pathogens to subvert host function second not only do many viruses carry out host shutoff but also each virus often does so through multiple molecular mechanisms this underscores the importance of manipulating host gene expression during viral infection at present we do not fully understand how multiple mechanisms used by the same virus are integrated and whether they act redundantly as failsafes or have specific roles at different stages of the viral replication cycle third in a majority of cases host shutoff mechanisms discriminate between host and viral...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...may constitute particularly vulnerable points in gene regulation that can be exploited by pathogens to subvert host function second not only do many viruses carry out host shutoff but also each virus often does so through multiple molecular mechanisms this underscores the importance of manipulating host gene expression during viral infection at present we do not fully understand how multiple mechanisms used by the same virus are integrated and whether they act redundantly as failsafes or have specific roles at different stages of the viral replication cycle third in a majority of cases host shutoff mechanisms discriminate between host and viral...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...the human viruses hsv1 and 2 which cause oral and genital herpes herpesviruses include the human viruses kshv and ebv which cause tumors of endothelial cells kshv and b cells kshv ebv and the rodent virus mhv68 often used as a pathogenesis model two genetic programs define herpesviral infections latent infection and lytic replication during lytic replication all viral genes are expressed through a highly regulated temporal cascade characterized by immediateearly early and late viral genes herpesviruses depend on cellular transcription and translation factors to efficiently express their genes and replicate multiple mechanisms to directly regulate host gene expression have been...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...directly regulate host gene expression have been described in and herpesviruses with global effects on transcription rna stability and rna processing a role for these mechanisms in both immune evasion and viral protein production has been established the capacity to globally affect mrna stability is a general feature of infection with several and herpesviruses [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] the beststudied host shutoff mechanism in hsv1 and 2 and kshv is mrna degradation triggered by viral ribonucleases rnases the hsv protein ul41 or...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...] that is packaged in the tegument the protein layer of infectious virions [16] homologs of this protein with rnadegrading activity have also been described in other herpesviruses [12 13] but have not been studied as extensively release of vhs from virions during early infection induces accelerated degradation of many cellular [16] [17] [18] as well as viral mrnas [9 19 20] this ability to degrade both host and viral transcripts enables vhs to not only control the necessary switch from host to viral gene...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...host type i ifn responses [25] [26] [27] these results led to the conclusion that vhs is essential for virushost interaction rather than viral replication per se supporting a model of host shutoff as a means of immune evasion interestingly although lytic infection with herpesviruses also triggers global degradation of host rnas these viruses use a different factor encoded by the kshvmhv68 open reading frame 37 orf37 the herpesvirus homolog of the herpesviral alkaline exonuclease ae the alkaline exonuclease name refers to the activity during dna degradation in vitro which requires an alkaline...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...hs carrying the r443i mutation in musox which blocks host shutoff but preserves the genome maturation function has been used by the glaunsinger lab to study the effects of herpesvirus host shutoff in vivo [34] surprisingly musoxmediated host shutoff is not required for the acute phase of infection in the mouse lungs but is important for establishment of latency in the spleen [34] which occurs approximately two weeks after infection and is a typical characteristic of herpesviral infection a number of different processes may be at play including a shift between the latent and the...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...study the effects of herpesvirus host shutoff in vivo [34] surprisingly musoxmediated host shutoff is not required for the acute phase of infection in the mouse lungs but is important for establishment of latency in the spleen [34] which occurs approximately two weeks after infection and is a typical characteristic of herpesviral infection a number of different processes may be at play including a shift between the latent and the lytic cycle balance [34] and a cellspecific requirement for host shutoff in viral replication [37] which prevent trafficking of the...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...vivo [34] surprisingly musoxmediated host shutoff is not required for the acute phase of infection in the mouse lungs but is important for establishment of latency in the spleen [34] which occurs approximately two weeks after infection and is a typical characteristic of herpesviral infection a number of different processes may be at play including a shift between the latent and the lytic cycle balance [34] and a cellspecific requirement for host shutoff in viral replication [37] which prevent trafficking of the virus to the lymph nodes and spleen from...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...processes may be at play including a shift between the latent and the lytic cycle balance [34] and a cellspecific requirement for host shutoff in viral replication [37] which prevent trafficking of the virus to the lymph nodes and spleen from the initial site of infection in addition like vhs musox and its homologs may have a role in regulating host immune responses as the virus traffics through the body which is consistent with the regulation of multiple innate and adaptive immune pathways by ebv bglf5 [35 [38] [39] [40...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...viral translation [1] this is one of the better examples of a function for host shutoff proteins in the reallocation of gene expression machinery to viral processes in herpesviruses there is no evidence that viral mrnas escape shutoff and in fact they are by enlarge upregulated during infection with the mhv68 hs virus [37] however the virus appears to have evolved to adapt to host shutoff because the composition of the virions is altered when host shutoff is inactive and the virus is less competent to replicate in murine embryonic fibroblasts and dendritic cells [...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...to its nuclease activity but is mediated by activation of the mtdnases endog and exog [77] ul125 is not required for replication of the virus in tissue culture [73 78] but affects type i ifn responses that are triggered by mitochondrial stress during hsv1 infection [79] surprisingly the presence of ul125 may increase rather than decrease the host innate immune response [79] the mtdnadepleting function of the ae is unique to hsv1 and 2 because there is no evidence of expression of ul125like truncated proteins or mtdna degradation when...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...82] however during cellular stress like heat shock oxidative stress or transcriptional block pabpc preferentially accumulates in the nucleus [83 84] recovery from heat shock returns pabpc to its preferred cytoplasmic localization [83] in contrast the pabpc nuclear accumulation caused by viral infection never resolves and persists until cell death [34 80 84] kumar et al [85] discovered that kshv soxmediated rna degradation triggers relocalization of two isoforms of pabpc pabpc1 and pabpc4 by unmasking a noncanonical nuclear localization signal nls like the canonical nls this region mediates...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...exposing the rrms which then interact with importins this process mediates pabpc relocalization to the nucleus as vhs and the iav rnase pax cause a similar localization of pabpc [2 81 87] it is very likely that an analogous mechanism is at play during hsv and iav infection accumulation of pabpc in the nucleus directly promotes cellular polya polymerasedependent hyperadenylation of host transcripts as well as a nuclear mrna export block [80 81] although it is unclear whether the hyperadenylation is the cause or the effect of the export block nonetheless ultimately a reduction in...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...the export block nonetheless ultimately a reduction in mrna export likely contributes towards repression of host protein production by preventing the cytoplasmic pool of mrnas from being replenished after degradation feedback inhibition of host gene transcription has also been reported as an additional secondary consequence of rnasetriggered host shutoff infection with kshv or mhv68 and overexpression of musox or vhs alone cause a reduction in transcription rates measured by rna metabolic labeling with 4thiouridine 4su and a loss of rna pol ii binding to host promoters [88] interestingly the transcriptional inhibition is dependent on the cellular rna...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...knockdown of the cellular rna exonucleases xrn1 and dis3l2 blocks the feedback loop [88] because the cell senses the exonucleolytic degradation of the rnas rather than the virusinduced rna fragmentation this feedback is likely a homeostatic cellular response that detects altered rna degradation as a sign of infection or stress in contrast to the primary effect of rna degradation viral transcripts do escape this phase of host shutoff and are transcribed as well or better during host shutoff in both mhv68and kshvinfected cells [88] how the transcription of viral genes is protected is not currently...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...mrnas associated with stalled translation factors [91] they are thought to provide a mechanism for the cell to store a pool of readytogo translationally inactive mrnas during periods of stress [91] and to act as an antiviral response to block translation of viral mrnas during infection [92] although stress granules are not visible in cells infected with wildtype hsv1 and 2 infection of vhsdeficient hsv1 or 2 leads to sg formation [89 90] which is accompanied by reduced levels of late viral proteins leading to attenuated virion production [89...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...cell to store a pool of readytogo translationally inactive mrnas during periods of stress [91] and to act as an antiviral response to block translation of viral mrnas during infection [92] although stress granules are not visible in cells infected with wildtype hsv1 and 2 infection of vhsdeficient hsv1 or 2 leads to sg formation [89 90] which is accompanied by reduced levels of late viral proteins leading to attenuated virion production [89] hsv2 infection also inhibits sgs induced by exposure to sodium arsenite [93] the sgs...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

... although stress granules are not visible in cells infected with wildtype hsv1 and 2 infection of vhsdeficient hsv1 or 2 leads to sg formation [89 90] which is accompanied by reduced levels of late viral proteins leading to attenuated virion production [89] hsv2 infection also inhibits sgs induced by exposure to sodium arsenite [93] the sgs formed in virusinfected cells contain herpesviral proteins [90] although the significance of this finding is unknown how vhs aids in the disruption of sgs is currently unknown although the reduction in the...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

... the inhibition of splicing due to icp27 is naturally selective for host transcripts as most hsv transcripts are intronless however recent results using 4su labeling of nascent rnas reviewed more extensively in the next section [111] have called into question how pervasive the effects of hsv1 infection are on host mrna splicing rutkowski et al [111] did not detect widespread changes in splicing in cells infected with hsv1 nonetheless the study did uncover that specific genes were spliced differently during hsv infection suggesting that icp27 has a key role in controlling alternative splicing before...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...111] have called into question how pervasive the effects of hsv1 infection are on host mrna splicing rutkowski et al [111] did not detect widespread changes in splicing in cells infected with hsv1 nonetheless the study did uncover that specific genes were spliced differently during hsv infection suggesting that icp27 has a key role in controlling alternative splicing before the first catalytic step [105] interfering with formation of complex a in addition icp27 induces hypophosphorylation and inhibition of sr proteins including srp20 [106] normally sr protein phosphorylation regulates splicing activity...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...export complex nxf1 p15 rae1 and e1bap5 and blocks mrna export although the rnadegradation factor vhs and the splicinginhibiting factor icp27 are generally considered the main host shutoff proteins in hsv it has been clear from early studies that transcription of host genes is also strongly repressed during hsv1 infection [112 113] recently high throughput sequencingbased studies have reiterated these findings and have demonstrated pervasive changes in the biogenesis of host rnas during hsv1 infection by characterizing the dna binding of host rna pol ii and transcriptional rates at various times following infection [111 114]...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...shutoff proteins in hsv it has been clear from early studies that transcription of host genes is also strongly repressed during hsv1 infection [112 113] recently high throughput sequencingbased studies have reiterated these findings and have demonstrated pervasive changes in the biogenesis of host rnas during hsv1 infection by characterizing the dna binding of host rna pol ii and transcriptional rates at various times following infection [111 114] chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing chipseq data revealed a severe reduction 98 of pol ii binding both at the promoter and along the whole gene body...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...strongly repressed during hsv1 infection [112 113] recently high throughput sequencingbased studies have reiterated these findings and have demonstrated pervasive changes in the biogenesis of host rnas during hsv1 infection by characterizing the dna binding of host rna pol ii and transcriptional rates at various times following infection [111 114] chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing chipseq data revealed a severe reduction 98 of pol ii binding both at the promoter and along the whole gene body for thousands of host genes as early as four hours post infection [114] this result...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...transcriptional rates at various times following infection [111 114] chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing chipseq data revealed a severe reduction 98 of pol ii binding both at the promoter and along the whole gene body for thousands of host genes as early as four hours post infection [114] this result indicates loss of actively transcribing pol ii as a consequence of reduced recruitment of pol ii to promoters rather than reduced efficiency of transcription elongation figure 4 interestingly loss of pol ii occupancy was not observed on viral genes which are also transcribed...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...viral and host genes suggests that hsv1 directly and selectively regulates pol ii activity although it is not clear at present how the virus achieves this selectivity similarly 4su labeling of nascent rna revealed that the transcription of 75 of cellular proteincoding genes is reduced twofold or more during hsv1 infection [111] demonstrating that pol ii is in a repressed transcriptional state surprisingly the 4sulabeling also uncovered the presence of intergenic transcription past the annotated 3 1 end of thousands of host genes indicating an additional defect in transcription termination that is specific for host mrnas [111...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...timing may suggest otherwise that is conserved among herpesviruses [121] it is likely that other herpesviral homologs of this protein have similar effects in addition icp22 was required for the enhanced appearance of the ser5only pol ii isoform [117] suggesting that ser5 phosphorylation during infection may not be equivalent to ser5 phosphorylation in resting cells this is important in light of the pol ii occupancy results as loss of ser2 phosphorylation alone would be predicted to lead to increased paused polymerases whereas loss of pol ii recruitment to transcriptional units was observed in contrast icp27...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...resting cells this is important in light of the pol ii occupancy results as loss of ser2 phosphorylation alone would be predicted to lead to increased paused polymerases whereas loss of pol ii recruitment to transcriptional units was observed in contrast icp27 promotes proteasomemediated degradation of pol ii later in infection [119] removing both the hypophosphorylated and the ser2 phosphorylated form it is tempting to speculate that the loss of ser2 phosphorylation may underlie the transcription termination defect because some studies have shown that ser5phosphorylated pol ii can be transcriptionally active on human genes but that the transcribed...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...the complicated replication cycle of herpesviruses and the highly regulated cascade of lytic gene expression it is likely that the multiple mechanisms may provide different functionalities at different steps of the cycle transcriptional shutoff and rna degradation may collaborate to definitively shut off induction of immune response genes early during infection and rna degradation may additionally clear existing rnas in the cell preventing new protein production processing changes may subtly modify the host transcriptome and in the case of transcription termination defects perhaps be an unintended consequence of remodeling the host machinery by shifting the balance of pol ii phosphorylation to...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...preventing new protein production processing changes may subtly modify the host transcriptome and in the case of transcription termination defects perhaps be an unintended consequence of remodeling the host machinery by shifting the balance of pol ii phosphorylation to suit viral transcription our studies on pol ii phosphorylation during hsv1 infection may offer an explanation for the suppression of transcription termination and pol ii occupancy the cterminal domain ctd of the large subunit of the rna pol ii complex includes a series of tyrserprothrserproser tandem repeats that are differentially phosphorylated on the serines serine 2 5 and 7 depending on whether...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...the cterminal domain ctd of the large subunit of the rna pol ii complex includes a series of tyrserprothrserproser tandem repeats that are differentially phosphorylated on the serines serine 2 5 and 7 depending on whether the polymerase is clearing the promoter elongating or terminating [115] hsv1 infection alters the phosphorylation status of the repeats in the ctd of rna pol ii in particular loss of phosphorylation at the serine 2 ser2 of the ctd may contribute to shutoff of host transcription during hsv1 infection ser2 phosphorylation during the postinitiation stage of transcription enables pol ii to become...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...polymerase is clearing the promoter elongating or terminating [115] hsv1 infection alters the phosphorylation status of the repeats in the ctd of rna pol ii in particular loss of phosphorylation at the serine 2 ser2 of the ctd may contribute to shutoff of host transcription during hsv1 infection ser2 phosphorylation during the postinitiation stage of transcription enables pol ii to become elongationcompetent and recruit splicing and polyadenylation factors [115] in contrast to mock infected cells where the elongating form of pol ii bearing phosphorylation on both ser5 and ser2 is predominant in hsv1infected cells a...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...infected cells where the elongating form of pol ii bearing phosphorylation on both ser5 and ser2 is predominant in hsv1infected cells a ser5only form is predominant [116 117] this shift in pol ii phosphorylation is due to the action of immediate early genes because it occurs upon infection with a icp4 mutant virus which is unable to express delayed early or late genes [117] subsequent studies implicated the viral proteins icp22 [118] and icp27 [119] in this process figure 4 icp22 is responsible for loss of ser2 early during infection...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...infection with a icp4 mutant virus which is unable to express delayed early or late genes [117] subsequent studies implicated the viral proteins icp22 [118] and icp27 [119] in this process figure 4 icp22 is responsible for loss of ser2 early during infection through its physical association and inhibition of cyclindependent kinase 9 cdk9 which phosphorylates the ctd at ser2 to promote elongation [120 121] because the cdk9 inhibition maps to a small domain in icp22 that is conserved among herpesviruses [121] it is likely that other...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...small domain in icp22 that is conserved among herpesviruses [121] it is likely that other herpesviral homologs of this protein have similar effects in addition icp22 was required for the enhanced appearance of the ser5only pol ii isoform [117] suggesting that ser5 phosphorylation during infection may not be equivalent to ser5 phosphorylation in resting cells this is important in light of the pol ii occupancy results as loss of ser2 phosphorylation alone would be predicted to lead to increased paused polymerases whereas loss of pol ii recruitment to transcriptional units was observed in contrast icp27...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...resting cells this is important in light of the pol ii occupancy results as loss of ser2 phosphorylation alone would be predicted to lead to increased paused polymerases whereas loss of pol ii recruitment to transcriptional units was observed in contrast icp27 promotes proteasomemediated degradation of pol ii later in infection [119] removing both the hypophosphorylated and the ser2 phosphorylated form it is tempting to speculate that the loss of ser2 phosphorylation may underlie the transcription termination defect because some studies have shown that ser5phosphorylated pol ii can be transcriptionally active on human genes but that the transcribed...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...the complicated replication cycle of herpesviruses and the highly regulated cascade of lytic gene expression it is likely that the multiple mechanisms may provide different functionalities at different steps of the cycle transcriptional shutoff and rna degradation may collaborate to definitively shut off induction of immune response genes early during infection and rna degradation may additionally clear existing rnas in the cell preventing new protein production processing changes may subtly modify the host transcriptome and in the case of transcription termination defects perhaps be an unintended consequence of remodeling the host machinery by shifting the balance of pol ii phosphorylation to...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...for example [125] since then multiple mechanisms of host shutoff have been described in iavinfected cells which is surprising given the small number of proteins encoded by this virus although early studies suggested a translational block may account for the loss of host protein production during iav infection more recent studies have focused on three main mechanisms of host shutoff by iav infection a block in cellular mrna processing and nuclear export degradation of host rna pol ii and widespread host mrna degradation nonstructural viral protein 1 ns1 is a multifunctional protein involved in several processes that...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...described in iavinfected cells which is surprising given the small number of proteins encoded by this virus although early studies suggested a translational block may account for the loss of host protein production during iav infection more recent studies have focused on three main mechanisms of host shutoff by iav infection a block in cellular mrna processing and nuclear export degradation of host rna pol ii and widespread host mrna degradation nonstructural viral protein 1 ns1 is a multifunctional protein involved in several processes that inhibit the type i ifn responses reviewed extensively in [126] it is...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...also weakly interacts with and promotes degradation of the nucleoporin nup98 which likely contributes to export defects [136] interestingly chemical agents that affect the ns1mediated nuclear export block have been identified in particular compounds that inhibit the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway restore mrna nuclear export during infection or ns1 overexpression and also inhibit iav replication [138] these compounds increase the protein levels of nxf1 suggesting that they might act similarly to nxf1 overexpression [138] at present it is not known how the direct nuclear export block and the polyadenylation block mediated...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...by the fact that the levels of most viral mrnas and vrnas are the same in cells infected with wildtype or paxdeficient strains of apuertorico81934 h1n1 pr8 [2] in fact mutants that lack the pax rnase show lower not higher accumulation of viral proteins compared to wildtype infection [2] this observation suggests that the ability of iav to degrade host mrnas allows the virus to access cellular translational machinery preferentially perhaps because fewer cellular transcripts are available for translation this may be coupled with other processes that maintain or increase translational function [170]...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...xrn1 [2] at present it appears as though the initial cleavage by pax can occur anywhere along the length of the mrna [2] another similarity between herpesviral rnases and iav pax are the secondary consequences of pax activity figure 2 like herpesviral infection iav infection leads to nuclear accumulation of the cytoplasmic polya binding protein pabpc1 [87] pabpc1 relocalization is pax dependent and expression of pr8 pax alone also induced a strong nuclear accumulation of pabpc1 [2 87] as mentioned in section 22 nuclear localization of pabpc1...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...2] at present it appears as though the initial cleavage by pax can occur anywhere along the length of the mrna [2] another similarity between herpesviral rnases and iav pax are the secondary consequences of pax activity figure 2 like herpesviral infection iav infection leads to nuclear accumulation of the cytoplasmic polya binding protein pabpc1 [87] pabpc1 relocalization is pax dependent and expression of pr8 pax alone also induced a strong nuclear accumulation of pabpc1 [2 87] as mentioned in section 22 nuclear localization of pabpc1 is accompanied...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...nuclear localization are accompanied by an inhibition of arseniteinduced stress granule sg formation [87] the mechanism of paxinduced sg dissociation and its link to rna degradation and pabpc relocalization remain to be discovered of note ns1 and the nucleoprotein np also contribute to sg regulation in iav infection [87 171] although it is unknown whether this is linked to gene regulation changes interestingly evidence for conservation of the pax protein has been found in almost all iav strains [172] stop codons in the 1 reading frame in the cterminal region of...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...iavinfected cells but at present it is unclear what the relative contributions and the biological roles of these three mechanisms may be khaperskyy and mccormick [173] have proposed a temporal division of labor between ns1 and pax accumulation of ns1 in the nucleus during the initial stages of infection may impair expression of newly transcribed mrnas whereas regulation of host mrnas in the later stages of infection may be mediated by pax indeed the low efficiency of ribosomal frameshifting means that sufficient levels of pax may not accumulate until later in infection pol ii degradation may also occur later...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...three mechanisms may be khaperskyy and mccormick [173] have proposed a temporal division of labor between ns1 and pax accumulation of ns1 in the nucleus during the initial stages of infection may impair expression of newly transcribed mrnas whereas regulation of host mrnas in the later stages of infection may be mediated by pax indeed the low efficiency of ribosomal frameshifting means that sufficient levels of pax may not accumulate until later in infection pol ii degradation may also occur later to further reduce nascent host rna production once pol ii activity is no longer needed for rdrpmediated viral...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...the nucleus during the initial stages of infection may impair expression of newly transcribed mrnas whereas regulation of host mrnas in the later stages of infection may be mediated by pax indeed the low efficiency of ribosomal frameshifting means that sufficient levels of pax may not accumulate until later in infection pol ii degradation may also occur later to further reduce nascent host rna production once pol ii activity is no longer needed for rdrpmediated viral mrna transcription moreover the rnase activity of pax may be able to clear away mrnas andor ncrnas that are already present at the time of...

Title: Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A
Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and
Common Themes
Authors: Rivas, Hembly G.. Schmaling, Summer K....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 170
ID: 43740caefa35d11ce1aa130cd8ca86b60442b046
Number of matches: 49

...pol ii degradation may also occur later to further reduce nascent host rna production once pol ii activity is no longer needed for rdrpmediated viral mrna transcription moreover the rnase activity of pax may be able to clear away mrnas andor ncrnas that are already present at the time of infection whereas the ns1 polyadenylation block and pol ii degradation only affect the fate of newly synthesized rnas another possibility is that different strains of iav may favor one particular host shutoff mechanism this is likely true for strains that carry ns1 variants that do not bind cpsf30 and may rely...

Title: What makes health systems resilient against
infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards?
Results from a scoping review
Authors: Nuzzo, Jennifer B.. Meyer, Diane...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 172
ID: 3518ccc719fac30ad9a95930985cb000a0018ae5
Number of matches: 3

...strategies and the challenges of safely caring for a surge of critically ill patients health workers were 2132 times more likely to have been infected with the virus than members of the general public [3] sickened health workers could no longer care for ebola patients and poor infection control in healthcare facilities contributed to nosocomial ebola transmission in turn heightened risks of nosocomial ebola infection increased public fear around hospitalization [4] rather than helping to contain ebola health systems became an amplifier of disease exacerbating the human economic and political toll of the outbreak ...

Title: What makes health systems resilient against
infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards?
Results from a scoping review
Authors: Nuzzo, Jennifer B.. Meyer, Diane...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 172
ID: 3518ccc719fac30ad9a95930985cb000a0018ae5
Number of matches: 3

...2132 times more likely to have been infected with the virus than members of the general public [3] sickened health workers could no longer care for ebola patients and poor infection control in healthcare facilities contributed to nosocomial ebola transmission in turn heightened risks of nosocomial ebola infection increased public fear around hospitalization [4] rather than helping to contain ebola health systems became an amplifier of disease exacerbating the human economic and political toll of the outbreak similarly unprepared health systems across the world inadvertently contributed to disease transmission during recent epidemics of severe...

Title: What makes health systems resilient against
infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards?
Results from a scoping review
Authors: Nuzzo, Jennifer B.. Meyer, Diane...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 172
ID: 3518ccc719fac30ad9a95930985cb000a0018ae5
Number of matches: 3

...[4 22 36 40 45 53 54 76 77] medical supplies and equipment a resilient health system has access to medical supplies and equipment including personal protective equipment antivirals and ventilators during a crisis [40 53 [78] [79] [80] infection prevention and control ipc a resilient health system has implemented strong ipc measures including staff training standardized protocols a dedicated ipc focal point and dedicated treatment units [4 22 39 47 51 54 [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [...

Title: On pandemics and the duty to care: whose duty?
who cares?
Authors: Ruderman, Carly. Tracy, C Shawn...
Journal: BMC Med Ethics
Item: Infection
Index: 173
ID: a1b6c2b3b808e995697f94d9676d5d5c85180177
Number of matches: 2

...health were severely tested by sars unprecedented demands were placed on their skills and expertise and their personal commitment to their profession was severely tried many were exposed to serious risk of morbidity and mortality indeed approximately 30 of reported cases were among hcws some of whom died from the infection [1] as a number of commentators have noted sars exposed the vulnerabilities of our current health care systems and governance structures [2] [3] [4] the aftermath of sars and the spectre of pandemic avian influenza make imperative the need to...

Title: On pandemics and the duty to care: whose duty?
who cares?
Authors: Ruderman, Carly. Tracy, C Shawn...
Journal: BMC Med Ethics
Item: Infection
Index: 173
ID: a1b6c2b3b808e995697f94d9676d5d5c85180177
Number of matches: 2

...extremely long hours at personal risk this demonstration of going above and beyond the call of duty which proved necessary to control the disease was highly morally commendable at the same time however serious concerns did surface during sars about the extent to which hcps would tolerate risks of infection [8 9] some baulked at providing care to those infected with the unknown virus in some circumstances staffing became an issue in sars wards and assessment centres indeed failure to report for duty during the outbreak resulted in the permanent dismissal of some hospital staff as a...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...into nsp1 to nsp16 4 structural orfs s e m and n in grey and luxury downstream orfs 3a 3b 6 7a 7b 8a 8b and 9b nsp nonstructural protein s spike e envelope m matrix and n nucleoprotein innate immunity is one of the earliest barriers to coronavirus infection following infection pathogen recognition receptors prrs such as retinoic acidinducible gene i rigi melanoma the 5 end is capped and contains a leader sequence l sarscov encodes for 14 orfs including orf1 which is processed into nsp1 to nsp16 4 structural orfs s e m and n in grey and...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...to nsp16 4 structural orfs s e m and n in grey and luxury downstream orfs 3a 3b 6 7a 7b 8a 8b and 9b nsp nonstructural protein s spike e envelope m matrix and n nucleoprotein innate immunity is one of the earliest barriers to coronavirus infection following infection pathogen recognition receptors prrs such as retinoic acidinducible gene i rigi melanoma the 5 end is capped and contains a leader sequence l sarscov encodes for 14 orfs including orf1 which is processed into nsp1 to nsp16 4 structural orfs s e m and n in grey and luxury downstream...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...into nsp1 to nsp16 4 structural orfs s e m and n in grey and luxury downstream orfs 3a 3b 6 7a 7b 8a 8b and 9b nsp nonstructural protein s spike e envelope m matrix and n nucleoprotein innate immunity is one of the earliest barriers to coronavirus infection following infection pathogen recognition receptors prrs such as retinoic acidinducible gene i rigi melanoma differentiationassociated gene 5 mda5 tolllike receptors eg tlr 3 4 and 7 and other sensing molecules recognize pathogenassociated molecular patterns pamps in viral components such as viral structure proteins or viral nucleic acid successful recognition initiates...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...to nsp16 4 structural orfs s e m and n in grey and luxury downstream orfs 3a 3b 6 7a 7b 8a 8b and 9b nsp nonstructural protein s spike e envelope m matrix and n nucleoprotein innate immunity is one of the earliest barriers to coronavirus infection following infection pathogen recognition receptors prrs such as retinoic acidinducible gene i rigi melanoma differentiationassociated gene 5 mda5 tolllike receptors eg tlr 3 4 and 7 and other sensing molecules recognize pathogenassociated molecular patterns pamps in viral components such as viral structure proteins or viral nucleic acid successful recognition initiates a signaling...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...viral nucleic acid successful recognition initiates a signaling cascade that activates an antiviral state in the host several main players of innate immunity such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 stat1 myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 myd88 tlr4 tlr7 and tlr3tirdomaincontaining adapterinducing interferon trif function to dampen infection severity during coronavirus infection in vivo [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] similarly interferons ifnalpha and ifnbeta ifngamma also play critical roles in controlling sarscov in vivo and in vitro [12] [13] [...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...recognition initiates a signaling cascade that activates an antiviral state in the host several main players of innate immunity such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 stat1 myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 myd88 tlr4 tlr7 and tlr3tirdomaincontaining adapterinducing interferon trif function to dampen infection severity during coronavirus infection in vivo [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] similarly interferons ifnalpha and ifnbeta ifngamma also play critical roles in controlling sarscov in vivo and in vitro [12] [13] [14] [15...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...able to manipulate the hosts epigenome potentially heralding entirely new mechanisms of viral antagonism and new targets for therapeutic intervention and control [18 31] the purpose of this review is to summarize the available methodology to study the epigenetic mechanisms that allow study of the epigenome during infection with coronavirus and other rna viruses epigenetic regulation bridges genotype and phenotype by changing the function of the gene locus without changing the sequence of the underlying dna over the last decade research efforts have revealed a dynamic range of epigenetic factors that shape and regulate chromatin status leading...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...elements chip chromatin immunoprecipitation medip methylated dna immunoprecipitation as a broad strategy to identify modifications of histones and the localization of histone marks across the genome faire was developed and has been applied to understand the chromatin status of target cells and of dna viruses under different conditions of infection [75] faire is a method to isolate regulatory elements from eukaryote chromatin thereby taking advantage of the fact that dna segments that actively regulate transcription in vivo are typically characterized by eviction of nucleosomes the faire method involves crosslinking the chromatin by adding formaldehyde which preferentially targets...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...elements chip chromatin immunoprecipitation medip methylated dna immunoprecipitation as a broad strategy to identify modifications of histones and the localization of histone marks across the genome faire was developed and has been applied to understand the chromatin status of target cells and of dna viruses under different conditions of infection [75] faire is a method to isolate regulatory elements from eukaryote chromatin thereby taking advantage of the fact that dna segments that actively regulate transcription in vivo are typically characterized by eviction of nucleosomes the faire method involves crosslinking the chromatin by adding formaldehyde which preferentially targets...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...elements chip chromatin immunoprecipitation medip methylated dna immunoprecipitation as a broad strategy to identify modifications of histones and the localization of histone marks across the genome faire was developed and has been applied to understand the chromatin status of target cells and of dna viruses under different conditions of infection [75] faire is a method to isolate regulatory elements from eukaryote chromatin thereby taking advantage of the fact that dna segments that actively regulate transcription in vivo are typically characterized by eviction of nucleosomes the faire method involves crosslinking the chromatin by adding formaldehyde which preferentially targets...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...regulatory elements chip chromatin immunoprecipitation medip methylated dna immunoprecipitation as a broad strategy to identify modifications of histones and the localization of histone marks across the genome faire was developed and has been applied to understand the chromatin status of target cells and of dna viruses under different conditions of infection [75] faire is a method to isolate regulatory elements from eukaryote chromatin thereby taking advantage of the fact that dna segments that actively regulate transcription in vivo are typically characterized by eviction of nucleosomes the faire method involves crosslinking the chromatin by adding formaldehyde which preferentially targets...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...the transcription complex which usually docks to the h3k4 mark to initiate transcription [31 110] previously we compared isg profiles of pathogenic influenza viruses and coronaviruses in calu3 cells a human airway epithelial cell line by using a transcriptomics and proteomics dataset [18] the infection of calu3 cells with the tested respiratory viruses resulted in diverse virusspecific isg expression signatures the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza a hpia virus showed a rapid manipulation of isg with strong downand upregulation of specific isg sets at 7 h post infection in contrast the 2009 pandemic h1n1 strain...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...proteomics dataset [18] the infection of calu3 cells with the tested respiratory viruses resulted in diverse virusspecific isg expression signatures the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza a hpia virus showed a rapid manipulation of isg with strong downand upregulation of specific isg sets at 7 h post infection in contrast the 2009 pandemic h1n1 strain showed no isg modulation and the infected cells mounted a robust ifninduced antiviral state starting at 3 h post infection sarscov infection of calu3 cells also showed a strong induction of isg effectors but the response was significantly delayed with peak expression at...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...avian influenza a hpia virus showed a rapid manipulation of isg with strong downand upregulation of specific isg sets at 7 h post infection in contrast the 2009 pandemic h1n1 strain showed no isg modulation and the infected cells mounted a robust ifninduced antiviral state starting at 3 h post infection sarscov infection of calu3 cells also showed a strong induction of isg effectors but the response was significantly delayed with peak expression at 24 to 48 h post infection in 2012 the newly emerged merscov showed delayed isg production with effects visible at 18h post infection hpi with significant inhibition...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...a hpia virus showed a rapid manipulation of isg with strong downand upregulation of specific isg sets at 7 h post infection in contrast the 2009 pandemic h1n1 strain showed no isg modulation and the infected cells mounted a robust ifninduced antiviral state starting at 3 h post infection sarscov infection of calu3 cells also showed a strong induction of isg effectors but the response was significantly delayed with peak expression at 24 to 48 h post infection in 2012 the newly emerged merscov showed delayed isg production with effects visible at 18h post infection hpi with significant inhibition of expression...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...h1n1 strain showed no isg modulation and the infected cells mounted a robust ifninduced antiviral state starting at 3 h post infection sarscov infection of calu3 cells also showed a strong induction of isg effectors but the response was significantly delayed with peak expression at 24 to 48 h post infection in 2012 the newly emerged merscov showed delayed isg production with effects visible at 18h post infection hpi with significant inhibition of expression of specific isg subsets overall the viral manipulation of the host antiviral ifn response results in successful virus infection and viral replication defining a viral antagonistic approach...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...at 3 h post infection sarscov infection of calu3 cells also showed a strong induction of isg effectors but the response was significantly delayed with peak expression at 24 to 48 h post infection in 2012 the newly emerged merscov showed delayed isg production with effects visible at 18h post infection hpi with significant inhibition of expression of specific isg subsets overall the viral manipulation of the host antiviral ifn response results in successful virus infection and viral replication defining a viral antagonistic approach which may be a mechanism to interfere with the hosts innate immune response [22] ...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...peak expression at 24 to 48 h post infection in 2012 the newly emerged merscov showed delayed isg production with effects visible at 18h post infection hpi with significant inhibition of expression of specific isg subsets overall the viral manipulation of the host antiviral ifn response results in successful virus infection and viral replication defining a viral antagonistic approach which may be a mechanism to interfere with the hosts innate immune response [22] in our laboratory by using chippcr approaches we could determine differential occupancy of histone marks at the promoters of isg genes we showed that the...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...could determine differential occupancy of histone marks at the promoters of isg genes we showed that the promoter regions of isg genes contained more histones with active marks of h3k4me than the repressive h3k27me3 mark therefore favoring open chromatin and promoting active transcription and isg expression during h1n12009 and sarscov infection in contrast infection of calu3 with the highly pathogenic hpai and merscov resulted in increased levels of h3k27me3 and decreased levels of h3k4me3 occupancy at the promoter regions of subsets of specific isgs which were not induced demonstrating that these viruses have developed antagonistic mechanisms to specifically target the ifn...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...occupancy of histone marks at the promoters of isg genes we showed that the promoter regions of isg genes contained more histones with active marks of h3k4me than the repressive h3k27me3 mark therefore favoring open chromatin and promoting active transcription and isg expression during h1n12009 and sarscov infection in contrast infection of calu3 with the highly pathogenic hpai and merscov resulted in increased levels of h3k27me3 and decreased levels of h3k4me3 occupancy at the promoter regions of subsets of specific isgs which were not induced demonstrating that these viruses have developed antagonistic mechanisms to specifically target the ifn arm of the...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...these viruses have developed antagonistic mechanisms to specifically target the ifn arm of the innate immunity figure 4 we have expanded this dataset by using a genomewide chipseq approach this allows us to choose any set of cellular effector molecules and to study their histone modification profile during infection figure 5 shows as an example the expression profile of isgs during the early phase merscov infection as already described by menachery et al expression of isgs effectors occurred rather late after infection at 12 hpi to 18 hpi however merscov infection in calu3 induces the upregulation and downregulation of...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...figure 4 we have expanded this dataset by using a genomewide chipseq approach this allows us to choose any set of cellular effector molecules and to study their histone modification profile during infection figure 5 shows as an example the expression profile of isgs during the early phase merscov infection as already described by menachery et al expression of isgs effectors occurred rather late after infection at 12 hpi to 18 hpi however merscov infection in calu3 induces the upregulation and downregulation of isgs we then applied chipseq data to the expression data when we looked at the expression level...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...us to choose any set of cellular effector molecules and to study their histone modification profile during infection figure 5 shows as an example the expression profile of isgs during the early phase merscov infection as already described by menachery et al expression of isgs effectors occurred rather late after infection at 12 hpi to 18 hpi however merscov infection in calu3 induces the upregulation and downregulation of isgs we then applied chipseq data to the expression data when we looked at the expression level of isg transcripts at 18 hpi we could see how the histone modification promoter profile at...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...and to study their histone modification profile during infection figure 5 shows as an example the expression profile of isgs during the early phase merscov infection as already described by menachery et al expression of isgs effectors occurred rather late after infection at 12 hpi to 18 hpi however merscov infection in calu3 induces the upregulation and downregulation of isgs we then applied chipseq data to the expression data when we looked at the expression level of isg transcripts at 18 hpi we could see how the histone modification promoter profile at 12 hpi corresponded with the transcriptomic data isgs that...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...the upregulation and downregulation of isgs we then applied chipseq data to the expression data when we looked at the expression level of isg transcripts at 18 hpi we could see how the histone modification promoter profile at 12 hpi corresponded with the transcriptomic data isgs that were downregulated during infection showed increased occupancy of h3k27m3 modification in their promoter region indicated in yellow and isgs that were upregulated during infection showed increased occupancy of h3k4me3 within their promoter region blue while histone mimicry has been identified for h3n2 virus the responsible binding motif is not contained in ns1 protein...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...expression level of isg transcripts at 18 hpi we could see how the histone modification promoter profile at 12 hpi corresponded with the transcriptomic data isgs that were downregulated during infection showed increased occupancy of h3k27m3 modification in their promoter region indicated in yellow and isgs that were upregulated during infection showed increased occupancy of h3k4me3 within their promoter region blue while histone mimicry has been identified for h3n2 virus the responsible binding motif is not contained in ns1 protein encoded by h5n1vn1203 although the ns1 protein may contribute to this phenotype [31] this suggests that different...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...accessory protein mediating isg downregulation by interfering with the hosts epigenome remains to be identified [18 111] we have expanded this dataset by using a genomewide chipseq approach this allows us to choose any set of cellular effector molecules and to study their histone modification profile during infection figure 5 shows as an example the expression profile of isgs during the early phase merscov infection as already described by menachery et al expression of isgs effectors occurred rather late after infection at 12 hpi to 18 hpi however merscov infection in calu3 induces the upregulation and downregulation of...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...111] we have expanded this dataset by using a genomewide chipseq approach this allows us to choose any set of cellular effector molecules and to study their histone modification profile during infection figure 5 shows as an example the expression profile of isgs during the early phase merscov infection as already described by menachery et al expression of isgs effectors occurred rather late after infection at 12 hpi to 18 hpi however merscov infection in calu3 induces the upregulation and downregulation of isgs we then applied chipseq data to the expression data when we looked at the expression level...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...us to choose any set of cellular effector molecules and to study their histone modification profile during infection figure 5 shows as an example the expression profile of isgs during the early phase merscov infection as already described by menachery et al expression of isgs effectors occurred rather late after infection at 12 hpi to 18 hpi however merscov infection in calu3 induces the upregulation and downregulation of isgs we then applied chipseq data to the expression data when we looked at the expression level of isg transcripts at 18 hpi we could see how the histone modification promoter profile at...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...and to study their histone modification profile during infection figure 5 shows as an example the expression profile of isgs during the early phase merscov infection as already described by menachery et al expression of isgs effectors occurred rather late after infection at 12 hpi to 18 hpi however merscov infection in calu3 induces the upregulation and downregulation of isgs we then applied chipseq data to the expression data when we looked at the expression level of isg transcripts at 18 hpi we could see how the histone modification promoter profile at 12 hpi corresponded with the transcriptomic data isgs that...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...the upregulation and downregulation of isgs we then applied chipseq data to the expression data when we looked at the expression level of isg transcripts at 18 hpi we could see how the histone modification promoter profile at 12 hpi corresponded with the transcriptomic data isgs that were downregulated during infection showed increased occupancy of h3k27m3 modification in their promoter region indicated in yellow and isgs that were upregulated during infection showed increased occupancy of h3k4me3 within their promoter region blue calu3 cells are a continuous human airway epithelial cell line that can be differentiated in ciliated cells and are...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...expression level of isg transcripts at 18 hpi we could see how the histone modification promoter profile at 12 hpi corresponded with the transcriptomic data isgs that were downregulated during infection showed increased occupancy of h3k27m3 modification in their promoter region indicated in yellow and isgs that were upregulated during infection showed increased occupancy of h3k4me3 within their promoter region blue calu3 cells are a continuous human airway epithelial cell line that can be differentiated in ciliated cells and are commonly used to study respiratory cell function under different physiological stresses and conditions [112] by utilizing calu3...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...cytokines to identify smaller subsets of effector gene expression patterns rna and protein that are downstream of a specific signaling pathway in parallel the calu3 cells are then infected with different highly pathogenic emerging or contemporary respiratory viruses and global proteomic and transcriptomic expression patterns characterized at different times post infection figure 6 by filtering expression changes to specific subsets of cytokine specific gene sets after infection novel patterns of virusinduced regulatory control are revealed while identifying novel gene sets for downstream epigenetic and virus studies for example the same set of isgs are either globally induced rapidly or...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...specific signaling pathway in parallel the calu3 cells are then infected with different highly pathogenic emerging or contemporary respiratory viruses and global proteomic and transcriptomic expression patterns characterized at different times post infection figure 6 by filtering expression changes to specific subsets of cytokine specific gene sets after infection novel patterns of virusinduced regulatory control are revealed while identifying novel gene sets for downstream epigenetic and virus studies for example the same set of isgs are either globally induced rapidly or differentially induced following h1n1 and h5n1 infection in contrast isg expression patterns are significantly delayed but either globally...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...expression changes to specific subsets of cytokine specific gene sets after infection novel patterns of virusinduced regulatory control are revealed while identifying novel gene sets for downstream epigenetic and virus studies for example the same set of isgs are either globally induced rapidly or differentially induced following h1n1 and h5n1 infection in contrast isg expression patterns are significantly delayed but either globally or differentially induced following sarscov and merscov infection respectively [18] expression pattern differences were independent of any specific transcription factor function but rather were regulated primarily by epigenetic control mechanisms importantly these studies seed future studies...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...revealed while identifying novel gene sets for downstream epigenetic and virus studies for example the same set of isgs are either globally induced rapidly or differentially induced following h1n1 and h5n1 infection in contrast isg expression patterns are significantly delayed but either globally or differentially induced following sarscov and merscov infection respectively [18] expression pattern differences were independent of any specific transcription factor function but rather were regulated primarily by epigenetic control mechanisms importantly these studies seed future studies using other viruses while histone mimicry has been identified for h3n2 virus the responsible binding motif is not contained...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...cytokines to identify smaller subsets of effector gene expression patterns rna and protein that are downstream of a specific signaling pathway in parallel the calu3 cells are then infected with different highly pathogenic emerging or contemporary respiratory viruses and global proteomic and transcriptomic expression patterns characterized at different times post infection figure 6 by filtering expression changes to specific subsets of cytokine specific gene sets after infection novel patterns of virusinduced regulatory control are revealed while identifying novel gene sets for downstream epigenetic and virus studies for example the same set of isgs are either globally induced rapidly or...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...specific signaling pathway in parallel the calu3 cells are then infected with different highly pathogenic emerging or contemporary respiratory viruses and global proteomic and transcriptomic expression patterns characterized at different times post infection figure 6 by filtering expression changes to specific subsets of cytokine specific gene sets after infection novel patterns of virusinduced regulatory control are revealed while identifying novel gene sets for downstream epigenetic and virus studies for example the same set of isgs are either globally induced rapidly or differentially induced following h1n1 and h5n1 infection in contrast isg expression patterns are significantly delayed but either globally...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...expression changes to specific subsets of cytokine specific gene sets after infection novel patterns of virusinduced regulatory control are revealed while identifying novel gene sets for downstream epigenetic and virus studies for example the same set of isgs are either globally induced rapidly or differentially induced following h1n1 and h5n1 infection in contrast isg expression patterns are significantly delayed but either globally or differentially induced following sarscov and merscov infection respectively [18] expression pattern differences were independent of any specific transcription factor function but rather were regulated primarily by epigenetic control mechanisms importantly these studies seed future studies...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...revealed while identifying novel gene sets for downstream epigenetic and virus studies for example the same set of isgs are either globally induced rapidly or differentially induced following h1n1 and h5n1 infection in contrast isg expression patterns are significantly delayed but either globally or differentially induced following sarscov and merscov infection respectively [18] expression pattern differences were independent of any specific transcription factor function but rather were regulated primarily by epigenetic control mechanisms importantly these studies seed future studies using other viruses andor segwaying into primary human airway epithelial cells hae primary type ii pneumocytes at2 lung fibroblast...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...human airway epithelial cells hae primary type ii pneumocytes at2 lung fibroblast lf pulmonary endothelial cells mev and resident immune cell populations in the lung [18 113] utilizing these model systems we aim to study genomewide histone modifications dna methylation patterns and the chromatin landscape after virus infection across different cell types in the lung revealing cell typespecific regulatory features that function to regulate infection outcomes the goals of recently performed studies in our laboratory sets the stage to determine if host epigenetic processes play a crucial role in controlling transcriptional regulatory networks that antagonize or promote merscov...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...and resident immune cell populations in the lung [18 113] utilizing these model systems we aim to study genomewide histone modifications dna methylation patterns and the chromatin landscape after virus infection across different cell types in the lung revealing cell typespecific regulatory features that function to regulate infection outcomes the goals of recently performed studies in our laboratory sets the stage to determine if host epigenetic processes play a crucial role in controlling transcriptional regulatory networks that antagonize or promote merscov and h5n1 infection and pathogenesis while the molecular mechanisms regulating epigenetic control remain elusive following emerging cov...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...cell types in the lung revealing cell typespecific regulatory features that function to regulate infection outcomes the goals of recently performed studies in our laboratory sets the stage to determine if host epigenetic processes play a crucial role in controlling transcriptional regulatory networks that antagonize or promote merscov and h5n1 infection and pathogenesis while the molecular mechanisms regulating epigenetic control remain elusive following emerging cov infection a growing body of evidence suggests that viruses even rna viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm interfere with the hosts epigenome andor segwaying into primary human airway epithelial cells hae primary type ii pneumocytes at2...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...outcomes the goals of recently performed studies in our laboratory sets the stage to determine if host epigenetic processes play a crucial role in controlling transcriptional regulatory networks that antagonize or promote merscov and h5n1 infection and pathogenesis while the molecular mechanisms regulating epigenetic control remain elusive following emerging cov infection a growing body of evidence suggests that viruses even rna viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm interfere with the hosts epigenome andor segwaying into primary human airway epithelial cells hae primary type ii pneumocytes at2 lung fibroblast lf pulmonary endothelial cells mev and resident immune cell populations in the lung...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...human airway epithelial cells hae primary type ii pneumocytes at2 lung fibroblast lf pulmonary endothelial cells mev and resident immune cell populations in the lung [18 113] utilizing these model systems we aim to study genomewide histone modifications dna methylation patterns and the chromatin landscape after virus infection across different cell types in the lung revealing cell typespecific regulatory features that function to regulate infection outcomes the goals of recently performed studies in our laboratory sets the stage to determine if host epigenetic processes play a crucial role in controlling transcriptional regulatory networks that antagonize or promote merscov...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...and resident immune cell populations in the lung [18 113] utilizing these model systems we aim to study genomewide histone modifications dna methylation patterns and the chromatin landscape after virus infection across different cell types in the lung revealing cell typespecific regulatory features that function to regulate infection outcomes the goals of recently performed studies in our laboratory sets the stage to determine if host epigenetic processes play a crucial role in controlling transcriptional regulatory networks that antagonize or promote merscov and h5n1 infection and pathogenesis while the molecular mechanisms regulating epigenetic control remain elusive following emerging cov...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...cell types in the lung revealing cell typespecific regulatory features that function to regulate infection outcomes the goals of recently performed studies in our laboratory sets the stage to determine if host epigenetic processes play a crucial role in controlling transcriptional regulatory networks that antagonize or promote merscov and h5n1 infection and pathogenesis while the molecular mechanisms regulating epigenetic control remain elusive following emerging cov infection a growing body of evidence suggests that viruses even rna viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm interfere with the hosts epigenome hostpathogen relationships are plastic and dynamic in particular selective pressure put on the...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...outcomes the goals of recently performed studies in our laboratory sets the stage to determine if host epigenetic processes play a crucial role in controlling transcriptional regulatory networks that antagonize or promote merscov and h5n1 infection and pathogenesis while the molecular mechanisms regulating epigenetic control remain elusive following emerging cov infection a growing body of evidence suggests that viruses even rna viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm interfere with the hosts epigenome hostpathogen relationships are plastic and dynamic in particular selective pressure put on the pathogen by the host increases the degree of plasticity and adaptability of the pathogen on...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...chromatinassociated proteins interference with the chromatin remodeling machinery dnabinding transcription factors histone modifying enzymes and direct alteration of methylation and acetylation state of histones and histone mimicry [18 31 114 115] several complementary approaches can be combined to study define and map the epigenetic landscape during coronavirus infection and other highly pathogenic human viruses figure 6 combining systems biology approaches like epigenomic transcriptomic and proteomic datasets provides a data integration approach to identify regulatory genomic clusters and regions that play a crucial role in the hosts antiviral response figure 7 [116 117] ...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...chromatinassociated proteins interference with the chromatin remodeling machinery dnabinding transcription factors histone modifying enzymes and direct alteration of methylation and acetylation state of histones and histone mimicry [18 31 114 115] several complementary approaches can be combined to study define and map the epigenetic landscape during coronavirus infection and other highly pathogenic human viruses figure 6 combining systems biology approaches like epigenomic transcriptomic and proteomic datasets provides a data integration approach to identify regulatory genomic clusters and regions that play a crucial role in the hosts antiviral response figure 7 [116 117] ...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...infer the identity of genes that are implicated in disease and pathogenesis associated with the virus [117] integration across data types epigenetic approaches combined with transcriptomics and proteomics datasets provide a spatialtemporal data integration approach to identify regulatory genomic clusters and regions playing a role in viral infection integration across data types epigenetic approaches combined with transcriptomics and proteomics datasets provide a spatialtemporal data integration approach to identify regulatory genomic clusters and regions playing a role in viral infection recent advancements through basic research in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in viral chromatin modification in lytic...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...datasets provide a spatialtemporal data integration approach to identify regulatory genomic clusters and regions playing a role in viral infection integration across data types epigenetic approaches combined with transcriptomics and proteomics datasets provide a spatialtemporal data integration approach to identify regulatory genomic clusters and regions playing a role in viral infection recent advancements through basic research in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in viral chromatin modification in lytic viruses have opened a new window into previously unknown mechanisms of viral antagonism and hostvirus interactions including genetic factors that influence both protective or pathogenic host responses the subsequent identification and...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...responses the subsequent identification and improved understanding of these mechanisms open new avenues for the development of antiviral drugs by illuminating new targets for specific inhibitors established model systems for latent and persistent viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 hiv1 and herpesviruses have already demonstrated modulation of the viral infection by chromatin [119 120] as described here a growing number of studies also show modulation of viral infection by chromatin in lytic virus infections the emerging parallels between the existing knowledge of chromatins effect on and interaction with latent and persistent viruses and the emerging understanding of...

Title: Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus
Infection
Authors: Schäfer, Alexandra. Baric, Ralph S.
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 174
ID: 8e631c0c0bdbb5cf13818b5b71d39c145b045955
Number of matches: 54

...new targets for specific inhibitors established model systems for latent and persistent viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 hiv1 and herpesviruses have already demonstrated modulation of the viral infection by chromatin [119 120] as described here a growing number of studies also show modulation of viral infection by chromatin in lytic virus infections the emerging parallels between the existing knowledge of chromatins effect on and interaction with latent and persistent viruses and the emerging understanding of its comparable interaction with lytic viruses suggest that a greater focus on chromatinbased therapies for a variety of virus families could...

Title: Pseudoknots: RNA Structures with Diverse
Functions
Authors: Staple, David W. Butcher, Samuel E
Journal: PLoS Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 175
ID: 914c8d326beaccabd37199a9903b27fa7f9b0586
Number of matches: 2

...4] and telomerase [5] additionally pseudoknots play critical roles in altering gene expression by inducing ribosomal frameshifting in many viruses [6] [7] [8] [9] hepatitis delta virus hdv is a satellite virus of hepatitis b virus infection of humans by both hdv and hepatitis b virus is generally more severe than a hepatitis b virus infection alone [10] hdv has a circular genome that is replicated by the host rna polymerase ii through a doublerollingcircle mechanism this mechanism produces long strands of rna that...

Title: Pseudoknots: RNA Structures with Diverse
Functions
Authors: Staple, David W. Butcher, Samuel E
Journal: PLoS Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 175
ID: 914c8d326beaccabd37199a9903b27fa7f9b0586
Number of matches: 2

...inducing ribosomal frameshifting in many viruses [6] [7] [8] [9] hepatitis delta virus hdv is a satellite virus of hepatitis b virus infection of humans by both hdv and hepatitis b virus is generally more severe than a hepatitis b virus infection alone [10] hdv has a circular genome that is replicated by the host rna polymerase ii through a doublerollingcircle mechanism this mechanism produces long strands of rna that must be processed into unit lengths for viral replication the processing of the viral rna is achieved by the...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...] the elevation of plasma cytokine levels was positively correlated with pharyngeal viral load [23] and may simply reflect more extensive viral replication and consequently direct viral pathology rather than being causative of the pathology observed in h5n1infected patients compared with human h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses infection of human primary macrophage cultures in vitro with h5n1 viruses also lead to the hyperinduction of proinflammatory cytokines [25] most studies on h5n1 pathology describe pulmonary features of human disease although h5n1 virus infection of humans is primarily one of the lower respiratory tract more recent reports...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...pathology observed in h5n1infected patients compared with human h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses infection of human primary macrophage cultures in vitro with h5n1 viruses also lead to the hyperinduction of proinflammatory cytokines [25] most studies on h5n1 pathology describe pulmonary features of human disease although h5n1 virus infection of humans is primarily one of the lower respiratory tract more recent reports suggested that influenza a h5n1 may in rare severe cases disseminate beyond the lungs and infect brain [26 27] intestines [20 27] and lymphoid tissues [27] and result in...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...beyond the lungs and infect brain [26 27] intestines [20 27] and lymphoid tissues [27] and result in extrapulmonary clinical manifestations including encephalopathy or encephalitis [15 28] this extrapulmonary dissemination of hpai h5n1 virus contrasts with seasonal influenza virus infection of humans which even in fatal cases is restricted to the respiratory tract however there have been relatively few reports describing histopathology and virus distribution in h5n1 cases [5 16 21 24 26 27] to better understand the pathogenesis of human h5n1 virus infection and investigate the...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...seasonal influenza virus infection of humans which even in fatal cases is restricted to the respiratory tract however there have been relatively few reports describing histopathology and virus distribution in h5n1 cases [5 16 21 24 26 27] to better understand the pathogenesis of human h5n1 virus infection and investigate the route of virus dissemination in vivo we report on the use of different techniques to detect virus distribution and infection of 5 organ systems in a laboratory confirmed fatal human h5n1 virus infection and analyze the relationship between viral load in tissues and host response our results...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...reports describing histopathology and virus distribution in h5n1 cases [5 16 21 24 26 27] to better understand the pathogenesis of human h5n1 virus infection and investigate the route of virus dissemination in vivo we report on the use of different techniques to detect virus distribution and infection of 5 organ systems in a laboratory confirmed fatal human h5n1 virus infection and analyze the relationship between viral load in tissues and host response our results suggested that the virus can infect multiorgans besides pulmonary high viral load is associated with increased host response though the viral load is...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...24 26 27] to better understand the pathogenesis of human h5n1 virus infection and investigate the route of virus dissemination in vivo we report on the use of different techniques to detect virus distribution and infection of 5 organ systems in a laboratory confirmed fatal human h5n1 virus infection and analyze the relationship between viral load in tissues and host response our results suggested that the virus can infect multiorgans besides pulmonary high viral load is associated with increased host response though the viral load is significantly difference in various organs cells of immunologic system could not be excluded...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...reported as same before [20 26 27 30] as well as in aortopulmonary vessel and ureter which were not reported before notably the virus can be found in tissues of lower gastrointestinal tract including small intestine and large intestine but in stomach and duodenum the origin of infection in the extrapulmonary organs could be bloodborne which is supported by previous studies showing live h5n1 virus can be isolated from the serum [20] and plasma [31] unfortunately we havent obtained blood samples to [25 30 [33] [34] [...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...in spleen and lymphonode despite of the viral cells tropism possible reasons of different viral load could include activation of low ph [38] viral receptor distribution [39] cell nlinked glycoprotein distribution [40] or other unknown mechanisms on other hand nonpermissive or abortive infection is extra possible in some of the tissues where the virus cannot replicate effectively additionally it should be possible that phagocytosis of viral antigen from pathologically significant lyticreplicative infection caused positively viral detection in these tissues high viral load is associated with increased host responses to be different...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...39] cell nlinked glycoprotein distribution [40] or other unknown mechanisms on other hand nonpermissive or abortive infection is extra possible in some of the tissues where the virus cannot replicate effectively additionally it should be possible that phagocytosis of viral antigen from pathologically significant lyticreplicative infection caused positively viral detection in these tissues high viral load is associated with increased host responses to be different with seasonal influenza virus the h5n1 virus caused intense transcription induction and secretion of inflammatory cytokineschemokines as documented in human cases [15 22] and increased induction of...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...secrete large amounts of cytokines such as tnfa gmcsf mcp and il8 in response to various insults [44 45] and can be induced to secrete il1a il6 rantes and mcp1 in response to tnfa [45 46] the last being produced by alveolar macrophages during h5n1 infection therefore it is possible that the much greater cytokine induction by the h5n1 virus was as much a consequence of the response of individual infected cells as it was a consequence of the numbers of infected cells immune cells could be a target of the virus infection previous findings...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...during h5n1 infection therefore it is possible that the much greater cytokine induction by the h5n1 virus was as much a consequence of the response of individual infected cells as it was a consequence of the numbers of infected cells immune cells could be a target of the virus infection previous findings showed that viral sequences and antigens have been detected in lymphocytes in lymph node tissue as well as in hofbauer cells macrophages of the placenta kupffer cells macrophages of the liver and mononuclear cells in the intestinal mucosa [27] this is consistent with our find...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...pathogenic organisms [47] so circulationg immune cell with h5n1 virus could play a role in dissemination of virus when those cells with virus can not remove the virus in cells completely we unprecedentedly investigated 24 autopsy tissues of 5 organ systems from a dead patient of h5n1 infection our study results indicate that the h5n1 virus could be found in multiple organs viral load in infected tissues is correlated with host response and circulating immune cell can not be excluded to play a role in dissemination of virus in vivo the patient was laboratory confirmed as an...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...study results indicate that the h5n1 virus could be found in multiple organs viral load in infected tissues is correlated with host response and circulating immune cell can not be excluded to play a role in dissemination of virus in vivo the patient was laboratory confirmed as an h5n1 infection by china cdc on february 20 2008 he is a 42 yearsold chinese male living in guangxi china with a history of 6 days of fever cough and dyspnea two weeks before hospital admission he bought 3 hens at an openair market one of which died later at same day...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...was based in analysis of the full haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein gene sequences of all chinese human isolates of h5n1 oligonucleotide dna probes representing conserved gene regions were used probes were labeled by digoxigeninutp roche diagnostics penzberg germany and tested for specificty using human biopsy of gut tissue with in vitro infection of h5n1 virus since h5n1 is a negativestranded rna virus sense probes were defined as the probes that detect the viral rna negativestranded whereas antisense probes detected mrna and complementary rna crna which are both positivestranded briefly before hybridization all solutions were prepared with depctreated water after deparaffinization and rehydration...

Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a
Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case
Authors: Gao, Rongbao. Dong, Libo...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 176
ID: 28e355b80d2d62c5314e8d97e92fbd67f77679d5
Number of matches: 16

...11000 roche diagnostics penzberg germany for 1 h and the reaction products were colorised with nitroblue tetrazolium5bromo4choloro3indolyl phosphate roch diagnostics penzberg germany for 115 h and counterstained in 2 nucleic fast red liquid for 1 min as a positive control we used human lung and gut biopsy tissues with invitro infection of h5n1 virus negative controls also included an unrelated antisense probe against the fragment of the heamaglutinin gene of the seasonal influenza virus h3n2 as well as h5n1 insitu hybridization probes to tissues after completeing the colorization reaction of the ish as outlined above sections were incubated with 3...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...during the infections [1] despite advances in the development of antiviral drugs a poor understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying viral fh has largely stalled the identification of effective clinical interventions fortunately the recent development of an animal model of fh using murine hepatitis virus strain3 mhv3 infection has provided insights in understanding the pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutics for the disease [2] mhv3 is a singlestranded positivesense rna virus belonging to the coronavirus family [3] the hallmarks of mhv3induced fh in susceptible balbcj and c57bl6 mice include the appearance of liver...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...levels of il1 in the serum and liver conversely the virus infected il1r1 mice present with much attenuated pathologies showing with a significant reduction in macrophagederived fgl2 expression and less liver infiltration of cd45 gr1 high neutrophils furthermore we showed that the in vivo bioactivation of proil1 during mhv3 infection is mediated by nlrp3 inflammasome activation thereafter both the nlrp3 mice and the caspase1 mice display substantial resistance to mhv3induced il1 production mechanistically mhv3 infection triggers an acute release of noxderived ros blocking ros with diphenyleneiodonium chloride dpi inhibits caspase1 activation and il1 maturation in vitro furthermore nox subunit p47...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...macrophagederived fgl2 expression and less liver infiltration of cd45 gr1 high neutrophils furthermore we showed that the in vivo bioactivation of proil1 during mhv3 infection is mediated by nlrp3 inflammasome activation thereafter both the nlrp3 mice and the caspase1 mice display substantial resistance to mhv3induced il1 production mechanistically mhv3 infection triggers an acute release of noxderived ros blocking ros with diphenyleneiodonium chloride dpi inhibits caspase1 activation and il1 maturation in vitro furthermore nox subunit p47 phox deficient mice also exhibited a delayed and moderate viral pathogenesis due to reduction in nlrp3 inflammasome activation in vivo these results reveal that the...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...also exhibited a delayed and moderate viral pathogenesis due to reduction in nlrp3 inflammasome activation in vivo these results reveal that the rosnlrp3il1 axis is a critical signaling pathway leading to the pathogenesis of viral fh to examine the status of il1 activation in macrophages in response to mhv3 infection primary peritoneal exudative macrophages pems and the macrophage lineraw2647 cells were infected with the virus in vitro a time course data showed a significant induction of the activated form of il1 il1 p17 within 12 hours sustaining to 48h fig 1a assessment of the pems isolated from the 24h...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...protein expression at corresponding time points in the infected livers fig 1c flow cytometry further validated the patterns of proil1 protein induction in the pems isolated from the virusinfected mice fig 1d in agreement the infected mice also showed significant accumulation of serum il1 during the infection fig 1e in contrast serum il1 concentration exhibited little change in mhv3 infected mice fig 1f these results suggest that il1 significantly elevate in the liver and periphery during viral fh intervention of il1 signaling reduces mhv3mediated hepatitis il1 amplifies the proinflammatory response via the typei...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...pathogenesis of viral fh we infected il1r1 mice with mhv3 100 pfu via intraperitoneal ip injection interestingly il1r1 mice displayed with a significant increase in survival rate with 60 staying alive for 20 days as compared to a 100 death of the wt littermates within 5 days of the viral infection fig 2a il1r1 mice manifested a significant reduction in hepatocellular damage and a decrease in serum altast levels during the infection fig 2b the expression of biliary glycoprotein1 bgp1 the receptor for mhv3 [19] appeared to be significantly lower in the virus infected il1r1 livers...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...significant increase in survival rate with 60 staying alive for 20 days as compared to a 100 death of the wt littermates within 5 days of the viral infection fig 2a il1r1 mice manifested a significant reduction in hepatocellular damage and a decrease in serum altast levels during the infection fig 2b the expression of biliary glycoprotein1 bgp1 the receptor for mhv3 [19] appeared to be significantly lower in the virus infected il1r1 livers comparing to that in the wt controls fig 2c concurring with the plaque assay data showing with limited virus entrance and...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...19] appeared to be significantly lower in the virus infected il1r1 livers comparing to that in the wt controls fig 2c concurring with the plaque assay data showing with limited virus entrance and amplification in the livers 72h postinfection fig 2d in support the mhv3 infection efficiency in il1r1 pems dropped more significantly than in the wt counterparts in vivo fig 2e obviously recombinant mouse il1 protein 20 ngml is able to significantly induce bgp1 expression in pems and raw2647 cells in vitro fig 2f and in concurrence il1 treated raw2647 cells appear...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...a naturally occurring cytokine that blocks il1 biologic response [18] and observed a significant limitation of il1 secretion p 00007 s1a fig mhv3 fails to induce fgl2 production and liver neutrophil infiltration in il1r1 mice fgl2 plays an essential role in inducing hepatocellular necrosis following mhv3 infection [3] we firstly examined fgl2 expression in pems isolated from mhv3 infected il1r1 mice and observed substantial lower levels of fgl2 as compared to the wt controls fig 3a the limited fgl2 expression in macrophages correlates with the low concentrations of fgl2 observed in the...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...and observed substantial lower levels of fgl2 as compared to the wt controls fig 3a the limited fgl2 expression in macrophages correlates with the low concentrations of fgl2 observed in the virus infected il1r1 liver and serum fig 3b and 3c therefore in response to mhv3 viral infection il1r1 mice responded with limited fibrinogen formation leading to a down modulation of liver coagulation and necrosis fig 3d similarly il1ratreated wt mice displayed with reduction of fgl2 and fibrinogen deposition in liver tissues which was followed with decrease in liver damages and enhance the survival time s1b...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...tregs have been well recognized as important players in viral fh [20 21] to determine the role of il1 in regulating these cells during viral fh we firstly examined liver neutrophil infiltration status flow cytometry showed that in the livertissue samples from 48 and 72h post mhv3 infection the infiltration of cd45 gr1 high neutrophils was substantially higher in the wt livers than that in the il1r1 littermates fig 3e and 3f the number of cd4 foxp3 treg in the virusinfected livers appeared to increase significantly after mhv3 infection nevertheless little difference was observed...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...48 and 72h post mhv3 infection the infiltration of cd45 gr1 high neutrophils was substantially higher in the wt livers than that in the il1r1 littermates fig 3e and 3f the number of cd4 foxp3 treg in the virusinfected livers appeared to increase significantly after mhv3 infection nevertheless little difference was observed between il1r1 mice and their wt controls s2 fig similarly serum concentration of c5a a cytokine that deteriorates the pathogenesis of mhv3mediated fh [5] was not changed dramatically between virus infected il1r1 mice and their wt controls s3a fig these results suggest...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...fig these results suggest that attenuation of viral fh by il1r1 deficiency could be the consequence of both ineffective fgl2 production by macrophages and limited cd45 gr1 high neutrophil infiltration in the affected liver a reduction of fgl2 expression was observed in il1r1 mice in response to mhv3 infection together with il1 and fgl2 were coexpression in pems fig 4a implying that il1 il1r1 interactions may directly regulate fgl2 expression in macrophages to address the issue we treated raw2647 cells a macrophage line capable of expressing fgl2 with the recombinant mouse il1 protein 20 ngml in vitro qpcr...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...of the nfb chaperone ib pib and the nfb subunit p65 pp65 appearing only at extended incubation time point 12h however synergistic effects of il1 and tnf il1tnf seemed to be significant for which substantial increases in phosphorylation of ib and p65 can be detected as early as 3h post infection fig 4c furthermore the inhibition of nfb activation by pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic acid pdtc successfully prevented fgl2 upregulation after il1tnf treatment fig 4d the combination of il1 and tnf is capable of potently stimulation the phosphorylation of mapks including extracellular signalrelated kinase perk12 and p38 pp38 fig 4c...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...in viral infected macrophages it has been established that the caspase1mediated bioactivation of proil1 is under the control of nlrp3 inflammasome [6] mhv3 infected pems and raw2647 cells exhibited with a significantly enhanced nlrp3 asc procaspase1 and its activated form caspase1 p20 within 12h of mhv3 infection fig 5a in accordance qpcr analyses illustrated that the mrnas for nlrp3 and procaspase1 were significantly higher in the virus infected livers this correlates with observation that these virus infected livers also manifest with higher expression of the respective protein fig 5b next we infected nlrp3...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...this correlates with observation that these virus infected livers also manifest with higher expression of the respective protein fig 5b next we infected nlrp3 mice and caspase1 mice with mhv3 to address the importance of nlrp3 inflammasome in the causing the virusinduced liver injuries remarkably a 72h viral infection largely failed to induce il1 expression in the livers which was associated with significant reductions in liver fgl2 accumulation fig 5c fibrinogen deposition and local tissue damages along with significant decreases in serum altast enzymes as compared with the infected wt mice fig 5d in agreement with these...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...liver fgl2 accumulation fig 5c fibrinogen deposition and local tissue damages along with significant decreases in serum altast enzymes as compared with the infected wt mice fig 5d in agreement with these results we also observed that bgp1 expression was significantly lower in nlrp3 and caspase1 livers during infection fig 5c meanwhile nlrp3 mice and caspase1 mice appeared to produce much less viruses at 72h of infection as compared to the wt controls fig 5e finally nlrp3 and caspase1 mice presented with considerably prolonged survival rates toward mhv3 infection in comparing to the wt...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...as compared with the infected wt mice fig 5d in agreement with these results we also observed that bgp1 expression was significantly lower in nlrp3 and caspase1 livers during infection fig 5c meanwhile nlrp3 mice and caspase1 mice appeared to produce much less viruses at 72h of infection as compared to the wt controls fig 5e finally nlrp3 and caspase1 mice presented with considerably prolonged survival rates toward mhv3 infection in comparing to the wt controls fig 5f the serum c5a in the viral infected nlrp3 and caspase1 animals was also significantly increased...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...nlrp3 and caspase1 livers during infection fig 5c meanwhile nlrp3 mice and caspase1 mice appeared to produce much less viruses at 72h of infection as compared to the wt controls fig 5e finally nlrp3 and caspase1 mice presented with considerably prolonged survival rates toward mhv3 infection in comparing to the wt controls fig 5f the serum c5a in the viral infected nlrp3 and caspase1 animals was also significantly increased but no different from the wt control mice s3b fig indicating that c5a upregulation during the viral infection appears to either additively or synergistically work...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...with considerably prolonged survival rates toward mhv3 infection in comparing to the wt controls fig 5f the serum c5a in the viral infected nlrp3 and caspase1 animals was also significantly increased but no different from the wt control mice s3b fig indicating that c5a upregulation during the viral infection appears to either additively or synergistically work with other inflammatory factors to cause viral fh together these observations further validate that the nlrp3caspase1inflammasome regulates the bioprocessing of proil1 for causing the mhv3 mediated viral fh assembly and activation nlrp3 inflammasome being critical for bioprocessing and activation of il1 has...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...in vitro fig 6c moreover mhv3 induced liver fgl2 production remained high in il18 mice fig 6d showing with consequentially high levels of fibrinogen deposition liver damages and hepatocyte necrosis fig 6e additionally liver tissues isolated from il18 mice appear to upregulate bgp1 expression after mhv3 infection in accordance these mice also manifested with high virus duplication fig 6f overall il18 mice are still sensitive to mhv3 infection fig 6g suggesting that il18 is not essential in mhv3mediated fulminant hepatitis many factors contribute to activating the nlrp3 inflammasome and among which ros...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...levels of fibrinogen deposition liver damages and hepatocyte necrosis fig 6e additionally liver tissues isolated from il18 mice appear to upregulate bgp1 expression after mhv3 infection in accordance these mice also manifested with high virus duplication fig 6f overall il18 mice are still sensitive to mhv3 infection fig 6g suggesting that il18 is not essential in mhv3mediated fulminant hepatitis many factors contribute to activating the nlrp3 inflammasome and among which ros is lately gaining particular attentions [13] in order to examine the role of ros in nlrp3 inflammasome hyperactivation we first...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...many factors contribute to activating the nlrp3 inflammasome and among which ros is lately gaining particular attentions [13] in order to examine the role of ros in nlrp3 inflammasome hyperactivation we first detected the release of nadph oxidasederived ros by using a permeable dichlorohydrofluorescein dcfh upon mhv3 infection flow cytometry showed that the releasing of dcfh from mhv3 infected pems and raw2647 cells significantly increased especially at 12h and 24h postinfection fig 7a this result correlates with the upregulation of gp91 phox p47 phox and nox4 the subunits that are essential for acute ros secretion in...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...essential for acute ros secretion in raw2647 cells fig 7b however the dcfh level dropped dramatically at 48h in addition to nadph oxidasederived ros mitochondria may provide an alternate source of ros [15] we therefore assessed the functional mitochondrial pool in mhv3 infected cells the viral infection in pems and raw2647 cells caused an increase in mitochondrial damage especially at 48h and 72h postinfection as detected by mitotracker green fm a dye that stains mitochondria with no influence on their membrane potentials fig 7a similarly electron microscopy showed with swollen mitochondria in the mhv3 infected raw2647...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...investigate the role of noxoriginated ros in regulating nlrp3 inflammasome hyperactivation we infected p47 phoxmice with mhv3 and examined the severity of liver pathology as anticipated pems isolated from mhv3 infected p47 phoxmice showed with limited dcfh fig 8a interestingly the p47 phoxmice also displayed considerable resistance to mhv3 infection presenting with reduced disease severity within the prolonged survival time as compared with the wt controls p 00175 fig 8b the lack of virusinduced ros response which leads to prohibition of nlrp3caspase1 activation and thus reduction in il1 production seems to be responsible for this effect fig 8c...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...survival time as compared with the wt controls p 00175 fig 8b the lack of virusinduced ros response which leads to prohibition of nlrp3caspase1 activation and thus reduction in il1 production seems to be responsible for this effect fig 8c and 8d as a result the virus infection is unable to generate significant fgl2 accumulation in the liver and serum fig 8c and 8d therefore these mice manifested with less severe fibrinogen deposition liver injury and hepatocyte necrosis accompanying with low levels of astalt enzymes released by the liver fig 8e however the limitation of...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...deposition liver injury and hepatocyte necrosis accompanying with low levels of astalt enzymes released by the liver fig 8e however the limitation of il1 secretion in these p47 phoxmice only slightly affected liver bgp1 expression fig 8c and therefore live virus titers were still high at 72h of infection fig 8f conversely the administration of il1 100 ngmouseday in mhv3 infected p47 phoxmice was able to reinstate all aspects of disease severity typical in viral fh figs 8g and s5 taken together these results clearly indicate that the rosnlrp3il1 axis plays a critical role in...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...one of the key inflammatory cytokines that has been previously shown to be essential for causing viral fh [4 18] il1r1 signaling is responsible for stimulation of fgl2 expression in macrophages and enhancing infiltration of the inflammatory cd45 gr1 high neutrophils in the livers interestingly mhv3 infection in il1r1 mice or in wt mice treated with il1 signaling inhibitors such as using il1ra rescue the otherwise susceptible animals from the viral fh status presenting with limited virus replication attenuated disease progression and reduced mortality we have also shown that the bioprocess of il1 maturation is under the...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...disease severity to the best of our knowledge these data provide evidence for the first time showing that the rosnlrp3il1 axis is an essential contributor for the virusinduced fh although macrophagemediated inflammation has been speculated to be critical for gauging the pathological susceptibility of viral fh caused by mhv3 infection [25] the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis are not well understood il1 and il18 are two key inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages which play a pivotal role in antimicrobial immunity [7 23] previous studies have showed that il1r1 mice appear to have markedly reduced inflammatory...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...and il18 are two key inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages which play a pivotal role in antimicrobial immunity [7 23] previous studies have showed that il1r1 mice appear to have markedly reduced inflammatory pathology in the lung presumably due to the impaired neutrophil recruitment upon influenza virus infection [26] conversely ramos et al reported that il1r1 mice exhibited with a higher accumulation of the west nile virus wnv in the central nervous system due to a restrained activation of the virusspecific effector cd8 t cells [27] similarly il1 mice are more...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...herpes simplex virus 1 hsv1mediated encephalitis due to an increase in viral load [28] we here further explored the role of il1 in mhv3 mediated fh interestingly il1r1 animals display a significant reduction in viral duplication amelioration of liver damage and a prolonged survival rate against mhv3 infection fig 2a and 2b these effects are probably due to il1r1 deficiency lead to limit liver recruitment of cd45 gr1 high neutrophils and decrease in production of the macrophagederived fgl2 which mediates sinusoidal fibrin deposition and hepatocellular necrosis in response to mhv3 infection [3] bgp1...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...prolonged survival rate against mhv3 infection fig 2a and 2b these effects are probably due to il1r1 deficiency lead to limit liver recruitment of cd45 gr1 high neutrophils and decrease in production of the macrophagederived fgl2 which mediates sinusoidal fibrin deposition and hepatocellular necrosis in response to mhv3 infection [3] bgp1 also called carcinoembryonic cell adhesion antigen 1aceacam1a is the specific receptor for the mouse hepatitis virus mhv and downregulation of bgp1 by ifn is related to the antiviral state and resistance to mouse hepatitis virus 3 infection [29] however bgp1 does not...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...deposition and hepatocellular necrosis in response to mhv3 infection [3] bgp1 also called carcinoembryonic cell adhesion antigen 1aceacam1a is the specific receptor for the mouse hepatitis virus mhv and downregulation of bgp1 by ifn is related to the antiviral state and resistance to mouse hepatitis virus 3 infection [29] however bgp1 does not appear to be involved in il6 and tnf secretion from mhv3 infected macrophages [30] in contrast to ifn treatment we here showed that the expression of bgp1 drops significantly in the il1r1 liver during the viral infection suggesting bgp1...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...virus 3 infection [29] however bgp1 does not appear to be involved in il6 and tnf secretion from mhv3 infected macrophages [30] in contrast to ifn treatment we here showed that the expression of bgp1 drops significantly in the il1r1 liver during the viral infection suggesting bgp1 expression in macrophages is induced by il1il1r1 signaling and lacking the pathway may compromise virus entrance and amplification these unpredicted data implies that il1 has doubleedge effects on the immune system in which proper balancing with its signaling extent becomes essential e liver fibrinogen deposition was analyzed by...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...left scale bar 20 m arrow indicates positive cells blue color indicates nuclear staining with dapi n 5 per group serum alt and ast activities were determined with an au5400 automatic biochemistry analyzer right p005 and p0001 n 5 per group f liver virus titers at 72h of infection were analyzed by plaque assay left and their levels were compared by statistical analysis right p005 g mhv3 infected p47 phoxmice were treated with mouse recombinant il1 protein 100 ngdaymouse and the survival rate was monitored one of three experiments with similar results is shown p005 compared top47 phoxpbsmhv3 group...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...mhv3 promotes il1 secretion from virus infected raw2647 cells through inducing asc expression together with the recent work demonstrated that nlrp3asccaspase1 axis participates in the regulation of the generation of il1 in raw2647 cells indicating that asc is inducible in the macrophage line raw2647 cells under circumstances especially during mhv3 infection [37] ros plays an essential role in mediating nlrp3 inflammasome activation [13] many different viruses such as influenza virus respiratory syncytial virus and hepatitis c virus trigger nlrp3 inflammasome activation through rosdependent mechanisms [38] [39] [40] nox...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...phox p40 phox p47 phox p67 phox and gp91 phox and two gtpbinding proteins rac1rac2 we here show that mhv3 triggers noxderived ros secretion in macrophages by inducing noxsubunits including gp91 phox p47 phox and nox4 expression in the very early stages of the viral infection fig 7a and 7c additionally preventing noxderived ros through dpi appeared to successfully down modulate nlrp3 hyperactivation and il1 maturation in vitro fig 7f furthermore virus infected p47 phoxmacrophages manifested with significant reduction in ros secretion leading to the control of nlrp3 hyperactivation which results in attenuation...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...vitro suggests the existence of other sources of ros for activating nlrp3 inflammasome interestingly reduced mortality and pathology were seen in mhv3 infected p47 phoxmice compared to wt littermates despite a lack of significant reduction in virus replication suggesting that mhv3mediated pathology is due to inflammation and not direct virus infection recent studies by warner greenes group demonstrate that hiv can trigger caspase1 activation and pyroptosis a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death in which dying cells release their cytoplasmic contents including inflammatory cytokines into the extracellular space where the virus infected cd4 tcells recite [46] ...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...cd4 tcells recite [46] a similar environment might also explain for the mhv3 induced fh status il18 is another member of the il1 superfamily that has been indicated to be important in the pathogenesis of mouse models of influenza virus hbv rhinovirus and vaccinia virus infection [47] for example il18r mice appeared to be protected from influenza viral initiated inflammatory lung damages [48] consistent with previous reports we have detected significantly high levels of matured il18 in the serum of mhv3 infected wt mice however il18 deficiency does not prevent...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...from influenza viral initiated inflammatory lung damages [48] consistent with previous reports we have detected significantly high levels of matured il18 in the serum of mhv3 infected wt mice however il18 deficiency does not prevent bgp1 expression virus amplification and fgl2 accumulation in the liver following mhv3 infection and as the consequence these mice stay high with fibrinogen deposition liver damage and hepatocyte necrosis fig 6 these results suggest that il18 is not essential for causing mhv3 mediated acute hepatitis in conclusion our study elucidates that nlrp3 inflammasomedependent il1 production a primary inflammatory signaling pathway of...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...that il18 is not essential for causing mhv3 mediated acute hepatitis in conclusion our study elucidates that nlrp3 inflammasomedependent il1 production a primary inflammatory signaling pathway of the host for mounting conventional immunity against pathogen invasions plays a doubleedged role in the host immune system hepatotropic virus like mhv3 infection in mice can induce exaggerated inflammation in the liver and cause lifethreatening viral fh these results shed lights on a novel strategy for which the properly modulation of the il1 signaling pathway in combination with blocking other inflammatory factors might benefit the treatment of viral fh and other severe inflammatory...

Title: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-1β Accelerate
Immunologically Mediated Pathology in Experimental Viral
Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: Guo, Sheng. Yang, Chengying...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 177
ID: dd9f6d51d902c4493f797715278469d4c19bf65d
Number of matches: 43

...and propagated in dmem supplemented with 10 fbs 100 uml penicillin and 100 gml streptomycin mhv3 viruses were expanded in murine 17cl1 cells to a concentration of 110 7 plaque forming unit pfuml the viruscontaining supernatants were stored at 80c until use macrophages were infected with mhv3 multiplicity of infection moi 1 in vitro and mice were injected with 100 pfu of mhv3 via ip in some experiments the virus infected mice were treated with il1r antagonist il1ra 10 mgkgday or recombinant mouse il1 protein 100 ngdaymouse every day mice were euthanized on the indicated days and the virus...

Title: Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and
Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis
javanica)
Authors: Liu, Ping. Chen, Wu...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 178
ID: 3cbeb11d471dd6cebf2b65c42c00fd66a6cb5dc0
Number of matches: 7

...the wild at the same time poor health condition and low immunity are also important problems for the rescue of pangolins a previous study reported a complete genome sequence of parainfluenza virus 5 piv5 from a sunda pangolin the same as malayan pangolin in china which further broadens the piv5 infection host spectrum [3] implicating that pangolins are not only confronted with the potential of great harm from humans but are also facing the risk of infectious diseases recently a large number of viral metagenomic studies have found pathogenic viruses carried by human pig cow bat cat horse...

Title: Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and
Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis
javanica)
Authors: Liu, Ping. Chen, Wu...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 178
ID: 3cbeb11d471dd6cebf2b65c42c00fd66a6cb5dc0
Number of matches: 7

...and have the ability to infect a variety of hosts [11] there has been a lot of discussion within the virology community regarding the best method to determine viral infectivity pathogenicity and effects on the host microbiome virologists use a variety of methods to gain understanding of infection replication pathogenicity and more recently the evolution of the viral genome unbiased sequencing of nucleic acids from environmental samples has great potential for the discovery and identification of diverse microorganisms [12] [13] [14] [15] we know this technique as metagenomics or...

Title: Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and
Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis
javanica)
Authors: Liu, Ping. Chen, Wu...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 178
ID: 3cbeb11d471dd6cebf2b65c42c00fd66a6cb5dc0
Number of matches: 7

...were derived from its own characteristics [42] sendai virusassociated disease has a worldwide distribution and has been found in mouse colonies in asia [43] north america [44] and europe [45] and is responsible for a highly transmissible respiratory tract infection in mice hamsters guinea pigs rats and occasionally pigs and bats [46 47] with infection through both air and direct contact routes epizootic infections of mice are usually associated with a high mortality rate while enzootic disease patterns suggest that the virus is latent and can be...

Title: Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and
Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis
javanica)
Authors: Liu, Ping. Chen, Wu...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 178
ID: 3cbeb11d471dd6cebf2b65c42c00fd66a6cb5dc0
Number of matches: 7

...has been found in mouse colonies in asia [43] north america [44] and europe [45] and is responsible for a highly transmissible respiratory tract infection in mice hamsters guinea pigs rats and occasionally pigs and bats [46 47] with infection through both air and direct contact routes epizootic infections of mice are usually associated with a high mortality rate while enzootic disease patterns suggest that the virus is latent and can be cleared over the course of a year this is the first report of a wild pangolin dying possibly...

Title: Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and
Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis
javanica)
Authors: Liu, Ping. Chen, Wu...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 178
ID: 3cbeb11d471dd6cebf2b65c42c00fd66a6cb5dc0
Number of matches: 7

...direct contact routes epizootic infections of mice are usually associated with a high mortality rate while enzootic disease patterns suggest that the virus is latent and can be cleared over the course of a year this is the first report of a wild pangolin dying possibly due to sendai virus infection which further broadens the sendai virus infection host spectrum because of the lack of healthy individuals as a control we could not figure out whether the sendai virus carried by pangolins was caused by infection from other hosts or was inherited besides the sendai virus coronaviruses were also detected...

Title: Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and
Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis
javanica)
Authors: Liu, Ping. Chen, Wu...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 178
ID: 3cbeb11d471dd6cebf2b65c42c00fd66a6cb5dc0
Number of matches: 7

...are usually associated with a high mortality rate while enzootic disease patterns suggest that the virus is latent and can be cleared over the course of a year this is the first report of a wild pangolin dying possibly due to sendai virus infection which further broadens the sendai virus infection host spectrum because of the lack of healthy individuals as a control we could not figure out whether the sendai virus carried by pangolins was caused by infection from other hosts or was inherited besides the sendai virus coronaviruses were also detected as potential pathogens of malayan pangolins the...

Title: Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and
Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis
javanica)
Authors: Liu, Ping. Chen, Wu...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 178
ID: 3cbeb11d471dd6cebf2b65c42c00fd66a6cb5dc0
Number of matches: 7

...this is the first report of a wild pangolin dying possibly due to sendai virus infection which further broadens the sendai virus infection host spectrum because of the lack of healthy individuals as a control we could not figure out whether the sendai virus carried by pangolins was caused by infection from other hosts or was inherited besides the sendai virus coronaviruses were also detected as potential pathogens of malayan pangolins the phylogeny of coronavirus sequences assembled and strains from four coronavirus genera demonstrated complex genetic relationships and high species diversity of the coronavirus in malayan pangolins coronaviruses can cause...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...the distribution of h5n1 outbreaks in vietnam [4] [5] [6] and in the wider region [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] this has been linked with the occurrence of both asymptomatic avian influenza virus infection [12 13] and excretion [14] in domestic ducks in addition live bird markets have been shown to contribute to the spread of avian influenza viruses and facilitate their persistence [15 16] while formal live bird markets have been prohibited in the mekong region...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...indicators proportion mean standard deviation and range and differences between groups were tested using standard statistical tests appropriate for the type of variables 2 test and fishers exact test a logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the variables that were associated with an increased risk of influenza a infection of the duck flocks the outcome variable was the influenza a infection status of the flock a flock was considered positive if at least one sample out of 60 tested positive for influenza a explanatory variables included a total of 51 farmlevel variables derived from the data collected via the...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...tested using standard statistical tests appropriate for the type of variables 2 test and fishers exact test a logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the variables that were associated with an increased risk of influenza a infection of the duck flocks the outcome variable was the influenza a infection status of the flock a flock was considered positive if at least one sample out of 60 tested positive for influenza a explanatory variables included a total of 51 farmlevel variables derived from the data collected via the questionnaires first potential risk factors were screened for statistically significant association with...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...the flock a flock was considered positive if at least one sample out of 60 tested positive for influenza a explanatory variables included a total of 51 farmlevel variables derived from the data collected via the questionnaires first potential risk factors were screened for statistically significant association with influenza a infection status using univariable logistic regression based on the likelihood ratio test variables significant at p 02 were retained for the multivariable analysis they were manually added to a logistic regression model using a stepwise forward selection procedure we used the akaike information criterion aic to select the model best...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...indonesia thailand and vietnam [9 18 35] the objectives of this study were to describe the longdistance fgd farming system practiced in south vietnam to assess the level of circulation of influenza a viruses in freegrazing duck flocks and to identify potential risk factors for influenza a infection in our study population generally the description of the system revealed a number of flaws related to biosecurity practices in the free grazing duck production which represent opportunities for the circulation of pathogens between fgd flocks the long duration of the production cycle up to two years according to...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...the official records as movements of poultry by boat or by foot across paddies are common 88 of journeys in our study according to the multivariable analysis flocks which were not in their home commune at the time of sampling were more likely to be positive for influenza a infection than flocks which were at home also influenza a positive flocks had travelled more recently than negative flocks as shown by the univariable analysis visiting flocks and flocks which had travelled recently have experienced stressful transport conditions which may have affected the immunity of the birds and therefore explain the...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...home also influenza a positive flocks had travelled more recently than negative flocks as shown by the univariable analysis visiting flocks and flocks which had travelled recently have experienced stressful transport conditions which may have affected the immunity of the birds and therefore explain the increased odds of influenza a infection as reported elsewhere [22] farmers owning larger flocks or more than one duck flock were less likely to have influenza a infection detected in their flocks biosecurity measures such as visitors entering the pens and sharing transport vehicles for instance are generally better implemented in largerscale duck...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...travelled recently have experienced stressful transport conditions which may have affected the immunity of the birds and therefore explain the increased odds of influenza a infection as reported elsewhere [22] farmers owning larger flocks or more than one duck flock were less likely to have influenza a infection detected in their flocks biosecurity measures such as visitors entering the pens and sharing transport vehicles for instance are generally better implemented in largerscale duck farms and may explain the lower risk of influenza a infection compared to smaller farms breaches of biosecurity such as people visiting the flocks were...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...flocks or more than one duck flock were less likely to have influenza a infection detected in their flocks biosecurity measures such as visitors entering the pens and sharing transport vehicles for instance are generally better implemented in largerscale duck farms and may explain the lower risk of influenza a infection compared to smaller farms breaches of biosecurity such as people visiting the flocks were identified as risk factors in other studies [22 43 51] the age of the flock was retained as a protective factor in our multivariable analysis with older flocks having a lower odds of...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...smaller farms breaches of biosecurity such as people visiting the flocks were identified as risk factors in other studies [22 43 51] the age of the flock was retained as a protective factor in our multivariable analysis with older flocks having a lower odds of influenza a infection than younger ones this is a similar finding to the report by henning henning 43 where ducks less than two months old had higher odds of infection by hpai than older ducks a better protective immunity of older flocks through repeated exposure to influenza a virus naturally or via...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...the flock was retained as a protective factor in our multivariable analysis with older flocks having a lower odds of influenza a infection than younger ones this is a similar finding to the report by henning henning 43 where ducks less than two months old had higher odds of infection by hpai than older ducks a better protective immunity of older flocks through repeated exposure to influenza a virus naturally or via vaccination may explain this association avian species present on the rice fields at the time of the survey included egret heron and pond heron species which have...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...protective immunity of older flocks through repeated exposure to influenza a virus naturally or via vaccination may explain this association avian species present on the rice fields at the time of the survey included egret heron and pond heron species which have been reported to be susceptible to hpai infection [52] but there appears to not have been any direct exposure to domestic poultry apart from fgds a meyer personal observations also our study did not show that the contacts reported by the farmers with other domestic ducks or wild birds were associated with risk of influenza a...

Title: Movement and contact patterns of
long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza
persistence in Vietnam
Authors: Meyer, Anne. Dinh, Tung Xuan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 179
ID: 589fe7dd846e7bbab5e7d6dacf7fab2ca6c4f340
Number of matches: 13

...[52] but there appears to not have been any direct exposure to domestic poultry apart from fgds a meyer personal observations also our study did not show that the contacts reported by the farmers with other domestic ducks or wild birds were associated with risk of influenza a infection again it needs to be noted that the study had a low statistical power and there may have been sampling bias this result is consistent with the findings from a study in indonesia where the presence of other animals ducks chickens and wild birds in the enclosures was not associated...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...has been associated with the detection of high viral loads in tracheal aspirates sputum throat swab and blood or serum 4 5 recovery from severe respiratory disease may be associated with antibody and t cell responses 6 the only publicly available autopsy report indicates lower respiratory tract lrt infection and a resulting pneumonia 7 8 xray radiography and ct of patients also indicates a lrt disease in which pneumonia is the prominent finding reviewed in 1 viral loads are highest in tracheal aspirates which may contain increased material from the lrt based on ciliary motion therefore an...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...aspirates which may contain increased material from the lrt based on ciliary motion therefore an animal model that achieves pneumonia and high viral loads in the trachea and lower respiratory tract lrt are important aspects to fully recapitulate severe human disease three different research groups established models for merscov infection in two nonhuman primates nhps the rhesus macaque and common marmoset [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] infection of the lrt could be established using different invasive strategies for placement of the challenge material...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...aspects to fully recapitulate severe human disease three different research groups established models for merscov infection in two nonhuman primates nhps the rhesus macaque and common marmoset [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] infection of the lrt could be established using different invasive strategies for placement of the challenge material 9 11 15 the range of clinical outcomes included mild respiratory disease detectable using computed tomography and radiographic imaging 9 11 15 to severe respiratory disease producing clinical endpoints indicative of a...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...overall these disparate clinical outcomes indicate that the human strains of merscov used in the studies emc 2012 and jordan may not be suitably adapted to nhps thereby making it difficult for routine establishment of high viral loads in the lrt understanding that it may be difficult to establish infection in nhps with wildtype human merscov strains we investigated the use of a novel merscov infectious clone in previous studies the mers0 infectious clone icmers0 exhibited enhanced replication kinetics and higher titers than an emc 2012 infectious clone on monkey kidney cells and replicated to 10fold higher titers than emc...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...the mers0 infectious clone icmers0 exhibited enhanced replication kinetics and higher titers than an emc 2012 infectious clone on monkey kidney cells and replicated to 10fold higher titers than emc 2012 in the lungs of infected mice 2 the enhanced replication profile made icmers0 an attractive option for establishing infection in the rhesus macaque model intratracheal exposure of icmers0 elicited radiological and pathological signs of mild respiratory disease in the rhesus macaque this is the first study demonstrating the capacity of a merscov infectious clone to elicit signs of respiratory disease in a nhp model the work presented here expands...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...multifocal lung pathology which gradually resolved through day 30 pi fig 2b nevertheless ct demonstrates that icmers0 exposure resulted in quantifiable increases in lung pathology that were more severe than that previously observed with wildtype human strains 10 11 notably disease in rhesus monkeys constitutes a mild respiratory infection compared to pclh recalculated from data obtained from a previous study following infection with emc 2012 11 supplemental fig 2 scientific reports 2018 810727 doi101038s41598018289001 transient mild pulmonary pathology in rhesus monkeys after mers0 inoculation grossly all 3 animals nhp3 5 and 6 euthanized at day 5...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...nevertheless ct demonstrates that icmers0 exposure resulted in quantifiable increases in lung pathology that were more severe than that previously observed with wildtype human strains 10 11 notably disease in rhesus monkeys constitutes a mild respiratory infection compared to pclh recalculated from data obtained from a previous study following infection with emc 2012 11 supplemental fig 2 scientific reports 2018 810727 doi101038s41598018289001 transient mild pulmonary pathology in rhesus monkeys after mers0 inoculation grossly all 3 animals nhp3 5 and 6 euthanized at day 5 postinoculation pi had diffuse mild pulmonary congestion fig 3a histologically these 3...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...paraffinembedded ffpe lung tissues table 1 the leaderorf1 primer set detects fulllength genomic and subgenomic rnas whereas the leaderorfn combination detects subgenomic replicating rnas in infected cells subgenomic rnas were detected in the 5 dpi group but not in the 30 dpi group indicative of higher levels of infection at 5 dpi table 1 nonetheless detection of icmers0 rna in the 30 dpi group may be indicative of a viral adaptation and possible replication but further studies would be required to confirm this hypothesis in this experiment we have demonstrated that the icmers0 infectious clone derived from...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...possible replication but further studies would be required to confirm this hypothesis in this experiment we have demonstrated that the icmers0 infectious clone derived from merscov is more pathogenic than the wildtype merscov jordan isolate used in previous rhesus experiments we have also demonstrated that disease elicited by icmers0 infection of rhesus peaked at d3d5 postexposure and resolves by d30 postexposure infection corresponded with enhanced numbers of alveolar macrophages identified at d5 postexposure relative to day 30 postexposure similar to data previously reported for the rhesus macaque model 13 14 the data further supports that the available merscov nhp...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

... in this experiment we have demonstrated that the icmers0 infectious clone derived from merscov is more pathogenic than the wildtype merscov jordan isolate used in previous rhesus experiments we have also demonstrated that disease elicited by icmers0 infection of rhesus peaked at d3d5 postexposure and resolves by d30 postexposure infection corresponded with enhanced numbers of alveolar macrophages identified at d5 postexposure relative to day 30 postexposure similar to data previously reported for the rhesus macaque model 13 14 the data further supports that the available merscov nhp models do not recapitulate human disease and that adaptation of merscov to...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...in pulmonary disease severity indicate that merscov may not be adapted to overcome host immune mechanisms that preclude merscov pathogenesis in the rhesus model two approaches may facilitate development of models that reproducibly recapitulate human merscov pathogenesis i alter the nhp host to one that is more susceptible to merscov infection and pathogenesis or ii adapt merscov in the rhesus model the common marmoset may be a more tractable nhp model for investigating merscov more severe respiratory disease in the marmoset model compared to the rhesus model is reproducibly observed among all groups that have developed both pathogenic nhp models...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...lung tissue with pathological change measured from ct images 11 direct quantitative comparisons of lesion volumes between rhesus and marmosets is complicated by differences in the animal lung volumes and the rapid breathing rate of marmosets compared to rhesus nonetheless we were able to utilize data previously obtained following infection of marmosets with emc 2012 to calculate the pclh levels in a manner similar to that obtained for the rhesus monkeys supplemental fig 2 the higher pclh levels in the marmosets indicate that more effective disease can be achieved in the marmosets accordingly we propose that the icmers0 strain...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...can be achieved in the marmosets accordingly we propose that the icmers0 strain may elicit more severe respiratory disease in the marmoset model than that observed in the current study technical differences that facilitate effective delivery of virus in the marmoset model host genetic variation in the marmoset that facilitate infection or host genetic variation in the rhesus macaque that curb infection may all contribute to differences in virulence observed between the two models since it is difficult to control for variation in host genetics in outbred nhp model systems adapting merscov in the rhesus model may be a feasible option...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...icmers0 strain may elicit more severe respiratory disease in the marmoset model than that observed in the current study technical differences that facilitate effective delivery of virus in the marmoset model host genetic variation in the marmoset that facilitate infection or host genetic variation in the rhesus macaque that curb infection may all contribute to differences in virulence observed between the two models since it is difficult to control for variation in host genetics in outbred nhp model systems adapting merscov in the rhesus model may be a feasible option to circumvent these obstacles the availability of animals and known reagents...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...the merscov genome to generate novel infectious clones for subsequent passages that might yield an improved rhesus model moreover a recombinant virus that produces disease in primates provides a strategy to evaluate virus genetic contributions to disease severity an nhp model that reproducibly recapitulates lethal human disease following respiratory infection may be effective for evaluating merscov countermeasures but may be an oversimplification a number of preexisting conditions may contribute to an individuals susceptibility to merscov increased age 50 and several comorbidities eg diabetes hypertension chronic respiratory disease etc are commonly associated with individuals that develop severe respiratory disease following merscov...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...may be effective for evaluating merscov countermeasures but may be an oversimplification a number of preexisting conditions may contribute to an individuals susceptibility to merscov increased age 50 and several comorbidities eg diabetes hypertension chronic respiratory disease etc are commonly associated with individuals that develop severe respiratory disease following merscov infection reviewed in 1 capturing these complex phenotypes in a disease model may prove difficult and not cost effective the combination of capturing complex phenotypes with the inability to control for host genetic variation in outbred nhp populations indicates that manipulating the host may prove difficult therefore altering the merscov...

Title: A spike-modified Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infectious clone
elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus
macaques
Authors: Cockrell, Adam S.. Johnson, Joshua C....
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 180
ID: e835b6338e31398a5abaca8548b69da8e19b61d5
Number of matches: 19

...solution prepared in 10 neutral buffered formalin for 30 minutes rinsing and drying the plates animal studies six rhesus monkeys five of whom were previously survivors of an ebola virus study evaluating efficacy of a polyclonal transgenic bovine antibody treatment were used for this study 257 days postebola virus infection animals were singly housed for the duration of the experiment and identified by both cage cards and tattoo markings animals were observed at least once daily following virus exposure all animal experiments were performed in a bsl4 laboratory approved by the niaid division of clinical research institutional animal care and...

Title: Epidemiologic characteristics of scrub
typhus on Jeju Island
Authors: Lee, Sung Uk
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 181
ID: fd8ee38a505cf79732f5ba487e15f11619b84150
Number of matches: 9

...in the agriculture forestry or livestock industry 2 other outdoor workers 3 those engaged in occupationunrelated onetime or hobby agriculture forestry or livestock work including vegetable gardening weekend gardening and 4 those engaged in simple outdoor activities including hiking picnic in order to analyze the risk factors for scrub typhus infection in the case reports the types of outdoor work and activities performed by subjects were analyzed these activities were also analyzed to determine whether the 6 regional public health centers demonstrated different characteristics all data were electronically recorded statistical testing was performed using spss version 23 ibm spss inc...

Title: Epidemiologic characteristics of scrub
typhus on Jeju Island
Authors: Lee, Sung Uk
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 181
ID: fd8ee38a505cf79732f5ba487e15f11619b84150
Number of matches: 9

...inland epidemiologic study [2] the finding that scrub typhus occurred more frequently in those aged 5060 engaged in agriculture in october and november or during the autumn crop harvest season was similar to the results of the inland epidemiologic study however the unique point was that the infection rate was the highest while working in orchards and the main related work was mandarin orange farming this is different from that in inland regions where dry field work is the main route of infection [9] the results of the present study showed that orchard farming which...

Title: Epidemiologic characteristics of scrub
typhus on Jeju Island
Authors: Lee, Sung Uk
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 181
ID: fd8ee38a505cf79732f5ba487e15f11619b84150
Number of matches: 9

...to the results of the inland epidemiologic study however the unique point was that the infection rate was the highest while working in orchards and the main related work was mandarin orange farming this is different from that in inland regions where dry field work is the main route of infection [9] the results of the present study showed that orchard farming which is representative of mandarin oranges on jeju island was a main risk factor for scrub typhus in jeju island unlike inland regions the harvest time of mandarin oranges from october through december is consistent with...

Title: Epidemiologic characteristics of scrub
typhus on Jeju Island
Authors: Lee, Sung Uk
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 181
ID: fd8ee38a505cf79732f5ba487e15f11619b84150
Number of matches: 9

...scrub typhus in jeju island unlike inland regions the harvest time of mandarin oranges from october through december is consistent with the epidemic of scrub typhus further studies regarding the life cycle of chigger mites are needed to determine what kinds of behaviors may increase the risk of scrub typhus infection during mandarin orchard work when detailed activities related to exposure to mites were separated by regional public health center the results indicated that the distribution of exposure to mites differed according to each region fruit farming was the main putative infection route in seogwiposi dong area and seogwipo east region...

Title: Epidemiologic characteristics of scrub
typhus on Jeju Island
Authors: Lee, Sung Uk
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 181
ID: fd8ee38a505cf79732f5ba487e15f11619b84150
Number of matches: 9

...of behaviors may increase the risk of scrub typhus infection during mandarin orchard work when detailed activities related to exposure to mites were separated by regional public health center the results indicated that the distribution of exposure to mites differed according to each region fruit farming was the main putative infection route in seogwiposi dong area and seogwipo east region whereas dry field farming or simple outdoor activities were the main putative infection routes in the other regions this is related to the fact that the cultivation status of crops in jeju island varies regionally according to soil and climate characteristics...

Title: Epidemiologic characteristics of scrub
typhus on Jeju Island
Authors: Lee, Sung Uk
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 181
ID: fd8ee38a505cf79732f5ba487e15f11619b84150
Number of matches: 9

...were separated by regional public health center the results indicated that the distribution of exposure to mites differed according to each region fruit farming was the main putative infection route in seogwiposi dong area and seogwipo east region whereas dry field farming or simple outdoor activities were the main putative infection routes in the other regions this is related to the fact that the cultivation status of crops in jeju island varies regionally according to soil and climate characteristics seogwiposi dong area and namwoneup and pyoseonmyeon in seogwipo east region as the south and southeast areas of jeju island are the...

Title: Epidemiologic characteristics of scrub
typhus on Jeju Island
Authors: Lee, Sung Uk
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 181
ID: fd8ee38a505cf79732f5ba487e15f11619b84150
Number of matches: 9

...main crops being root vegetables western vegetables or grains jeju east region is an urbanized area occupied with tertiary industries such as service industries rather than primary industries [10] based on this it is necessary to develop customized plans to prevent scrub typhus specific to the main infection route in each regional health center meanwhile it can be assumed that the reason for the higher incidence of scrub typhus in seogwiposi dong area and seogwipo east region might be related to fruit farming looking at regional agricultural cooperative mandarin orange shipments on jeju island in 2015 788 of...

Title: Epidemiologic characteristics of scrub
typhus on Jeju Island
Authors: Lee, Sung Uk
Journal: Epidemiol Health
Item: Infection
Index: 181
ID: fd8ee38a505cf79732f5ba487e15f11619b84150
Number of matches: 9

...pressure developed in the north pacific and the chinese continent that was recorded as the 7th highest average temperature since 1961 [12] this is thought to have contributed to an increase in the incidence of scrub typhus in order to achieve substantial results with limited resources infection prevention management projects should be developed based on the epidemiological characteristics of the related infectious diseases selective focused strategies suited to the regional characteristics of the related infectious disease are also needed the results of the present study found that mandarin orange orchard farming was a major risk factor for...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...member of the arteriviridae family in the order nidovirales prrsv causes highly significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide [1] as a result of both reproductive failure lateterm abortions and stillbirths in pregnant sows and respiratory disease pneumonia in nursery and growerfinishing pigs [2] infection with prrsv also predisposes pigs to infection by bacterial pathogens as well as other viral pathogens [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] as such prrsv is a key etiological agent of the porcine respiratory disease complex prdc clinical disease caused...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...order nidovirales prrsv causes highly significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide [1] as a result of both reproductive failure lateterm abortions and stillbirths in pregnant sows and respiratory disease pneumonia in nursery and growerfinishing pigs [2] infection with prrsv also predisposes pigs to infection by bacterial pathogens as well as other viral pathogens [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] as such prrsv is a key etiological agent of the porcine respiratory disease complex prdc clinical disease caused by prrsv is highly variable ranging from...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...pathogens as well as other viral pathogens [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] as such prrsv is a key etiological agent of the porcine respiratory disease complex prdc clinical disease caused by prrsv is highly variable ranging from mild subclinical infection to acute death of adult animals [8] differences in virulence have been attributed to numerous factors including host genetics management practices and virus strain heterogeneity [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...an infectious agent on the lung and cells within the lymph node in 2006 a unique syndrome with high morbidity and mortality was recognized in growing pigs in china that was originally known as porcine high fever disease phfd due to its uncertain etiology [17] experimental infection of pigs in china with these novel viral isolates reproduced the clinical disease providing strong evidence for the role of prrsv as the causal agent of phfd however there was still a question as to whether there was some unknown agent in the prrsv preparations that increased the severity of...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...clinical disease providing strong evidence for the role of prrsv as the causal agent of phfd however there was still a question as to whether there was some unknown agent in the prrsv preparations that increased the severity of the clinical disease over what was expected for a routine prrsv infection this question was resolved when phfd was reproduced in china with virus derived from an infectious clone of the jx143 prrsv isolate [18] demonstrating that prrsv isolates with a common genetic motif had a causal role in phfd leading to this lineage of virus being called highly pathogenic...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...from which infectious virus rjxwn06 was rescued an animal study was conducted comparing the pathogenicity of hpprrsv isolate rjxwn06 with the north american prototype strain vr2332 prrsv [20] the objective of this report was to investigate gene expression profiles in porcine tracheobronchial lymph node tbln during viral infection with hpprrsv rjxwn06 strain alongside of us prrsv strain vr2332 at a snapshot of 13 days postinfection using bioinformatics mapping short rnaseq reads and estimating transcript expression levels genomic shortread nucleotide alignment program gsnap was used for alignment and genome construction and cufflinks to determine if differential expression and...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...downregulated more than 3fold this derived catalog of expressed genes represents the first comparative analysis of the hpprrsv rjxwn06 and vr2332infected tbln transcript abundance profiles and provides a database that informs us of genes involved in normal tbln physiology as well as genes whose abundance is altered by prrsv infection gene annotation of all significant hits additional files 1 and 2 was then carried out using a mysql database matching the ensmbl sscrofa956 chromosome location of aligned transcripts to gene names gene ids and log2 foldchange expression values for significant hits that had fpkm values in both the control...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...genechip technology and provides an example of new methods to accommodate the increase in transcriptome data obtained from next generation sequencing [29 31 32] it is well established that many pathogens cause changes in expression of specific genes that act to protect the host and clear the infection prrsv strains differ in their dysregulation of the immune response to infection and delay in development of a protective immune response in vaccinated pigs [33 34] a higher number of significantly differentially expressed gene instances were detected in hpprrsv rjxwn06 than vr2332 when normalized to control samples...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...increase in transcriptome data obtained from next generation sequencing [29 31 32] it is well established that many pathogens cause changes in expression of specific genes that act to protect the host and clear the infection prrsv strains differ in their dysregulation of the immune response to infection and delay in development of a protective immune response in vaccinated pigs [33 34] a higher number of significantly differentially expressed gene instances were detected in hpprrsv rjxwn06 than vr2332 when normalized to control samples at a snapshot of 13 days post inoculation dpi as anticipated some...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...inoculation dpi as anticipated some of the genes eg resistin and pathways identified would be expected to be involved in the host response to a severe disease in the case of resistin it would be expected that adipose tissue stores are being mobilized as part of the host response to infection which includes a high fever typical of infection with hpprrsv there are specific cellular proteins that regulate a protective immune response for example the proinflammatory genes that were upregulated to a greater extent in hpprrsv rjxwn06 than vr2332 when normalized to control samples as observed when comparing the pathogenicity of...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...eg resistin and pathways identified would be expected to be involved in the host response to a severe disease in the case of resistin it would be expected that adipose tissue stores are being mobilized as part of the host response to infection which includes a high fever typical of infection with hpprrsv there are specific cellular proteins that regulate a protective immune response for example the proinflammatory genes that were upregulated to a greater extent in hpprrsv rjxwn06 than vr2332 when normalized to control samples as observed when comparing the pathogenicity of hpprrsv isolate rjxwn06 with the north american prototype...

Title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph
node transcriptomic response to infection with a
Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Miller, Laura C. Fleming, Damarius...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 182
ID: 3c8a38879c8d9910167b2dab37c2d98e17701141
Number of matches: 12

...treatment group using truseq sample prep kits illumina inc san diego ca and sequenced by 2 100 pairedend sequencing on an illumina hiseq 2000 instrument in order to analyze the illumina reads a series of bioinformatics methods were used to investigate gene expression profiles in tbln during prrsv infection with hpprrsv rjxwn06 and us prrsv vr2332 at a snapshot of 13 dpi this was carried out with the construction of a rnaseq analysis pipeline figure 2 comprised of gsnap for alignment and genome construction and cufflinks to determine if differential expression and changes in transcript abundance were...

Title: A Transient Homotypic Interaction Model for
the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Effector Domain
Authors: Kerry, Philip S.. Ayllon, Juan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 184
ID: 6fad5703e838cae052bc9cd18b32ea812b942fb4
Number of matches: 6

......

Title: A Transient Homotypic Interaction Model for
the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Effector Domain
Authors: Kerry, Philip S.. Ayllon, Juan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 184
ID: 6fad5703e838cae052bc9cd18b32ea812b942fb4
Number of matches: 6

...the final 25 residues of ns1 appear to be unstructured and are termed the cterminal flexible tail ft fig 1a [28] both the isolated rbd and ed can homodimerize in solution [26 28 29 30] and both contribute to functional ns1 multimerization during infection [21 22] surprisingly the recent fulllength structure of ns1 revealed that the eds do not contribute to the overall dimer interface but instead flank the core dimeric rbds thus creating a domainswapped dimer fig 1a [27] nevertheless within the crystal lattice the...

Title: A Transient Homotypic Interaction Model for
the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Effector Domain
Authors: Kerry, Philip S.. Ayllon, Juan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 184
ID: 6fad5703e838cae052bc9cd18b32ea812b942fb4
Number of matches: 6

...it is not observed in any alb76 or ud72 ns1 ed structure dimeric or monomeric [30 31] or even in the fulllength vn04 ns1 structure [27] our data cannot however exclude the possibility that the pr8 ed strandstrand interface is promoted during virus infection by interactions of ns1 with other proteins or by posttranslational modifications to assess functional roles of the helixhelix dimer interface in the context of fulllength ns1 we introduced the w187a mutation into a pr8 ns1 mammalian expression construct this mutation disrupts the helixhelix dimer interface resulting in a monomeric...

Title: A Transient Homotypic Interaction Model for
the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Effector Domain
Authors: Kerry, Philip S.. Ayllon, Juan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 184
ID: 6fad5703e838cae052bc9cd18b32ea812b942fb4
Number of matches: 6

...3] although the necessary dimeric state of the ed is unknown we therefore assessed the ability of wt or w187a pr8 ns1 proteins to limit activation of the ifnb promoter in 293t cells using a standard sevinduced luciferase reporter assay as shown in fig 4a sev infection induced robust amounts of ifnb promoterdriven ffluc activity relative to constitutively driven renluc in empty vector transfected cells set to 100 but not in cells expressing the wt or w187a pr8 ns1 constructs both ns1 constructs expressed to similar levels as determined by western blot analysis of assay lysates fig...

Title: A Transient Homotypic Interaction Model for
the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Effector Domain
Authors: Kerry, Philip S.. Ayllon, Juan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 184
ID: 6fad5703e838cae052bc9cd18b32ea812b942fb4
Number of matches: 6

...cellularviral protein the exact biological function of these possible ns1 conformational states has yet to be fully defined yet some information is already available for example our studies using a mab that should not recognize the helixclosed conformation suggest that the two conformations may have specific spatiotemporal distributions during virus infection furthermore the rationallydesigned helixopen ns1 protein w187a was poor at binding synthetic dsrna perhaps indicating that ed helixhelix dimeric interactions allosterically increase affinity of the rbd for dsrna or that ed homotypic interactions facilitate oligomerization of ns1 and thus cooperative binding to dsrna in this regard it is worth noting...

Title: A Transient Homotypic Interaction Model for
the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Effector Domain
Authors: Kerry, Philip S.. Ayllon, Juan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 184
ID: 6fad5703e838cae052bc9cd18b32ea812b942fb4
Number of matches: 6

...ns1 protein an important virulence factor our new hypothetical model may help explain how such a small protein has been able to expand its number of cellular and viral binding partners further work to accurately define the existence and potential regulation of ns1 conformers in solution both structurally and during infection will be essential for understanding some of the complexities of this remarkable protein the prsfduet1 plasmid expressing a 6histagged version of the alb76 ns1 ed residues 73230 has been described previously [28] the same cloning strategy was used to generate a plasmid for expression of a...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...member of the rhabdoviridae family 4 the six gene were contained in the vhsv genome of about 11 k bases and each of them coded nucleoprotein n phosphoprotein p matrix protein m glycoprotein g nonstructural viral protein nv and rna polymerase l in the following order 3npmgnvl5 4 infection of vhsv results in contagious viral hemorrhagic septicemia vhs in diverse fish species regardless of their inhabitation seawater or freshwater 5 in east asia a lot of infection cases into olive flounder have been reported steadily since vhsv was detected in middle of 1990s [6] [7...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...p matrix protein m glycoprotein g nonstructural viral protein nv and rna polymerase l in the following order 3npmgnvl5 4 infection of vhsv results in contagious viral hemorrhagic septicemia vhs in diverse fish species regardless of their inhabitation seawater or freshwater 5 in east asia a lot of infection cases into olive flounder have been reported steadily since vhsv was detected in middle of 1990s [6] [7] [8] [9] a variety of scuticociliates have been reported as cause of scuticociliatosis in marine species including turbot guppy and southern bluefin tuna...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...southern bluefin tuna [10] [11] [12] in olive flounder disease has been reported to be causing from various scuticociliates uronema marinum pseudocohnilembus persalinus philasterides dicentrarchi miamiensis avidus [13] [14] [15] [16] interestingly judging from infection experiments using various scuticociliates plus identification outcome of 8 isolates acquired from olive flounders with symptom of ulcers and haemorrhages miamiensis avidus was suggested as the major aetiologic agent of scuticociliatosis because of high pathogenicity and mortality rate compared with other scuticociliates 14 17 infection of bacteria could sustain...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

... interestingly judging from infection experiments using various scuticociliates plus identification outcome of 8 isolates acquired from olive flounders with symptom of ulcers and haemorrhages miamiensis avidus was suggested as the major aetiologic agent of scuticociliatosis because of high pathogenicity and mortality rate compared with other scuticociliates 14 17 infection of bacteria could sustain serious damage to fish streptococcosis is known to be caused by a variety of streptococcic species streptococcus parauberis streptococcus iniae streptococcus difficilis lactococcus garvieae lactococcus piscium vagococcus salmoninarum and carnobacterium piscicola and has become major nuisance in olive flounder farms [18] [19]...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...[19] [20] [21] [22] [23] the main issue of aquaculture industry is to reduce economic loss by preventing mortality of fish from various pathogens a large number of immunologic studies have been proceeded about various immunerelated gens against pathogen infection 3 [24] [25] [26] [27] a huge quantity of genomic information from next generation sequencing ngs technique has been gradually increasing for the last few years indicating that researchers could approach more comprehensive understanding view about genome of organisms than when...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...was reported in olive flounder spleen tissue 31 a lot of studies reported earlier were focused on gene expression analysis of single pathogen and specifically defined the expression pattern of limited genes [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] further infection by two or more pathogens were reported in the olive flounder genome 37 38 in order to solve these problem we need plentiful genomic information to respond rapidly to multiple infection of pathogens however researches which were comprehensively analysed about change of gene expression pattern by different type of...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...genes [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] further infection by two or more pathogens were reported in the olive flounder genome 37 38 in order to solve these problem we need plentiful genomic information to respond rapidly to multiple infection of pathogens however researches which were comprehensively analysed about change of gene expression pattern by different type of pathogens have not been reported in the olive flounder genome so far in this research we identified differentially expressed genes degs by transcriptome analysis and conducted gene ontology go analysis with...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...not been reported in the olive flounder genome so far in this research we identified differentially expressed genes degs by transcriptome analysis and conducted gene ontology go analysis with genes identified then we tried to find important genes which showed consistently meaningful expression change in the results of three infection experiments as a result we determined 10 upregulated genes and 57 downregulated genes in common after infection of three pathogens we aimed to provide essential genome information which is related with pathogen infection and explore the various consequences related to differential infections and find out the common strategies against specific...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...expressed genes degs by transcriptome analysis and conducted gene ontology go analysis with genes identified then we tried to find important genes which showed consistently meaningful expression change in the results of three infection experiments as a result we determined 10 upregulated genes and 57 downregulated genes in common after infection of three pathogens we aimed to provide essential genome information which is related with pathogen infection and explore the various consequences related to differential infections and find out the common strategies against specific candidates involved in disease progression in natural habitat of aquaculture statistical summary of transcriptome analysis to...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...we tried to find important genes which showed consistently meaningful expression change in the results of three infection experiments as a result we determined 10 upregulated genes and 57 downregulated genes in common after infection of three pathogens we aimed to provide essential genome information which is related with pathogen infection and explore the various consequences related to differential infections and find out the common strategies against specific candidates involved in disease progression in natural habitat of aquaculture statistical summary of transcriptome analysis to profile gene expression after infection of three pathogens vhsv streptococcus parauberis and miamiensis avidus transcriptome analysis...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...aimed to provide essential genome information which is related with pathogen infection and explore the various consequences related to differential infections and find out the common strategies against specific candidates involved in disease progression in natural habitat of aquaculture statistical summary of transcriptome analysis to profile gene expression after infection of three pathogens vhsv streptococcus parauberis and miamiensis avidus transcriptome analysis was conducted using gill tissues of olive flounders respectively we prepared twelve olive flounders three uninfected individuals as control three virusinfected three bacteriainfected and three parasiteinfected individuals to raise confidence to gain the sufficient number of transcripts twelve independent...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...from transcriptome analysis we identified total 40100 genes involving novel 19560 genes from transcript sequences using interproscan database and nonredundant protein database in the ncbi table 2 to figure out the effects of external pathogen for gene expression we sorted out genes which showed expressional change after pathogens infection having pvalue of 005 when compared with control sample as shown in table 3 and fig 1 the largest numbers of gene expression change were shown in vhsv infection group total 12415 degs were identified from transcriptome analysis we showed information of degs derived from viral infection in supplementary...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...figure out the effects of external pathogen for gene expression we sorted out genes which showed expressional change after pathogens infection having pvalue of 005 when compared with control sample as shown in table 3 and fig 1 the largest numbers of gene expression change were shown in vhsv infection group total 12415 degs were identified from transcriptome analysis we showed information of degs derived from viral infection in supplementary to explore the functional enrichment of these degs we performed go enrichment analysis using david tool 39 table 2 prediction following viral infection we identified the degs with pvalue...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...after pathogens infection having pvalue of 005 when compared with control sample as shown in table 3 and fig 1 the largest numbers of gene expression change were shown in vhsv infection group total 12415 degs were identified from transcriptome analysis we showed information of degs derived from viral infection in supplementary to explore the functional enrichment of these degs we performed go enrichment analysis using david tool 39 table 2 prediction following viral infection we identified the degs with pvalue of 005 after infection with bacteria streptococcus parauberis and parasite miamiensis avidus table 3 and table 2...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...expression change were shown in vhsv infection group total 12415 degs were identified from transcriptome analysis we showed information of degs derived from viral infection in supplementary to explore the functional enrichment of these degs we performed go enrichment analysis using david tool 39 table 2 prediction following viral infection we identified the degs with pvalue of 005 after infection with bacteria streptococcus parauberis and parasite miamiensis avidus table 3 and table 2 miamiensis avidus affected gene expression pattern in olive flounder genome and selected genes which showed expression change supplementary table 2 we identified 795 degs...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...degs were identified from transcriptome analysis we showed information of degs derived from viral infection in supplementary to explore the functional enrichment of these degs we performed go enrichment analysis using david tool 39 table 2 prediction following viral infection we identified the degs with pvalue of 005 after infection with bacteria streptococcus parauberis and parasite miamiensis avidus table 3 and table 2 miamiensis avidus affected gene expression pattern in olive flounder genome and selected genes which showed expression change supplementary table 2 we identified 795 degs caused by infection of miamiensis avidus description samples ui 1...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...the degs with pvalue of 005 after infection with bacteria streptococcus parauberis and parasite miamiensis avidus table 3 and table 2 miamiensis avidus affected gene expression pattern in olive flounder genome and selected genes which showed expression change supplementary table 2 we identified 795 degs caused by infection of miamiensis avidus description samples ui 1 ui 2 ui 3 bi 1 bi 2 bi 3 vi 1 vi 2 vi 3 pi 1 pi 2 pi 3 number distributional pattern of total degs acquired from transcriptome analysis after comparison of gene expression level among twelve transcriptome analysis...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...ui 1 ui 2 ui 3 bi 1 bi 2 bi 3 vi 1 vi 2 vi 3 pi 1 pi 2 pi 3 number distributional pattern of total degs acquired from transcriptome analysis after comparison of gene expression level among twelve transcriptome analysis we identified degs after pathogen infection then we focused on selection of genes showing expression change pattern after three types of pathogen infection in common as a result we summarized 10 upregulated genes and 57 downregulated genes respectively fig 2 we analyzed these 67 degs to identify their gene symbol correctly using their sequences in...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...3 pi 1 pi 2 pi 3 number distributional pattern of total degs acquired from transcriptome analysis after comparison of gene expression level among twelve transcriptome analysis we identified degs after pathogen infection then we focused on selection of genes showing expression change pattern after three types of pathogen infection in common as a result we summarized 10 upregulated genes and 57 downregulated genes respectively fig 2 we analyzed these 67 degs to identify their gene symbol correctly using their sequences in nonredundant protein database of the ncbi database and 37 degs were annotated table 4 we showed...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...identify their gene symbol correctly using their sequences in nonredundant protein database of the ncbi database and 37 degs were annotated table 4 we showed the rest of 30 unannotated degs in supplementary table 3 with development of sequencing technique numerous genomic researches have been reported to understand infection results by virus 28 31 40 bactria 26 41 42 and parasite 43 in the olive flounder genome a fundamental way to overcome disease outbreak from external pathogens is to approach from their genome level it is essential to expand quantity of genomic information in pursuance of biological...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...and parasite 43 in the olive flounder genome a fundamental way to overcome disease outbreak from external pathogens is to approach from their genome level it is essential to expand quantity of genomic information in pursuance of biological research about any target investigation of overall gene expression change after pathogen infection would provide clues of cause of biological damage gene regulation is essential for viruses prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed phylogenetic diversity of pathogens virus bacteria and parasite is also responsible for differential expression...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed phylogenetic diversity of pathogens virus bacteria and parasite is also responsible for differential expression of genes in diseases each individual pathogen causes disease in a different way which makes it challenging to understand the basic biology of infection in this study we understood the relation between three types of pathogen infection and differential gene expression in the olive flounder genome through transcriptome analysis respectively the diverse pathogens used in this study carry specific antigenic variations which refers to the specific mechanism by which an infectious agent infect the...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...phylogenetic diversity of pathogens virus bacteria and parasite is also responsible for differential expression of genes in diseases each individual pathogen causes disease in a different way which makes it challenging to understand the basic biology of infection in this study we understood the relation between three types of pathogen infection and differential gene expression in the olive flounder genome through transcriptome analysis respectively the diverse pathogens used in this study carry specific antigenic variations which refers to the specific mechanism by which an infectious agent infect the fish and progress the disease transcriptome analysis help us to understand the progression...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...olive flounder genome through transcriptome analysis respectively the diverse pathogens used in this study carry specific antigenic variations which refers to the specific mechanism by which an infectious agent infect the fish and progress the disease transcriptome analysis help us to understand the progression of disease in fish through pathogen infection based on diversity of pathogen virus bacteria and parasite this study shows differentially expressed genes were upand downregulated at different extend in fish tissue interestingly virus and bacteria have more downregulated genes while parasite have more upregulated genes this data signifies the fact that fish immune system interacts with bacteria...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...more upregulated genes this data signifies the fact that fish immune system interacts with bacteria and virus with the same strategy while with parasite different due to difference in mode of infections between them for efficient prevention against pathogen it is important to understand which genes were activatedrepressed after pathogen infection because their expression change means variation of metabolic system in body in this study we identified total number of 12415 in vhsv infection group 1754 in streptococcus parauberis infection group and 795 degs from miamiensis avidus infection group respectively table 3 given the difference in the number of degs...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...parasite different due to difference in mode of infections between them for efficient prevention against pathogen it is important to understand which genes were activatedrepressed after pathogen infection because their expression change means variation of metabolic system in body in this study we identified total number of 12415 in vhsv infection group 1754 in streptococcus parauberis infection group and 795 degs from miamiensis avidus infection group respectively table 3 given the difference in the number of degs among three pathogen groups these results seemed that virus had the most impact on gene expression mechanism in the olive flounder genome among...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...mode of infections between them for efficient prevention against pathogen it is important to understand which genes were activatedrepressed after pathogen infection because their expression change means variation of metabolic system in body in this study we identified total number of 12415 in vhsv infection group 1754 in streptococcus parauberis infection group and 795 degs from miamiensis avidus infection group respectively table 3 given the difference in the number of degs among three pathogen groups these results seemed that virus had the most impact on gene expression mechanism in the olive flounder genome among three pathogens interestingly 11051 degs 89...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...against pathogen it is important to understand which genes were activatedrepressed after pathogen infection because their expression change means variation of metabolic system in body in this study we identified total number of 12415 in vhsv infection group 1754 in streptococcus parauberis infection group and 795 degs from miamiensis avidus infection group respectively table 3 given the difference in the number of degs among three pathogen groups these results seemed that virus had the most impact on gene expression mechanism in the olive flounder genome among three pathogens interestingly 11051 degs 89 of all degs showed downregulated pattern after viral...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...group respectively table 3 given the difference in the number of degs among three pathogen groups these results seemed that virus had the most impact on gene expression mechanism in the olive flounder genome among three pathogens interestingly 11051 degs 89 of all degs showed downregulated pattern after viral infection this phenomenon that global gene expression was decreased by viral infection must cause pathogenic disease by affecting immunerelated gene expression level finally leads to death this view was supported by our findings supplementary table 2 which showed expression decrease pattern of all genes in the immunerelated go terms especially...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...of degs among three pathogen groups these results seemed that virus had the most impact on gene expression mechanism in the olive flounder genome among three pathogens interestingly 11051 degs 89 of all degs showed downregulated pattern after viral infection this phenomenon that global gene expression was decreased by viral infection must cause pathogenic disease by affecting immunerelated gene expression level finally leads to death this view was supported by our findings supplementary table 2 which showed expression decrease pattern of all genes in the immunerelated go terms especially go terms in viral infection group showed that all genes tend...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...gene expression was decreased by viral infection must cause pathogenic disease by affecting immunerelated gene expression level finally leads to death this view was supported by our findings supplementary table 2 which showed expression decrease pattern of all genes in the immunerelated go terms especially go terms in viral infection group showed that all genes tend to be downregulated after pathogen infection indicating loss of resistance against pathogens by downregulating the expression of immunerelated genes like this situation functional information of genes acquired from go enrichment could help researcher to figure out critical biological pathway against any external factor ...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...affecting immunerelated gene expression level finally leads to death this view was supported by our findings supplementary table 2 which showed expression decrease pattern of all genes in the immunerelated go terms especially go terms in viral infection group showed that all genes tend to be downregulated after pathogen infection indicating loss of resistance against pathogens by downregulating the expression of immunerelated genes like this situation functional information of genes acquired from go enrichment could help researcher to figure out critical biological pathway against any external factor the immune mechanism in fishes is composed of a set of cellular...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...the understanding of fish immune system structure and function is essential for the development of new technologies and products to improve productivity the transcriptome analysis bring exposure to basic difference in expression profile of all pathogens in the host these differences were due to nature of parasite their mode of infection antigenic variations and many other factors additionally along with all above differences disease progressed in host due to external surface variation of pathogens viral parasite and bacterial and their appropriate recognition by host immune systems for making the basis to initiate microbial clearance 44 45 disease research requires the...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...of avoiding host immune surveillance antigenic variations subversion of immune responses through phagocyte and inhibition of cytokines and chemokines in common with pathogen infections viral bacterial and parasite 44 45 on the other hand the disease progression was different in accordance to type of pathogens in case of viral infection understanding of complement inhibition and blockade of cellular immunity is the most important while parasite and bacterial infections required knowledge and research of innate pathway and acquired immunity 44 45 our analysis indicates the complexity and difference of expression profile could be due to all the above reasons in...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...all above vaccines required complete knowledge of pathogenicity and deep research of efficacy 47 our study clearly indicates about various immune and antigenic genes which can be chosen for pathways analysis and use for therapeutic agents or as some vaccine candidates supplementary table 2 despite of their different infection pathway we wondered common degs which were affected from infection as shown in fig 2 total 67 degs 10 upregulation and 57 downregulation were identified in common in three pathogens and 1 of 10 upregulated and 36 of 57 degs were annotated by genomic database table 4 408...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...research of efficacy 47 our study clearly indicates about various immune and antigenic genes which can be chosen for pathways analysis and use for therapeutic agents or as some vaccine candidates supplementary table 2 despite of their different infection pathway we wondered common degs which were affected from infection as shown in fig 2 total 67 degs 10 upregulation and 57 downregulation were identified in common in three pathogens and 1 of 10 upregulated and 36 of 57 degs were annotated by genomic database table 4 408 genes bacteria and 561 genes parasites these genes were specific...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...annotated by genomic database table 4 408 genes bacteria and 561 genes parasites these genes were specific for each pathogen so can be used as candidate genes for vaccination or therapeutic agents in case of the downregulation of 10168 gene virus 177 gene bacteria and 60 gene parasites in infection of fish these genes were specific for specific pathogens so can be used as a diagnosis marker for specific pathogens cx9c motif containing 4 col1a1 collagen type i alpha 1 chain col1a2 collagen type i alpha 2 chain slc14a2 solute carrier family 14 member 2 which showed highest expression change...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...diagnosis marker for specific pathogens cx9c motif containing 4 col1a1 collagen type i alpha 1 chain col1a2 collagen type i alpha 2 chain slc14a2 solute carrier family 14 member 2 which showed highest expression change down regulation with fold change log 2 of 20 on at least two infection groups in this study we investigated all the above candidate genes and found their role in disease progression we have listed these genes and their role in below headings anpep called as gene aminopeptidase n apn is metallopeptidase that exerts strong influence on various immune response mechanisms for example apn...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...would result in extreme damage in urinary system besides a previous study has reported that genetic variation including nucleotide change is known to significantly influence blood pressure bp and metabolism syndrome 73 74 as shown in supplementary table 2 immunerelated degs were revealed as results of three pathogens infection infection of pathogens caused activation of immune system to respond to invasion of harmful external elements indicated that change of expression level of immunerelated genes the downregulation of gene could sequentially influence on expression of various molecules positioned in downstreams in metabolic pathway in this view cd13 which is one...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...result in extreme damage in urinary system besides a previous study has reported that genetic variation including nucleotide change is known to significantly influence blood pressure bp and metabolism syndrome 73 74 as shown in supplementary table 2 immunerelated degs were revealed as results of three pathogens infection infection of pathogens caused activation of immune system to respond to invasion of harmful external elements indicated that change of expression level of immunerelated genes the downregulation of gene could sequentially influence on expression of various molecules positioned in downstreams in metabolic pathway in this view cd13 which is one of...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...activation of immune system to respond to invasion of harmful external elements indicated that change of expression level of immunerelated genes the downregulation of gene could sequentially influence on expression of various molecules positioned in downstreams in metabolic pathway in this view cd13 which is one of downregulated genes by infection of three pathogens on common was reported to inactivate interleukin 8 49 representative function of this cytokine is to induce migration of neutrophils and granulocytes toward infection site in addition absence of cd13 considerably improves crosspresentation of soluble antigen via regulation of receptormediated uptake 75 thus decrease of...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...on expression of various molecules positioned in downstreams in metabolic pathway in this view cd13 which is one of downregulated genes by infection of three pathogens on common was reported to inactivate interleukin 8 49 representative function of this cytokine is to induce migration of neutrophils and granulocytes toward infection site in addition absence of cd13 considerably improves crosspresentation of soluble antigen via regulation of receptormediated uptake 75 thus decrease of cd13 expression consequentially might activate immune response in the olive flounder mtcp1 gene induced malignant tcell transformation 59 and was related in the leukemogenic process of mature tcell...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...activate immune response in the olive flounder mtcp1 gene induced malignant tcell transformation 59 and was related in the leukemogenic process of mature tcell proliferation 61 this gene was thought to maintain balance of immune response by tcell the innate immune system mediates the initial inflammatory response by pathogen infection or injury for rapid response against external pathogens infected cells secrete various cytokines to induce effector cells and complements the type i collagen which is comprised by proteins coded from col1a1 and col1a2 was involved in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the innate immune system however two genes col1a1...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...pathogens infected cells secrete various cytokines to induce effector cells and complements the type i collagen which is comprised by proteins coded from col1a1 and col1a2 was involved in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the innate immune system however two genes col1a1 and col1a2 showed decreasing expression pattern after infection in our study given sampling period 7 days from infection of olive flounders for this study it might be explained that the adaptive immune response was activated in the olive flounder genome it is hard to understand comprehensively about immune system of fish genome however our results were expected to...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...and complements the type i collagen which is comprised by proteins coded from col1a1 and col1a2 was involved in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the innate immune system however two genes col1a1 and col1a2 showed decreasing expression pattern after infection in our study given sampling period 7 days from infection of olive flounders for this study it might be explained that the adaptive immune response was activated in the olive flounder genome it is hard to understand comprehensively about immune system of fish genome however our results were expected to contribute for further study by extend of genomic knowledge in...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...adaptive immune response was activated in the olive flounder genome it is hard to understand comprehensively about immune system of fish genome however our results were expected to contribute for further study by extend of genomic knowledge in the olive flounder in conclusion this study is helpful in understanding infection of the diversified pathogens antigenic variation and their role in disease progression in the olive flounder the differentially expressed genes identified from transcriptome analysis using three types of pathogens could be useful to study the basic diagnosis and therapeutic mechanisms and offer opportunities for designing the appropriate vaccines or drug...

Title: Gene expression profiles alteration after
infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi. Mishra, Anshuman...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 186
ID: 70fe1da70b714ba14f71d217ecf93da18e291aa7
Number of matches: 47

...the differentially expressed genes identified from transcriptome analysis using three types of pathogens could be useful to study the basic diagnosis and therapeutic mechanisms and offer opportunities for designing the appropriate vaccines or drug targets for pathogen specific candidate genes because of lack of genomic information or using one external infection factor previous studies have been limited to understand global expression pattern of whole genes in the olive flounder genome we hope that this research would contribute to achieve great outcome in various biological field ethical statement all experiments with the olive flounders in this study were carried out in...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...were defined as degs furthermore gene ontology go enrichment analysis of degs was implemented by the goseq r packages [29] and the enrichment analysis of degs in kegg pathways was performed using kobas software [30] in addition the target seven degs in response to nibv infection were chosen for validation using realtime quantitative pcr rtqpcr the primer pairs for the selected genes were designed using primer 5 and are shown in table s1 total genome dna from samples was extracted from the cecal contents using ctabsds method dna concentration and quality were determined and diluted...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...the white arrow shows the interstitial expansion and prominent inflammatory cell infiltration the black asterisk shows the brush border that was lost in some segments of proximal tubules the black delimited area shows the loss of the kidney tubular structure to explore the metabolic pathway alterations associated with nibv infection we used a gctofmsbased metabolomics method to examine metabolite alterations in the kidney a total of 519 valid peaks were identified in the total ion current profiles to compare the metabolite composition of the con and dis groups pca models were tested figure 2a oplsda was conducted to determine...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...a gctofmsbased metabolomics method to examine metabolite alterations in the kidney a total of 519 valid peaks were identified in the total ion current profiles to compare the metabolite composition of the con and dis groups pca models were tested figure 2a oplsda was conducted to determine whether nibv infection influenced the metabolic pattern figure 2b and a 7fold cross validation was further applied to estimate the robustness and predictive ability to validate the model figure 2c the results of pca and oplada analysis showed that there was an obvious separation between the content of the con...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...loss of the kidney tubular structure as well as interstitial expansion and prominent inflammatory cell infiltration figure 1d these results indicate that the sx9 strain has strong renal tissue tropism and successfully replicates the chicken visceral gout model to explore the metabolic pathway alterations associated with nibv infection we used a gctofmsbased metabolomics method to examine metabolite alterations in the kidney a total of 519 valid peaks were identified in the total ion current profiles to compare the metabolite composition of the con and dis groups pca models were tested figure 2a oplsda was conducted to determine...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...a gctofmsbased metabolomics method to examine metabolite alterations in the kidney a total of 519 valid peaks were identified in the total ion current profiles to compare the metabolite composition of the con and dis groups pca models were tested figure 2a oplsda was conducted to determine whether nibv infection influenced the metabolic pattern figure 2b and a 7fold cross validation was further applied to estimate the robustness and predictive ability to validate the model figure 2c the results of pca and oplada analysis showed that there was an obvious separation between the content of the con...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...estimate the robustness and predictive ability to validate the model figure 2c the results of pca and oplada analysis showed that there was an obvious separation between the content of the con and dis groups revealing significant changes in the concentrations of metabolites in the kidney induced by nibv infection all samples fell within the 95 hotellings tsquared ellipse confidence interval the differential metabolites between dis and con groups were the key to explaining the occurrence of gout in chickens under nibv infection a total of 160 metabolites displayed significantly different levels based on vip 1 variable importance...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...dis groups revealing significant changes in the concentrations of metabolites in the kidney induced by nibv infection all samples fell within the 95 hotellings tsquared ellipse confidence interval the differential metabolites between dis and con groups were the key to explaining the occurrence of gout in chickens under nibv infection a total of 160 metabolites displayed significantly different levels based on vip 1 variable importance for the projection oplsda model and pvalue 005 students ttest the lists of differential metabolites are shown in table s2 and its volcano plot are shown in figure 2d there were 90...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...perfusion [34] as the most relevant metabolite alteration in nibvinfected chickens vip 1894 undoubtedly the uric acid level in the dis group was significantly upregulated compared with the con group vip 1798 462fold to study the gene expression alterations of chickens kidney under nibv infection cdna libraries from two groups were subjected to illumina sequencing a total of 8118 gb clean data was obtained and the q30 base percentage of each sample was not less than 9037 from the mapping results the mapping efficiency between the reads and the reference genome of each to...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...a total of 8118 gb clean data was obtained and the q30 base percentage of each sample was not less than 9037 from the mapping results the mapping efficiency between the reads and the reference genome of each to study the gene expression alterations of chickens kidney under nibv infection cdna libraries from two groups were subjected to illumina sequencing a total of 8118 gb clean data was obtained and the q30 base percentage of each sample was not less than 9037 from the mapping results the mapping efficiency between the reads and the reference genome of each sample was...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...the detail of the sequencing and mapping results is provided in table s3 pca analysis of rnaseq replicates from the kidneys of dis and con group revealed a great deal of variability figure 3a a total of 2868 genes were differentially expressed in the chickens kidney with nibv infection compared to con group in which 1521 genes were upregulated and 1347 genes were downregulated then we screened seven degs for rtqpcr analysis to validate the accuracy of the rnaseq data and the result figure 3b showed that the general trends of the selected genes were consistent which proved the...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...components cc and biological processes bp terms were listed in figure 3c among them heparin binding oxidoreductase activity external side of plasma membrane extracellular space membrane integral component of membrane oxidationreduction process and immune response were the significantly enriched go terms p adj 005 in chickens with nibv infection to further study the biochemical metabolic pathway and signal transduction pathways related to nibv infection kegg analysis and pathway enrichment analysis were conducted in the kegg pathway database there were 901 of the 2868 degs that were annotated to 177 pathways in kegg analysis the level2 kegg classes are shown...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...heparin binding oxidoreductase activity external side of plasma membrane extracellular space membrane integral component of membrane oxidationreduction process and immune response were the significantly enriched go terms p adj 005 in chickens with nibv infection to further study the biochemical metabolic pathway and signal transduction pathways related to nibv infection kegg analysis and pathway enrichment analysis were conducted in the kegg pathway database there were 901 of the 2868 degs that were annotated to 177 pathways in kegg analysis the level2 kegg classes are shown in figure 3d and the 11 significant enriched pathways corrected pvalue 005 as...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...receptor signalling pathway are pattern recognition signal receptor pathways involved in innate immunity simultaneously the transcriptome showed that the peroxisome and amino acid metabolite pathways were suppressed in chickens infected with nibv based on the above results we predicted a schematic diagram of important pathways for chickens in the nibv infection processes figure 3e signalling is activated by monosodium urate msu and reactive oxygen species ros the activation of tlrs and the ros accumulation activates the nlrp3 inflammasome resulting in proteolytic cleavage of caspase1 and the maturation of il18 and il1 and msu has been identified to activate inflammasome complex...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...group was enriched with bacteroides lda 480848153017 from the bacteroidetes phylum and lactobacillus lda 422406025945 from the firmicutes phylum at the species level the microbiota of the con group was enriched with bacteroides vulgatus lda 479658975077 from the bacteroidetes phylum the above data describe that nibv infection alters kidney gene expression and metabolic pathways figure 5a we filtered out five overlapping pathways in the transcriptome and metabolome pathway enrichment analysis including valine leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis arginine and proline metabolism taurine and hypotaurine metabolism alanine aspartate and glutamate metabolism and glutathione metabolism in addition the degs...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...liubryans study has established that host expression of tlr2 tlr4 and their intracellular adapter protein myd88 is a major mediator of msu crystalinduced inflammation [42] this explains the reason for the increase in tlr4 transcription levels in this experiment in addition the transcriptomic analysis showed that nibv infection also activated the rigilike receptor signalling pathway figure 3f signal 2 which included the transcriptional upregulation of genes such as mda5 ips1 traf3 and ib this induction may be due to mda5 acting as a doublestranded rna dsrna sensor to trigger an innate immune response against viral infection [...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...nibv infection also activated the rigilike receptor signalling pathway figure 3f signal 2 which included the transcriptional upregulation of genes such as mda5 ips1 traf3 and ib this induction may be due to mda5 acting as a doublestranded rna dsrna sensor to trigger an innate immune response against viral infection [43] [44] [45] while coronaviruses can produce dsrna intermediates during replication [46] rlrs can not only be expressed in cells infected with various viruses but also directly recognize and perceive virus products and virus particles present in the cytosol outside...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...expressed in cells infected with various viruses but also directly recognize and perceive virus products and virus particles present in the cytosol outside of the endosomes [47] therefore we suspect that the rigilike receptor signalling pathway has a greater role than tolllike receptor signalling in recognizing nibv infection the activation of the tolllike receptor signalling and rigilike receptor signalling pathways results in the production of chemokines and other cytokines that induce a proinflammatory response and tissue destruction in our study several features that are familiar to chickens infected with nibv are consistent with the immunopathological disease these features...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...to chickens infected with nibv are consistent with the immunopathological disease these features include the pathological damage of kidney and the presence of increased transcription of chemokines and other cytokines such as il8 interleukin 8 il18 interleukin 18 and tgf transforming growth factor peroxisomes act to eliminate a microbial infection by modulating the canonical innate immunity pathways through ros signalling [48] several enzymes with antioxidant activity in the peroxisome are involved in neutralizing ros to protect the cells from ros damage among these enzymes catalase cat superoxide dismutase 1 sod1 peroxiredoxin 5 prdx5 glutathione stransferase kappa 1...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...xanthine oxidase xod accompanying the generation of o 2 [53 54] consistently in this study we detected a significant increase in xod activity in serum figure s3 and a significant increase in serum uric acid levels figure 1b these results indicate that nibv infection can activate the inflammatory response by inducing severe ros accumulation the kidney is responsible for the elimination of 70 of the daily ua production [55] atpbinding cassette transporter subfamily g member 2 abcg2 is a highcapacity urate exporter that is located in the brush border membrane of...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...abcg2 dysfunction results in extrarenal urate underexcretion and is a common mechanism of hyperuricemia [56] [57] [58] in the present study the abcg2 mrna was downregulated in the model group chicken kidneys partially explaining the significantly increased uric acid levels caused by nibv infection in addition to being caused by insufficient urate excretion hyperuricemia can also be caused by excessive production of uric acid [59] we found a high level of glutamine which enter the purine metabolic pathway as a raw material for uric acid synthesis the high level of glutamine...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...60] of note ketoglutarate is an intermediate in the tca cycle and glutamate can be reversibly converted to glutamine by glutamine synthetase together these data point to key genes and metabolites related to elevated uric acid synthesis which provides us with new insights into host response to nibv infection the present study highlights the correlation between differential expression of genes and differential abundance of metabolites in significantly enriched pathways and the results showed that those differentially abundant metabolites that map in amino acid metabolism pathways have strongly positive correlations with degs related to innate immune responses it is...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...caecum of the model group infected with nibv further promoted an increase in uric acid levels in serum the results of our correlation analysis further confirm this point that is the negative relationship between the abundance of bacteroides vulgatus lactobacillus and the uric acid concentration however the mechanism of nibv infection leading to a decrease in their abundance still needs further study taken together multitudinous studies to date endorse the concept that a bloom of proteobacteria in the gut reflects gut dysbiosis or an unstable gut microbial community [73] in view of balanced gut microbiota with high stabilization...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...balanced gut microbiota with high stabilization that has symbiotic relationships with the immune system of the host which is capable of suppressing the uncontrolled expansion of proteobacteria the increase in the abundance of proteobacteria in this experiment may be closely related to the immune and metabolic changes caused by nibv infection this report is the first time that multiomics approach was employed to profile the metabolic changes and immune responses in kidney as well as the effects on the intestinal microbiome during nibv infection our results showed that nibv significantly increased uric acid synthesis inhibited the function of peroxisomes and...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...in this experiment may be closely related to the immune and metabolic changes caused by nibv infection this report is the first time that multiomics approach was employed to profile the metabolic changes and immune responses in kidney as well as the effects on the intestinal microbiome during nibv infection our results showed that nibv significantly increased uric acid synthesis inhibited the function of peroxisomes and significantly elevated the pattern recognition receptor signalling pathways in summary our study comprehensively describes the host responses during nibv infection and provides new clues for further dissection of specific gene functions metabolite affections and...

Title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by
Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Xu, Puzhi. Liu, Ping...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 187
ID: 0f93e8fef9ce127337fa00f8b16607d39c6415e8
Number of matches: 25

...responses in kidney as well as the effects on the intestinal microbiome during nibv infection our results showed that nibv significantly increased uric acid synthesis inhibited the function of peroxisomes and significantly elevated the pattern recognition receptor signalling pathways in summary our study comprehensively describes the host responses during nibv infection and provides new clues for further dissection of specific gene functions metabolite affections and the role of gut microbiota during chicken gout supplementary materials the following are available online at httpwwwmdpicom1999491511111070s1 figure s1 heat map of annotated significant differential metabolites note the increasing gradient of red color indicate...

Title: The role of interleukin-12 in the heavy
metal-elicited immunomodulation: relevance of various
evaluation methods
Authors: Hemdan, Nasr YA
Journal: J Occup Med Toxicol
Item: Infection
Index: 189
ID: 0d80c3f53b8900bb8d958492553dc052c2b3c628
Number of matches: 5

...is evidenced by the fact that they form the basis of a sophisticated cellular communication network for normal as well as modulated immune responses experiments using isolated human cells or cytokine gene knockout mice have been proven to be useful for evaluating the regulation of immunocompetent cells in response to infection or following exposure to heavy metals central to these regulatory agents are cd4 t helper th cells that are known to differentiate into at least two subsets th1 and th2 both in mice [18] and in humans [19] these cells secrete different but overlapping...

Title: The role of interleukin-12 in the heavy
metal-elicited immunomodulation: relevance of various
evaluation methods
Authors: Hemdan, Nasr YA
Journal: J Occup Med Toxicol
Item: Infection
Index: 189
ID: 0d80c3f53b8900bb8d958492553dc052c2b3c628
Number of matches: 5

...immune detection the results described here are consistent with previous reports and support the reciprocal interplay between th1 and th2 immune responses the early preference of the th differentiation was believed to depend on the balance between il12 th1 responses and il4 th2 responses profiles [44] infection models of listeria leishmania schistosoma and toxoplasma inferred that il12 induced th1 immune responses and inhibited th2 cells differentiation [45 46] similarly in peripheral type 1 response il12 induced the synthesis of ifn il2 and tnf [47] tnf implicated in mediating the effects of...

Title: The role of interleukin-12 in the heavy
metal-elicited immunomodulation: relevance of various
evaluation methods
Authors: Hemdan, Nasr YA
Journal: J Occup Med Toxicol
Item: Infection
Index: 189
ID: 0d80c3f53b8900bb8d958492553dc052c2b3c628
Number of matches: 5

...resistance of untreated mice marked by elevation of ifn profiles [35] similar effects were elucidated in wildtype as well as in il12 ko and il4 ko balbc mice [49 50] where il12 was indispensable for the induction of a protective th1 response against salmonella infection the possible promotion of il12 in th1 effector function was confirmed by the observation that fully differentiated th1 cells continue to express functional il12 receptor [51] the loss of the transcription factor gata3 expression by developing th1 cells [52] an augmenting th2cellspecific factor [...

Title: The role of interleukin-12 in the heavy
metal-elicited immunomodulation: relevance of various
evaluation methods
Authors: Hemdan, Nasr YA
Journal: J Occup Med Toxicol
Item: Infection
Index: 189
ID: 0d80c3f53b8900bb8d958492553dc052c2b3c628
Number of matches: 5

...il12 in favoring a th1type immune response and indicates that the differentiation into either th1 or th2 phenotype does not constitute a simple dichotomy for example although leishmania major evokes an il4 response in il12p40 ko mice [54] the diminished th1 response observed in stat4deficient mice following infection with l major or toxoplasma gondii was not accompanied by a compensatory th2 response [55] furthermore neither the depletion of ifn in il12 ko mice nor the neutralization of il12 in ifn r ko mice affected the corona viruselicited type 1 cytokine pattern [56] ...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...prior pheics for the april 2009 h1n1 pandemic in may 2014 with the resurgence of polio after its neareradication and in august 2014 in response to the ebola outbreak in west africa the zika declaration is unprecedented as it is the first time that a vectorborne disease ie an infection that is not generally transmitted from persontoperson has been deemed a pheic vectorborne diseases including malaria and dengue account for more than 17 of all infectious diseases and cause more than one million deaths annually 2 while diseases spread by vectors are among the most complex of all infectious diseases...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...south pacific islands in 2014 in the french polynesia outbreak there was an associated large increase in the reported incidence of guillainbarre syndrome gbs a casecontrol study of this outbreak found a gbs attack rate of 024 per 1000 zika virus infections with gbs developing rapidly after the onset of infection with a generally favorable outcome 4 finally the outbreak in the western hemisphere which began in northeastern brazil in 2015 with explosive spread to many countries and territories has infected more than one million persons figure 1 after microcephaly was reported in the zika virus epidemic in south...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...with explosive spread to many countries and territories has infected more than one million persons figure 1 after microcephaly was reported in the zika virus epidemic in south america a retrospective analysis of the french polynesia outbreak found that the number of microcephaly cases associated with zika virus infection was 95 95 ci per 10000 women infected in the first trimester which is about 50 times higher than the baseline rate in the population 5 zika virus rna can be detected in amniotic fluid as well as in brain tissue of fetuses with microcephaly at a time when...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...about 50 times higher than the baseline rate in the population 5 zika virus rna can be detected in amniotic fluid as well as in brain tissue of fetuses with microcephaly at a time when the maternal serum and urine are negative for rna supporting the association between zika virus infection and microcephaly 6 as with all emerging infectious diseases 7 healthcare workers must keep up to date with information about how to detect and manage zika virus this paper describes the adaptation of the identifyisolateinform 3i tool initially developed for ebola virus disease 8 9 and modified for measles...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...who are pregnant or considering becoming pregnant and their partners as it has been detected in fetuses amniotic fluid and semen these patients especially if they have been in or are considering travel to areas with documented zika transmission may present to the ed requesting information and testing zika infection is asymptomatic in 80 of cases when symptomatic it is typically described as a mild denguelike illness manifested by two or more of the following sudden onset fever conjunctivitis arthralgias and maculopapular rash figure 2 myalgias and headache are also common the who interim case definition describes suspected...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...a mild denguelike illness manifested by two or more of the following sudden onset fever conjunctivitis arthralgias and maculopapular rash figure 2 myalgias and headache are also common the who interim case definition describes suspected probable and confirmed cases 12 unlike in dengue death from acute zika virus infection is rare but has been reported in a child with sickle cell disease in colombia 13 the incubation period for zika virus after a person is bitten by koenig et al an infected mosquito ranges from 27 days and may be up to 14 days this is the...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...clinical scenario is not suggestive of zika virus or associated complications in particular due to the high crossreactivity with related flaviviruses serologic test interpretation is complex and can be difficult leading to false positive results conversely a negative zika igm or rtpcr test result does not rule out zika virus infection emergency clinicians should consult with public health experts to assist with interpretation of test results the differential for zika virus infection is broad as many diseases present similarly in patients who have traveled to or lived in an area with ongoing zika transmission within 14 days chikungunya and dengue...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...test interpretation is complex and can be difficult leading to false positive results conversely a negative zika igm or rtpcr test result does not rule out zika virus infection emergency clinicians should consult with public health experts to assist with interpretation of test results the differential for zika virus infection is broad as many diseases present similarly in patients who have traveled to or lived in an area with ongoing zika transmission within 14 days chikungunya and dengue viruses as well as malaria leptospirosis and rickettsial infections are among the other infections that should be considered coinfection with dengue and...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...travelers to zika endemic areas will be found to be coinfected with other pathogens acquired from arthropod bites especially malaria distinguishing these infections from one another based on clinical symptoms and signs can be difficult but malaria is not typically associated with rash or conjunctivitis treatment for zika virus infection is entirely supportive as no specific antiviral therapy is yet available aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs should be avoided until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of hemorrhage as noted the vast majority of cases approximately 80 are asymptomatic most of the remainder of patients have selflimited...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...to remind the healthcare providers who initially assesses the patient to consider whether isolation precautions are needed as patients may present with similar symptoms associated with other infectious diseases that are contagious from person to person in addition to avert acquiring disease people should isolate from mosquito vectors to prevent infection and if infected to prevent potential transmission to others patients presenting in highrisk areas of the us should be advised to use precautions such as staying indoors in an airconditioned environment and wearing longsleeved shirts and long pants on march 16 2016 the us national center for atmospheric research...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...virus in the us the final action of the tool is to inform on january 21 2016 us government regulations authorized cdc to receive case notifications for arboviral illnesses and zika virus adding these entities to the list of nationally notifiable infectious diseases in addition to notifying the hospital infection prevention and control team emergency physicians should ensure that suspected zika cases are reported to appropriate health authorities patients who do not meet medical criteria for admission should be informed about measures to take to limit the risk of virus transmission eg to avoid sexual activity mosquito bites and blood...

Title: Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial
Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the
Emergency Department
Authors: Koenig, Kristi L.. Almadhyan, Abdulmajeed...
Journal: West J Emerg Med
Item: Infection
Index: 190
ID: 1f4d59790ebb50fad78486e25156bcbb6b1edb40
Number of matches: 13

...for example while not approved in the us alone president obama requested 18 billion usd in emergency zika funding 30 zika is an emerging infectious disease that has gained worldwide attention in large part due to its association with fetal microcephaly and rapid global spread as with any novel infection it is important not only to identify and treat individual patients but also to protect healthcare providers and the public health the identifyisolateinform 3i tool is an instrument that can be used realtime on the front lines to rapidly detect and manage patients at risk for zika virus disease presenting...

Title: Commentary on the Regulation of Viral Proteins
in Autophagy Process
Authors: Cheng, Ching-Yuan. Chi, Pei-I...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 191
ID: e172d0ebcbb5e8488f19e2193ac9a9ed96f60efb
Number of matches: 11

...the damaged organelles caused by reactive oxygen species ros [2] impaired autophagy had been found closely related to many pathological conditions such as neurological disorders aging diabetes and cancer [3] autophagy is also involved in the innate and adaptive immunity system to resist pathogen infection by viruses and bacteria [4 5] many signaling pathways are involved in activation of autophagy the mammalian target of rapamycin mtor is one of the main negative mediators of autophagy while the upstream negative regulators of mtor such as phosphatase and tensin deleted on chromosome 10 pten...

Title: Commentary on the Regulation of Viral Proteins
in Autophagy Process
Authors: Cheng, Ching-Yuan. Chi, Pei-I...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 191
ID: e172d0ebcbb5e8488f19e2193ac9a9ed96f60efb
Number of matches: 11

...autophagy to enhance virus replication [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] interestingly human immunodeficiency virus type 1 hiv1 suppresses the late stages of autophagy [27] however it has been reported that autophagyrelated genes appear to facilitate hiv infection [28] the different stages of autophagy might play different roles in virus life cycles formation of autophagosomes has been proposed to offer the platform for viral replication and viral assembly like hiv1 [18 29] degradation of the lipids in the late stage of autophagy...

Title: Commentary on the Regulation of Viral Proteins
in Autophagy Process
Authors: Cheng, Ching-Yuan. Chi, Pei-I...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 191
ID: e172d0ebcbb5e8488f19e2193ac9a9ed96f60efb
Number of matches: 11

...autophagy here we will focus on the regulations of beclin 1vps34 complex pkreif2 signaling pathway the autophagy pathways mtor signaling pathway and cytoprotective signaling pathways and briefly summarize the roles of these wellcharacterized viral proteins in regulation of autophagy as shown in table 1 hsv1 negatively regulates autophagy during infection [31] the 1 345 gene of hsv1 encodes icp345 protein consisting of 263 amino acids this protein has three domains including an nterminal region a linker region of alathrpro repeats and a cterminal region [32 33] it regulates cellular autophagy via two distinctive mechanisms...

Title: Commentary on the Regulation of Viral Proteins
in Autophagy Process
Authors: Cheng, Ching-Yuan. Chi, Pei-I...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 191
ID: e172d0ebcbb5e8488f19e2193ac9a9ed96f60efb
Number of matches: 11

...and x respectively the hbx protein encoded by the x gene serves as a multifunctional regulatory protein since it is involved in regulating cell cycle signaling transduction and cellular apoptotic pathways [37] hbv can enhance autophagic flux in cell culture and transgenic mouse liver and during natural infection enhancement of autophagy caused by hbv is now believed by the contribution of hbx [38] in accordance with the results of coimmunoprecipitation assays performed by sir et al it was discovered that hbx can directly bind to vps34 the catalytic subunit of pi3kc3 to promote the activity...

Title: Commentary on the Regulation of Viral Proteins
in Autophagy Process
Authors: Cheng, Ching-Yuan. Chi, Pei-I...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 191
ID: e172d0ebcbb5e8488f19e2193ac9a9ed96f60efb
Number of matches: 11

...binding domain [51 52] proteins mcmv is a dna virus in the herpesviridae family mcmv gene expression andor viral replication can cause accumulation of dsrna in infected cells however activation of the pkrmediated antiviral response by dsrna is counteracted by viral m142 and m143 proteins during mcmv infection both m142 and m143 proteins are important for mcmv replication and both of them are essential for inhibition of pkr and subsequent eif2 phosphorylation [53] to exert its role in inactivating pkr m142 associates with m143 to form a stable heterotetramer complex including two molecules of m142...

Title: Commentary on the Regulation of Viral Proteins
in Autophagy Process
Authors: Cheng, Ching-Yuan. Chi, Pei-I...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 191
ID: e172d0ebcbb5e8488f19e2193ac9a9ed96f60efb
Number of matches: 11

...proliferation protein chikv is an enveloped virus with a positivestrand rna genome belonging to the alphavirus genus it triggers an autophagy response in infected humancultured cells to promote viral replication [64] chikv encodes 4 nonstructural proteins nsp1 to nsp4 which are important for virus replication during infection nsps bind to viral rna to form replicative complexes rc thereby resulting in rcs to anchor into the subcellular membranes situated around the nucleus for viral protein synthesis among these nsps the nsp2 had been identified as an essential component of rcs [65] furthermore the nsp2 can...

Title: Commentary on the Regulation of Viral Proteins
in Autophagy Process
Authors: Cheng, Ching-Yuan. Chi, Pei-I...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 191
ID: e172d0ebcbb5e8488f19e2193ac9a9ed96f60efb
Number of matches: 11

...autophagy as well and it binds to autophagosomes to prevent the autophagolysosome formation the nsp4 protein of rotavirus is likely to recruit autophagosomal membrane to viroplasm to promote virus replication wherein the viral rna is replicated [70 71] similarly hiv1 induces the autophagic vacuoles in macrophages during infection to enhance its replication and its nef protein blocks the maturation of autophagolysosomes to prevent gag proteins from degradation [18 72] simian virus 40 sv40 is a dna virus that belongs to polyomaviridae family sv40 like other polyomaviruses is potentially oncogenic tumor causing the small t antigen...

Title: Commentary on the Regulation of Viral Proteins
in Autophagy Process
Authors: Cheng, Ching-Yuan. Chi, Pei-I...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 191
ID: e172d0ebcbb5e8488f19e2193ac9a9ed96f60efb
Number of matches: 11

...clean these unwanted proteins there are three main pathways activated upon upr induction including transcription factor 6 atf6 pkrlike er kinase perk and inositolrequiring kinase 1 ire1 [76] a number of viruses that have been characterized encode proteins modifying autophagy through upr to their own advantages during infection for example severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus sarscov modulates upr by activating perk protein kinase by its viral spike s protein [77 78] while the e protein encoded by the envelope gene downregulates the ire1 signaling pathway [79] hcmv protein pul38 like the small...

Title: Commentary on the Regulation of Viral Proteins
in Autophagy Process
Authors: Cheng, Ching-Yuan. Chi, Pei-I...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 191
ID: e172d0ebcbb5e8488f19e2193ac9a9ed96f60efb
Number of matches: 11

...damaged dna activation of ddr causes cell cycle arrest and initiates the dna repair system avoiding mutated dna duplication ddr signaling is primarily controlled by ataxia telangiectasia mutated atm atm and rad3related atr and dnadependent protein kinase dnapk [87] the existence of a complex interrelationship between viral infection and cellular ddr revealed that some viruses can selectively activate andor repress ddr signaling pathways in a temporally coordinated manner to promote virus replication [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] kshv vcyclin is one of the wellknown viral proteins that...

Title: Commentary on the Regulation of Viral Proteins
in Autophagy Process
Authors: Cheng, Ching-Yuan. Chi, Pei-I...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 191
ID: e172d0ebcbb5e8488f19e2193ac9a9ed96f60efb
Number of matches: 11

...and cellular senescence [81 86] kshv vcyclin is cotranscribed with the latencyassociated nuclear antigen lana and vflip in a latent transcription unit and it cooperates with vflip to precisely control the autophagy formation in kshvinfected cells this cooperation might contribute to the phenomenon observed in kshv latent infection wherein the infected cells only have modest levels of autophagy and fail to senesce as reported by leidal et al [92] due to the ability to degrade the pathogens from outer environment autophagy is also one of the protective mechanisms against viruses that are harmful to the...

Title: Commentary on the Regulation of Viral Proteins
in Autophagy Process
Authors: Cheng, Ching-Yuan. Chi, Pei-I...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 191
ID: e172d0ebcbb5e8488f19e2193ac9a9ed96f60efb
Number of matches: 11

...to evade from the defenses as autophagy nevertheless previous investigations also revealed that several viruses induce autophagy to benefit themselves the regulation of autophagy is a procedure involving a series of steps that require wellcontrolled signaling pathways how the viruses operate in this process in order to complete their productive infection in host cells remain to be addressed understanding of the roles of autophagy and autophagyrelated regulation in virus life cycle can raise the possibility in developing more specific antiviral treatments and even more the new findings might further support the therapies for other autophagyrelated diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and...

Title: The Evolutionary Processes of Canine
Coronaviruses
Authors: Pratelli, Annamaria
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 193
ID: 551042ee7c8e1bd9f237a51c666376205c89bb3e
Number of matches: 11

...was first described during an epizootic in a canine military unit in germany in 1971 [19] starting from this first report ccov was isolated repeatedly from affected dogs and today appears to be enzootic worldwide and dogs of all breeds and ages seem to be susceptible to infection [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] whereas fatal infections are unusual unless mixed with infections by other pathogens or with overcrowding and unsanitary conditions ccov alone is an important canine pathogen responsible for epizootics...

Title: The Evolutionary Processes of Canine
Coronaviruses
Authors: Pratelli, Annamaria
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 193
ID: 551042ee7c8e1bd9f237a51c666376205c89bb3e
Number of matches: 11

... the significance of all these data is still unclear but it raises several questions regarding the biology of ccovs the literature on ccovsinduced disease offers little or no useful information and although in more recent years additional important data have shed light on the more obscure aspects of the infection several studies need to be performed to extend knowledge of these two ccov genotypes the data acquired on the genome of the enteric ccovs and on their evolution focus upon important epidemiological outcomes in the field in terms of both prophylaxis and virus evolution hence the serological correlation between the...

Title: The Evolutionary Processes of Canine
Coronaviruses
Authors: Pratelli, Annamaria
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 193
ID: 551042ee7c8e1bd9f237a51c666376205c89bb3e
Number of matches: 11

...other pathogens common signs include soft faeces or fluid diarrhoea vomiting dehydration loss of appetite and occasionally death dual infections by ccov and canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 are especially severe when infections occur simultaneously [35] but ccovs can also enhance the severity of a sequential cpv2 infection [36] the natural route of transmission is faecaloral and virus in faeces is the major source of infection in neonatal dogs the virus appears to replicate primarily in the villus tips of the enterocytes of the small intestine causing a lytic infection followed by desquamation and shortening...

Title: The Evolutionary Processes of Canine
Coronaviruses
Authors: Pratelli, Annamaria
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 193
ID: 551042ee7c8e1bd9f237a51c666376205c89bb3e
Number of matches: 11

...ccov and canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 are especially severe when infections occur simultaneously [35] but ccovs can also enhance the severity of a sequential cpv2 infection [36] the natural route of transmission is faecaloral and virus in faeces is the major source of infection in neonatal dogs the virus appears to replicate primarily in the villus tips of the enterocytes of the small intestine causing a lytic infection followed by desquamation and shortening of the villi and resulting in diarrhoea 1872 h post infection [37] production of local igas restricts the...

Title: The Evolutionary Processes of Canine
Coronaviruses
Authors: Pratelli, Annamaria
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 193
ID: 551042ee7c8e1bd9f237a51c666376205c89bb3e
Number of matches: 11

...severity of a sequential cpv2 infection [36] the natural route of transmission is faecaloral and virus in faeces is the major source of infection in neonatal dogs the virus appears to replicate primarily in the villus tips of the enterocytes of the small intestine causing a lytic infection followed by desquamation and shortening of the villi and resulting in diarrhoea 1872 h post infection [37] production of local igas restricts the spread of the virus within the intestine and arrests the progress of the infection therefore infected dogs may shed virus for as long as...

Title: The Evolutionary Processes of Canine
Coronaviruses
Authors: Pratelli, Annamaria
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 193
ID: 551042ee7c8e1bd9f237a51c666376205c89bb3e
Number of matches: 11

...faecaloral and virus in faeces is the major source of infection in neonatal dogs the virus appears to replicate primarily in the villus tips of the enterocytes of the small intestine causing a lytic infection followed by desquamation and shortening of the villi and resulting in diarrhoea 1872 h post infection [37] production of local igas restricts the spread of the virus within the intestine and arrests the progress of the infection therefore infected dogs may shed virus for as long as 6 months after clinical signs have ceased [29 38] recent extensive biomolecular analysis...

Title: The Evolutionary Processes of Canine
Coronaviruses
Authors: Pratelli, Annamaria
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 193
ID: 551042ee7c8e1bd9f237a51c666376205c89bb3e
Number of matches: 11

...of the enterocytes of the small intestine causing a lytic infection followed by desquamation and shortening of the villi and resulting in diarrhoea 1872 h post infection [37] production of local igas restricts the spread of the virus within the intestine and arrests the progress of the infection therefore infected dogs may shed virus for as long as 6 months after clinical signs have ceased [29 38] recent extensive biomolecular analysis of faecal samples collected from infected dogs in italy revealed that ccovs infection is widespread and often characterized by the occurrence of both genotypes...

Title: The Evolutionary Processes of Canine
Coronaviruses
Authors: Pratelli, Annamaria
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 193
ID: 551042ee7c8e1bd9f237a51c666376205c89bb3e
Number of matches: 11

...the virus within the intestine and arrests the progress of the infection therefore infected dogs may shed virus for as long as 6 months after clinical signs have ceased [29 38] recent extensive biomolecular analysis of faecal samples collected from infected dogs in italy revealed that ccovs infection is widespread and often characterized by the occurrence of both genotypes simultaneously [39 40] ccovs type 1 and type 2 were found to be common in an australian animal shelter with ccov type 1 being prevalent [41] ccovs have also been found in western...

Title: The Evolutionary Processes of Canine
Coronaviruses
Authors: Pratelli, Annamaria
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 193
ID: 551042ee7c8e1bd9f237a51c666376205c89bb3e
Number of matches: 11

...of the spike protein whereas the rest of the genome revealed a higher genetic relatedness to ccov type 2 isolates the relevant antigenic differences observed between reference ccov type 2 and recombinant tgevlike ccovs could have implications for prophylaxis programs as dogs administered classical ccov vaccines may be susceptible to infection caused by the recombinant virus another example of the evident evolution of dog coronaviruses as a consequence of the accumulation of point mutations small insertions and deletions in coding and noncoding regions of the genome is the recent identification of a novel coronavirus canine respiratory coronavirus crcov in tissue...

Title: The Evolutionary Processes of Canine
Coronaviruses
Authors: Pratelli, Annamaria
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 193
ID: 551042ee7c8e1bd9f237a51c666376205c89bb3e
Number of matches: 11

...microscopy are rapid procedures for detecting coronavirus and appear to be valuable diagnostic tools [59] however coronaviruslike particles in intestinal contents often resemble coronaviruses [60] and em examination required specialized laboratories and technicians vi is the most commonly used technique for diagnosis of ccovs infection [45] but is more complex more timeconsuming and less sensitive than other methods ccov type 2 grows on several cell lines of canine and feline origin and the identification of an isolate requires neutralization of the cytopathic effects andor immunofluorescence test with a reference serum or monoclonal...

Title: The Evolutionary Processes of Canine
Coronaviruses
Authors: Pratelli, Annamaria
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 193
ID: 551042ee7c8e1bd9f237a51c666376205c89bb3e
Number of matches: 11

...affecting ccovs could clarify the evolutionary processes leading to the proliferation of new virus strains serotypes and subtype as happened for sarscov and for strain ccov type 2cb05 notwithstanding the several studies carried out on ccovs there are a lot of aspects yet to be clarified the meaning of simultaneous infection by ccov type 1 and ccov type 2 the real pathogenetic role of these two viruses the immune response against ccov type 1 and ccov type 2 and the assessment of ccov type 2 cb05like virus distribution among dog populations...

Title: Is Generalized Maternal Optimism or Pessimism
During Pregnancy Associated with Unplanned Cesarean
Section Deliveries in China?
Authors: Moyer, Cheryl A.. Elsayed, Yasmin...
Journal: J Pregnancy
Item: Infection
Index: 195
ID: 335f41145ff784047aa5a0ae829be50613c65038
Number of matches: 1

...were treated as a separate group additional data collected from the medical record included gestational age of the infant at delivery birthweight labor duration use of pain medication 1minute and 5minute apgar scores and any of a number of delivery or birth complications including such things as hemorrhage preeclampsia intrauterine infection breech presentation or delayed labor for the purposes of this analysis all of those factors were combined into a single dichotomous variable termed birth complications chart review data were entered into a spreadsheet and cleaned all data were analyzed using spss statistical software version 171 spss inc chicago il...

Title: Leukocyte- and Platelet-Derived
Microvesicle Interactions following In Vitro and In Vivo
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Xiong, Jing. Miller, Virginia M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 196
ID: 264e7bc2caec36fca2b89d1f21198b8abb4a2d3e
Number of matches: 15

......

Title: Leukocyte- and Platelet-Derived
Microvesicle Interactions following In Vitro and In Vivo
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Xiong, Jing. Miller, Virginia M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 196
ID: 264e7bc2caec36fca2b89d1f21198b8abb4a2d3e
Number of matches: 15

...tolllike receptor 4 tlr4 tlr4 is expressed on the surface of cells including leukocytes and platelets [6 7 8] under physiological conditions platelets and leukocytes circulate in quiescent state and do not interact with each other however once activated under pathophysiological conditions such as those associated with infection platelets change shape secrete prothrombogenic inflammatory and cellular adhesion molecules from alphaand densegranules which cause the platelets to adhere to each other or to leukocytes andor vascular endothelium [9 10 11 12] the physiological consequences of stimuli associated with infection like lps stimulation are acute but can...

Title: Leukocyte- and Platelet-Derived
Microvesicle Interactions following In Vitro and In Vivo
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Xiong, Jing. Miller, Virginia M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 196
ID: 264e7bc2caec36fca2b89d1f21198b8abb4a2d3e
Number of matches: 15

...pathophysiological conditions such as those associated with infection platelets change shape secrete prothrombogenic inflammatory and cellular adhesion molecules from alphaand densegranules which cause the platelets to adhere to each other or to leukocytes andor vascular endothelium [9 10 11 12] the physiological consequences of stimuli associated with infection like lps stimulation are acute but can be sustained for example halflife of platelets was shortened and the activation state of newly formed platelets from bone marrow megakaryocytes increased within seven days following a single acute intravenous injection of lps in mice [13 14] however cellular events...

Title: Leukocyte- and Platelet-Derived
Microvesicle Interactions following In Vitro and In Vivo
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Xiong, Jing. Miller, Virginia M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 196
ID: 264e7bc2caec36fca2b89d1f21198b8abb4a2d3e
Number of matches: 15

...increased within seven days following a single acute intravenous injection of lps in mice [13 14] however cellular events specifically those occurring among blood elements contributing to the shortened halflife and increased activation state of platelets remains to be clarified one mechanism offered to explain how infection contributes to the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases is through increased production of proinflammatory cytokines [1 3] however this explanation does not address how the production of inflammatory cytokines might proceed nor does it identity the cell types which are targets for the lps stimulation platelets...

Title: Leukocyte- and Platelet-Derived
Microvesicle Interactions following In Vitro and In Vivo
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Xiong, Jing. Miller, Virginia M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 196
ID: 264e7bc2caec36fca2b89d1f21198b8abb4a2d3e
Number of matches: 15

...mv which may contribute to increased thrombogenic propensity of the blood proinflammatory immune processes and thus cardiovascular risk [15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22] clarifying the interactions of these blood elements platelets and leukocytes in the setting of tlr4 activation might provide insight into how infection initiates or facilitates progression of cardiovascular disease mv are cell membranederived vesicles ranging in size from 01 to 1 micron in diameter which are shed in response to cellular activation cellcell interaction and apoptosis [23 24 25 26 27] these cellderived vesicles are an interface of...

Title: Leukocyte- and Platelet-Derived
Microvesicle Interactions following In Vitro and In Vivo
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Xiong, Jing. Miller, Virginia M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 196
ID: 264e7bc2caec36fca2b89d1f21198b8abb4a2d3e
Number of matches: 15

...are shed in response to cellular activation cellcell interaction and apoptosis [23 24 25 26 27] these cellderived vesicles are an interface of activation between cellular components of the blood with the vascular wall and between soluble components of the blood associated with immunity including response to infection [24 28 29] for example phosphatidylserine ps on the surface of mv provides catalytic sites for prothrombinase complex to generate thrombin needed for the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin in formation of clots [25 30 31] furthermore exposure of diluted blood to lps in...

Title: Leukocyte- and Platelet-Derived
Microvesicle Interactions following In Vitro and In Vivo
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Xiong, Jing. Miller, Virginia M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 196
ID: 264e7bc2caec36fca2b89d1f21198b8abb4a2d3e
Number of matches: 15

...to leukocytes obtained from animals treated with vehicle or a week before lps injection in the same mouse granulocytes and monocytes were significantly positive for platelet antigen seven days after the single lps injection figure 4 apoptotic bodies also stained positive for platelet antigen figure 4 understanding how infection alters cellcell interactions and release of mv from specific blood borne elements may help to identify new targets for reducing cardiovascularthrombotic risk with infection this study demonstrates the acute immediate interaction of platelets and leukocytes after incubation of whole blood with a sentinel dose of lps through tlr4 signaling exchange...

Title: Leukocyte- and Platelet-Derived
Microvesicle Interactions following In Vitro and In Vivo
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Xiong, Jing. Miller, Virginia M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 196
ID: 264e7bc2caec36fca2b89d1f21198b8abb4a2d3e
Number of matches: 15

...for platelet antigen seven days after the single lps injection figure 4 apoptotic bodies also stained positive for platelet antigen figure 4 understanding how infection alters cellcell interactions and release of mv from specific blood borne elements may help to identify new targets for reducing cardiovascularthrombotic risk with infection this study demonstrates the acute immediate interaction of platelets and leukocytes after incubation of whole blood with a sentinel dose of lps through tlr4 signaling exchange of antigens and associations of specific cellderived mv among cells is a mechanism for the transfers signaling molecules to specific cells for example mv...

Title: Leukocyte- and Platelet-Derived
Microvesicle Interactions following In Vitro and In Vivo
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Xiong, Jing. Miller, Virginia M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 196
ID: 264e7bc2caec36fca2b89d1f21198b8abb4a2d3e
Number of matches: 15

...infective agents monocytes showed the greatest expression of platelet antigen following lps injection since monocytes are considered to be the primary leukocytic cell involved with development of atherosclerotic lesions [45 46 47] the present results provide insight into a mechanism linking low to moderate levels of infection to progression of cardiovascular disease to our knowledge results of the present study represent the first to examine timedependent changes in production of mv exchange of cellspecific antigens in cells derived from whole blood incubated with lps in diluted blood addition of lps 500 ng or 1 mgml increased...

Title: Leukocyte- and Platelet-Derived
Microvesicle Interactions following In Vitro and In Vivo
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Xiong, Jing. Miller, Virginia M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 196
ID: 264e7bc2caec36fca2b89d1f21198b8abb4a2d3e
Number of matches: 15

...1 hour after the initial exposure to lps in addition effects of lps stimulation are sustained at least up to 7 days past the initial lps exposure as leukocytes express platelet antigen at this time point collectively these results identify an acute and rapid signaling mechanism by which sentinelgrade acute infection through tlr4 alters blood hemostasis and sustained leukocyte activation which may contribute to progression of cardiovascular diseases...

Title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower
respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age – a
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lukšić, Ivana. Kearns, Patrick K...
Journal: Croat Med J
Item: Infection
Index: 197
ID: 428d1091cf63872ea81cb3c1632d76c4813748a1
Number of matches: 11

...of alri s pneumoniae and h influenzae type b leading to marked reductions in both hospitalizations and deaths 21 22 this will lead to increased focus on viral causes and their prevention and management strains of influenza type a and b viruses can be life threatening 3 although infection in the majority of young children is vaccinepreventable 23 24 parainfluenza viruses piv are the most common cause of croup in young children with piv1 and piv3 also being the causes of severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia 3 4 25 but there are currently no licensed piv vaccines adenoviruses...

Title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower
respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age – a
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lukšić, Ivana. Kearns, Patrick K...
Journal: Croat Med J
Item: Infection
Index: 197
ID: 428d1091cf63872ea81cb3c1632d76c4813748a1
Number of matches: 11

...children with piv1 and piv3 also being the causes of severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia 3 4 25 but there are currently no licensed piv vaccines adenoviruses av have long been recognized as pathogens of the lower respiratory tract that can be associated with severe or lethal lower respiratory tract infection 3 26 27 or bronchiolitis obliterans 28 29 30 31 coronaviruses cv cause common cold and have been historically thought to be a very rare cause of alri 32 despite the fact that they sporadically caused catastrophic disease in livestock 33 the sarscv outbreak in 2003 which...

Title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower
respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age – a
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lukšić, Ivana. Kearns, Patrick K...
Journal: Croat Med J
Item: Infection
Index: 197
ID: 428d1091cf63872ea81cb3c1632d76c4813748a1
Number of matches: 11

...studies consider nasopharyngeal aspirates for viral detection as acceptable although acknowledging limitations viruses detected in the upper airway of a patient with alri are not necessarily pathogens of the lower respiratory tract hiv coinfection as this is known to increase the susceptibility to alri and the rate of atypical infection 40 viral detection technique and timing as there is large variability in the sensitivity of different techniques viral culture can only reliably be used within 2 days of onset of acute rhinorrhea when viable virus shedding is at its peak 41 pcr can be used much later because it...

Title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower
respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age – a
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lukšić, Ivana. Kearns, Patrick K...
Journal: Croat Med J
Item: Infection
Index: 197
ID: 428d1091cf63872ea81cb3c1632d76c4813748a1
Number of matches: 11

...severe alri aged 04 years in whom at least one virus was detected including rsv only studies that investigated three or more viruses were included in this analysis 7 studies in total this is an arbitrary cut off these studies were deemed sufficiently active in their approach to detect viral infection although the final result is likely to underestimate the true burden pooled proportion was 504 95 confidence interval [ci] 400 to 607 with i inconsistency parameter estimate of 970 95 ci 960 to 977 table 2 bronchiolitis as a clinical diagnosis is useful in identifying children...

Title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower
respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age – a
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lukšić, Ivana. Kearns, Patrick K...
Journal: Croat Med J
Item: Infection
Index: 197
ID: 428d1091cf63872ea81cb3c1632d76c4813748a1
Number of matches: 11

...that pooled proportion was 153 95 ci 106205 with i parameter estimate of 913 95 ci 857940 further analysis which only included viruspositive alri cases estimated that at least 219 95 ci 177264 of the viral alri were mixed figure 5 metaanalysis included 9 studies in which iv infection was laboratory confirmed figure 6 we used only the 9 studies in which study population diagnosis was alri rather than pneumonia or bronchiolitis separately we estimated that 30 95 ci 2240 of hospitalized alri in children were due to iv with i parameter estimate of 891 95 ci 817926...

Title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower
respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age – a
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lukšić, Ivana. Kearns, Patrick K...
Journal: Croat Med J
Item: Infection
Index: 197
ID: 428d1091cf63872ea81cb3c1632d76c4813748a1
Number of matches: 11

...used only the 9 studies in which study population diagnosis was alri rather than pneumonia or bronchiolitis separately we estimated that 30 95 ci 2240 of hospitalized alri in children were due to iv with i parameter estimate of 891 95 ci 817926 further analysis was performed to quantify iv infection as a proportion of all viral alri iv accounted for 70 95 ci 5587 with i parameter estimate of 773 95 ci 472870 table 2 metaanalysis included 7 studies in which piv infection was confirmed figure 7 similarly to iv infection we only included those 7 studies...

Title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower
respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age – a
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lukšić, Ivana. Kearns, Patrick K...
Journal: Croat Med J
Item: Infection
Index: 197
ID: 428d1091cf63872ea81cb3c1632d76c4813748a1
Number of matches: 11

...i parameter estimate of 891 95 ci 817926 further analysis was performed to quantify iv infection as a proportion of all viral alri iv accounted for 70 95 ci 5587 with i parameter estimate of 773 95 ci 472870 table 2 metaanalysis included 7 studies in which piv infection was confirmed figure 7 similarly to iv infection we only included those 7 studies where diagnosis was alri rather than pneumonia or bronchiolitis separately this analysis also excluded 3 studies where croup was a suspected diagnosis because piv are the major cause of croup we estimated that 27 95...

Title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower
respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age – a
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lukšić, Ivana. Kearns, Patrick K...
Journal: Croat Med J
Item: Infection
Index: 197
ID: 428d1091cf63872ea81cb3c1632d76c4813748a1
Number of matches: 11

...analysis was performed to quantify iv infection as a proportion of all viral alri iv accounted for 70 95 ci 5587 with i parameter estimate of 773 95 ci 472870 table 2 metaanalysis included 7 studies in which piv infection was confirmed figure 7 similarly to iv infection we only included those 7 studies where diagnosis was alri rather than pneumonia or bronchiolitis separately this analysis also excluded 3 studies where croup was a suspected diagnosis because piv are the major cause of croup we estimated that 27 95 ci 1937 of hospitalized alri in children were due...

Title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower
respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age – a
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lukšić, Ivana. Kearns, Patrick K...
Journal: Croat Med J
Item: Infection
Index: 197
ID: 428d1091cf63872ea81cb3c1632d76c4813748a1
Number of matches: 11

...hospitalized alri in children were due to piv with i parameter estimate of 90 95 ci 820935 among all viruspositive hospitalized alri cases piv accounted for 58 95 ci 4177 with i parameter estimate of 854 95 ci 671915 table 2 metaanalysis included 9 studies in which av infection was confirmed figure 8 similarly to iv infection we only included those 9 studies in which diagnosis was alri rather than pneumonia or bronchiolitis separately we estimated that 58 95 ci 3491 of hospitalized alri in children were due to av with i parameter estimate of 982 95 ci...

Title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower
respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age – a
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lukšić, Ivana. Kearns, Patrick K...
Journal: Croat Med J
Item: Infection
Index: 197
ID: 428d1091cf63872ea81cb3c1632d76c4813748a1
Number of matches: 11

...i parameter estimate of 90 95 ci 820935 among all viruspositive hospitalized alri cases piv accounted for 58 95 ci 4177 with i parameter estimate of 854 95 ci 671915 table 2 metaanalysis included 9 studies in which av infection was confirmed figure 8 similarly to iv infection we only included those 9 studies in which diagnosis was alri rather than pneumonia or bronchiolitis separately we estimated that 58 95 ci 3491 of hospitalized alri in children were due to av with i parameter estimate of 982 95 ci 978985 among all viruspositive alri cases av accounted for...

Title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower
respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age – a
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lukšić, Ivana. Kearns, Patrick K...
Journal: Croat Med J
Item: Infection
Index: 197
ID: 428d1091cf63872ea81cb3c1632d76c4813748a1
Number of matches: 11

...lower airway surprisingly no study included in this review detailed the study populations past vaccinations in areas where vaccination against bacterial causes has been implemented higher proportion of viral etiology would be expected it also seems likely that a higher proportion of viral alri cases that are complicated by bacterial infection would be hospitalized than of those that are pure viral infections it was beyond the scope of this study to consider virus seasonality or age breakdown for specific viral infections in contrast to the other main respiratory viruses piv has been suggested to cause alri more frequently in summer months...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...felids such as the wildcat and lynxes [2] contact and saliva are the main modes of transmission although faeces have also been shown to contain virus shed from infected cats [3] cats exposed to felv may become either persistently viraemic or recover from the infection with young cats being more rapidly infected following contact exposure [4] a third category of cats infected with felv are those with a latent infection they are not viraemic but have a covert infection and do not develop felv disease [5] viraemic animals do...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...virus shed from infected cats [3] cats exposed to felv may become either persistently viraemic or recover from the infection with young cats being more rapidly infected following contact exposure [4] a third category of cats infected with felv are those with a latent infection they are not viraemic but have a covert infection and do not develop felv disease [5] viraemic animals do not respond to felv antigens and show limited response to the virus and are as a result at higher risk of developing fatal disease those cats which do...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...cats exposed to felv may become either persistently viraemic or recover from the infection with young cats being more rapidly infected following contact exposure [4] a third category of cats infected with felv are those with a latent infection they are not viraemic but have a covert infection and do not develop felv disease [5] viraemic animals do not respond to felv antigens and show limited response to the virus and are as a result at higher risk of developing fatal disease those cats which do recover from the infection produce virus neutralising antibodies which...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...viraemic but have a covert infection and do not develop felv disease [5] viraemic animals do not respond to felv antigens and show limited response to the virus and are as a result at higher risk of developing fatal disease those cats which do recover from the infection produce virus neutralising antibodies which are considered important in preventing reinfection and can be passed through colostrum to protect neonatal kittens [6] antibodies to the feline oncornavirusassociated cell membrane antigen focma can also be induced which protect against the development of felvrelated neoplastic disease [7]...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...development of felvrelated neoplastic disease [7] in addition to antibodymediated responses the role of cellmediated immune responses may also be involved with protection as felv is still a significant pathogen of domestic cats worldwide it is clear that there are demands for methods to protect against infection or virusrelated disease previous studies reviewed by sparkes [8] have examined the protection of cats against infection afforded by vaccination with a variety of commercial vaccines which were shown to vary considerably in efficacy another study examined the protection of cats against felv challenge following vaccination with leukocell...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...responses may also be involved with protection as felv is still a significant pathogen of domestic cats worldwide it is clear that there are demands for methods to protect against infection or virusrelated disease previous studies reviewed by sparkes [8] have examined the protection of cats against infection afforded by vaccination with a variety of commercial vaccines which were shown to vary considerably in efficacy another study examined the protection of cats against felv challenge following vaccination with leukocell 2 and showed duration of immunity lasting at least 12 months following the primary course [7] ...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...t03 to t09 cats in groups t01 and t02 received a 2 ml dose cats were challenged either 8 months 20 months or 36 months after vaccination previous laboratory studies performed by the authors indicated that this challenge titre volume and route of administration were sufficient to result in felv infection in younger animals all study animals were observed at least once daily for signs of distress or ill health in addition cats and kittens had a physical examination prior to enrolment and vaccination if applicable clinical observations rectal temperature and injection site measurements were also performed following vaccinations and...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...antigen on one or more occasions after administration of the felv viral challenge on study day 243 of these six animals four met the criteria for persistent antigenaemia the remaining five cats in t01 were negative for felv p27 antigen throughout the period of assessment thus the rate of persistent infection with felv in t01 was 364 four out of 11 cats of the 15 cats enrolled in group t02 versifel felv only one animal was observed to be positive for felv p27 antigen postchallenge this cat was positive on each sampling occasion from study day 264 to 348 inclusive...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...be positive for felv p27 antigen postchallenge this cat was positive on each sampling occasion from study day 264 to 348 inclusive and therefore met the criteria for persistent antigenaemia thus for group t02 where 14 out of 15 cats treated with versifel felv did not develop any signs of infection with the felv virus the treatment success rate was 933 four out of five 800 of the kittens enrolled in t03 and which had received no treatment were observed to be positive for felv p27 antigen on each post challenge sampling occasion and therefore these four animals each met...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...aged approximately 10 months 22 months or 38 months old while the kitten groups were approximately three to four months old the monograph specifies that for a successful challenge study the challenge virus must be an epidemiologically relevant isolate and that less than 20 of vaccinated cats should develop persistent infection and more than 80 of control cats must develop persistent infection when referring to the monograph requirements none of the three studies was a complete success even though they all used the same vaccine the vaccinated groups did not show persistent antigenaemia and thus it could be considered that...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...the kitten groups were approximately three to four months old the monograph specifies that for a successful challenge study the challenge virus must be an epidemiologically relevant isolate and that less than 20 of vaccinated cats should develop persistent infection and more than 80 of control cats must develop persistent infection when referring to the monograph requirements none of the three studies was a complete success even though they all used the same vaccine the vaccinated groups did not show persistent antigenaemia and thus it could be considered that the vaccine offered full protection against a subsequent challenge with virulent...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...not show persistent antigenaemia and thus it could be considered that the vaccine offered full protection against a subsequent challenge with virulent felv during the timescale of each study this observation is offset by the fact that the adult control animals in each study did not succumb to the challenge infection in sufficient numbers with a maximum of 455 animals in the 20 month duration study showing persistent antigenaemia given that the felv challenge was administered to these cats when they were approximately 10 to 39 months of age it is likely that some degree of age related immunity to felv...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...in sufficient numbers with a maximum of 455 animals in the 20 month duration study showing persistent antigenaemia given that the felv challenge was administered to these cats when they were approximately 10 to 39 months of age it is likely that some degree of age related immunity to felv infection may have been a factor in this low rate of persistent p27 antigenaemia in unvaccinated cats age related resistance to felv challenge has been reported previously [4 6] and consequently this result was not unexpected indeed one study by hoover and others [10] showed a rapid...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...in this low rate of persistent p27 antigenaemia in unvaccinated cats age related resistance to felv challenge has been reported previously [4 6] and consequently this result was not unexpected indeed one study by hoover and others [10] showed a rapid decrease in susceptibility to experimental infection with felv with 100 of newborn kittens able to be infected compared to 15 of cats aged 4 months or 1 year old a recent study comparing felv vaccine efficacy challenged cats with a considerably smaller dose volume and titre and achieved persistent antigenaemia in seven of eight controls as...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...effector cytotoxic t lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and lymphoid organs than observed in unvaccinated control persistently viraemic cats the apparent absence of viraemia in cats following vaccination with the versifel felv vaccine in that felv antigen could not be detected in serum samples following challenge does not mean that infection was prevented as clinical observations showed enlarged lymph nodes indicative of felvrelated disease other studies have shown that during an asymptomatic phase of infection that no severe clinical signs were observed with some cats showing mild stomatitis or gingivitis diarrhoea and mild weight loss [14] which is...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...in cats following vaccination with the versifel felv vaccine in that felv antigen could not be detected in serum samples following challenge does not mean that infection was prevented as clinical observations showed enlarged lymph nodes indicative of felvrelated disease other studies have shown that during an asymptomatic phase of infection that no severe clinical signs were observed with some cats showing mild stomatitis or gingivitis diarrhoea and mild weight loss [14] which is similar to what was observed in the current study the correlation of protection with low level virus neutralising gp70 antibodies only seen in a...

Title: Difficulties in demonstrating long term
immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing
age-related resistance to infection
Authors: Wilson, Stephen. Greenslade, Juliet...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 198
ID: 849541788c0fe480a2fb9e13b20f3937e759b249
Number of matches: 17

...immunity to felv induced by vaccination with a variety of inactivated viruses two of the vaccines were found to protect against subsequent challenge but this effective containment of the virus occurred despite minimal detectable virus neutralising antibodies being seen in conclusion we have shown that although agerelated resistance to infection with a virulent felv challenge is evident from as early as 10 months of age vaccination with versifel felv can help protect cats from felv related disease up to three years after primary vaccination as kittens...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...observed mainly in broilers and depending on the pathotype of the ibv strain and on the bird age it may cause high mortality and microscopic lesions of degeneration and necrosis of the renal tubular cells and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltrate [3 4 5 6] prevention of ibv infection is currently achieved through vaccination especially by attenuated viral vaccines suggesting that local mucosal immunity is essential for induction of effective protection against disease [7 8 9] in a previous study we demonstrated that the dose of attenuated vaccine administered by local route is closely related to...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...[14] most of the studies have been limited to the classification and differentiation of ibv strains in genotypes pathotypes protectotypes andor serotypes while the specific immune mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of this virus remains poorly elucidated a recent study has observed differential early immune response after infection with ibv when comparing ibvsusceptible and ibvresistant chicken lines even before infection specific genes including genes related to innate immune response were found to be differentially expressed in each chicken line despite these differences viral loads were similar in tracheal samples of both chicken lines indicating that ibv resistance might...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...the classification and differentiation of ibv strains in genotypes pathotypes protectotypes andor serotypes while the specific immune mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of this virus remains poorly elucidated a recent study has observed differential early immune response after infection with ibv when comparing ibvsusceptible and ibvresistant chicken lines even before infection specific genes including genes related to innate immune response were found to be differentially expressed in each chicken line despite these differences viral loads were similar in tracheal samples of both chicken lines indicating that ibv resistance might be associated with how the birds respond to the virus and not...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...innate immune response were found to be differentially expressed in each chicken line despite these differences viral loads were similar in tracheal samples of both chicken lines indicating that ibv resistance might be associated with how the birds respond to the virus and not how they can prevent an initial infection [15] the innate immune response is the first line of host defense against infections and several immune and nonimmune cells on mucosal surfaces are involved on recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns pamp of microorganisms pamps are recognized through pattern recognition receptors prr among which tolllike receptors...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...is the first line of host defense against infections and several immune and nonimmune cells on mucosal surfaces are involved on recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns pamp of microorganisms pamps are recognized through pattern recognition receptors prr among which tolllike receptors tlr are an important group during a rnavirus infection activation of innate immune responses depends on the interaction of endosomeassociated tlr3 and tlr7 andor cytosollocated rigi like receptors prrs tlr3 and tlr7 interact with doublestranded ds rna or singlestrand ss rna respectively and the subsequent activation pathways for tlr3 and tlr7 are mediated by trif tirdomaincontaining adapterinducing interferon and...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...enhanced phagocytosis alternatively an excessive production of inos and consequently no may have negative effects by promoting excessive inflammation or apoptosis [18 19] although a previous report did not identify a change in inos transcripts in both tracheal and lung samples during the early phase of ibv infection [16] increased levels of this enzyme was associated with high degree of disease severity in chickens infected with avian influenza h5n1 [18] and virulent newcastle disease [20] the important role of proinflammatory cytokines on ibv pathogenicity was demonstrated in a previous...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

... the important role of proinflammatory cytokines on ibv pathogenicity was demonstrated in a previous evaluation of the kinetics of the inflammatory and cellmediated immune responses in tracheal mucosa of birds infected with the m41 strain of ibv tnfsf15 and tgf transcripts were found to peak at 1 day post infection dpi followed by higher upregulation of il6 il1 and ifn these increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines were associated to highest scores of lesions and viral load at 3dpi whereas later at 7dpi highest increases in cd8 and granzyme homolog a mrna expression were detected and associated to a significant decrease...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...] high level of il6 gene expression were detected in renal samples of chickens challenged with a nephropathogenic ibv strain and it has been well correlated with viral load and influx of inflammatory cells in this organ [6] during the development of adaptive immunity against ibv infection the local cellmediated immune cmi response was associated with cd3 cd8 and cd4 cells influx in the trachea from 3 to 7 dpi with ibv [1 9] furthermore cd8 and other cmi related genes were markedly increased during secondary response related to memory protection induced by the...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...] however there are no studies regarding the existence of differential pathological and immunological profiles induced by ibv strains or isolates differing in virulence for chickens the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the pathogenesis and the innate and adaptive immune responses induced by the infection with two brazilian field isolates of ibv classified in the bri genotype two brazilian field isolates bibrembrapa3312000 accession number ku727196 identified as ibv a isolate and bibrembrapa1272006 accession number ku727200 identified as ibv b isolate were isolated from clinical cases of avian infectious bronchitis in poultry flocks located in...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...this protein similarly a recent study demonstrated that despite the same efficiency of s1 protein binding to the epithelial cells of oviduct in a sialicacid dependent manner observed for qx ibv strain associated with nephropathogenicity and reproductive tract disorders and b1648 ibv strain associated with nephropathogenicity a high susceptibility to infection was observed for qx strain in contrast to the resistance to infection with b1648 strain [29] the authors concluded that other cellular receptors and postvirus binding activation steps could be involved and play a role in the development of ib disease although the attachment of ibv to...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...of s1 protein binding to the epithelial cells of oviduct in a sialicacid dependent manner observed for qx ibv strain associated with nephropathogenicity and reproductive tract disorders and b1648 ibv strain associated with nephropathogenicity a high susceptibility to infection was observed for qx strain in contrast to the resistance to infection with b1648 strain [29] the authors concluded that other cellular receptors and postvirus binding activation steps could be involved and play a role in the development of ib disease although the attachment of ibv to host cells is considered as the first important step in virus infection...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...infection with b1648 strain [29] the authors concluded that other cellular receptors and postvirus binding activation steps could be involved and play a role in the development of ib disease although the attachment of ibv to host cells is considered as the first important step in virus infection and for determining the tissue tropism for this virus [29] in view of the differences observed here for these two brazilian ibv isolates a and b in terms of viral replication and pathological alterations induced the current study investigated how innate and adaptive immune responses are developed...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...of ibv but then the expression of this gene decayed to basal levels and remained unaltered at 2dpi and 3dpi [16] in contrast in the current study an unexpected suppressive effect in the tlr7 gene expression was observed only during the early phase of ibv b isolate infection 1dpi as the transcripts of this gene were found 5 times downregulated moreover at 8dpi other genes related to activation of tlr7 pathway were also affected including the adapter myd88 and the proinflammatory cytokine gene tnfsf15 which showed lower levels of expression in the birds from the group challenged with...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...tlr7 and myd88 genes was observed at 1dpi in tracheal samples from chickens infected with a connecticut strain of ibv that has a typical respiratory and pathogenicity for chicken respiratory tract although other genes related to innate immune responses were also found to be differentially expressed in response to infection with the brazilian ibv isolates including tlr3 type i ifns ifn and ifn and inos no significant differences were observed between the group infected with ibv b isolate and that infected with ibv a isolate these results suggested that the identified differences between the two ibv isolates are not related...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...genotype but differing in their virulence activities overall the results point out to the relevance of the involvement of the tlr7 pathway and the associate factors related to the suppression of early innate immune responses as well the early cellmediated adaptive immune responses and the implications on the pathogenesis of infection by a more virulent ibv isolate however further studies are required to confirm this association and to verify other cellular response pathways that may also be affected by this virus it remains also to be further investigated the differences in the immune responses triggered by the ibv infection with more...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...pathogenesis of infection by a more virulent ibv isolate however further studies are required to confirm this association and to verify other cellular response pathways that may also be affected by this virus it remains also to be further investigated the differences in the immune responses triggered by the ibv infection with more distinct genotypes of ibv strains that can differ in pathogenicity for the respiratory urinary or other tissue targets for ibv infection in chickens moreover it is important for poultry industry and indirectly for human health to better understand how coronaviruses infect the chicken host and which genes andor...

Title: Early immune responses and development of
pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with
different virulence profiles
Authors: Okino, Cintia Hiromi. Mores, Marcos Antônio Zanella...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 199
ID: 9d8670d2d8e18f181af7f6fc61db4424026f384e
Number of matches: 18

...response pathways that may also be affected by this virus it remains also to be further investigated the differences in the immune responses triggered by the ibv infection with more distinct genotypes of ibv strains that can differ in pathogenicity for the respiratory urinary or other tissue targets for ibv infection in chickens moreover it is important for poultry industry and indirectly for human health to better understand how coronaviruses infect the chicken host and which genes andor pathways are effectively involved in increasing the severity of this disease especially considering the diseases caused by other coronaviruses such as severe acute...

Title: Nuclease escape elements protect messenger
RNA against cleavage by multiple viral
endonucleases
Authors: Muller, Mandy. Glaunsinger, Britt A.
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 200
ID: 08d822c186460651ee5f3a44d365b0701aff56e3
Number of matches: 11

......

Title: Nuclease escape elements protect messenger
RNA against cleavage by multiple viral
endonucleases
Authors: Muller, Mandy. Glaunsinger, Britt A.
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 200
ID: 08d822c186460651ee5f3a44d365b0701aff56e3
Number of matches: 11

......

Title: Nuclease escape elements protect messenger
RNA against cleavage by multiple viral
endonucleases
Authors: Muller, Mandy. Glaunsinger, Britt A.
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 200
ID: 08d822c186460651ee5f3a44d365b0701aff56e3
Number of matches: 11

...35] [36] [37] [38] the il6 mrna is directly refractory to sox cleavage and thus remains robustly induced during host shutoff due to the presence of a specific sox resistance element sre [26 29] even in the absence of infection reporter mrnas bearing the il6 sre remain stable in soxexpressing cells an observation that has helped delineate features of this novel rna element required for the protective phenotype [26 27] the il6 sre was fine mapped to a 200 nt sequence within the 3 utr which was...

Title: Nuclease escape elements protect messenger
RNA against cleavage by multiple viral
endonucleases
Authors: Muller, Mandy. Glaunsinger, Britt A.
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 200
ID: 08d822c186460651ee5f3a44d365b0701aff56e3
Number of matches: 11

...an escape complex of at least 8 cellular rna binding proteins involved in protection [26 27] how this complex functions to restrict sox recognition remains largely unknown although nucleolin ncl plays an essential role ncl is partially relocalized from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm during lytic kshv infection where it binds the sre using its rna recognition motif and engages in proteinprotein interactions related to escape with its carboxylterminal rgg domain [27] the il6 sre is the first described ribonuclease escape element and much remains to be learned about its function as well as whether...

Title: Nuclease escape elements protect messenger
RNA against cleavage by multiple viral
endonucleases
Authors: Muller, Mandy. Glaunsinger, Britt A.
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 200
ID: 08d822c186460651ee5f3a44d365b0701aff56e3
Number of matches: 11

...nuclease escape elements exhibit a number of similarities they are distinct in both their rnp complex requirements and in the breadth of nucleases they restrict viruses extensively interface with the host gene expression machinery to promote their own rna and protein synthesis and to control the cellular response to infection in this regard they have proven to be invaluable tools to dissect mechanisms of gene regulation here we reveal that a200 nt sequence present in the 3 utr of the cellular il6 mrna functions as a broadacting virusspecific endonuclease escape element and identify a similar element in the gadd45b 3...

Title: Nuclease escape elements protect messenger
RNA against cleavage by multiple viral
endonucleases
Authors: Muller, Mandy. Glaunsinger, Britt A.
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 200
ID: 08d822c186460651ee5f3a44d365b0701aff56e3
Number of matches: 11

...context and neighboring regulatory features particularly in the case of tightly controlled transcripts the 3 utr of il6 for example is targeted by several cellular endonucleases including mcpip1 [65] [66] [67] which has recently been reported to be inhibited during de novo kshv infection [68] the above features underscore the importance of characterizing multiple sres to parse out specific protein requirements but also present challenges for the identification of sres as they cannot be easily predicted indeed it has taken more than a decade from the first report of il6...

Title: Nuclease escape elements protect messenger
RNA against cleavage by multiple viral
endonucleases
Authors: Muller, Mandy. Glaunsinger, Britt A.
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 200
ID: 08d822c186460651ee5f3a44d365b0701aff56e3
Number of matches: 11

...on one factor that are more comprehensively blocked by the il6 sre independent of the mechanisms involved nuclease escape elements could be developed as tools to broadly inhibit viral endonucleases without disrupting normal rna decay pathways how might viruses benefit from maintaining the expression of il6 and gadd45b during infection the requirement for il6 during kshv infection is well documented [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] but the role of gadd45b may be more nuanced while we demonstrated...

Title: Nuclease escape elements protect messenger
RNA against cleavage by multiple viral
endonucleases
Authors: Muller, Mandy. Glaunsinger, Britt A.
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 200
ID: 08d822c186460651ee5f3a44d365b0701aff56e3
Number of matches: 11

...blocked by the il6 sre independent of the mechanisms involved nuclease escape elements could be developed as tools to broadly inhibit viral endonucleases without disrupting normal rna decay pathways how might viruses benefit from maintaining the expression of il6 and gadd45b during infection the requirement for il6 during kshv infection is well documented [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] but the role of gadd45b may be more nuanced while we demonstrated that it escapes host shutoff during lytic...

Title: Nuclease escape elements protect messenger
RNA against cleavage by multiple viral
endonucleases
Authors: Muller, Mandy. Glaunsinger, Britt A.
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 200
ID: 08d822c186460651ee5f3a44d365b0701aff56e3
Number of matches: 11

...well documented [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] but the role of gadd45b may be more nuanced while we demonstrated that it escapes host shutoff during lytic kshv infection and appears important for viral reactivation in the islk219 model gadd45b expression is repressed by viral mirnas during latency to avoid its cell cycle arrest and proapoptotic functions [73] however gadd45b has a number of additional activities that could be necessary for the viral lytic cycle these...

Title: Nuclease escape elements protect messenger
RNA against cleavage by multiple viral
endonucleases
Authors: Muller, Mandy. Glaunsinger, Britt A.
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 200
ID: 08d822c186460651ee5f3a44d365b0701aff56e3
Number of matches: 11

...genes for replication other mrnas may collaterally escape simply because they contain sres that functionally mimic those present in the required mrnas in this regard the fact that a given mrna escapes degradation by multiple viral endonucleases does not necessarily indicate that expression of that gene is broadly required for infection finally it is important to bear in mind that the sres discovered thus far are cellular elements that assemble cellular proteinsand thus presumably play hostdirected roles in the regulation of their associated transcripts it may therefore be the case that some srebearing mrnas function in an antiviral capacity exploring possible...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...enteroviruses however picornaviruses generally show high host specificity the natural host for all human enteroviruses is the human [37] enterovirus 71 a member of the family picornaviridae can cause meningitis and encephalitis because it infects human neurons some human isolates induce paralysis in neonatal mice after experimental infection of the brain however the mice often show severe myositis due to viral infection of not only neurons but also skeletal muscle this does not happen in humans [38] by contrast coxsackievirus b and mouseadapted enterovirus 71 infect large neurons in the brains of neonatal or adult...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...enteroviruses is the human [37] enterovirus 71 a member of the family picornaviridae can cause meningitis and encephalitis because it infects human neurons some human isolates induce paralysis in neonatal mice after experimental infection of the brain however the mice often show severe myositis due to viral infection of not only neurons but also skeletal muscle this does not happen in humans [38] by contrast coxsackievirus b and mouseadapted enterovirus 71 infect large neurons in the brains of neonatal or adult mice and these animal models mimic the neuropathology observed in the human brain [...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...contrast coxsackievirus b and mouseadapted enterovirus 71 infect large neurons in the brains of neonatal or adult mice and these animal models mimic the neuropathology observed in the human brain [39] [40] [41] [42] therefore establishing a mouse model of safv infection would advance understanding of the neuropathogenesis of safv indeed a recent report [43] shows that mice subjected to intracerebral inoculation with hela celladapted safv type 2 which had been passaged eight times in rhesus monkey kidney epithelial llcmk 2 cells and then 13 times in the alphabeta...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

... 3 4 or 7 mice per group sixweekold ddy and balbc mice referred to hereafter as young mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and inoculated intracerebrally with the am or ur strains of safv3 10 4 ccid 50 in 50 l the mice were monitored for clinical signs of infection and body weight changes were measured for 8 ddy or 60 balbc days the mice were sacrificed under excess isoflurane anesthesia on 3 8 21 or 60 days postinoculation pi and subjected to pathological analysis n 36 per group the young ddy and balbc mice used as negative controls...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...a mixture of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia [46] before oral inoculation animals were deprived of water for 6 or more hours feces were obtained from orallyinoculated animals on days 3 and 8 pi and used for viral isolation all inoculated mice were observed for clinical signs of infection and body weight was measured daily for 21 days n 3 4 or 5 mice per group the mice were sacrificed under excess isoflurane anesthesia on days 3 8 and 21 pi and examined using virological and pathological methods animal studies were carried out in strict accordance with...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...duplicate from 116 to 1256 in 96well plates and reacted with inoculated 100 ccid 50 of safv3 at 37c for 2 h before llcmk 2 cells were added to each well titers of neutralization antibodies were assessed against each virus which was identical to the virus used in the experimental infection of mice cells were incubated at 37c for 2 weeks during which time they were examined twice for the presence of viral cytopathic effects the neutralizing antibody titer was determined as the reciprocal of the highest dilution at which no cytopathic effect was observed data are expressed as the...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...rapidly the rate of weight gained in the urinoculated neonatal mice was significantly lower than that in the 2meminoculated control mice during the observation period whereas that in aminoculated neonatal mice was equal to that in the 2meminoculated control mice fig 1 the observed neuronal deficits suggested that viral infection might affect the cerebellum in neonatal mice especially in those inoculated with the am strain this result suggested that both safv3 strains were mildly virulent in neonatal mice additionally the virulence of the two safv3 strains differed in neonatal mice after intracerebral inoculation we also used histopathological and immunohistochemical...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...that the am strain replicated in the cerebellum fig 2b and 2c to a greater extent than the ur strain after intracerebral inoculation histopathological examination and the observed neuronal deficits suggested that viremia might occur after virus inoculation particularly in mice inoculated with the ur strain and that viral infection might affect the cerebellum in neonatal mice particularly those inoculated with the am strain thus viral replication was measured separately in the blood cerebellum and other brain regions cerebrum and brain stem referred to hereafter as the cerebrumbrain stem realtime pcr revealed that viral rna levels in the blood of...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...am strain by contrast on day 5 pi the levels of viral rna in the cerebellum of mice infected with the am strain were significantly higher than those in the cerebellum of mice infected with the ur strain fig 5b we next examined the antiviral responses to safv infection in the brains of neonatal mice ifn expression in the brains of both groups increased at 3 days pi however levels in the brains of urinoculated mice were significantly higher than those in the brains of aminoculated mice fig 5c thus intracerebral inoculation of safv3 induced an antiviral immune...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...mice however the immune response of mice infected with the two safv3 strains differed particularly that in the cerebellum of young balbc mice the observed body weight changes coupled with the inflammatory infiltrates in the cerebellum suggest that young ddy and balbc mice have different susceptibilities or immune responses to infection by safv3 isolates young balbc mice th2 prone inbred mice showed a stronger immune response to safv3 infection than ddy mice finally we examined the neuroinvasiveness and infectivity of safv3 by inoculating balbc mice via different routes because the oral cavity of neonatal mice was positive for viral antigens...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...cerebellum of young balbc mice the observed body weight changes coupled with the inflammatory infiltrates in the cerebellum suggest that young ddy and balbc mice have different susceptibilities or immune responses to infection by safv3 isolates young balbc mice th2 prone inbred mice showed a stronger immune response to safv3 infection than ddy mice finally we examined the neuroinvasiveness and infectivity of safv3 by inoculating balbc mice via different routes because the oral cavity of neonatal mice was positive for viral antigens after intracerebral inoculation with the ur strain fig 2a we speculated that safv3 might infect young mice...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...intranasal inoculation with either virus strain interestingly very mild and focal inflammatory infiltrations in the absence of viral antigen were seen in the nasal mucosa of mice inoculated with ur via the oral and intranasal routes no virus was detected in the feces on days 3 and 8 after oral infection we then measured the levels of antisafvneutralizing antibodies in the sera of mice on day 21 pi to examine seroconversion against each inoculated strain all of the young balbc mice seroconverted after intracerebral intraperitoneal or intravenous inoculation with safv3 fig 10 notably oral and intranasal inoculation with the ur...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...but not the am strain infected young balb c mice through natural routes including the oral and nasal mucosa here we showed that two clinical safv3 isolates an am strain isolated from a patient with aseptic meningitis and a ur strain isolated from a patient with an upper respiratory infection induced mild neuropathogenesis in neonatal and young mice neither strain caused severe neurological manifestations such as paralysis or fatal encephalitis in neonatal or young mice neonatal ddy mice intracerebrally inoculated with the ur strain showed poor but not fatal weight gain and neonatal ddy mice intracerebrally inoculated with the am...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...and neurovirulent in neonatal ddy mice there were some differences between the two safv3 strains in terms of infectivity and cell tropism in the murine neonatal model for instance the ependymal cells and mucosal epithelia of the oral cavity and the tooth germ in neonatal mice were infected following intracerebral infection with the ur but not the am strain in addition the ur strain infected the mucosa in young mice following intranasal or oral inoculation thus this animal model recapitulates the potential infectivity of the ur strain observed in human upper respiratory tract infections therefore both the neonatal and young mouse...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...elucidating the pathogenesis of different safv3 strains the present study highlights the similarities and differences between safv3 and other cardioviruses theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus tmev is a common enteric pathogen in mice and causes poliomyelitislike flaccid paralysis and a chronic progressive white matterdemyelinating disease which is considered a relevant viral infection model of human multiple sclerosis [51] [52] [53] neurovirulent strains of tmev mainly infect the cerebral cortex hippocampus and spinal cord after experimental inoculation [54] [55] [56] virusmediated neurological disorders are caused by direct lytic infection...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...infection model of human multiple sclerosis [51] [52] [53] neurovirulent strains of tmev mainly infect the cerebral cortex hippocampus and spinal cord after experimental inoculation [54] [55] [56] virusmediated neurological disorders are caused by direct lytic infection of neurons and oligodendroglia and by secondary immunemediated destruction of infected cells [57] we found that the urinoculated neonatal mice intracerebrally showed foci of demyelination with microglia infiltrations in the spinal cord on day 21 pi this seems to be an early phase of demyelination after viral...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...of neurons and oligodendroglia and by secondary immunemediated destruction of infected cells [57] we found that the urinoculated neonatal mice intracerebrally showed foci of demyelination with microglia infiltrations in the spinal cord on day 21 pi this seems to be an early phase of demyelination after viral infection which is likely to be due to tmev infection however safv3 infected adult mice did not show any lesion associated with demyelinating disease interestingly the safv3 strains examined herein were neurotropic for glial cells in the cerebellum but not for oligodendroglia however no study has reported a similar tropism for...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...of infected cells [57] we found that the urinoculated neonatal mice intracerebrally showed foci of demyelination with microglia infiltrations in the spinal cord on day 21 pi this seems to be an early phase of demyelination after viral infection which is likely to be due to tmev infection however safv3 infected adult mice did not show any lesion associated with demyelinating disease interestingly the safv3 strains examined herein were neurotropic for glial cells in the cerebellum but not for oligodendroglia however no study has reported a similar tropism for tmev [54] additionally there is no...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...another cardiovirus encephalomyocarditis virus also infects the pancreas of mice and causes type 1 diabetes [3 5] thus safv3 may have the potential to induce diabetes in mice similar to other murine enteric cardioviruses the ur strain infected young mice via the mucosal route therefore this mucosal infection model may mimic safv infection in humans and prove useful for furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of safv however the routes of viral infection following oral and intranasal inoculation remain unclear the difference between the two safv3 strains in terms of their ability to infect epithelial cells and...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...infects the pancreas of mice and causes type 1 diabetes [3 5] thus safv3 may have the potential to induce diabetes in mice similar to other murine enteric cardioviruses the ur strain infected young mice via the mucosal route therefore this mucosal infection model may mimic safv infection in humans and prove useful for furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of safv however the routes of viral infection following oral and intranasal inoculation remain unclear the difference between the two safv3 strains in terms of their ability to infect epithelial cells and neurons in the cerebellum may...

Title: Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3
Isolates in Mouse Models
Authors: Kotani, Osamu. Naeem, Asif...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 201
ID: d18e10321c54248f5fdfdac2501f5368ac8052c7
Number of matches: 23

...potential to induce diabetes in mice similar to other murine enteric cardioviruses the ur strain infected young mice via the mucosal route therefore this mucosal infection model may mimic safv infection in humans and prove useful for furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of safv however the routes of viral infection following oral and intranasal inoculation remain unclear the difference between the two safv3 strains in terms of their ability to infect epithelial cells and neurons in the cerebellum may be related to the specific receptors used or to factors that affect viral replication although the am and ur strains...

Title: A realistic two-strain model for MERS-CoV
infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic
propagation
Authors: Sardar, Tridip. Ghosh, Indrajit...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 202
ID: c351ce11cb0157d1118dfcbb55cf9f8bab0ad35d
Number of matches: 11

......

Title: A realistic two-strain model for MERS-CoV
infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic
propagation
Authors: Sardar, Tridip. Ghosh, Indrajit...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 202
ID: c351ce11cb0157d1118dfcbb55cf9f8bab0ad35d
Number of matches: 11

...arabia merscov phylogenetic clades with 3 clades apparently no longer contributing to current cases therefore not appearing in the saliva of camels they also show that the ancestors of most of the viral clades originated in riyadh see cotten et al [37] recently strain variability in merscov infection was confirmed in 51 respiratory samples from 32 patients confirming that more than one strain of human merscovis present [20] the fact that more than one merscov strain is currently circulating in saudi arabia should be properly accounted for as this presence may have substantially contributed to...

Title: A realistic two-strain model for MERS-CoV
infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic
propagation
Authors: Sardar, Tridip. Ghosh, Indrajit...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 202
ID: c351ce11cb0157d1118dfcbb55cf9f8bab0ad35d
Number of matches: 11

...s1 s18 tables variability among models is based upon three different disease incidence functions eg bl nm and sat models [21] [22] [23] and see formulation in table 1a and fig 2 the top panel in fig 2 represents the bl force of infection here as the number of infected individuals increases the disease transmission also increases linearly the bottomleft panel represents the nm incidence function biologically this incidence function can account for psychological effects [38] [39] in the presence of psychological effects initially the disease transmission rate increases...

Title: A realistic two-strain model for MERS-CoV
infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic
propagation
Authors: Sardar, Tridip. Ghosh, Indrajit...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 202
ID: c351ce11cb0157d1118dfcbb55cf9f8bab0ad35d
Number of matches: 11

...initially the disease transmission rate increases rapidly when the number of infected individuals is small however this rate falls also rapidly in the presence of a large number of infected persons in the community as in the case of merscov infections the cfr is about 40 psychological effects for this infection represents the effect in the community of fear of becoming infected this fear effect reduces the transmission rate rapidly in the presence of a high number of infections in the community the bottomright panel of fig 2 represents the sat incidence function biologically this incidence function represents the crowding effect...

Title: A realistic two-strain model for MERS-CoV
infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic
propagation
Authors: Sardar, Tridip. Ghosh, Indrajit...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 202
ID: c351ce11cb0157d1118dfcbb55cf9f8bab0ad35d
Number of matches: 11

...the different provinces of saudiarabia [37] although we have considered two strains circulating in the community setting we do not distinguish among strains in hospital premises this is due to the lack of strain specific data in hospital settings however we are able to distinguish the contribution of infection from community and hospital setting by estimating the community reproduction number r c and the hospital reproduction number r h however to account for this effect we propose three different forces of infection bl nm and sat to model the mers transmission in the three provinces saturated sat...

Title: A realistic two-strain model for MERS-CoV
infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic
propagation
Authors: Sardar, Tridip. Ghosh, Indrajit...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 202
ID: c351ce11cb0157d1118dfcbb55cf9f8bab0ad35d
Number of matches: 11

...strain specific data in hospital settings however we are able to distinguish the contribution of infection from community and hospital setting by estimating the community reproduction number r c and the hospital reproduction number r h however to account for this effect we propose three different forces of infection bl nm and sat to model the mers transmission in the three provinces saturated sat functions describe crowding effects in disease transmission whereas nonmonotone nm functions are used to incorporatepsychological effects as the cfr in merscov is about 40 it is easily expected that awareness in front of a merscov...

Title: A realistic two-strain model for MERS-CoV
infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic
propagation
Authors: Sardar, Tridip. Ghosh, Indrajit...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 202
ID: c351ce11cb0157d1118dfcbb55cf9f8bab0ad35d
Number of matches: 11

...for a larger outbreak in macca and riyadh instead in madina the likelihood of suffering a larger outbreak is very low fig 6 and table 3 fig 7 displays the singlestrain model fitting to new merscov cases here m1 refers to the single strain model with bl force of infection m2 to the single strain model with nonmonotone incidence and m3 to the single strain model with saturated incidence solid black curve represents model solution and yellow region denotes 95 confidence interval for predictions simulations for both macca and riyadh reflect quite appropriately the dynamics displayed in observations fig 7...

Title: A realistic two-strain model for MERS-CoV
infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic
propagation
Authors: Sardar, Tridip. Ghosh, Indrajit...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 202
ID: c351ce11cb0157d1118dfcbb55cf9f8bab0ad35d
Number of matches: 11

...not sustain as an epidemic in the arabian peninsula the who report [44] suggests that merscov is still a relatively rare disease about which the medical personnel in healthcare facilities have low awareness globally merscov seasonal forecasting of merscov epidemics awareness is limited and because symptoms of merscov infection are nonspecific initial cases can be sometimes easily missed with improved compliance in infection prevention and control namely by stricter adherence to the standard precautions at all times humantohuman transmission in healthcare facilities can be reduced and even possibly eliminated with additional use of transmissionbased precautions in that regard predictive...

Title: A realistic two-strain model for MERS-CoV
infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic
propagation
Authors: Sardar, Tridip. Ghosh, Indrajit...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 202
ID: c351ce11cb0157d1118dfcbb55cf9f8bab0ad35d
Number of matches: 11

...] suggests that merscov is still a relatively rare disease about which the medical personnel in healthcare facilities have low awareness globally merscov seasonal forecasting of merscov epidemics awareness is limited and because symptoms of merscov infection are nonspecific initial cases can be sometimes easily missed with improved compliance in infection prevention and control namely by stricter adherence to the standard precautions at all times humantohuman transmission in healthcare facilities can be reduced and even possibly eliminated with additional use of transmissionbased precautions in that regard predictive mathematical models can help strengthen our understanding of both merscov transmission and control ...

Title: A realistic two-strain model for MERS-CoV
infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic
propagation
Authors: Sardar, Tridip. Ghosh, Indrajit...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 202
ID: c351ce11cb0157d1118dfcbb55cf9f8bab0ad35d
Number of matches: 11

...transmissionbased precautions in that regard predictive mathematical models can help strengthen our understanding of both merscov transmission and control in this study we addressed the capacity of predictive mathematical models based on twostrain merscov configurations having different transmission functions the models differed from each other in their force of infection and in how they cope with heterogeneity in transmission estimates of transmission rates suggest that community and hospital transmission are dominant in the case of 2strain models in riyadh macca and madina the majority of the 2strain models suggest that merscov transmission is dominated by community and hospital humanhuman transmissions...

Title: A realistic two-strain model for MERS-CoV
infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic
propagation
Authors: Sardar, Tridip. Ghosh, Indrajit...
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 202
ID: c351ce11cb0157d1118dfcbb55cf9f8bab0ad35d
Number of matches: 11

...forecasted periods r 0 attains large values a fact that denotes that a rapid propagation among the susceptible population is indeed possible more worrisome is the range of values into which r 0 moves most of the time above 1 and below 25 a fact that makes it a dangerous infection in terms of silent and constant potential population spread community reproduction number r c well above unity see s4 fig in most of the predictive weeks indicate that in a near future a large outbreak may be possible in those provinces outoffit predictions for the next season totals suggest that...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...been shown to cause high social and economic impact vectorborne infectious diseases such as dengue west nile have been resurging largely due to the spread of insecticide resistance to sociodemographic changes and to genetic mutations in the pathogens more recently chikungungya fever chikf has now emerged as the next important infection in southeast asia the pacific region and europe [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] making it a major threat that requires immediate attention recent epidemic resurgence of chikf in several african and asian countries demonstrated that infection can spread alarmingly...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...the next important infection in southeast asia the pacific region and europe [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] making it a major threat that requires immediate attention recent epidemic resurgence of chikf in several african and asian countries demonstrated that infection can spread alarmingly rapidly [6] [7] [8] [9] from limited early transmission that then developed into an unprecedented and unexpected epidemic infecting 38 of the population as occurred in reunion island [6 8] the appearance of cases in europe...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...the patients from the first outbreak of chikf in singapore [22 23] we measured circulating levels of a wide range of cytokines chemokines and growth factors in 10 laboratory confirmed cases of chikf and compared them with healthy individuals we next determined which biomarker was associated with infection andor severity we showed for the first time that chikv infection induced a wide range of cytokines chemokines and growth factors we subsequently found that 3 specific biomarkers namely il1b il6 and rantes levels were associated with severe chikf all 10 patients included in this study were males their...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...22 23] we measured circulating levels of a wide range of cytokines chemokines and growth factors in 10 laboratory confirmed cases of chikf and compared them with healthy individuals we next determined which biomarker was associated with infection andor severity we showed for the first time that chikv infection induced a wide range of cytokines chemokines and growth factors we subsequently found that 3 specific biomarkers namely il1b il6 and rantes levels were associated with severe chikf all 10 patients included in this study were males their age ranged from 22 to 65 years median 35 years all...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...patients according to severity it was observed that an increase in levels of il1b and il6 and a decrease in rantes respectively were associated with disease severity figure 3a the levels of all other markers were not significantly different figure s2 and s3 chikf an emerging arboviral infection which induces high fever has only been recently reported in singapore up to dec 2007 all chikf patients had contracted the infection overseas [22] the first local outbreak of chikf occurred in jan 2008 more than 2500 people who lived or worked in the outbreak area were...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...were associated with disease severity figure 3a the levels of all other markers were not significantly different figure s2 and s3 chikf an emerging arboviral infection which induces high fever has only been recently reported in singapore up to dec 2007 all chikf patients had contracted the infection overseas [22] the first local outbreak of chikf occurred in jan 2008 more than 2500 people who lived or worked in the outbreak area were screened and a total of 13 pcrconfirmed cases were identified [22 24] all confirmed chikf cases were referred to...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...conditions could have contributed to the observed morbidities our patients were younger and healthier furthermore none of our patients was coinfected with dengue as confirmed by rtpcr and dengue enzymelinked immunoabsorbent assay elisaigm and igg [31] hence our immunologic observations can be largely attributed to acute chikv infection itself in recent years most of the studies on chikf have been addressed with the clinical description of the disease [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] 11 17 18 21] the molecular nature of the...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...with its mosquito vector aedes [1] [2] [3] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] here we describe for the first time the comprehensive systemic production of cytokines chemokines and growth factors during acute chikv infection which may light the path ahead in understanding the innate response to the infection we first showed that a wide range of cytokines such as ifna il5 il6 il7 il10 il15 were produced in response to chikv infection ifna is a potent antiviral cytokine and has been shown to strongly...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] here we describe for the first time the comprehensive systemic production of cytokines chemokines and growth factors during acute chikv infection which may light the path ahead in understanding the innate response to the infection we first showed that a wide range of cytokines such as ifna il5 il6 il7 il10 il15 were produced in response to chikv infection ifna is a potent antiviral cytokine and has been shown to strongly inhibit chikv in vitro [32] the high levels of ifna that...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...comprehensive systemic production of cytokines chemokines and growth factors during acute chikv infection which may light the path ahead in understanding the innate response to the infection we first showed that a wide range of cytokines such as ifna il5 il6 il7 il10 il15 were produced in response to chikv infection ifna is a potent antiviral cytokine and has been shown to strongly inhibit chikv in vitro [32] the high levels of ifna that we detected provide a logical explanation for how the body rapidly brings chikv viremia under control [8 11] it has been...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...plasmocytoid dendritic cells [33] and monocytes [34] the profile of circulating cytokines revealed a predominance of type 2 cytokines mainly il5 il6 and il10 levels were increased and those of ifnc or tnfa were unchanged as compared to noninfected controls this suggests that acute chikv infection tilts the cytokine profile to antiinflammatory response which would argue against the common understanding of chikv infection which does not really support the common description of the chikv infection as an inflammatory disease [8] alternatively it is possible that an inflammatory response might occur earlier when the...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...revealed a predominance of type 2 cytokines mainly il5 il6 and il10 levels were increased and those of ifnc or tnfa were unchanged as compared to noninfected controls this suggests that acute chikv infection tilts the cytokine profile to antiinflammatory response which would argue against the common understanding of chikv infection which does not really support the common description of the chikv infection as an inflammatory disease [8] alternatively it is possible that an inflammatory response might occur earlier when the virus is actively replicating and then gets downregulated by a counterantiinflammatory response when the virus is being...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...levels were increased and those of ifnc or tnfa were unchanged as compared to noninfected controls this suggests that acute chikv infection tilts the cytokine profile to antiinflammatory response which would argue against the common understanding of chikv infection which does not really support the common description of the chikv infection as an inflammatory disease [8] alternatively it is possible that an inflammatory response might occur earlier when the virus is actively replicating and then gets downregulated by a counterantiinflammatory response when the virus is being eliminated from circulation high levels of antiinflammatory il10 and the presence of...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...] the detection of high levels of circulating il15 is of interest since this cytokine has been shown to be a major stimulator of nk cells [36] and t cells [37] thus our data suggest that these lymphocytes population might be activated during acute infection and may also contribute to viral control during the acute phase of chikv infection detection of soluble il2r in the plasma suggests t cell activation since this molecule is secreted by activated t cells [38] experiments are planned to study the activation phenotype of t and nk...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...this cytokine has been shown to be a major stimulator of nk cells [36] and t cells [37] thus our data suggest that these lymphocytes population might be activated during acute infection and may also contribute to viral control during the acute phase of chikv infection detection of soluble il2r in the plasma suggests t cell activation since this molecule is secreted by activated t cells [38] experiments are planned to study the activation phenotype of t and nk cell subsets in acutely infected patients the detection of il7 and il15 is...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...since this molecule is secreted by activated t cells [38] experiments are planned to study the activation phenotype of t and nk cell subsets in acutely infected patients the detection of il7 and il15 is significantly interesting with regards to the immunopathology of chikf since chikv infection has been shown to induce rapidly developing and persisting arthralgia [6] here 9 of the 10 patients manifested this pathology il7 is known to have an important role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis [39] while il15 has been associated with the development of...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...that expansion of a particular il15induced nk cell subsets was responsible for this phenomenon [41] the role of il15 and nk cells in the development of chikv arthralgia would definitively be worth investigating we did not detect tnfa in the plasma of the patients with acute chikv infection this is surprising since this cytokine has been detected repeatedly in the blood of patients suffering from other arthritides such as rheumatoid arthritis and is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of these entities [42] thus it is possible that chikvinduced arthralgia does not depend on...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...analysis of synovial fluid or joint tissue immunohistochemistry would be necessary to provide important information on the role of tnfa and other mediators chemokines are crucial mediators of innate and adaptive immunity against various viral infections [43] ip10 and mig had increased plasma levels during chikv infection these two chemokines signal through the same receptor cxcr3 and thus might activate and direct migration of this t cell subset [35] il8 and eotaxin levels were lower than those of naive controls defining the exact contributions of these different chemokines will require further studies we...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...controls defining the exact contributions of these different chemokines will require further studies we also tested the presence of growth factors in the plasma of chikvinfected patients hgf fgfbasic and vegf were produced at high levels and may reflect a physiological response to tissue destruction resulting for the viral infection interestingly egf levels were lower than in healthy controls the low levels of egf might be due to the concomitant decrease of platelets observed in infected patients since previous studies have shown that plasma levels of egf are associated with circulating platelets [44] although limited we had...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...these 2 clinically very similar diseases one limitation of this study is in the classification of disease severity as none of our patients developed neurologic or hemorrhagic complications previously reported in chikf patients nonetheless our definition of severe illness would have included patients with sepsis a serious form of infection commonly associated with a temperature of 38uc and heart rate of 90 minute [24] furthermore we included thrombocytopenia of 100610 9 l as a criteria for severe chikf marked thrombocytopenia is a common feature of sepsis [25] and has been identified as a predictor of...

Title: IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of
Chikungunya Severity
Authors: Ng, Lisa F. P.. Chow, Angela...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 203
ID: 23b1f3033a86c0f53ee90b9ba14634e956f8610b
Number of matches: 23

...communicable disease centre at tan tock seng hospital cdcttsh the national infectious disease referral centre in singapore during the outbreak period from january to february 2008 were included in this study an acute case of chikf was defined as any case with clinical features consistent with chikf and had chikv infection confirmed by either reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction rtpcr or virus isolation [53 54] the study was approved by the institutions domainspecific ethics review board dsrb reference no b08026 written consent was obtained from each patient and healthy control subject plasma samples were obtained from patients during...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...nevertheless while the autoimmune model may not explain every aspect of ms it is difficult to ignore the considerable evidence that immunity plays a major role in ms another intriguing idea regarding the aetiology of ms may be that the immune response in ms could result from a chronic viral infection rather than autoimmunity in the usual sense [10] [11] [12] the possible involvement of viruses in the aetiology of ms is a rather controversial issue based on immigration data it has been suggested that environmental factors may trigger ms before the age of...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...periods relapse and demyelination further support the concept that viruses may be implicated in the ms aetiology although to date no virus has been recognized as a causative factor of ms the possibility that both autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in ms may coexist and commonly be explained following a viral infection is reviewed here various viruses have been found to induce demyelination in laboratory animals following various infection protocols the most studied experimental demyelination is infection of mice with theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus tmev [24] tmev a higly cytolytic picovarious infection in mice serves as a model...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...although to date no virus has been recognized as a causative factor of ms the possibility that both autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in ms may coexist and commonly be explained following a viral infection is reviewed here various viruses have been found to induce demyelination in laboratory animals following various infection protocols the most studied experimental demyelination is infection of mice with theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus tmev [24] tmev a higly cytolytic picovarious infection in mice serves as a model to explain infectious and parainfectious mechanisms underlying cns demyelination tmev infection of oligodendrocytes is productive resulting in cell...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...as a causative factor of ms the possibility that both autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in ms may coexist and commonly be explained following a viral infection is reviewed here various viruses have been found to induce demyelination in laboratory animals following various infection protocols the most studied experimental demyelination is infection of mice with theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus tmev [24] tmev a higly cytolytic picovarious infection in mice serves as a model to explain infectious and parainfectious mechanisms underlying cns demyelination tmev infection of oligodendrocytes is productive resulting in cell lysis and liberation of more virions by contrast...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...commonly be explained following a viral infection is reviewed here various viruses have been found to induce demyelination in laboratory animals following various infection protocols the most studied experimental demyelination is infection of mice with theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus tmev [24] tmev a higly cytolytic picovarious infection in mice serves as a model to explain infectious and parainfectious mechanisms underlying cns demyelination tmev infection of oligodendrocytes is productive resulting in cell lysis and liberation of more virions by contrast tmev infection in macrophages is restricted and results in apoptosis of macrophages tmev antigen is abundant in the...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...induce demyelination in laboratory animals following various infection protocols the most studied experimental demyelination is infection of mice with theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus tmev [24] tmev a higly cytolytic picovarious infection in mice serves as a model to explain infectious and parainfectious mechanisms underlying cns demyelination tmev infection of oligodendrocytes is productive resulting in cell lysis and liberation of more virions by contrast tmev infection in macrophages is restricted and results in apoptosis of macrophages tmev antigen is abundant in the cytoplasm of apoptotic macrophages small amounts of tmev are liberated from persistently infected macrophages leading to infection...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...mice with theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus tmev [24] tmev a higly cytolytic picovarious infection in mice serves as a model to explain infectious and parainfectious mechanisms underlying cns demyelination tmev infection of oligodendrocytes is productive resulting in cell lysis and liberation of more virions by contrast tmev infection in macrophages is restricted and results in apoptosis of macrophages tmev antigen is abundant in the cytoplasm of apoptotic macrophages small amounts of tmev are liberated from persistently infected macrophages leading to infection of more macrophages as well as oligodendrocytes a persistent cns infection is established as virus spreads from...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...infection of oligodendrocytes is productive resulting in cell lysis and liberation of more virions by contrast tmev infection in macrophages is restricted and results in apoptosis of macrophages tmev antigen is abundant in the cytoplasm of apoptotic macrophages small amounts of tmev are liberated from persistently infected macrophages leading to infection of more macrophages as well as oligodendrocytes a persistent cns infection is established as virus spreads from macrophage to macrophage virus released from macrophages can infect and damage more oligodendrocytes thus adding to immunopathological destruction of myelin [25] another animal model of virusinduced demyelination is the one...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...of more virions by contrast tmev infection in macrophages is restricted and results in apoptosis of macrophages tmev antigen is abundant in the cytoplasm of apoptotic macrophages small amounts of tmev are liberated from persistently infected macrophages leading to infection of more macrophages as well as oligodendrocytes a persistent cns infection is established as virus spreads from macrophage to macrophage virus released from macrophages can infect and damage more oligodendrocytes thus adding to immunopathological destruction of myelin [25] another animal model of virusinduced demyelination is the one established in balbc mice following infection with jhm virus coronavirus this...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...as oligodendrocytes a persistent cns infection is established as virus spreads from macrophage to macrophage virus released from macrophages can infect and damage more oligodendrocytes thus adding to immunopathological destruction of myelin [25] another animal model of virusinduced demyelination is the one established in balbc mice following infection with jhm virus coronavirus this strain infects predominantly oligodendrocytes and the induced demyelination is not preceded by inflammation or any immune related mechanism [26 27] the infected oligodendrocytes contain intracisternal virions [28] and this model may be considered as a case of demyelination resulting simply...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...inflammation or any immune related mechanism [26 27] the infected oligodendrocytes contain intracisternal virions [28] and this model may be considered as a case of demyelination resulting simply from a direct virus induced cytopathology of oligodendrocytes autoimmune responses to myelin antigens are observed following infection with tmev despite the fact that this autoimmunity to myelin components may not play a major role in the initiation of demyelination it may probably contribute to lesion progression in chronically diseased animals [29] cns demyelination in host animals may also occur following infection of other viruses...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...are observed following infection with tmev despite the fact that this autoimmunity to myelin components may not play a major role in the initiation of demyelination it may probably contribute to lesion progression in chronically diseased animals [29] cns demyelination in host animals may also occur following infection of other viruses such as in mice with jhm or mhv4 coronaviruses dogs with canine distemper virus and sheep and goats with visna virus and caprine arthritisencephalitis virus each of these viruses is capable of establishing a persistent infection in their host such that there is continuous virus replication over...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...] cns demyelination in host animals may also occur following infection of other viruses such as in mice with jhm or mhv4 coronaviruses dogs with canine distemper virus and sheep and goats with visna virus and caprine arthritisencephalitis virus each of these viruses is capable of establishing a persistent infection in their host such that there is continuous virus replication over a long period without killing the host another virusinduced demyelination animal model is semliki forest virus sfv infection of mice [30 31] the initial immunemediated demyelination may be due to targeting of sfvinfected oligodendrocytes by cytotoxic...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...and sheep and goats with visna virus and caprine arthritisencephalitis virus each of these viruses is capable of establishing a persistent infection in their host such that there is continuous virus replication over a long period without killing the host another virusinduced demyelination animal model is semliki forest virus sfv infection of mice [30 31] the initial immunemediated demyelination may be due to targeting of sfvinfected oligodendrocytes by cytotoxic tcells sfv induces repaired acute demyelination with no relapses the application of modern sophisticated laboratory techniques have led to a growing number of viruses associated with ms albietno...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...general as well as episodes of disease exacerbation are associated with concomitant viral or microbial infections [12 33] upper respiratory tract infections can trigger acute relapses of ms resulting in an increase in the risk of clinical exacerbations during the weeks that follow the onset of virus infection [34] most importantly when recurrent these viral infections are associated with neurological progression [35 36] many of the studies related to the virus infection in ms are serological and involve the demonstration of increased antibody titers against a particular virus [12] in...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...of ms resulting in an increase in the risk of clinical exacerbations during the weeks that follow the onset of virus infection [34] most importantly when recurrent these viral infections are associated with neurological progression [35 36] many of the studies related to the virus infection in ms are serological and involve the demonstration of increased antibody titers against a particular virus [12] in addition in a number of studies isolation of virus from ms material has also been reported [37] antibody levels to various viruses are elevated in ms...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...of the applied methods or the patient selection different methodology applied etc hence no matter whether there the viral aetiology of ms is not yet clarified it should be emphasized that the absence of evidence does not necessary imply the evidence of absence [61] following a virus infection there may be two potential options the virus might reactivate after a long term latency up to years and lyse oligodendrocytes or could initiate a rather acute or subacute demyelinating immunopathology examples of the first option might be progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy pml through the infection of jc virus a human...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...] following a virus infection there may be two potential options the virus might reactivate after a long term latency up to years and lyse oligodendrocytes or could initiate a rather acute or subacute demyelinating immunopathology examples of the first option might be progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy pml through the infection of jc virus a human papova virus whereas the later is the case of tmev encephalomyelitis model as well as infections with corona viruses and lenti viruses [62] among the major indications for the association of demyelination with viral infection and a destructive host immune response to...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...be progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy pml through the infection of jc virus a human papova virus whereas the later is the case of tmev encephalomyelitis model as well as infections with corona viruses and lenti viruses [62] among the major indications for the association of demyelination with viral infection and a destructive host immune response to autoantigens is the case of postinfectious encephalomyelitis a complication mainly noticed following smallpox vaccination or measles virus and to a lesser extend varicella and rubella infection the underlying pathology share similarities with the one induced in eae [63] another example...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...lenti viruses [62] among the major indications for the association of demyelination with viral infection and a destructive host immune response to autoantigens is the case of postinfectious encephalomyelitis a complication mainly noticed following smallpox vaccination or measles virus and to a lesser extend varicella and rubella infection the underlying pathology share similarities with the one induced in eae [63] another example of virusinduced demyelination with concomitant autoimmunity is the one following infection with murine coronavirus in rats at the acute stage of this animal model demyelination is restricted and related to the infection of...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...case of postinfectious encephalomyelitis a complication mainly noticed following smallpox vaccination or measles virus and to a lesser extend varicella and rubella infection the underlying pathology share similarities with the one induced in eae [63] another example of virusinduced demyelination with concomitant autoimmunity is the one following infection with murine coronavirus in rats at the acute stage of this animal model demyelination is restricted and related to the infection of glial cells from the virus however at later stages at a time when animals recover from the viral infection perivascular infiltrates and extented demyelination are present a transfer...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...rubella infection the underlying pathology share similarities with the one induced in eae [63] another example of virusinduced demyelination with concomitant autoimmunity is the one following infection with murine coronavirus in rats at the acute stage of this animal model demyelination is restricted and related to the infection of glial cells from the virus however at later stages at a time when animals recover from the viral infection perivascular infiltrates and extented demyelination are present a transfer eae was performed by injecting in vitro activated antimyelin lymphocytes harvested from infected rats at a time that the animals recovered...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...virusinduced demyelination with concomitant autoimmunity is the one following infection with murine coronavirus in rats at the acute stage of this animal model demyelination is restricted and related to the infection of glial cells from the virus however at later stages at a time when animals recover from the viral infection perivascular infiltrates and extented demyelination are present a transfer eae was performed by injecting in vitro activated antimyelin lymphocytes harvested from infected rats at a time that the animals recovered from the initial infection to naive recipients the resulted eae was mild with no evidence of demyelination [64]...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...from the virus however at later stages at a time when animals recover from the viral infection perivascular infiltrates and extented demyelination are present a transfer eae was performed by injecting in vitro activated antimyelin lymphocytes harvested from infected rats at a time that the animals recovered from the initial infection to naive recipients the resulted eae was mild with no evidence of demyelination [64] this finding may indicate that the preexposure of the animal to virus may be necessary for the induction of autoimmune demyelination similarly the canine distemper virus paramyxovirus induced demyelination has been reported to...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...of demyelination [64] this finding may indicate that the preexposure of the animal to virus may be necessary for the induction of autoimmune demyelination similarly the canine distemper virus paramyxovirus induced demyelination has been reported to be associated with perivascular infiltrations at the late phases following initial infection [65] the example of tmev induced encephalomyelitis is probably the best currently used model of virusinduced immunemediated demyelination in susceptible mice tmev is divided into two subgroups highneurovirulent strains including gdvii and fa which cause fatal encephalitis and lowneurovirulent strains such as da and bean which cause...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...65] the example of tmev induced encephalomyelitis is probably the best currently used model of virusinduced immunemediated demyelination in susceptible mice tmev is divided into two subgroups highneurovirulent strains including gdvii and fa which cause fatal encephalitis and lowneurovirulent strains such as da and bean which cause persistent infection and demyelination in mice [66 67] the demyelinating phase is preceded by an inflammatory one consisted of macrophages and mhc ii restricted tcells however during the demyelinating phase cytotoxic and suppressor mhc irestricted tcells gradually replace the initial inflammatory subpopulation in particular the prevailing opinion is that...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...plus mhc antigens on the surfaces of oligodendrocytes or myelin sheaths [75] the whole underlying pathology shares similarities with the one in ms except that in the later no viruses are detected in oligodendrocytes as in tmev encephalomyelitis [76] it was suggested that virus infection may initiate or exacerbate organspecific autoimmune diseases [77] there is growing evidence about possible mechanisms by which virus infection can trigger autoimmunity among them are a molecular mimicry b bystander activation and c epitope spreading figure 1 a molecular mimicry involves the de novo activation of...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...the one in ms except that in the later no viruses are detected in oligodendrocytes as in tmev encephalomyelitis [76] it was suggested that virus infection may initiate or exacerbate organspecific autoimmune diseases [77] there is growing evidence about possible mechanisms by which virus infection can trigger autoimmunity among them are a molecular mimicry b bystander activation and c epitope spreading figure 1 a molecular mimicry involves the de novo activation of autoreactive t cells due to the crossreactivity between self epitopes and viral epitopes during a virus infection [78] hence...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...possible mechanisms by which virus infection can trigger autoimmunity among them are a molecular mimicry b bystander activation and c epitope spreading figure 1 a molecular mimicry involves the de novo activation of autoreactive t cells due to the crossreactivity between self epitopes and viral epitopes during a virus infection [78] hence an immune response of the host to a viral epitope will recognize as nonself the crossreacting host epitope even when the virus is no longer present the concept of molecular mimicry is among the most popular theories about how virus may induce autoimmunity accordingly proposed...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...mice and the myelin component galactocerebroside [67] in tmevinduced demyelination cd4 t cell responses to myelin epitopes arising via epitope spreading after initial cns damage approximately 4560 days postinfection [29] interestingly a molecular mimicry model for initiation of autoimmune demyelination was developed following virus infection with nonpathogenic tmev which was containing a self myelin epitope such as native or mimic sequences of the immunodominant plp139151 epitope infection of sjl mice infection with such a virus expressing a self epitope mimic directly induced autoreactive t cells with pathologic potential in the absence of cfa [79...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...epitope spreading after initial cns damage approximately 4560 days postinfection [29] interestingly a molecular mimicry model for initiation of autoimmune demyelination was developed following virus infection with nonpathogenic tmev which was containing a self myelin epitope such as native or mimic sequences of the immunodominant plp139151 epitope infection of sjl mice infection with such a virus expressing a self epitope mimic directly induced autoreactive t cells with pathologic potential in the absence of cfa [79] the later may be considered as a big advantage of this molecular mimicry model since cfa is a chemical compound...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...cns damage approximately 4560 days postinfection [29] interestingly a molecular mimicry model for initiation of autoimmune demyelination was developed following virus infection with nonpathogenic tmev which was containing a self myelin epitope such as native or mimic sequences of the immunodominant plp139151 epitope infection of sjl mice infection with such a virus expressing a self epitope mimic directly induced autoreactive t cells with pathologic potential in the absence of cfa [79] the later may be considered as a big advantage of this molecular mimicry model since cfa is a chemical compound imposing artificial inflammatory environment...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...the native pathogen protein are two key factors that play important role in the molecular mimicry mechanism during the induction of autoimmunity in addition the nature of the innate immune response to the pathogen which determines the immunopathologic potential of the induced crossreactive t cells the sites of the primary infection in the host and the ability of the pathogen to persist and finally the potential requirement for multiple infections with the same or different pathogens are all considered as contributing factors determining the mechanism of molecular mimicry [80] mbp is among the most important targets in the...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 and they were derived from human pathogens such as ebv hsv cmv influenza virus and adenovirus [81] b bystander activation is the nonspecific activation of autoreactive t cells resulting from the direct inflammatory andor necrotic effects of virus infection on tissue in the target organ [82] this mechanism requires destruction of specific tissue such as cns release of sequestered antigen such as those of myelin and increased local immune inflammation lymphocytes would be recruited to the injured cns and those reactive to the released myelin antigen...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...epitope spreading is characterized by a widening of the immune response from an initiating antigenic epitope to different epitopes on the same molecule intramolecular spreading or to a epitopes on a different antigenic molecule intermolecular spreading the addition of functional immunogenic myelin epitopes to the original viral epitopes in tmev infection represents a classical example of intermolecular epitope spreading [29 84] in particular cells responding to the major plp epitope139152 isolated from lymph nodes of tmev infected mice have the ability to demyelinate organotypic cultures of spinal cord no similar results were obtained when the cells were stimulated...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...[100] interesting information about a possible mechanism under which axonal injury may exist without concomitant demyelination may emerge from tmev animal model the extent and location of axonal injury following infections with both da and gdvii tmev strains was investigated [101] in da virus infection axonal injury was detected as early as 1 week after infection the number of damaged axons increased throughout time during the subclinical phase 2 and 3 weeks after infection axonal injury was associated with parenchymal infiltration of microglia and t cells and viral antigen and damaged axons were present within...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...which axonal injury may exist without concomitant demyelination may emerge from tmev animal model the extent and location of axonal injury following infections with both da and gdvii tmev strains was investigated [101] in da virus infection axonal injury was detected as early as 1 week after infection the number of damaged axons increased throughout time during the subclinical phase 2 and 3 weeks after infection axonal injury was associated with parenchymal infiltration of microglia and t cells and viral antigen and damaged axons were present within intact myelin sheaths however vigorous inflammatory demyelinating lesions were not seen...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...of axonal injury following infections with both da and gdvii tmev strains was investigated [101] in da virus infection axonal injury was detected as early as 1 week after infection the number of damaged axons increased throughout time during the subclinical phase 2 and 3 weeks after infection axonal injury was associated with parenchymal infiltration of microglia and t cells and viral antigen and damaged axons were present within intact myelin sheaths however vigorous inflammatory demyelinating lesions were not seen until the chronic phase 4 weeks after infection in gdvii virus infection extensive axonal injury was noted...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...time during the subclinical phase 2 and 3 weeks after infection axonal injury was associated with parenchymal infiltration of microglia and t cells and viral antigen and damaged axons were present within intact myelin sheaths however vigorous inflammatory demyelinating lesions were not seen until the chronic phase 4 weeks after infection in gdvii virus infection extensive axonal injury was noted 1 week after infection without association with inflammation virus or demyelination the distribution of injured or damaged axons in both gdvii virus infection and the early phase of da virus infection corresponded to regions where subsequent demyelination occurred during the...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...2 and 3 weeks after infection axonal injury was associated with parenchymal infiltration of microglia and t cells and viral antigen and damaged axons were present within intact myelin sheaths however vigorous inflammatory demyelinating lesions were not seen until the chronic phase 4 weeks after infection in gdvii virus infection extensive axonal injury was noted 1 week after infection without association with inflammation virus or demyelination the distribution of injured or damaged axons in both gdvii virus infection and the early phase of da virus infection corresponded to regions where subsequent demyelination occurred during the chronic phase of da virus...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...associated with parenchymal infiltration of microglia and t cells and viral antigen and damaged axons were present within intact myelin sheaths however vigorous inflammatory demyelinating lesions were not seen until the chronic phase 4 weeks after infection in gdvii virus infection extensive axonal injury was noted 1 week after infection without association with inflammation virus or demyelination the distribution of injured or damaged axons in both gdvii virus infection and the early phase of da virus infection corresponded to regions where subsequent demyelination occurred during the chronic phase of da virus infection these findings indicate that axonal injury may...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...myelin sheaths however vigorous inflammatory demyelinating lesions were not seen until the chronic phase 4 weeks after infection in gdvii virus infection extensive axonal injury was noted 1 week after infection without association with inflammation virus or demyelination the distribution of injured or damaged axons in both gdvii virus infection and the early phase of da virus infection corresponded to regions where subsequent demyelination occurred during the chronic phase of da virus infection these findings indicate that axonal injury may not follow but rather herald demyelination in some virus models somebody may therefore hypothesize that axonal injury noticed during...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...not seen until the chronic phase 4 weeks after infection in gdvii virus infection extensive axonal injury was noted 1 week after infection without association with inflammation virus or demyelination the distribution of injured or damaged axons in both gdvii virus infection and the early phase of da virus infection corresponded to regions where subsequent demyelination occurred during the chronic phase of da virus infection these findings indicate that axonal injury may not follow but rather herald demyelination in some virus models somebody may therefore hypothesize that axonal injury noticed during the earliest stages of ms or in the...

Title: Virus-mediated autoimmunity in Multiple
Sclerosis
Authors: Grigoriadis, Nikolaos. Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M
Journal: J Autoimmune Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 206
ID: f50b6632623eb4fe2193588b4f2c217c7125872d
Number of matches: 45

...extensive axonal injury was noted 1 week after infection without association with inflammation virus or demyelination the distribution of injured or damaged axons in both gdvii virus infection and the early phase of da virus infection corresponded to regions where subsequent demyelination occurred during the chronic phase of da virus infection these findings indicate that axonal injury may not follow but rather herald demyelination in some virus models somebody may therefore hypothesize that axonal injury noticed during the earliest stages of ms or in the normal appearing white matter could be attributed to the activation of an as yet unidentified...

Title: The Search for a Practical Approach to Emerging
Diseases: The Case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS)
Authors: Selmi, Carlo. Ansari, Aftab A....
Journal: Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 207
ID: 060201d43460ac305a26ac4b0acca66cd41c151a
Number of matches: 9

...ironically the evolution of new etiological agents of disease are reminiscent of the japanese art of origami with new patterns and images formed at each and every turn in such situations clinicians and researchers face the challenge of defining etiological agents establishing assays for rapid diagnosis instituting barriers to limit infection and developing efficient therapeutic and preventive options sars is the latest of these infectious challenges outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndromeworldwide 2003 indeed sars appears as the first severe and easily transmissible new disease to emerge in the 21st century it is associated with a significant morbidity and mortality...

Title: The Search for a Practical Approach to Emerging
Diseases: The Case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS)
Authors: Selmi, Carlo. Ansari, Aftab A....
Journal: Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 207
ID: 060201d43460ac305a26ac4b0acca66cd41c151a
Number of matches: 9

...the spread of disease first sars has spread throughout the world along international air travel routes thus individuals may travel during an incubation period and become symptomatic only later second as the number of cases increases it is becoming harder to identify some of the risk factors involved in the infection thus making the tracking of previous contacts more difficult third the potential of a vector that can transmit this disease whether alive or not has yet to be entertained fourth the first sars cases were in november 2002 but there was no warning by the chinese government acute respiratory syndrome...

Title: The Search for a Practical Approach to Emerging
Diseases: The Case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS)
Authors: Selmi, Carlo. Ansari, Aftab A....
Journal: Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 207
ID: 060201d43460ac305a26ac4b0acca66cd41c151a
Number of matches: 9

...view on the other hand such data raise new patients should limit interactions outside the home and should not go to work school outofhome child care or other public areas until 10 days after the resolution of fever provided respiratory symptoms are absent or improving during the same time infection control precautions should be used to minimize the potential for transmission all members of a household with a sars patient should carefully follow recommendations for hand hygiene eg frequent hand washing or use of alcoholbased hand rubs particularly after contact with body fluids eg respiratory secretions urine or feces...

Title: The Search for a Practical Approach to Emerging
Diseases: The Case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS)
Authors: Selmi, Carlo. Ansari, Aftab A....
Journal: Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 207
ID: 060201d43460ac305a26ac4b0acca66cd41c151a
Number of matches: 9

...vaccine has been a daunting task it is reasonable to assume that a candidate vaccine for the coronavirus agent responsible for sars will be a reality in the relatively near future this is likely because unlike hiv a large number of individuals who get infected with sars recover from the infection and appear to become healthy and normal this evidence suggests that the bodys immune system is capable of containing the virus thus it seems reasonable that a safe and effective vaccine in the form of a live attenuated recombinant or killed vaccine may become a reality based on epidemiological...

Title: The Search for a Practical Approach to Emerging
Diseases: The Case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS)
Authors: Selmi, Carlo. Ansari, Aftab A....
Journal: Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 207
ID: 060201d43460ac305a26ac4b0acca66cd41c151a
Number of matches: 9

...by the who is of obvious importance in the challenge provided by sars and all emerging diseases even those derived from terroristic threats at the present time it is impossible to foresee the outcome of this global emergency will the outbreaks be contained and prevented from becoming an endemic infection in human populations or will they assume a cyclic pattern thus reappearing again in the same or in another geographical area in the future an rtpcr assay for the identification of the agent an elisa assay for the detection of acute and convalescent serum titers against the coronavirus agent and...

Title: The Search for a Practical Approach to Emerging
Diseases: The Case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS)
Authors: Selmi, Carlo. Ansari, Aftab A....
Journal: Dev Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 207
ID: 060201d43460ac305a26ac4b0acca66cd41c151a
Number of matches: 9

...anticoronavirus effects and a potential animal model for vaccine testing is in progress in a world where all national borders are permeable to microbial agents we are reminded of a quote from the american poet wallace stevens who stated at the beginning of the 20th century that thought is an infection and in the case of certain thoughts it becomes an epidemic...

Title: Vaccinomics Approach for Designing Potential
Peptide Vaccine by Targeting Shigella spp. Serine
Protease Autotransporter Subfamily Protein SigA
Authors: Oany, Arafat Rahman. Pervin, Tahmina...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 208
ID: 1c2e5c34faa703640900893c58254c63361bd29b
Number of matches: 5

......

Title: Vaccinomics Approach for Designing Potential
Peptide Vaccine by Targeting Shigella spp. Serine
Protease Autotransporter Subfamily Protein SigA
Authors: Oany, Arafat Rahman. Pervin, Tahmina...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 208
ID: 1c2e5c34faa703640900893c58254c63361bd29b
Number of matches: 5

...dysentery or marlow syndrome is most typically associated with diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal symptoms in humans this pathogen is usually found in water that is contaminated with human feces within the setting of poor hygiene among kids of underneath 5 years old and is transmitted via the fecaloral route the infection will occur even if there is just a bodily function of only ten to one hundred microorganisms [1] in each year 165 million cases of shigella infection are accounted worldwide of that 163 million take place in developing countries and ultimately result in millions of death [...

Title: Vaccinomics Approach for Designing Potential
Peptide Vaccine by Targeting Shigella spp. Serine
Protease Autotransporter Subfamily Protein SigA
Authors: Oany, Arafat Rahman. Pervin, Tahmina...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 208
ID: 1c2e5c34faa703640900893c58254c63361bd29b
Number of matches: 5

...the setting of poor hygiene among kids of underneath 5 years old and is transmitted via the fecaloral route the infection will occur even if there is just a bodily function of only ten to one hundred microorganisms [1] in each year 165 million cases of shigella infection are accounted worldwide of that 163 million take place in developing countries and ultimately result in millions of death [2] bangladesh has got the top rates of shigellosis according to the recent global enteric multicenter study gems in asia the output of this study has revealed that...

Title: Vaccinomics Approach for Designing Potential
Peptide Vaccine by Targeting Shigella spp. Serine
Protease Autotransporter Subfamily Protein SigA
Authors: Oany, Arafat Rahman. Pervin, Tahmina...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 208
ID: 1c2e5c34faa703640900893c58254c63361bd29b
Number of matches: 5

...the position of siga in the chromosome made them less vulnerable to loss compare to the other virulence factors harbouring within the plasmid and more exposure to the immune cells occurred by this secreted toxin [11] most importantly this protein has been shown to be immunogenic following infection with shigella [10] the generalized modules of membrane antigengmma based outer membrane proteins including siga were also shown to be highly immunogenic [12] which prompted us to target siga as one of the best vaccine candidates and to design potential peptide vaccine covering all...

Title: Vaccinomics Approach for Designing Potential
Peptide Vaccine by Targeting Shigella spp. Serine
Protease Autotransporter Subfamily Protein SigA
Authors: Oany, Arafat Rahman. Pervin, Tahmina...
Journal: J Immunol Res
Item: Infection
Index: 208
ID: 1c2e5c34faa703640900893c58254c63361bd29b
Number of matches: 5

...immunogenic [12] which prompted us to target siga as one of the best vaccine candidates and to design potential peptide vaccine covering all the shigella spp and most of the regions of the world epitopebased immunizing agents are often an inexpensive choice to thwart enteric shigella infection the identification of specific epitopes derived from infectious pathogens has considerably advanced the event of epitopebased vaccines evs higher understanding of the molecular basis of substance recognition and human leukocyte antigenhla binding motifs has resulted in the advancement of rationally designed vaccines that solely depends on algorithms predicting the peptides...

Title: Evaluation of NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen
Panel and Comparison with xTAG Respiratory Viral
Panel Fast v2 and Film Array Respiratory Panel for
Detecting Respiratory Pathogens in Nasopharyngeal
Aspirates and Swine/Avian-Origin Influenza A Subtypes
in Culture Isolates
Authors: Chan, K. H.. To, K. K. W....
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 209
ID: b4625acf19fca7b49e058b46f640125fa4e367f5
Number of matches: 8

...rhinovirus [7 8] rapid and accurate identification of the causative pathogens of rtis can help guide treatment decisions possibly reducing the length of hospital stays and associated 2 advances in virology healthcare costs moreover it aids in epidemiologic tracking of local outbreaks or epidemics by implementing proper infection control measures and administering effective antimicrobial therapy rapid laboratory identification of rti pathogens has been associated with up to 50 reduction in hospital stays 30 reduction in the inappropriate use of antibiotics and 20 reduction in unnecessary diagnostic tests and procedures [9] multiplexed molecular assays that can...

Title: Evaluation of NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen
Panel and Comparison with xTAG Respiratory Viral
Panel Fast v2 and Film Array Respiratory Panel for
Detecting Respiratory Pathogens in Nasopharyngeal
Aspirates and Swine/Avian-Origin Influenza A Subtypes
in Culture Isolates
Authors: Chan, K. H.. To, K. K. W....
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 209
ID: b4625acf19fca7b49e058b46f640125fa4e367f5
Number of matches: 8

...against the positive references and agreement between the assays were calculated by vassarstats website for statistical computation http vassarstatsnet we have previously shown that xtag rvp has low sensitivity for detecting h7n9 [16 17] in this study one of the patient specimens with confirmed h7n9 influenza a infection was also not detected by xtag rvp influenza a but was detected by nxtag rpp and filmarray rp influenza a xtag rvp has a 1000 and 10 times higher limit of detection for h7n9 than nxtag rpp and filmarray rp respectively table 3 these findings show that nxtag rrp...

Title: Evaluation of NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen
Panel and Comparison with xTAG Respiratory Viral
Panel Fast v2 and Film Array Respiratory Panel for
Detecting Respiratory Pathogens in Nasopharyngeal
Aspirates and Swine/Avian-Origin Influenza A Subtypes
in Culture Isolates
Authors: Chan, K. H.. To, K. K. W....
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 209
ID: b4625acf19fca7b49e058b46f640125fa4e367f5
Number of matches: 8

...differentiated by nxtag rpp in the recent years the availability of molecular diagnostic tests has revolutionized the diagnosis and surveillance of infectious diseases and treatment of rtis multiplexed molecular assays simultaneously detect multiple pathogens from the same sample in a single reaction vessel providing a more comprehensive picture of infection in this study the clinical performance of the luminex nxtag rpp cvivd in npa specimens was found to have high sensitivity 952 and specificity 996 for detection of respiratory viruses these findings are similar to those reported in recent evaluation studies using nxtag rpp ruo kit by other groups [...

Title: Evaluation of NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen
Panel and Comparison with xTAG Respiratory Viral
Panel Fast v2 and Film Array Respiratory Panel for
Detecting Respiratory Pathogens in Nasopharyngeal
Aspirates and Swine/Avian-Origin Influenza A Subtypes
in Culture Isolates
Authors: Chan, K. H.. To, K. K. W....
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 209
ID: b4625acf19fca7b49e058b46f640125fa4e367f5
Number of matches: 8

...same assay or other assays in this study the results showed that an equivocal result by filmarray rp is most likely to be a true positive the correct interpretation of these results should be considered to avoid delay in diagnosis and treatment particularly in patients with severe influenza a virus infection in general the analytical sensitivities of the nxtag rpp and filmarray rp for the swineand avianorigin influenza viruses were comparable but xtag rvp had more than one log lower analytical sensitivity than nxtag rpp and filmarray rp table 3 nxtag rpp also had higher analytical sensitivity for detecting...

Title: Evaluation of NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen
Panel and Comparison with xTAG Respiratory Viral
Panel Fast v2 and Film Array Respiratory Panel for
Detecting Respiratory Pathogens in Nasopharyngeal
Aspirates and Swine/Avian-Origin Influenza A Subtypes
in Culture Isolates
Authors: Chan, K. H.. To, K. K. W....
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 209
ID: b4625acf19fca7b49e058b46f640125fa4e367f5
Number of matches: 8

...strain aindiana082011 with 500tcid 50 a recent study also showed that nxtag rpp ruo only correctly genotyped 955 of influenza a virus h1n1pdm09 strains [19] rapid multiplex rtpcr assays for respiratory pathogens detection are important for establishing diagnosis to facilitate the implementation of appropriate treatment and infection control measures sensitive and specific laboratory diagnosis advances in virology 5 of all influenza a virus subtypes is especially essential in certain epidemic regions such as southeast asia the correct interpretation of these results is also important and would avoid delay in patient management and infection control especially in patients...

Title: Evaluation of NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen
Panel and Comparison with xTAG Respiratory Viral
Panel Fast v2 and Film Array Respiratory Panel for
Detecting Respiratory Pathogens in Nasopharyngeal
Aspirates and Swine/Avian-Origin Influenza A Subtypes
in Culture Isolates
Authors: Chan, K. H.. To, K. K. W....
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 209
ID: b4625acf19fca7b49e058b46f640125fa4e367f5
Number of matches: 8

...of appropriate treatment and infection control measures sensitive and specific laboratory diagnosis advances in virology 5 of all influenza a virus subtypes is especially essential in certain epidemic regions such as southeast asia the correct interpretation of these results is also important and would avoid delay in patient management and infection control especially in patients with severe seasonal influenza a or avianswineorigin influenza a virus subtype infection clinical microbiologists infectious disease specialists and laboratory managers should be aware of and understand the different clinical performances of these commercially available molecular multiplex rtpcr assays that are commonly adopted in many clinical microbiology...

Title: Evaluation of NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen
Panel and Comparison with xTAG Respiratory Viral
Panel Fast v2 and Film Array Respiratory Panel for
Detecting Respiratory Pathogens in Nasopharyngeal
Aspirates and Swine/Avian-Origin Influenza A Subtypes
in Culture Isolates
Authors: Chan, K. H.. To, K. K. W....
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 209
ID: b4625acf19fca7b49e058b46f640125fa4e367f5
Number of matches: 8

...of all influenza a virus subtypes is especially essential in certain epidemic regions such as southeast asia the correct interpretation of these results is also important and would avoid delay in patient management and infection control especially in patients with severe seasonal influenza a or avianswineorigin influenza a virus subtype infection clinical microbiologists infectious disease specialists and laboratory managers should be aware of and understand the different clinical performances of these commercially available molecular multiplex rtpcr assays that are commonly adopted in many clinical microbiology laboratories the sensitivity and specificity of these molecular multiplex assays must be predetermined and be able...

Title: Evaluation of NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen
Panel and Comparison with xTAG Respiratory Viral
Panel Fast v2 and Film Array Respiratory Panel for
Detecting Respiratory Pathogens in Nasopharyngeal
Aspirates and Swine/Avian-Origin Influenza A Subtypes
in Culture Isolates
Authors: Chan, K. H.. To, K. K. W....
Journal: Adv Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 209
ID: b4625acf19fca7b49e058b46f640125fa4e367f5
Number of matches: 8

...understand the different clinical performances of these commercially available molecular multiplex rtpcr assays that are commonly adopted in many clinical microbiology laboratories the sensitivity and specificity of these molecular multiplex assays must be predetermined and be able to confidently detect most of the important avian or swine influenza a subtype infection including h5n1 and h7n9 and this capability is particularly important for use in southeast asia a limitation of this study is that some target numbers are small this is due to low prevalent disease and may require a longer period in order to collect a higher number of positives...

Title: Anticipated and current preventive behaviors
in response to an anticipated human-to-human
H5N1 epidemic in the Hong Kong Chinese general
population
Authors: Lau, Joseph TF. Kim, Jean H...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 210
ID: b7c8e73cf095e30552a32cea04a398331c55ab41
Number of matches: 1

...protecting others therefore different considerations may be involved in making decisions of whether to practice preventive behaviors depending on whether such behaviors are selfdirected or directed towards others with full population compliance with quarantine policies the critical battle front of the avian influenza epidemic would shift to effective hospital infection control it is unlikely that health care workers will be able to comply to all the stringent occupational guidelines in the event of nosocomial human h5n1 outbreaks high fatality rates may occur in these health settings if panic or widespread nonadherence to safety measures occur research counseling and emergency plans...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...2012 through february 2019 a total of 2374 laboratoryconfirmed merscov cases with 823 deaths 3466 were reported to the world health organization who by 27 countries with the majority 1983 cases 8352 being reported by saudi arabia with 745 deaths 3756 [2] the risk assessment of merscov infection transmission and severity is crucial in predicting and preventing further outbreaks of human infections and in enhancing control measures recent studies have advised that dromedary camels camelus dromedarius serve as a reservoir host for merscov and cameltohuman transmission can occur through sporadic zoonotic infections associated with exposure to infected dromedary...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...advised that dromedary camels camelus dromedarius serve as a reservoir host for merscov and cameltohuman transmission can occur through sporadic zoonotic infections associated with exposure to infected dromedary camels and their products [3] [4] [5] the risk factors were identified for primary merscov infection in persons with either direct or indirect exposure to camels in particular higher heterogeneity was more prominent in zoonotic than in humantohuman transmission in the middle east region this result emphasizes the importance of the environmental component of the epidemic [32] although approximately 83 of the globally...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...of the merscov data and performed a range of checks for data consistency completeness and fitness for the study purpose we then developed a dataset with variables of interest for each individual with merscov the dataset included the following diagnosis date gender age nationality healthcare employment status and source of infection as well as the city governorate and province of residence a confirmed case is defined as a suspected case that has a laboratory confirmation of merscov infection a suspected case is defined as either i an adult patient presenting with severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome based on...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...interest for each individual with merscov the dataset included the following diagnosis date gender age nationality healthcare employment status and source of infection as well as the city governorate and province of residence a confirmed case is defined as a suspected case that has a laboratory confirmation of merscov infection a suspected case is defined as either i an adult patient presenting with severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome based on clinical or radiological evidence or ii an adult patient presenting with an unexplained deterioration of a chronic condition such as congestive heart failure or chronic kidney disease being...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...symptoms or b gastrointestinal symptoms and leukopenia or thrombocytopenia laboratory testing for merscov is performed at approved regional smoh and selected nonsmoh governmental laboratories to confirm a clinically suspected case and to screen contacts by using validated commercial realtime reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction rrtpcr assays the laboratory confirmation of merscov infection requires either a positive rrtpcr result for at least two specific genomic targets or a region upstream and open reading frame1a upe and orf1a [35] a primary case is defined as a person with a laboratoryconfirmed merscov infection with no evidence of contact with infected individuals but...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...chain reaction rrtpcr assays the laboratory confirmation of merscov infection requires either a positive rrtpcr result for at least two specific genomic targets or a region upstream and open reading frame1a upe and orf1a [35] a primary case is defined as a person with a laboratoryconfirmed merscov infection with no evidence of contact with infected individuals but is known or believed to have had direct or indirect exposure to camels or camel habitats exposure to camels includes direct physical contact with camels or their surroundings milking and handling excreta drinking raw camel milk or other unpasteurized products derived...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...contact with camels or living with a household member who has had direct contact with camels by contrast a secondary case is defined as a person who has shared the same enclosed space eg a room or office for frequent or extended periods with an individual with a symptomatic merscov infection merscov is believed to spread between humans mainly through contact and respiratory droplets however transmission through small particle droplet nuclei aerosols may occur environmental contamination during outbreaks in healthcare facilities can be extensive and might contribute to outbreak amplification if adequate disinfection procedures are not followed [35] ...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...indirect exposure to camels secondary cases accounted for 4090 n 821 of the total number of confirmed cases whereas missing and unknown cases accounted for 1802 n 362 and 1703 n 342 of the total number of confirmed cases respectively on the incidence of merscov infection was mostly reported from riyadh n 722 3595 jeddah n 276 1374 and alahsa governorates n 129 642 figure 2 the incidence in wadi addawasir buraydah taif alkharj najran madinah and makkah governorates ranged from 51 to 81 cases these were followed by five governorates in...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...najran madinah and makkah governorates ranged from 51 to 81 cases these were followed by five governorates in northern saudi arabia hafr albatin sakaka hail dumat aljundal and tabuk and two governorates in eastern saudi arabia alkhubar and dammam with 2026 cases for the eb smoothed incidence rate of merscov infection the wadi addawasir governorate showed the highest rate across the country with 6687 cases per 100000 people figure 3 dumat aljundal and najran governorates followed with 3346 and 2002 cases per 100000 people respectively alkharj alhinakiyah and afif governorates exhibited an incidence rate in the range of 15031812...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

... figure 3 dumat aljundal and najran governorates followed with 3346 and 2002 cases per 100000 people respectively alkharj alhinakiyah and afif governorates exhibited an incidence rate in the range of 15031812 cases per 100000 people in riyadh the capital of saudi arabia the the incidence of merscov infection was mostly reported from riyadh n 722 3595 jeddah n 276 1374 and alahsa governorates n 129 642 figure 2 the incidence in wadi addawasir buraydah taif alkharj najran madinah and makkah governorates ranged from 51 to 81 cases these were followed by five governorates in...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...najran madinah and makkah governorates ranged from 51 to 81 cases these were followed by five governorates in northern saudi arabia hafr albatin sakaka hail dumat aljundal and tabuk and two governorates in eastern saudi arabia alkhubar and dammam with 2026 cases for the eb smoothed incidence rate of merscov infection the wadi addawasir governorate showed the highest rate across the country with 6687 cases per 100000 people figure 3 dumat aljundal and najran governorates followed with 3346 and 2002 cases per 100000 people respectively alkharj alhinakiyah and afif governorates exhibited an incidence rate in the range of 15031812...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...people figure 3 dumat aljundal and najran governorates followed with 3346 and 2002 cases per 100000 people respectively alkharj alhinakiyah and afif governorates exhibited an incidence rate in the range of 15031812 cases per 100000 people in riyadh the capital of saudi arabia the incidence rate of merscov infection was 1392 cases per 100000 people in buraydah alahsa and jeddah governorates the incidence rates were 1304 1206 and 798 cases per 100000 people respectively temporal cluster analysis generated from the spatial scan test identified the years 2014 2015 and 2016 the months of april and may of 2014...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...cities in the same province spatial clusters in single cities were identified across the country alhofuf east dumat aljundal north najran south alqunfidhah southwest alhinakiyah west and buraydah center represented the third fourth fifth sixth seventh and eighth secondary clusters respectively the results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of merscov infection using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019 showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in saudi arabia table 3 table 4 and figure 5 figure 6 spatial variations existed between the annual and monthly spatiotemporal clusters for the annual spatiotemporal clusters a group...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...was followed by a secondary cluster that was found for three cities jeddah makkah and taif in makkah province between 2014 and 2015 spatiotemporal clusters in single cities were also observed and varied in space and time across the country wadi the results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of merscov infection using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019 showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in saudi arabia table 3 table 4 and figure 5 figure 6 spatial variations existed between the annual and monthly spatiotemporal clusters for the annual spatiotemporal clusters a group...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...the prevention and control of merscov outbreaks despite the significant improvement in merscov surveillance on the other hand the primary cases accounted for only 2405 of the total confirmed cases although compared with the general population people in close contact with dromedary camels have a higher risk of developing merscov infection via a primary source [3] [4] [5] our results indicated that only 4824 of the total primarily infected cases were associated with direct or indirect contact with camels this result is consistent with previous findings [4] regarding the ambiguity of primary...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...a primary source [3] [4] [5] our results indicated that only 4824 of the total primarily infected cases were associated with direct or indirect contact with camels this result is consistent with previous findings [4] regarding the ambiguity of primary merscov infection transmission in saudi arabia camel milk and meat production has increased by 54 and 64 per year respectively [41] however intensified animal production has epidemiological consequences including increased risk of disease recent trends in saudi arabia have indicated a tendency towards dromedary camel husbandry intensification since the...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...of sporadic and epidemic patterns as a result of animaltohuman humantohuman and unknown exposure was observed by contrast the epidemic curve in south korea where the largest outbreak outside of the arabian peninsula occurred had a clear nosocomial epidemiological pattern [45] purely temporal cluster analyses of merscov infection illustrated significant clusters in april and may of 2014 this finding is consistent with previous results [46] which showed significant peaks in merscov incidence between march and may during a similar period seasonal cluster analysis identified april and may as a strongly significant seasonal cluster of merscov...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...illustrated significant clusters in april and may of 2014 this finding is consistent with previous results [46] which showed significant peaks in merscov incidence between march and may during a similar period seasonal cluster analysis identified april and may as a strongly significant seasonal cluster of merscov infection in accordance with our findings it was reported in [47] that merscov infection occurred markedly in june followed by may and april and the lowest rates were seen in january one possible reason for this trend is the seasonal variations in zoonotic infections in camels during the breeding...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...results [46] which showed significant peaks in merscov incidence between march and may during a similar period seasonal cluster analysis identified april and may as a strongly significant seasonal cluster of merscov infection in accordance with our findings it was reported in [47] that merscov infection occurred markedly in june followed by may and april and the lowest rates were seen in january one possible reason for this trend is the seasonal variations in zoonotic infections in camels during the breeding season [48 49] when camel farms are considered an important potential source...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...this trend is the seasonal variations in zoonotic infections in camels during the breeding season [48 49] when camel farms are considered an important potential source of merscov transmission [47] moreover a recent serological study in saudi arabia found a higher risk of merscov infection in camels in winter than in summer [50] however the low daily frequency and sporadic cases of merscov indicate a reduced likelihood of zoonotictohuman transmission and increased possibility of humantohuman transmission which is consistent with other findings [51] the main merscov outbreaks in 2014...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...on the outskirts of larger deserts which is the natural habitat for camels however significant spatial clusters of merscov cases were also reported from small general hospitals in single cities such as wadi addawasir dumat aljundal alhinakiyah and alqunfidhah in these settings delays in the isolation of suspected patients inadequate infection and control measures and late case diagnosis and management are expected the annual spatiotemporal highrisk merscov clusters occurred mainly in the early periods of the merscov epidemic between 2014 and 2016 in major cities such as riyadh jeddah taif alhofuf and buraydah whereas recent clusters between 2017 and 2019 were...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...mainly in the early periods of the merscov epidemic between 2014 and 2016 in major cities such as riyadh jeddah taif alhofuf and buraydah whereas recent clusters between 2017 and 2019 were observed in relatively small cities such as dumat aljundal and wadi addawasir this result can be explained by infection prevention and control practices which were to some extent more effective in major cities than in small cities and remote areas for the monthly spatiotemporal highrisk merscov clusters the cities of jeddah makkah and taif were identified as a part of the most likely highrisk merscov cluster for april...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...merscov clusters the cities of jeddah makkah and taif were identified as a part of the most likely highrisk merscov cluster for april and may of 2014 when the number of cases represented the largest accumulation of cases reported since the beginning of the merscov outbreak the probable source of infection in the majority of the cases in this outbreak was secondary humantohuman transmission in jeddah that took place in healthcare facilities as a result of overcrowding and inadequate infection control measures rather than a sudden increase in primary cases in the community [49] the spatiotemporal cluster detected...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...number of cases represented the largest accumulation of cases reported since the beginning of the merscov outbreak the probable source of infection in the majority of the cases in this outbreak was secondary humantohuman transmission in jeddah that took place in healthcare facilities as a result of overcrowding and inadequate infection control measures rather than a sudden increase in primary cases in the community [49] the spatiotemporal cluster detected in riyadh between march 2014 and october 2015 could be attributed to several outbreaks with the most prominent one occurring in a single healthcare setting in riyadh in august...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...in dumat aljundal in august 2017 and in buraydah in march 2016 according to [55] [56] [57] the majority of the cases were associated with healthcareacquired infections this indicates persistent challenges related to nosocomial transmission which require a thorough investigation of compliance to infection control measures by healthcare workers merscov infection has global public health implications and has been labelled as an epidemic in saudi arabia this study examined the spatial pattern and spatiotemporal clusters of merscov incidence in saudi arabia for the first time by using the latest publicly available merscov data...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...buraydah in march 2016 according to [55] [56] [57] the majority of the cases were associated with healthcareacquired infections this indicates persistent challenges related to nosocomial transmission which require a thorough investigation of compliance to infection control measures by healthcare workers merscov infection has global public health implications and has been labelled as an epidemic in saudi arabia this study examined the spatial pattern and spatiotemporal clusters of merscov incidence in saudi arabia for the first time by using the latest publicly available merscov data the results of this study provide initial risk...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...incidence in saudi arabia for the first time by using the latest publicly available merscov data the results of this study provide initial risk assessments that can be used as the basis for the further investigation of the potential environmental risk factors that can explain the spatiotemporal clusters of merscov infection the immediate isolation of suspected patients adequate infection control measures and early case diagnosis and management remain the principal elements in controlling the spread of the disease especially in small hospitals and in remote areas future research investigating the effects of age gender and occupation on merscov infection and mortality...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...by using the latest publicly available merscov data the results of this study provide initial risk assessments that can be used as the basis for the further investigation of the potential environmental risk factors that can explain the spatiotemporal clusters of merscov infection the immediate isolation of suspected patients adequate infection control measures and early case diagnosis and management remain the principal elements in controlling the spread of the disease especially in small hospitals and in remote areas future research investigating the effects of age gender and occupation on merscov infection and mortality is needed...

Title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in
Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019
Authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid. Alahmadi, Sabah...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 211
ID: 7e84a68e753fa2734beff117c24743d13b021c82
Number of matches: 29

...of merscov infection the immediate isolation of suspected patients adequate infection control measures and early case diagnosis and management remain the principal elements in controlling the spread of the disease especially in small hospitals and in remote areas future research investigating the effects of age gender and occupation on merscov infection and mortality is needed...

Title: Using DNA metabarcoding for simultaneous
inference of common vampire bat diet and population
structure
Authors: Bohmann, Kristine. Gopalakrishnan, Shyam...
Journal: Mol Ecol Resour
Item: Infection
Index: 212
ID: c5b72b9084df4d6f9e471b0e320a6136a7db7f0c
Number of matches: 4

...diets with high specificity existing methods have not yet reached a technical level that would make them costeffective and efficient for largescale applications a second challenge for managing vampire battransmitted rabies is that transmission to humans wildlife and livestock is underpinned by metapopulation dynamics and travelling waves of infection within vampire bats benavides valderrama streicker 2016 blackwood et al 2013 these complex spatial dynamics challenge prediction of localities at risk of rabies outbreaks however recent work has shown that genetic inference of vampire bat population structure can identify the future geographic pathways of ongoing epizootics genetic...

Title: Using DNA metabarcoding for simultaneous
inference of common vampire bat diet and population
structure
Authors: Bohmann, Kristine. Gopalakrishnan, Shyam...
Journal: Mol Ecol Resour
Item: Infection
Index: 212
ID: c5b72b9084df4d6f9e471b0e320a6136a7db7f0c
Number of matches: 4

...of vampire bat population structure can identify the future geographic pathways of ongoing epizootics genetic tools for simultaneous inference of vampire bat diet and population structure are therefore desirable to forecast which areas rabies is likely to invade next and the species that will be at risk of spillover infection such information could together guide the timing and species to be targeted for vaccination moreover tools for largescale analysis of bat diet would help to forecast changes in human rabies risk following deforestation or huntingdriven declines in preferred prey or conversely how recovery of wildlife due to conservation efforts could...

Title: Using DNA metabarcoding for simultaneous
inference of common vampire bat diet and population
structure
Authors: Bohmann, Kristine. Gopalakrishnan, Shyam...
Journal: Mol Ecol Resour
Item: Infection
Index: 212
ID: c5b72b9084df4d6f9e471b0e320a6136a7db7f0c
Number of matches: 4

...widespread and relatively common phenomenon furthermore metabarcoding confirmed the arthropods to be ectoparasitic taxa when dna reference databases were sufficient to identify dna to low taxonomic resolution our high observed frequency and geographically widespread nature of this phenomenon are unsurprising given that common vampire bats have high levels of infection by ectoparasites and engage in selfand allogrooming patterson dick dittmar 2008 carter leffer 2015 reviewed in greenhall et al 1983 detected arthropods are therefore likely ectoparasites ingested during grooming aguirre herrel van damme 2003 greenhall 1972 however it is also conceivable that ectoparasites might be...

Title: Using DNA metabarcoding for simultaneous
inference of common vampire bat diet and population
structure
Authors: Bohmann, Kristine. Gopalakrishnan, Shyam...
Journal: Mol Ecol Resour
Item: Infection
Index: 212
ID: c5b72b9084df4d6f9e471b0e320a6136a7db7f0c
Number of matches: 4

...than previous dnabased methods and for simultaneous assessment of common vampire bat population structure this methodology can be used to obtain novel and noninvasive insights into common vampire bat ecology through coupling of dietary findings and population structure and to inform projections of which species are at risk of spillover infection by vampire battransmitted pathogens such as rabies thereby this analytical tool can aid development of strategies for control of vampire battransmitted rabies to humans wildlife and livestock for instance with regard to vaccination of susceptible prey species which relies on knowledge of local vampire batprey interactions...

Title: Structural analysis of herpes simplex virus by
optical super-resolution imaging
Authors: Laine, Romain F.. Albecka, Anna...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 213
ID: d17a83f05547d542975169b6d43912eae3afd17b
Number of matches: 4

...result in herpes keratitis 1 a leading infectious cause of blindness and herpes simplex encephalitis 2 which has a high mortality even in patients treated with antiviral therapy it is highly contagious and can be easily passed from individual to individual via direct contact in addition after primary infection hsv1 establishes a lifelong latent infection in sensory ganglia with periodic reactivation of the virus leading to both symptomatic and asymptomatic virus shedding 3 electron microscopy em and electron tomography et studies of hsv1 have revealed that virus particles have a spherical shape 4 with diameter ranging from...

Title: Structural analysis of herpes simplex virus by
optical super-resolution imaging
Authors: Laine, Romain F.. Albecka, Anna...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 213
ID: d17a83f05547d542975169b6d43912eae3afd17b
Number of matches: 4

...a leading infectious cause of blindness and herpes simplex encephalitis 2 which has a high mortality even in patients treated with antiviral therapy it is highly contagious and can be easily passed from individual to individual via direct contact in addition after primary infection hsv1 establishes a lifelong latent infection in sensory ganglia with periodic reactivation of the virus leading to both symptomatic and asymptomatic virus shedding 3 electron microscopy em and electron tomography et studies of hsv1 have revealed that virus particles have a spherical shape 4 with diameter ranging from 155 to 240 nm each containing...

Title: Structural analysis of herpes simplex virus by
optical super-resolution imaging
Authors: Laine, Romain F.. Albecka, Anna...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 213
ID: d17a83f05547d542975169b6d43912eae3afd17b
Number of matches: 4

...performed with 01 triton x100 2 fbs in pbs and followed by antibody binding typically primary antibodies were used at 100 mg ml 1 and secondary at a dilution of 1500 an additional poststaining fixation step using 3 emgrad formaldehyde was included to prevent antibodies detaching from antigens infection assay hff cells were seeded onto labtek ii dish after glycine blocking the plate the next day cells were infected with kos vp26mtqgmeyfp virus at 5 pfu per cell after 12h infection cells were fixed permeabilized and labelled with antibodies as described above dstorm imaging the imaging was performed...

Title: Structural analysis of herpes simplex virus by
optical super-resolution imaging
Authors: Laine, Romain F.. Albecka, Anna...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 213
ID: d17a83f05547d542975169b6d43912eae3afd17b
Number of matches: 4

...an additional poststaining fixation step using 3 emgrad formaldehyde was included to prevent antibodies detaching from antigens infection assay hff cells were seeded onto labtek ii dish after glycine blocking the plate the next day cells were infected with kos vp26mtqgmeyfp virus at 5 pfu per cell after 12h infection cells were fixed permeabilized and labelled with antibodies as described above dstorm imaging the imaging was performed on inverted total internal reflection fluorescence tirf microscopes nikon te300 and olympus ix71 japan custombuilt for dstorm acquisition as previously described 22 65 66 the nikon te300 microscope was equipped with...

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

......

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

...east respiratory syndrome coronavirus merscov was reported in saudi arabia in 2012 [1] since then the world health organization has been notified of 1368 cases of merscov infection including at least 490 cases that led to death [2 3] the first case of merscov infection in a 68yearold man who had a history of travel to the middle east was confirmed in south korea on 20 may 2015 [4] as of july 2015 186 cases of merscov and 36 related deaths fatality rate 194 have been reported in south korea [5...

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

...36 related deaths fatality rate 194 have been reported in south korea [5] this fatality rate is the second highest in the world merscov crisis not only exerted massive social and economic impact on south korea but also revealed drawbacks in south korean public health and infection control of the healthcare system 2 of 7 largescale merscov infection in south korea occurred by intraand interhospital transmission [6] the first merscov patient was exposed to other patients healthcare providers and visitors during his first hospital visit due to inadequate management of patients with infectious diseases...

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

...korea [5] this fatality rate is the second highest in the world merscov crisis not only exerted massive social and economic impact on south korea but also revealed drawbacks in south korean public health and infection control of the healthcare system 2 of 7 largescale merscov infection in south korea occurred by intraand interhospital transmission [6] the first merscov patient was exposed to other patients healthcare providers and visitors during his first hospital visit due to inadequate management of patients with infectious diseases in south korea [5] clearly central and municipal...

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

...control [6] after the ebola crisis in 2014 the government installed and operated airborneinfection isolation rooms at local district public hospitals to treat patients with acute infectious disease [7] however incompleteness has been exposed despite such measure [6] in addition airborne infection is identified as a serious problem in south korean merscov guidelines [6] the definition of close contact with respect to merscov response strategies used by the korea centers for disease control and prevention kcdc was unclear and incompatible with that of the world health organization such incorrect...

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

...disease on the day when the list of hospitals that merscov patients had visited or attended for treatment was disclosed the number of confirmed cases was increased however a downward trend was observed thereafter this result implies that disclosing the hospital list was very effective in preventing people from further infection of mers through timely provision of information the following two mechanisms were presumably involved in the downward trend of infection first the information dissemination was likely to lower the possibility of the publics further contracting merscov as it helped members of the public to avoid exposed hospitals with the...

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

...number of confirmed cases was increased however a downward trend was observed thereafter this result implies that disclosing the hospital list was very effective in preventing people from further infection of mers through timely provision of information the following two mechanisms were presumably involved in the downward trend of infection first the information dissemination was likely to lower the possibility of the publics further contracting merscov as it helped members of the public to avoid exposed hospitals with the given information by the health authority [13] following a news article hospital utilization had decreased by up to...

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

...control guidance voluntarily and effectively [14] these mechanisms are supposed to have contributed to the reduction in the number of confirmed cases this study showed that the korean health authorities decision to disclose information regarding hospitals exposed to merscov contributed to the prevention of further merscov infection during the outbreak despite the criticism that the disclosure occurred too late in addition findings of this study indicate that health authorities should disseminate information regarding facilities affected by an outbreak of infectious diseases as soon as possible to ensure that people are able to avoid the risk of infection...

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

...infection during the outbreak despite the criticism that the disclosure occurred too late in addition findings of this study indicate that health authorities should disseminate information regarding facilities affected by an outbreak of infectious diseases as soon as possible to ensure that people are able to avoid the risk of infection this confirms the risk communication principle of timely provision of information in coping with outbreaks is so important it is inappropriate to withhold information that is crucial to decision making for members of the public not only from a communication perspective but also from epidemiological and clinical perspectives therefore authorities...

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

...as to what would have helped during the crises this should be documented legally as soon as possible to ensure that all diseaserelated information is provided to the public and the media automatically and systemically when outbreaks occur it should be noted that on january 6 2016 the newly implemented infection disease prevention act provided the kcdc with the power to release lists of medical facilities affected by infectious diseases automatically when outbreaks occur these results also suggest that korea health authorities should consult with experts and produce a crisis and risk communication guide to develop communication strategies such as...

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

...in hospitals [16] we assumed it at the similar environment people also avoided outings as a preventive measure against merscov therefore we could not adjust for these factors further research including more individual and hospital level data is needed third it took 23 days to confirm merscov infection via pcr test the time taken to record pcr test results might be dependent on laboratory capacity however we conducted sensitivity analyses and our results were consistent in summary we found that providing timely and accurate information to the public during an outbreak was crucial to both risk communication...

Title: Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on
Control of Infectious Disease: MERS-CoV Outbreak in
South Korea
Authors: Noh, Jin-Won. Yoo, Ki-Bong...
Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 214
ID: 7df37eb3cc184f38b1d97fe12f7176b5da78f77f
Number of matches: 12

...record pcr test results might be dependent on laboratory capacity however we conducted sensitivity analyses and our results were consistent in summary we found that providing timely and accurate information to the public during an outbreak was crucial to both risk communication and the control and prevention of further infection therefore health authorities should bolster their capacity to disclose information in a timely accurate and transparent way...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...the pestivirus genus in the flaviviridae family csfv contains an approximate 123kb singlestranded sense rna ssrna genome encoding four structural proteins c erns e1 and e2 and eight nonstructural proteins npro p7 ns2 ns3 ns4a ns4b ns5a and ns5b tautz et al 1999 lefkowitz et al 2018 acute infection of csfv causes persistent high fever hemorrhages in multiple organs and neurological respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in pigs with a very high mortality rate leading to huge economic losses to the pig industry worldwide moennig 1992 lohse et al 2012 although clinical vaccinations can effectively prevent the outbreaks of...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...organs and subsequent immunosuppression in the diseased pigs floegelniesmann et al 2003 ji et al 2015 many viruses have evolutionarily developed specific or nonspecific strategies to evade host immune responses during which many biological processes mediating the interplay between virus and host can be used for maintaining effective replication infection and pathogenesis of viruses pei et al 2014 peacock et al 2017 ying et al 2018 however mechanisms involved in csfv replication and pathogenesis still need further investigations endoplasmic reticulum er is an important membranous organelle in eukaryotic cells homeostasis of the er is a guarantee of maintaining...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...eventually lead to cell death forman et al 2003 in the past few years the essential roles of the upr have been implicated in many mammalian diseases especially in viral diseases induction of er stress and activation of the upr signaling are general host responses to flavivirus and coronavirus infection because replication of these viruses is closely associated with erderived membranes and large amounts of viral proteins inevitably disturb the er homeostasis and cause er stress lin et al 2002 ambrose and mackenzie 2011 pea and harris 2011 fung and liu 2014 our previous studies have revealed that csfv...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...because replication of these viruses is closely associated with erderived membranes and large amounts of viral proteins inevitably disturb the er homeostasis and cause er stress lin et al 2002 ambrose and mackenzie 2011 pea and harris 2011 fung and liu 2014 our previous studies have revealed that csfv infection induces the er stress in the cultured porcine kidney pk15 cells benefiting its replication by activating the ire1 pathway he et al 2017 however the relationship between csfv infection in vivo and er stressdriven upr and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...ambrose and mackenzie 2011 pea and harris 2011 fung and liu 2014 our previous studies have revealed that csfv infection induces the er stress in the cultured porcine kidney pk15 cells benefiting its replication by activating the ire1 pathway he et al 2017 however the relationship between csfv infection in vivo and er stressdriven upr and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in eukaryotic cells which contains three major types microautophagy macroautophagy hereafter referred to as autophagy and chaperonemediated autophagy of these three types autophagy is the best studied...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...termed autophagosomes and then the formed autophagosomes fuse with the lysosomes for degradation and eventual recycling of the endocytosed macromolecules parzych and klionsky 2013 deretic and klionsky 2018 generally basic autophagy occurs in normal cells at a low level nevertheless when the cells undergo adverse conditions such as stress infection and cancer autophagy can be further enhanced to degrade cytoplasmic macromolecules into metabolites for the recycling process in these cells allowing for cell survival yorimitsu and klionsky 2005 although autophagy functions as a prosurvival process in most cases by relieving the cells from various stress conditions gao et al...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...autophagy is beneficial to its replication which is probably mediated by the suppression of reactive oxygen species rosdependent apoptosis in the cultured cell lines pei et al 2014 pei et al 2016 however the relationship between er stress autophagy and viral replication during in vivo and in vitro infection of csfv still needs to be clarified in the present study basing on the established pig model for csfv infection in vivo we found that csfvinduced er stress and autophagy probably correlate with csfv replication in vivo in vitro experiments further confirmed that csfvinduced autophagy can be mediated...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...cultured cell lines pei et al 2014 pei et al 2016 however the relationship between er stress autophagy and viral replication during in vivo and in vitro infection of csfv still needs to be clarified in the present study basing on the established pig model for csfv infection in vivo we found that csfvinduced er stress and autophagy probably correlate with csfv replication in vivo in vitro experiments further confirmed that csfvinduced autophagy can be mediated by er stress and er stressmediated autophagy functions as a replication strategy for sustaining csfv infection in vitro taken together our...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...established pig model for csfv infection in vivo we found that csfvinduced er stress and autophagy probably correlate with csfv replication in vivo in vitro experiments further confirmed that csfvinduced autophagy can be mediated by er stress and er stressmediated autophagy functions as a replication strategy for sustaining csfv infection in vitro taken together our data demonstrate that csfv induces er stressmediated autophagy to sustain its replication in vivo and in vitro which may be one of the potential mechanisms exploited by csfv for immune escape the porcine kidney cell lines pk15 atcc ccl33 and porcine macrophage cell lines...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...fisher scientific heracell 150i with 5 co 2 the csfvshimen strain used in this study was our laboratory stock and was propagated in pk15 cells the virus titers were detected by 50 tissue culture infectious doses tcid 50 assays on pk15 and 3d42 cells and the multiplicity of infection moi was calculated based on the obtained virus titers and the number of cells per well when seeded healthy 2monthold pigs were purchased from daguang farming co ltd and were pretested without csfv porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome prrsv pseudorabies virus prv and porcine parvovirus ppv infection all pigs from...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...the multiplicity of infection moi was calculated based on the obtained virus titers and the number of cells per well when seeded healthy 2monthold pigs were purchased from daguang farming co ltd and were pretested without csfv porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome prrsv pseudorabies virus prv and porcine parvovirus ppv infection all pigs from mock group and csfv infection group were separately housed in isolators with filtered air of positive pressure in a spf animal facility in the laboratory animal center of south china agricultural university a recombinant plasmid pmd18tns5b was our laboratory stock thapsigargin tg abcam ab120286 and rapamycin...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...on the obtained virus titers and the number of cells per well when seeded healthy 2monthold pigs were purchased from daguang farming co ltd and were pretested without csfv porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome prrsv pseudorabies virus prv and porcine parvovirus ppv infection all pigs from mock group and csfv infection group were separately housed in isolators with filtered air of positive pressure in a spf animal facility in the laboratory animal center of south china agricultural university a recombinant plasmid pmd18tns5b was our laboratory stock thapsigargin tg abcam ab120286 and rapamycin rapa cell signaling 9904 tauroursodeoxycholic acid tudca...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...fluor 488labeled goat antimouse iggh l a0428 horseradish peroxidase hrplabeled goat antirabbit iggh l a0208 and goat antimouse iggh l a0216 were purchased from beyotime biotechnology ten healthy 2monthold pigs used in our study were randomly divided into two groups a mock group and a csfv infection group five pigs in each group about 1 10 5 tcid 50 ml viral stock was intramuscularly injected into bilateral neck of pigs for csfv infection luo et al 2017 gou et al 2017a and the mockinfected pigs were only injected with the same volume of phosphatebuffered saline...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...beyotime biotechnology ten healthy 2monthold pigs used in our study were randomly divided into two groups a mock group and a csfv infection group five pigs in each group about 1 10 5 tcid 50 ml viral stock was intramuscularly injected into bilateral neck of pigs for csfv infection luo et al 2017 gou et al 2017a and the mockinfected pigs were only injected with the same volume of phosphatebuffered saline pbs anal temperature of pigs from each group was measured everyday till 7 days postinfection dpi by a mercury thermometer clinical symptoms of the experimental pigs were...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...anal temperature of pigs from each group was measured everyday till 7 days postinfection dpi by a mercury thermometer clinical symptoms of the experimental pigs were observed and recorded daily and clinical score cs values were calculated as described by mittelholzer et al 2000 to evaluate the situation of csfv infection briefly the calculation of cs values was obtained by evaluating 10 csf clinical signs including liveliness body tension body shape breathing walking skin eyesconjunctiva appetite defecation and leftovers in feeding trough each parameter was judged as either normal score 0 slightly altered score 1 distinct clinical sign score 2 or...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...volume 10 article 2545 everett et al 2010 luo et al 2017 pigs were sacrificed at 7 dpi and pathological changes of immune organs tonsil thymus spleen and inguinal lymph node and nonimmune organs heart lung liver kidney brain and intestine were observed and analyzed to confirm the infection of csfv e2 structural genes and e2 proteins in the collected immune organs tonsil thymus spleen and inguinal lymph node were detected by reverse transcription rtpcr and immunohistochemistry ihc assays respectively in our study three pigs randomly selected from each group were sacrificed according to animal welfare and then subject...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...sacrificed according to animal welfare and then subject to the following tests and analyses at the meantime these pigs and the rest pigs were altogether used in other omics studies performed by our team in vitro experiments were performed to further confirm the inference proposed in vivo for csfv infection pk15 or 3d42 cells were grown to approximately 80 confluence in 6well cell culture plates and then infected with 1 moi of csfv 05 moi of csfv for replication studies or mockinfected with same volume of medium after a 15 hour h absorption at 37c the inoculum was removed and...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...h in addition cells pretreated the same amount of dimethyl sulfoxide dmso sigma d2650 or sterile ultrapure water were regarded as the control group samples of each treatment were collected at the indicated time points for realtime rtpcr western blot and or virus titration assays the status of csfv infection in vivo was detected by csfvspecific rtpcr assays targeting the e2 genes or by realtime rtpcr assays targeting the csfvns5b genes and csfv infection in cells was detected by realtime rtpcr or western blot assays using a rabbit antinpro antibody briefly 100 mg of tissues from each pig or onewell...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...samples of each treatment were collected at the indicated time points for realtime rtpcr western blot and or virus titration assays the status of csfv infection in vivo was detected by csfvspecific rtpcr assays targeting the e2 genes or by realtime rtpcr assays targeting the csfvns5b genes and csfv infection in cells was detected by realtime rtpcr or western blot assays using a rabbit antinpro antibody briefly 100 mg of tissues from each pig or onewell cells from 6well microplates in each treatment were collected for extraction of total rna using trizol reagent invitrogen 15596026 according to the manufacturers instructions...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...protocol briefly the fixed tissues were flushed with running water overnight after dehydration in a graded ethanol series the tissues were clarified with fresh xylene and then embedded into paraffins serial sections of 4 m thickness were prepared followed by hematoxylin and eosin he staining for further confirmation of csfv infection immunohistochemical assays exploiting a mouse anticsfv e2 monoclonal antibody were performed as previously described gou et al 2017b the dako real envision detection systems dako k5007112 was used to display the staining after counterstaining with hematoxylin for 3 min sections were dehydrated and then subjected to microscopic imaging with...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

... the data in the study are expressed as the mean standard deviation sd and were analyzed by oneway anova or twoway anova using the graphpad prism 6 software p less than 005 were considered statistically significant in this study we firstly established a pig model of csfv infection in vivo by monitoring changes in body temperature clinical symptoms and pathology as well as csfv infection during the test the average body temperature of pigs in the mock group was maintained between 383 and 399c the average body temperature of csfvinfected pigs increased to the top figure 1a ...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...analyzed by oneway anova or twoway anova using the graphpad prism 6 software p less than 005 were considered statistically significant in this study we firstly established a pig model of csfv infection in vivo by monitoring changes in body temperature clinical symptoms and pathology as well as csfv infection during the test the average body temperature of pigs in the mock group was maintained between 383 and 399c the average body temperature of csfvinfected pigs increased to the top figure 1a typical clinical characteristics of csf including high fever diarrhea and neurological symptoms emerged at 3 dpi and...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...criteria for virulent csfv strains peak cs 15 t 410c mittelholzer et al 2000 the experimental pigs were sacrificed at 7 dpi for pathological examination and sample collections typical pathological changes of csf were observed and analyzed as shown in figure 2 to further confirm the infection of csfv a pair of specific primers were designed for detection of csfv e2 genes in the collected immune organs tonsil thymus spleen and inguinal lymph node through reverse transcription rtpcr method simultaneously e2 expression in the collected immune organs was analyzed by ihc method exploiting a mouse antie2 monoclonal...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...mouse antie2 monoclonal antibodies the results of both rtpcr figure 1c and ihc figure 1d showed that e2 expression was positive in immune organs from csfvinfected pigs rather than mockinfected pigs collectively these results demonstrated the successful establishment of in vivo pig model for csfv infection providing a solid guarantee for the following assays the experimental pigs were sacrificed at 7 dpi for pathological examination from the view of macroscopic pathology immune organs from the csfvinfected pigs presented very typical lesions including hemorrhagic infarction around the edge of spleen extensive hemorrhagic and necrotic foci in...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...tiny bleeding points were visible in the kidney which is commonly named as the freckle kidney figures 2ai lower left panels in contrast no abnormal lesions were observed in the organs collected from the mockinfected pigs figures 2ai upper left panels in terms of microscopic histopathology csfv infection caused severe hemorrhagic and necrotic inflammation in tonsils spleen thymus and lymph nodes which were characterized by the infiltration of massive erythrocytes and inflammatory cells among the tissue cells and the extensive lymphocytes depletion and tissue necrosis figures 2ad lower right panels and were basically in lines with typical...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...hepatitis slight swelling of cardiomyocytes as well as scarce vascular sleevelike changes in cerebral parenchyma were observed in the csfvinfected pigs figures 2gi lower right panels by contrast there were no histopathological changes observed in the mockinfected pigs figures 2ai upper right panels our results suggested that csfv infection in vivo causes varying degrees of hemorrhagic necrotizing inflammation in several organs and the severities of tissue injury in immune organs kidney lung and intestine are higher than those in other organs probably resulting from the tissue tropism of csfv infection in vivo basing on the established pig model...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...upper right panels our results suggested that csfv infection in vivo causes varying degrees of hemorrhagic necrotizing inflammation in several organs and the severities of tissue injury in immune organs kidney lung and intestine are higher than those in other organs probably resulting from the tissue tropism of csfv infection in vivo basing on the established pig model we determined the viral loads csfv ns5b copiesg tissues in the infected organs by absolute quantitative rtpcr firstly a standard curve was constructed using 10fold serially diluted standards and data shown confirm that these assays are performed with high efficiencies figure...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...higher than those in organs with slight pathological changes anyway the results above suggested that tissue viral titer of csfv is positively correlated with the severity of tissue injury er stress has been shown to be a potential strategy used by many viruses to regulate viral replication for effective infection rong et al 2016 he et al 2017 lee et al 2018 to clarify the relationship between csfv infection in vivo and er stress we investigated the effect of csfv infection on the expression of uprrelated molecules in the immune and nonimmune organs collected from the experimental pigs by...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...is positively correlated with the severity of tissue injury er stress has been shown to be a potential strategy used by many viruses to regulate viral replication for effective infection rong et al 2016 he et al 2017 lee et al 2018 to clarify the relationship between csfv infection in vivo and er stress we investigated the effect of csfv infection on the expression of uprrelated molecules in the immune and nonimmune organs collected from the experimental pigs by western blot analyses the status of csfv infection has been demonstrated by realtime rtpcr and ihc assays figures 1d 3bd...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...has been shown to be a potential strategy used by many viruses to regulate viral replication for effective infection rong et al 2016 he et al 2017 lee et al 2018 to clarify the relationship between csfv infection in vivo and er stress we investigated the effect of csfv infection on the expression of uprrelated molecules in the immune and nonimmune organs collected from the experimental pigs by western blot analyses the status of csfv infection has been demonstrated by realtime rtpcr and ihc assays figures 1d 3bd here we found that csfv infection caused a significant increase in...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...2017 lee et al 2018 to clarify the relationship between csfv infection in vivo and er stress we investigated the effect of csfv infection on the expression of uprrelated molecules in the immune and nonimmune organs collected from the experimental pigs by western blot analyses the status of csfv infection has been demonstrated by realtime rtpcr and ihc assays figures 1d 3bd here we found that csfv infection caused a significant increase in grp78 expression in all of the collected organs suggesting the occurrence of er stress however the degree of er stress differs in infected organs specifically all...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...investigated the effect of csfv infection on the expression of uprrelated molecules in the immune and nonimmune organs collected from the experimental pigs by western blot analyses the status of csfv infection has been demonstrated by realtime rtpcr and ihc assays figures 1d 3bd here we found that csfv infection caused a significant increase in grp78 expression in all of the collected organs suggesting the occurrence of er stress however the degree of er stress differs in infected organs specifically all of the three upr pathways perk ire1 and atf6 were activated in the immune organs tonsil spleen thymus and...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...and higher viral titers while relatively mild er stress was detectable in organs with slighter pathological changes and lower viral titers which implied that er stressmediated upr pathways are associated with csfv replication in vivo a c d b figure 1 establishment of a pig model for csfv infection in vivo ten healthy 2monthold pigs with csfv and csfv antibody negative were randomly divided into two groups a mock group and a csfv infection group about 1 10 5 tcid 50 ml viral stock was intramuscularly injected into bilateral neck of pigs for csfv infection and pigs in...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...stressmediated upr pathways are associated with csfv replication in vivo a c d b figure 1 establishment of a pig model for csfv infection in vivo ten healthy 2monthold pigs with csfv and csfv antibody negative were randomly divided into two groups a mock group and a csfv infection group about 1 10 5 tcid 50 ml viral stock was intramuscularly injected into bilateral neck of pigs for csfv infection and pigs in the mock group were only injected the same volume of pbs body temperature was measured everyday till to 7 dpi a and clinical symptoms of...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...model for csfv infection in vivo ten healthy 2monthold pigs with csfv and csfv antibody negative were randomly divided into two groups a mock group and a csfv infection group about 1 10 5 tcid 50 ml viral stock was intramuscularly injected into bilateral neck of pigs for csfv infection and pigs in the mock group were only injected the same volume of pbs body temperature was measured everyday till to 7 dpi a and clinical symptoms of the experimental pigs were observed and recorded daily for calculation of cs values b all the experimental pigs were sacrificed at 7...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...clinical symptoms of the experimental pigs were observed and recorded daily for calculation of cs values b all the experimental pigs were sacrificed at 7 dpi for samples collections and three pigs from each group were randomly selected for the following tests and analyses c for further confirmation of csfv infection e2 structural genes in the collected immune organs tonsil thymus spleen and inguinal lymph node were detected by rtpcr the expected product 241 bp autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in eukaryotic cells and has been implicated in many diseases levine and kroemer 2008 mizushima...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...the expected product 241 bp autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in eukaryotic cells and has been implicated in many diseases levine and kroemer 2008 mizushima et al 2008 santanacodina et al 2017 many viruses have developed specific strategies to regulate autophagy for effective infection pei et al 2014 dash et al 2016 wu et al 2016 our previous study has revealed that csfvinduced autophagy is beneficial to its replication in vitro pei et al 2014 while the details in vivo and the underlying mechanism need to be further investigated er stressdriven upr...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...beneficial to its replication in vitro pei et al 2014 while the details in vivo and the underlying mechanism need to be further investigated er stressdriven upr is one of the important pathways to regulate autophagy to determine the relationship between csfvinduced autophagy and er stress during in vivo infection of csfv we further investigated the effect of csfv infection on the expression of autophagic proteins in immune and nonimmune organs from the experimental pigs by western blot analyses the results showed that csfv infection caused significantly increase in atg5 beclin1 and lc3ii accumulations with the concomitant decrease in autophagy...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

... while the details in vivo and the underlying mechanism need to be further investigated er stressdriven upr is one of the important pathways to regulate autophagy to determine the relationship between csfvinduced autophagy and er stress during in vivo infection of csfv we further investigated the effect of csfv infection on the expression of autophagic proteins in immune and nonimmune organs from the experimental pigs by western blot analyses the results showed that csfv infection caused significantly increase in atg5 beclin1 and lc3ii accumulations with the concomitant decrease in autophagy substrate p62 in immune organs including spleen inguinal lymph nodes...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...regulate autophagy to determine the relationship between csfvinduced autophagy and er stress during in vivo infection of csfv we further investigated the effect of csfv infection on the expression of autophagic proteins in immune and nonimmune organs from the experimental pigs by western blot analyses the results showed that csfv infection caused significantly increase in atg5 beclin1 and lc3ii accumulations with the concomitant decrease in autophagy substrate p62 in immune organs including spleen inguinal lymph nodes tonsils and thymus figures 5ad as well as in nonimmune organs of lung kidney and intestine figures 5eg from the csfvinfected pigs indicating the...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...from csfvinfected pigs figures 5hj indicating that no autophagy is induced in these organs and that csfvinduced activation of autophagy in pigs is to some extent tissuespecific taken into consideration the results of pathological changes and viral loads as well as activation of uprs our results showed that csfv infection in vivo induces serious er stress and autophagy in the organs with severer pathological changes and higher viral titers while relatively mild er stress and no autophagy was detectable in organs with slighter pathological changes and lower viral titers suggesting that csfvinduced er stress and autophagy are associated with the...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...the experimental pigs bd were determined using the linear regression plot each template was ran in triplicate stress agonists tg and inhibitors 4pba and tudca on autophagic activities in the csfvinfected pk15 and 3d42 cells were respectively analyzed with realtime rtpcr and western blot assays we found that csfv infection not only caused er stress and activated upr pathways but also induced autophagy at 24 hpi in cultured cells as demonstrated by elevated transcriptional level of er stressand autophagyrelated genes grp78 atg5 atg12 and beclin1 figures 6ac as well as remarkable increase in protein expression of er stress and...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...such as grp78 and lc3ii figures 7 8 treatment with tg a potent inhibitor of ca 2 transport atpase to disturb er homeostasis and cause er stress not only further increased csfvinduced transcription of grp78 atg12 and beclin1 gene figure 6b but also remarkably enhanced csfv infection in vivo causes er stress and differentially activates upr pathways in infected organs about 100 mg immune tissues ad or nonimmune tissues ej as indicated from the experimental pigs were collected at 7 dpi for preparation of protein samples as described in materials and methods samples were quantitated by bca...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...article 2545 csfvincreased protein expression of er stress indicators including pperk peif2 and grp78 figures 7ab and simultaneously significantly upregulated expression of autophagy proteins including lc3ii beclin1 and atg5 in a dosedependent manner figures 7ac a decreasing expression of p62 was also observed in tgtreated cells after csfv infection figures 7ac the similar results were obtained in cultured 3d42 cells figures 6d 8ac it suggested that upregulation of er stress to some extent increases autophagic activities in csfvinfected cells in contrast treatment with er stress inhibitors 4pba and tudca markedly inhibited csfvinduced er stress in pk15 cells...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...similar results were obtained in 3d42 cells figures 6d 8dg indicating that downregulation of er stress effectively inhibits autophagic activities in csfvinfected cells and that er stressactivated perk and ire1 signalings are potentially required for csfvinduced autophagy further confirming our results obtained in vivo moreover the status of csfv infection was monstered by detecting expression of viral proteins npro and intriguingly the expressions of npro proteins were significantly increased by tg treatment while were remarkably inhibited by treatment with 4pba and tudca in a dosedependent manner figures 7adg 8adf implying that csfvinduced er stress probably affects viral replication in...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...figures 7adg 8adf implying that csfvinduced er stress probably affects viral replication in cultured cells which was in line with our results in figures 6bd that er stress regulators markedly changed copy numbers of csfvns5b genes in both pk15 and 3d42 cells taken together our data suggested that csfv infection induces er stressinduced autophagy both in vitro and in vivo which potentially regulates viral replication since we have showed that csfv induces er stressmediated autophagy both in vivo and in vitro whether this process affects csfv replication or not was further studied the effect of er stress or autophagy...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...autophagy both in vitro and in vivo which potentially regulates viral replication since we have showed that csfv induces er stressmediated autophagy both in vivo and in vitro whether this process affects csfv replication or not was further studied the effect of er stress or autophagy regulators on csfv infection in pk15 and 3d42 cells were analyzed with realtime rtpcr and tcid 50 assays as shown in figures 9ab cck8 assays showed that either er stress or autophagy regulators at the indicated working concentrations have no significant influence on viabilities of both pk15 or 3d42 cells we have showed...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...two independent experiments generations of images for quantitation and statistical analyses were performed with graphpad prism 6 all data presented were analyzed by twoway anova tests p 005 p 001 p 0001 p 00001 additionally cells pretreated with only mdrv or mock infection or only drugs were regarded as the control group cells were collected for preparation of protein samples in accordance with description in the materials and methods samples were quantitated by bca assays and then loaded for western blot analyses using specific antibody against the indicated targets tubulin was used as...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...p 001 p 0001 p 00001 frontiers in microbiology wwwfrontiersinorg mechanism for regulating csfv replication to further confirm their relationship pk15 and 3d42 cells were or not pretreated with 50 nm tg or 200 m tudca followed by treatment with autophagy regulators and infection with 05 moi of csfv and then incubated in maintenance media in the presence of er stress regulators for 24 h and then cells were collected to determine the copies of ns5b genes and viral titers using realtime rtpcr and tcid 50 assays respectively results showed that tg pretreatment further...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...replication suggesting that viral replication reduced by 3mainhibited autophagy can also be regulated by er stress figures 9cf the similar results were obtained in the pk15 and 3d42 cells taken together our results suggested that er stressmediated autophagy induced by csfv functions as a replication strategy for sustaining csfv infection figure 6 and then collected for preparation of protein samples according to the description in the materials and methods samples were quantitated by bca assays and then loaded for western blot analyses using specific antibody against the indicated targets tubulin was used as a loading control grayscale value of...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...each sample was assayed in triplicate and the data represent the mean sd of two independent experiments for virus titration assays pk15 c and 3d42 d cells cultured in 6well microplates were pretreated with the indicated concentrations of tg 4pba rapa and 3ma for the indicated time followed by infection with 05 moi of csfv twentyfour hours postinfection the cells and supernatants of each treatment were collected for virus titration determined with tcid 50 assays through an indirect immunofluorescence assay using mouse anticsfv e2 antibody and alexa fluor 488labeled goat antimouse iggh l secondary antibody virus titers were calculated...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...on csfv replication in vitro pk15 e and 3d42 f cells cultured in 6well plates were pretreated with 50 nm tg or 200 m tudca for 6 h and then subject to treatment with 100 nm rapa for 1 h or 5 mm 3ma for 4 h prior to csfv infection after a 15 h of incubation the cells were further cultured in maintenance media in the presence tudca rapa 3ma or absence tg of the drugs for 24 h additionally cells pretreated with only dmso 01 were regarded as the control group the cells and supernatants of each treatment were...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...of images for quantitation and all statistical analyses were performed with graphpad prism 6 all data presented were analyzed by oneway anova tests p 005 p 001 p 0001 p 00001 csfv replicates in leukocytes especially in mononuclear macrophages and csfv infection in pigs induces apoptosis in varieties of immune cells such as peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocytes in spleen and lymph nodes ultimately leading to immunocyte depletion and immunosuppression summerfield et al 1998 floegelniesmann et al 2003 ji et al 2015 however no cytopathogenic effect is detectable in cultured cells...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...between virus and host such as er stress and autophagy have attracted numerous researchers focuses and have been implicated in the replication and pathogenesis of viruses lin et al 2002 dash et al 2016 wu et al 2016 he et al 2017 our previous studies have revealed that csfv infection induces er stress and autophagy to facilitate viral replication in vitro pei et al 2014 he et al 2017 however the details in vivo and the underlying mechanism remain to be further investigated in the present study we found that csfv infection in pigs differentially induced er stress and...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...our previous studies have revealed that csfv infection induces er stress and autophagy to facilitate viral replication in vitro pei et al 2014 he et al 2017 however the details in vivo and the underlying mechanism remain to be further investigated in the present study we found that csfv infection in pigs differentially induced er stress and autophagy in several organs which were to some extent tissuespecific and associated with the replication of csfv in vitro experiments further confirmed the er stressmediated autophagy as a potential strategy used by csfv to sustain its replication which suggests a possible immune escape...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...autophagy as a potential strategy used by csfv to sustain its replication which suggests a possible immune escape mechanism of csfv and will provide new insight into the mechanisms involved in replication and pathogenesis of csfv to perform in vivo experiments we first established a pig model for csfv infection providing a guarantee for the followup experiments histopathology analysis of the organs from the csfvinfected pigs showed that csfv infection caused varying degrees of hemorrhagic necrotizing inflammation and dramatic lymphocytes depletion in several organs and that the severities of tissue injury in immune organs kidney lung and intestine were higher...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...csfv and will provide new insight into the mechanisms involved in replication and pathogenesis of csfv to perform in vivo experiments we first established a pig model for csfv infection providing a guarantee for the followup experiments histopathology analysis of the organs from the csfvinfected pigs showed that csfv infection caused varying degrees of hemorrhagic necrotizing inflammation and dramatic lymphocytes depletion in several organs and that the severities of tissue injury in immune organs kidney lung and intestine were higher than those in other organs which are similar with previous several studies associated with tissue tropism of csfv liu et...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...injury in immune organs kidney lung and intestine were higher than those in other organs which are similar with previous several studies associated with tissue tropism of csfv liu et al 2011 sun et al 2011 tissue injuries of immune organs and massive reduction of lymphocytes caused by csfv infection may be the main reason of immunosuppression in the diseased pigs we further found the severities of tissue injury are positively correlated with tissue viral loads of csfv although the differential tissue tropism and replication of csfv in pigs have also been detected in some other studies liu et al...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...the cleaved atf6 fragment translocates into the nucleus and activates the transcription of er chaperones for promoting protein folding transport and er expansion renata and reed 2013 emerging evidences indicate that a great number of viruses can induce er stress and differentially activate the three upr pathways during their infection lin et al 2002 pea and harris 2011 dash et al 2016 to explore the potential factors responsible for different tissue viral titers during csfv infection in vivo we further studied the effect of csfv infection on er stress in pigs and found that csfv infection induced er stress...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

... emerging evidences indicate that a great number of viruses can induce er stress and differentially activate the three upr pathways during their infection lin et al 2002 pea and harris 2011 dash et al 2016 to explore the potential factors responsible for different tissue viral titers during csfv infection in vivo we further studied the effect of csfv infection on er stress in pigs and found that csfv infection induced er stress and subsequently activated the perk ire1 and atf6 pathways in main immune organs and partial nonimmune organs exhibiting severer pathological injuries and higher viral loads the increasing...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...can induce er stress and differentially activate the three upr pathways during their infection lin et al 2002 pea and harris 2011 dash et al 2016 to explore the potential factors responsible for different tissue viral titers during csfv infection in vivo we further studied the effect of csfv infection on er stress in pigs and found that csfv infection induced er stress and subsequently activated the perk ire1 and atf6 pathways in main immune organs and partial nonimmune organs exhibiting severer pathological injuries and higher viral loads the increasing expression in the activated sensor proteins pperk pire1 and cleaved...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...pathways during their infection lin et al 2002 pea and harris 2011 dash et al 2016 to explore the potential factors responsible for different tissue viral titers during csfv infection in vivo we further studied the effect of csfv infection on er stress in pigs and found that csfv infection induced er stress and subsequently activated the perk ire1 and atf6 pathways in main immune organs and partial nonimmune organs exhibiting severer pathological injuries and higher viral loads the increasing expression in the activated sensor proteins pperk pire1 and cleaved atf6 and their downstream targets peif2 atf4 chop and grp78...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...be associated with the elevated caspase3 and parp cleavation together contributing to apoptotic cell death in organs suffering severe er stress data not shown the remarkable lymphocyte reduction is very likely attributed to the er stressmediated apoptosis nevertheless whether er stressmediated apoptosis is induced and its underlying mechanisms during csfv infection need further confirmation unlike the organs mentioned above only the ire1 pathway was activated in partial nonimmune organs with slighter pathological changes and lower viral loads and the atf6 and perk pathways were inactive or even suppressed suggesting a mild er stress in these organs therefore it is suggested that...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...csfvinduced er stress and activation of upr are probably associated with csfv replication in vivo as an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in eukaryotic cells autophagy functions as a prosurvival mechanism in most cases by relieving the cells from adverse conditions such as nutrient deprivation and pathogen infection lum et al 2005 xu et al 2013 however dysfunctional autophagy can trigger autophagic cell death liu and levine 2015 autophagy has been implicated in numerous viral diseases and is to some degree virusspecific some viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...induce autophagy as a strategy to facilitate replication ray et al 2008 marlne et al 2009 zhi et al 2009 wu et al 2017 basing on our previous finding that autophagy enhances the replication of csfv in cultured cells pei et al 2014 here we found that csfv infection significantly increased the expression of autophagic markers in main immune organs and partial nonimmune organs exhibiting severer pathological injuries and higher viral loads including lc3ii beclin1 and atg5 which are involved in the nucleation elongation and maturation of the autophagosome and are commonly used indicators for assessing autophagic activities hurley...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...monitoring autophagic flux zhou et al 2012 suggested csfvinduced complete autophagy in infected organs exhibiting severer pathological injuries and higher viral loads by contrast no obvious autophagy was detectable in the infected organs with slighter pathological changes and lower viral loads which implies that induction of autophagy during csfv infection in vivo is to some extent tissuespecific and may be associated with csfv replication in vivo taking into account the results obtained from er stress detection we suggest that csfv infection differentially induces er stress and autophagy in infected organs of pigs which are probably associated with tissue injuries and...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...the infected organs with slighter pathological changes and lower viral loads which implies that induction of autophagy during csfv infection in vivo is to some extent tissuespecific and may be associated with csfv replication in vivo taking into account the results obtained from er stress detection we suggest that csfv infection differentially induces er stress and autophagy in infected organs of pigs which are probably associated with tissue injuries and tissue viral titers in these organs and that there exists a potential link between csfvinduced er stress and autophagy er stressmediated autophagy has been well studied in the past several...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...upon er stress probably depend on the types of viruses and cells zhang and wang 2012 parzych and klionsky 2013 as mentioned above we have suggested a potential link between csfvinduced er stress and autophagy to further confirm this relationship we performed in vitro experiments and found that csfv infection not only caused er stress and activated upr pathways but also induced complete autophagy in cultured pk15 and 3d42 cells which were in line with our previous findings in vitro pei et al 2014 he et al 2017 however there exist differences between the results obtained from the in...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...upr pathways but also induced complete autophagy in cultured pk15 and 3d42 cells which were in line with our previous findings in vitro pei et al 2014 he et al 2017 however there exist differences between the results obtained from the in vivo and in vitro experiments specifically csfv infection activated all three upr pathways in infected organs with severe injury and only activated the ire1 pathway in slightly injured organs while cultured cells invoked the perk and ire1 pathways in response to csfv infection at middlelate stage 24 hpi which also can be evidenced by our previous study he...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...differences between the results obtained from the in vivo and in vitro experiments specifically csfv infection activated all three upr pathways in infected organs with severe injury and only activated the ire1 pathway in slightly injured organs while cultured cells invoked the perk and ire1 pathways in response to csfv infection at middlelate stage 24 hpi which also can be evidenced by our previous study he et al 2017 after invading the body the viruses face an integrated system which can not be simulated by any other cell models in vitro this may help explain the reason for these discrepancies...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...2017 after invading the body the viruses face an integrated system which can not be simulated by any other cell models in vitro this may help explain the reason for these discrepancies evidences also reveal that some viruses including denv and hcv can differentially regulate the upr at different infection stages through a mechanism associated with differential expression of viral proteins thus contributing to effective replication of viruses merquiol et al 2011 pea and harris 2011 maybe csfv also activates upr in a temporal manner and the atf6 upr pathway is probably suppressed to normal level by viral proteins...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...with differential expression of viral proteins thus contributing to effective replication of viruses merquiol et al 2011 pea and harris 2011 maybe csfv also activates upr in a temporal manner and the atf6 upr pathway is probably suppressed to normal level by viral proteins at middlelate stage of csfv infection for maintaining persist infection which need further investigations anyway our results showed that csfv infection induces er stress and autophagy in vivo and in vitro we further found that pharmacological regulation of er stress by er stress agonists tg and inhibitors 4pba and tudca remarkably changed the autophagic activities in...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...viral proteins thus contributing to effective replication of viruses merquiol et al 2011 pea and harris 2011 maybe csfv also activates upr in a temporal manner and the atf6 upr pathway is probably suppressed to normal level by viral proteins at middlelate stage of csfv infection for maintaining persist infection which need further investigations anyway our results showed that csfv infection induces er stress and autophagy in vivo and in vitro we further found that pharmacological regulation of er stress by er stress agonists tg and inhibitors 4pba and tudca remarkably changed the autophagic activities in csfvinfected cells suggesting that...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...al 2011 pea and harris 2011 maybe csfv also activates upr in a temporal manner and the atf6 upr pathway is probably suppressed to normal level by viral proteins at middlelate stage of csfv infection for maintaining persist infection which need further investigations anyway our results showed that csfv infection induces er stress and autophagy in vivo and in vitro we further found that pharmacological regulation of er stress by er stress agonists tg and inhibitors 4pba and tudca remarkably changed the autophagic activities in csfvinfected cells suggesting that er stress is required for csfvinduced autophagy both 4pba and tudca...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...cells through inhibiting perkeif2atf4chop and ire1grp78 axis suggesting the requirement of perk and ire1 signalings for csfvinduced autophagy we also found another bip inducer x bix robustly increased protein expression of grp78 and autophagy markers data not shown further confirming the involvement of grp78 in er stressmediated autophagy during csfv infection taken together our data suggested that csfv infection induces er stressmediated autophagy in vivo and in vitro probably via activation of the perk and ire1 pathways the roles of er stressmediated autophagy played in response to viruses belonging to the same flaviviridae can be different er stressmediated autophagy is...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...the requirement of perk and ire1 signalings for csfvinduced autophagy we also found another bip inducer x bix robustly increased protein expression of grp78 and autophagy markers data not shown further confirming the involvement of grp78 in er stressmediated autophagy during csfv infection taken together our data suggested that csfv infection induces er stressmediated autophagy in vivo and in vitro probably via activation of the perk and ire1 pathways the roles of er stressmediated autophagy played in response to viruses belonging to the same flaviviridae can be different er stressmediated autophagy is exploited as a replicationfavoring strategy by denv and...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...ire1 and atf6 to sustain viral replication in the infected hepatocytes dash et al 2016 denvinduced er stress enhances autophagic activity and viral replication through the perk and ire1 signaling pathways both in vitro and in vivo lee et al 2018 er stressmediated autophagy contributes to bluetongue virus infection via the perk signaling pathway lv et al 2015 from these findings it can be seen that although cells can initiate the uprs to relieve er stress in response to virus infection many viruses have evolved specific strategies to modulate the uprs to sustain viral infection in host cells...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...in vitro and in vivo lee et al 2018 er stressmediated autophagy contributes to bluetongue virus infection via the perk signaling pathway lv et al 2015 from these findings it can be seen that although cells can initiate the uprs to relieve er stress in response to virus infection many viruses have evolved specific strategies to modulate the uprs to sustain viral infection in host cells our preliminary findings also suggest the implication of the ire1 and perk signaling pathways in csfvinduced autophagy and viral replication but further confirmation is needed in conclusion our findings confirm that csfv...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...to bluetongue virus infection via the perk signaling pathway lv et al 2015 from these findings it can be seen that although cells can initiate the uprs to relieve er stress in response to virus infection many viruses have evolved specific strategies to modulate the uprs to sustain viral infection in host cells our preliminary findings also suggest the implication of the ire1 and perk signaling pathways in csfvinduced autophagy and viral replication but further confirmation is needed in conclusion our findings confirm that csfv can induce er stressmediated autophagy as a prosurvival mechanism to sustain viral replication in...

Title: Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to
Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhu, Erpeng. Chen, Wenxian...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 215
ID: 7fd8ed092a2b2e87a796cc59ccf3f7122c05fd44
Number of matches: 83

...conclusion our findings confirm that csfv can induce er stressmediated autophagy as a prosurvival mechanism to sustain viral replication in vivo and in vitro which may be one of the potential strategies exploited by csfv for immune evasion our findings will provide new insights into mechanisms of viral replication persistent infection and pathogenesis of csfv and promote development of new strategies for controlling csf all datasets generated for this study are included in the articlesupplementary material the animal study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee and the laboratory animal care and use committee of south china agricultural...

Title: Global research trends of Middle East
respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a bibliometric
analysis
Authors: Zyoud, Sa’ed H.
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 216
ID: 9a679e9fdf3590b7f9204c3dc3ff6307c3d4642b
Number of matches: 2

...] [7] after that merscov exhibited outbreaks in several regions of the world [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] although merscov is thought to be a zoonosis probably camels act as a direct source of human merscov infection [13 14] most cases are now due to humantohuman transmission [9 11 12 [15] [16] [17] the virus was firstly nominated human coronavirus erasmus medical center2012 hcovemc 2012 [5] but after global consensus it was renamed...

Title: Global research trends of Middle East
respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a bibliometric
analysis
Authors: Zyoud, Sa’ed H.
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 216
ID: 9a679e9fdf3590b7f9204c3dc3ff6307c3d4642b
Number of matches: 2

...medicine this article reported the first isolated merscov in june 2012 from a saudi male aged 60 years [5] the second most cited article was written in 2013 by assiri et al [40] the authors reported a total of 23 cases related to merscov infection in the eastern region of ksa furthermore the 2 most highly cited articles were published in a relatively highif journal new england journal of medicine which has an if of 55873 some previous study showed that the if of the journal was the strongest marker for citations [58]...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...6] [7] nervous necrosis virus nnv the causative agent of vnn has nonenveloped icosahedral structure and belongs to the family nodaviridae genus betanodavirus its genome contains two singlestranded positive senses rna rna1 approximately 31 kb in length encodes an rnadependent rna died from day 3 after infection and showed 100 of cumulative mortality after 1 week the moribund fish at days 3 and 4 were selected for sampling brain tissues of three of ten challenged fish from mock and the viruschallenge group were collected and pooled for ngs analysis respectively to obtain highthroughput transcriptome data of...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...were differentially expressed based on deg analysis using the tcc package a total of 372 genes from the total of 3418 degs were annotated table s1 immune relevant degs were further manipulated manually table 3 in immune relevant genes a variety of cytokines were intensely upregulated after nnv infection several cytokine genes induced by nnv infection belonged to the chemokine family including cc motif chemokine ligand 2 ccl2 ccl34 ccl19 ccl4 cxc motif chemokine ligand 13 cxcl13 cxcl6 cxcl8 cxcl9 interleukin12 subunit alpha il12a and beta il12b and il18b ccl2 was the most critically expressed gene in the...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...the tcc package a total of 372 genes from the total of 3418 degs were annotated table s1 immune relevant degs were further manipulated manually table 3 in immune relevant genes a variety of cytokines were intensely upregulated after nnv infection several cytokine genes induced by nnv infection belonged to the chemokine family including cc motif chemokine ligand 2 ccl2 ccl34 ccl19 ccl4 cxc motif chemokine ligand 13 cxcl13 cxcl6 cxcl8 cxcl9 interleukin12 subunit alpha il12a and beta il12b and il18b ccl2 was the most critically expressed gene in the infected group showing 1066 log fold change fc...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...diseases [28] cathepsins are lysosomal cysteine enzymes with important roles in cellular homeostasis and innate immune response [29] among a dozen members of the cathepsin family subtypes l h k o s and z were upregulated in the brain of sevenband grouper after nnv infection specifically cathepsin l was highly expressed in the nnvinfected group showing 83 log fc several lectins were expressed in higher levels in the nnvinfected group compared to the mock group including ctype lectins clec4m clec10a galectins lgals9 lgals3 fucolectin fucl4 and mannosebinding lectin mbl in the case of...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...including ctype lectins clec4m clec10a galectins lgals9 lgals3 fucolectin fucl4 and mannosebinding lectin mbl in the case of ctype lectins its receptor cd209 was also highly expressed in the infected group table 3 indicating that ctype lectin might play specific roles in the response of sevenband grouper to nnv infection as expected a number of antiviral proteins also showed high levels of expression in the nnvinfected group for example radical sadenosyl methionin domaincontaining protein 2 rsad2 also known as viperin was highly expressed in the nnvinfected group with 1040 log fc mx gene mx one of the important...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...known as viperin was highly expressed in the nnvinfected group with 1040 log fc mx gene mx one of the important downstream effectors of interferon ifn was also expressed more in the infected group with 864 log fc besides mx a lot of ifninduced proteins were upregulated by nnv infection including ifninduced protein 44 ifi44 ifninduced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 ifit5 ifninduced very large gtpase 1 gvinp1 ifninduced doublestranded rnaactivated protein kinase eif2ak2 and ifninduced helicase c domaincontaining protein 1 ifih1 interestingly of the various heat shock proteins hsps only hsp30 was significantly upregulated in the nnvinfected group with...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...could be categorized into several subcategories the sum of genes in the subcategories could exceed 100 go analysis of the transcriptome revealed nine molecular function subcategories 62 biological process subcategories and 12 cellular component subcategories with p value of less than 1 10 5 table s2 nnv infection has caused high mortalities of sevenband groupers in aquafarms during the summer season especially at larval and juvenile stages it has also caused tremendous economic losses [1] due to the greater damage to the sevenband grouper industry investigation on the molecular response of nnv infection is required...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

... nnv infection has caused high mortalities of sevenband groupers in aquafarms during the summer season especially at larval and juvenile stages it has also caused tremendous economic losses [1] due to the greater damage to the sevenband grouper industry investigation on the molecular response of nnv infection is required to understand the outbreak mechanism of disease and develop prevention methods such as vaccines in this study we performed a transcriptome analysis of the brain tissue of sevenband grouper infected with nnv compared to mock brain tissue using a rnaseq the total number of unigenes and the...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...] and asian seabass 89026 transcripts 1175 bp [33] gene annotation by blastx provides valuable information about the transcripts in this study 43289 unigenes 415 of 104348 unigenes were annotated this is similar to the result of orangespooted grouper 458 [32] liu nnv infection has caused high mortalities of sevenband groupers in aquafarms during the summer season especially at larval and juvenile stages it has also caused tremendous economic losses [1] due to the greater damage to the sevenband grouper industry investigation on the molecular response of nnv infection is required...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

... nnv infection has caused high mortalities of sevenband groupers in aquafarms during the summer season especially at larval and juvenile stages it has also caused tremendous economic losses [1] due to the greater damage to the sevenband grouper industry investigation on the molecular response of nnv infection is required to understand the outbreak mechanism of disease and develop prevention methods such as vaccines in this study we performed a transcriptome analysis of the brain tissue of sevenband grouper infected with nnv compared to mock brain tissue using a rnaseq the total number of unigenes and the...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...] liu et al have addressed the possible reasons of such poor annotation 1 novel genes 2 sequencing errors and 3 artefacts by assembly algorithm [33] therefore more genetic studies are needed to understand the biological functions the importance of innate defense mechanisms against viral infection has been extensively reviewed [34] [35] [36] in this study we identified innate immune response relevant genes of sevenband grouper involved in nnv infection chemokines are critical components of the immune system the roles of chemokines and their receptors in viral interactions have...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...more genetic studies are needed to understand the biological functions the importance of innate defense mechanisms against viral infection has been extensively reviewed [34] [35] [36] in this study we identified innate immune response relevant genes of sevenband grouper involved in nnv infection chemokines are critical components of the immune system the roles of chemokines and their receptors in viral interactions have been reported in various studies [37] the chemokines family comprises four subfamilies based on nterminal cysteinmotifs c cc cxc and cx3c subfamilies [38] in this...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...studies [37] the chemokines family comprises four subfamilies based on nterminal cysteinmotifs c cc cxc and cx3c subfamilies [38] in this study we also detected significant upregulation of ccl2 ccl34 ccl19 ccl4 cxcl13 cxcl6 cxcl8 and cxcl9 in sevenband grouper brain tissue after nnv infection especially ccl2 was highly over expressed at about 1066 log fc ccl2 is a proinflammatory chemokine that is induced during several human acute and chronic viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus hiv [39] hepatitis c virus [40] epsteinbarr virus [41] respiratory...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...involved in the regulation of antigen presentation and degradation as well as immune responses including apoptosis inflammation and regulation of hormone processing [46] [47] [48] in addition chandran et al have shown that cathepsin b and cathepsin l are involved in ebola virus infection [49] they are involved in the entry of reovirus [50] recently cathepsin l has also been shown to be involved in the entry mediated by the sars coronavirus spike glycoprotein [51] as well as in the process of fusion glycoprotein of hendra...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...been shown to be involved in the entry mediated by the sars coronavirus spike glycoprotein [51] as well as in the process of fusion glycoprotein of hendra virus [52] in this study cathepsin l and cathepsin s were found to be notably expressed after nnv infection their functional roles in the interaction between grouper and nnv merit further studies lectins are carbohydratebinding proteins that are highly specific for sugar moieties they mediate the attachment and binding of viruses to their targets [53] lectins are also known to play important roles in the...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...] lectins are also known to play important roles in the immune system within the innate immune system lectins can help mediate the firstline of defense against invading microorganisms in this study several kinds of lectins were found to be highly induced in sevenband grouper brain tissue by nnv infection such as ctype lectins ctls galectins fucolectin and mannosebinding lectin ctls are the most well studied lectins they can promote antibacterial and antiviral immune defense [54] many ctls have been identified in teleost but the exact function of ctls remains unclear hundreds of interferon stimulated genes...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...ctls are the most well studied lectins they can promote antibacterial and antiviral immune defense [54] many ctls have been identified in teleost but the exact function of ctls remains unclear hundreds of interferon stimulated genes isgs were transcribed in sevenband grouper brain tissue during nnv infection interferon induced protein 44 ifi44 was expressed the most ifi44 is an interferonalpha inducible protein associated with infection of several viruses power et al have demonstrated that ifi44 can inhibit hiv1 replication in vitro by suppressing hiv1 ltr promoter activity [55] carltonsmith and elliott have screened isgs...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

... many ctls have been identified in teleost but the exact function of ctls remains unclear hundreds of interferon stimulated genes isgs were transcribed in sevenband grouper brain tissue during nnv infection interferon induced protein 44 ifi44 was expressed the most ifi44 is an interferonalpha inducible protein associated with infection of several viruses power et al have demonstrated that ifi44 can inhibit hiv1 replication in vitro by suppressing hiv1 ltr promoter activity [55] carltonsmith and elliott have screened isgs related to bunyamwera orthbunyavirus replication using nonstructural nss protein knock out virus one of these isgs that have...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...replication in other viruses [58] in this study hsp30 was the highly induced gene instead of hsp70 hsp30 has also been reported to be the most induced gene in the nnv infected asian seabass epithelial cell [33] however the function of hsp30 in nnv infection remains unclear krasnov et al previously reported the effects of nnv on gene expression in atlantic cod brain using a microarray [59] compared to our study a number of genes show a similar upregulation result in the study such as caspase cathepsins irf radical sadenosyl methionine...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...scale of the study and the results have not yet been confirmed by an independent technique such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction qpcr in future studies it will be necessary to confirm the expression level of genes and to characterize the function of genes that are highly involved in nnv infection in conclusion to the best of our knowledge this is the first study reporting the transcriptome of brain tissue of nnvinfected sevenband grouper in this study we obtained the transcriptome of sevenband grouper a total of 104348 transcripts were obtained including 628 degs between nnv infected and noninfected sevenband...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...including 628 degs between nnv infected and noninfected sevenband grouper a large number of differential expressed genes relevant to immune response were identified as well as several candidate genes ccl2 cathepsins lectins hsp30 and interferoninduced protein 44 that were intensely induced by nnv their functions in sevenband grouper against nnv infection merit further study the acquired data from such transcriptome analysis provide valuable information for future functional genes related to nnv infection and vnn outbreak supplementary materials the following are available online at wwwmdpicom207344258131s1 table s1 the annotated degs table s2 gene ontology of sevenband grouper transcriptome after...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...were identified as well as several candidate genes ccl2 cathepsins lectins hsp30 and interferoninduced protein 44 that were intensely induced by nnv their functions in sevenband grouper against nnv infection merit further study the acquired data from such transcriptome analysis provide valuable information for future functional genes related to nnv infection and vnn outbreak supplementary materials the following are available online at wwwmdpicom207344258131s1 table s1 the annotated degs table s2 gene ontology of sevenband grouper transcriptome after nnv infection...

Title: Characterization of the Transcriptome and
Gene Expression of Brain Tissue in Sevenband
Grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) in Response to
NNV Infection
Authors: Kim, Jong-Oh. Kim, Jae-Ok...
Journal: Genes (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 217
ID: abcb3cbc5b6ed2707546a1a22fd81724104416ed
Number of matches: 23

...further study the acquired data from such transcriptome analysis provide valuable information for future functional genes related to nnv infection and vnn outbreak supplementary materials the following are available online at wwwmdpicom207344258131s1 table s1 the annotated degs table s2 gene ontology of sevenband grouper transcriptome after nnv infection...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

......

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...best of our knowledge no studies related to the app behavior following influenza virus and pasteurella multocida pm coinfection has been reported respiratory diseases in pigs are often considered as multifactorial problems caused by various pathogens viral and bacterial in combination the most common infectious agent responsible for respiratory infection in pigs are swine influenza virus siv porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus prrsv pasteurella multocida pm actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae mycoplasma hyopneumoniae [6 7] these pathogens may act together to increase the severity and duration of the disease in pigs as well as in humans bacterial pneumonia secondary...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...siv is an important contributor to the porcine respiratory disease complex prdc the bacterial pathogens associated with prdc are classified as primary or secondary pathogens and pm plays a key role as a secondary invader [9] up to now the kinetics of acute phase response after experimental infection of pigs with siv or pm alone have been investigated [3 4 10 11] exposure to multiple pathogens may result in different kinetics of app response as compare to monoinfection with siv or pm in this study the immune and creactive protein crp haptoglobin hp serum...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...study the immune and creactive protein crp haptoglobin hp serum amyloid a saa or and pig major acute phase protein pigmap responses after simultaneous coinfection with common porcine pathogens siv h1n1 subtype and pm were evaluated in piglets the correlation between concentration of investigated app in serum and severity of infection clinical score lung score turbinate score were also studied to estimate the utility of app measurement in the evaluation of pigs health status in all coinfected pigs clinical sings including fever coughing nasal discharge dyspnea and anorexia were observed in all infected animals the rectal temperature increased over 40c...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...] pasteurella multocida is considered to be an opportunistic invader that could be cleared from the lungs of normal pigs [13] but sivinduced damage to the respiratory tract loss of cilia extrusion of mucus exudation necrosis and metaplasia of airway epithelium reduced ability to clear the infection [13 14] previous study conducted on turkey revealed that in birds infected with avian influenza virus aiv the numbers of pm in their respiratory tracts increased to a greater extent than in birds which had not been infected with the aiv [15] until now...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...were higher in coinfected piglets as compared to pm monoinfected animals 155 gml and 125 gml respectively in only siv infected piglets the maximum level reached only 4326 gml [4] the response of pigmap in coinfected piglets were similar to those observed by us previously after single infection with pm [3] but totally different much intensive from those observed after siv infection [4 16] generally in pm and swh1n1 coinfected pigs the app response was observed earlier than in pminfected and the mean induction levels of most app were higher table 1...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...in only siv infected piglets the maximum level reached only 4326 gml [4] the response of pigmap in coinfected piglets were similar to those observed by us previously after single infection with pm [3] but totally different much intensive from those observed after siv infection [4 16] generally in pm and swh1n1 coinfected pigs the app response was observed earlier than in pminfected and the mean induction levels of most app were higher table 1 number of infected pigs number with positive resultstotal number of pigs from which the siv andor toxigenic...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...individual pathogens by themselves [6 8] pulmonary lesions observed in present study were more severe when compared to singly infected animals [3 4] it seems that siv and pm coinfection contributes to exacerbate of pulmonary lesions there are several mechanism reported by which siv infection predisposes to secondary bacterial infection which include impairment of respiratory epithelial barrier increase host expression of receptors for bacteria leading to enhance colonization modification of host immune responses ie impairing of alveolar macrophage phagocytic function [17] [18] [19] [20] earlier response...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...6 8] pulmonary lesions observed in present study were more severe when compared to singly infected animals [3 4] it seems that siv and pm coinfection contributes to exacerbate of pulmonary lesions there are several mechanism reported by which siv infection predisposes to secondary bacterial infection which include impairment of respiratory epithelial barrier increase host expression of receptors for bacteria leading to enhance colonization modification of host immune responses ie impairing of alveolar macrophage phagocytic function [17] [18] [19] [20] earlier response of the most app after...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...which include impairment of respiratory epithelial barrier increase host expression of receptors for bacteria leading to enhance colonization modification of host immune responses ie impairing of alveolar macrophage phagocytic function [17] [18] [19] [20] earlier response of the most app after infection with siv or swh1n1 pm as compared to pmmono infection could be a result of shorter incubation period with regard to sivinfections and the earliest induction of proinflammatory cytokines especially il6 which are known to be a major regulator of app production by hepatocytes [21] as...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...receptors for bacteria leading to enhance colonization modification of host immune responses ie impairing of alveolar macrophage phagocytic function [17] [18] [19] [20] earlier response of the most app after infection with siv or swh1n1 pm as compared to pmmono infection could be a result of shorter incubation period with regard to sivinfections and the earliest induction of proinflammatory cytokines especially il6 which are known to be a major regulator of app production by hepatocytes [21] as it have been found by barb et al [11]...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...result of shorter incubation period with regard to sivinfections and the earliest induction of proinflammatory cytokines especially il6 which are known to be a major regulator of app production by hepatocytes [21] as it have been found by barb et al [11] during siv infection il6 concentration in piglets serum peaked from 24 to 30 h post infection at later timepoints post infection the concentration of this cytokine was either 20fold lower or at the limit of detection the serum levels of other cytokines stimulating production of app by hepatocytes il1 tnf were under the...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...of proinflammatory cytokines especially il6 which are known to be a major regulator of app production by hepatocytes [21] as it have been found by barb et al [11] during siv infection il6 concentration in piglets serum peaked from 24 to 30 h post infection at later timepoints post infection the concentration of this cytokine was either 20fold lower or at the limit of detection the serum levels of other cytokines stimulating production of app by hepatocytes il1 tnf were under the limit of detection rapid disappearance of il6 from serum could also explain a...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...which are known to be a major regulator of app production by hepatocytes [21] as it have been found by barb et al [11] during siv infection il6 concentration in piglets serum peaked from 24 to 30 h post infection at later timepoints post infection the concentration of this cytokine was either 20fold lower or at the limit of detection the serum levels of other cytokines stimulating production of app by hepatocytes il1 tnf were under the limit of detection rapid disappearance of il6 from serum could also explain a fast drop in app concentrations...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...production of app by hepatocytes il1 tnf were under the limit of detection rapid disappearance of il6 from serum could also explain a fast drop in app concentrations during to the preinoculation levels in only siv infected piglets [4] studies conducted on mice reveled that after pm infection concentration of cytokines involved in regulation of app production by hepatocytes increased at later timepoints post infection [22] the pigmap mgml dpi swh1n1pm control figure 6 concentrations of crp hp saa and pigmap in serum of pigs before and at various time points after intranasal coinfection with...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...from serum could also explain a fast drop in app concentrations during to the preinoculation levels in only siv infected piglets [4] studies conducted on mice reveled that after pm infection concentration of cytokines involved in regulation of app production by hepatocytes increased at later timepoints post infection [22] the pigmap mgml dpi swh1n1pm control figure 6 concentrations of crp hp saa and pigmap in serum of pigs before and at various time points after intranasal coinfection with swine influenza virus h1n1 and pasteurella multocida mean sd p 005significant increase as compared to...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...concentrations of crp hp saa and pigmap in serum of pigs before and at various time points after intranasal coinfection with swine influenza virus h1n1 and pasteurella multocida mean sd p 005significant increase as compared to control animals concentration of il6 peaked at 36 h post pm infection of mice and remained elevated for the longer period of time at least to 96 h post infection [22] in the study by francisco et al [10] a slight correlation between hp concentration in serum and extent of turbinate atrophy was found after infection...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...intranasal coinfection with swine influenza virus h1n1 and pasteurella multocida mean sd p 005significant increase as compared to control animals concentration of il6 peaked at 36 h post pm infection of mice and remained elevated for the longer period of time at least to 96 h post infection [22] in the study by francisco et al [10] a slight correlation between hp concentration in serum and extent of turbinate atrophy was found after infection with pm our results did not confirm this finding but we found the significant positive correlation between maximum...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...infection of mice and remained elevated for the longer period of time at least to 96 h post infection [22] in the study by francisco et al [10] a slight correlation between hp concentration in serum and extent of turbinate atrophy was found after infection with pm our results did not confirm this finding but we found the significant positive correlation between maximum serum pigmap concentration and degree of turbinate atrophy turbinate score it should be mentioned that the timing of sampling must be taken into consideration as it may be critical in showing a...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...maximum concentrations of saa in serum and lung scores were also reported previously in pigs infected with h1n2 swine influenza virus [16] similarly positive correlation between hp and saa concentration in pigs serum at the day of necropsy and changes in the lungs were reported after pm infection [3] furthermore the positive association between concentration of saa and clinical score were found in present study the positive correlation between clinical course and hp concentration in pigs serum was also previously reported by grauroma et al [2] in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...score were found in present study the positive correlation between clinical course and hp concentration in pigs serum was also previously reported by grauroma et al [2] in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome the results of our study confirmed that monitoring of app may revealed ongoing infection and in this way may be useful in selecting clinically healthy pigs ie before integration into an uninfected herd the highest concentrations of all investigated app were observed from 2 to 3 dpi before specific antibodies in serum were present exposure to multiple pathogens resulted in the strongest crp hp...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...and saa response as compared to monoinfection with siv or pm [3 4] additional studies need to be done in order to confirm these findings with regard to other coinfections present result also confirm our previous findings that saa could be a potentially useful indicator in experimental infection studies eg vaccine efficiency investigations or as a marker for disease severity because of correlation observed between its concentration in serum and disease severity lung scores clinical scores fourteen 6weekold piglets of the france hybrides fh900 line were sourced from high health status herd the herd was seronegative to...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...independent units one for the control and one for the infected pigs animal use and handling protocols were approved by local ethical commission swine influenza virus aswpolandkpr92004 subtype h1n1 hereafter referred to as swh1n1 which had been isolated from a pig with swine influenza was used for the experimental infection the stock used for inoculation represented the third passage in spf embrionated chicken eggs the virus titer was evaluated in madindarby canine kidney mdck cells a dnt producing pm isolate which originated from a pig with the clinical form of progressive atrophic rhinitis was cultured on blood agar at...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...50 of swh1n1 and 3 10 8 cfu of toxigenic pm in 4 ml of phosphatebuffered saline pbs were given intranasally 2 ml for each nostril four mockinoculated pigs with pbs served as control pigs in order to examine the events taking place at the early stages of infection two infected and one control piglet were euthanized on days 3 and 5 after infection the remaining pigs were euthanized and necropsied at 10 dpi rectal temperatures were assessed daily and clinical signs of disease were recorded pigs were observed and scored for the respiratory signs as follows respiratory...

Title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum
amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in
pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine
influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata. Markowska-Daniel, Iwona...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 218
ID: 21083480591a0f89c6c6a1ee575c79ef9eeaeb75
Number of matches: 26

...of phosphatebuffered saline pbs were given intranasally 2 ml for each nostril four mockinoculated pigs with pbs served as control pigs in order to examine the events taking place at the early stages of infection two infected and one control piglet were euthanized on days 3 and 5 after infection the remaining pigs were euthanized and necropsied at 10 dpi rectal temperatures were assessed daily and clinical signs of disease were recorded pigs were observed and scored for the respiratory signs as follows respiratory rate 0normal 1slightly elevated 2moderately elevated slight abdominal breathing 3clearly elevated distinct abdominal breathing nasal...

Title: Development of the full-length cDNA clones of
two porcine epidemic diarrhea disease virus
isolates with different virulence
Authors: Li, Jie. Jin, Zhonghui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 220
ID: e0cc48136126e2cae2d7ac3eb10a9fc786124404
Number of matches: 5

...then replenished with serumfree dmem for the cells transfected with pbacbj2011c trypsin was added at a final concentration of 10 gml to allow the virus recovery the vero ccl81 cells seeded in 96well plates costar were infected with passage 1 viruses of rbj2011c and rchm2013 at 24 h post infection the cells were fixed with 20c cold ethanol at room temperature for 10 min followed by three washes with pbs after being blocked with pbs containing 2 bsa the cells were incubated with mouse monoclonal antibody 4e3 to pedv n protein at a dilution of 1 2 000 at 37c...

Title: Development of the full-length cDNA clones of
two porcine epidemic diarrhea disease virus
isolates with different virulence
Authors: Li, Jie. Jin, Zhonghui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 220
ID: e0cc48136126e2cae2d7ac3eb10a9fc786124404
Number of matches: 5

...viruses at different dilutions after absorption for 1h at 37c the unbound viruses were removed and the cells were washed three times with dmem before being overlaid with 1xdmem containing 05 methylcellulose for bj2011c trypsin was also added at a final concentration of 10 gml trypsin at 36 h post infection the medium was removed and the plaques were stained with 37 paraformaldehyde containing 01 crystal violet twelve 2dayold piglets were randomly divided into 3 groups with 4 pigs for each group the piglets were fed with a mixture of bovine colostrum powder and fresh liquid milk every 4 hours...

Title: Development of the full-length cDNA clones of
two porcine epidemic diarrhea disease virus
isolates with different virulence
Authors: Li, Jie. Jin, Zhonghui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 220
ID: e0cc48136126e2cae2d7ac3eb10a9fc786124404
Number of matches: 5

...5aatccagggccacttcg aa3 downstream primer 5ttcgcccttgggaattctc3 taqman probe 5aacg tgacctcaaagacatcccagagtgg3 the animals were monitored every 4 h for clinical signs of disease and weight gain for the mock and chm2013 groups the piglets had been healthy all the time and we used euthanasia as humane endpoints at 7 days post infection dpi by injecting pentobarbital sodium at a dose of 150 mgkg via ear intravenous route to reduce the stress to other animals the euthanasia was carried out in a soundproof room to avoid panic of the rest living pigs during the whole process we tried out best to provide comfort...

Title: Development of the full-length cDNA clones of
two porcine epidemic diarrhea disease virus
isolates with different virulence
Authors: Li, Jie. Jin, Zhonghui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 220
ID: e0cc48136126e2cae2d7ac3eb10a9fc786124404
Number of matches: 5

...rchm2013 group fig 5b finally we examined the histopathology and viral load in the intestinal tract basically different segments of intestine including duodenum ileum jejunum cecum colon and rectum were taken and individually processed for he staining and for quantification of virus abundance as shown in fig 6a infection by rbj2011c caused extensive damages to all intestinal segments characterized by large amounts of fragmentation and shedding of intestinal villi the epithelial layer of intestines was destroyed and lost the integrity the most severe damages occurred in jejunum in contrast the damages caused by rchm2013 were mainly restricted to jejunum...

Title: Development of the full-length cDNA clones of
two porcine epidemic diarrhea disease virus
isolates with different virulence
Authors: Li, Jie. Jin, Zhonghui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 220
ID: e0cc48136126e2cae2d7ac3eb10a9fc786124404
Number of matches: 5

...histopathological analyses the quantitative rtpcr results showed that rbj2011c infected all segments of intestine the ileum apparently had the highest viral load however the virus abundance in the jejunum was several logs lower this was likely due to the severe damage of jejunum epithelial layer as a result of virus infection on the other hand no viral rna could be detected in the chm2013 group in this paper we reported the isolation and characterization of two chinese pedv field isolates in particular chm2013 is a low virulent virus that is closely related to the korean vaccine sm98 in contrast the...

Title: The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Matrix Protein PPXY Late Domain Drives the Production
of Defective Interfering Particles
Authors: Ziegler, Christopher M.. Eisenhauer, Philip...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 221
ID: d65ee92563369f173d038fe15c6f066c4f134385
Number of matches: 14

...which are highly susceptible to both treatments [20] arenaviruses generate high levels of di particles both in cell culture [21] and in host rodents [22] it has long been postulated that arenavirus dis are an important factor in the establishment of persistent infection [17 23 24] but a causal link between arenavirus di particles and persistence has yet to be firmly established there are several outstanding questions regarding the arenavirus matrix protein including how its functionality is regulated and how in the context of a fully replicating virus encoded late...

Title: The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Matrix Protein PPXY Late Domain Drives the Production
of Defective Interfering Particles
Authors: Ziegler, Christopher M.. Eisenhauer, Philip...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 221
ID: d65ee92563369f173d038fe15c6f066c4f134385
Number of matches: 14

...which could explain their greatly reduced levels of viral protein and genome relative to pfu the ppxy late domain drives the production of di particles a substantial fraction of virus particles produced by lcmv are di particles [31] accordingly inoculation of lcmv at low multiplicities of infection moi results in efficient production of standard virus and spread while high mois do not this seemingly contradictory phenomenon is caused by di particles which inhibit the propagation of standard virus and its ability to cause cytopathic effect with one hit kinetics [21 32] monolayers inoculated with...

Title: The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Matrix Protein PPXY Late Domain Drives the Production
of Defective Interfering Particles
Authors: Ziegler, Christopher M.. Eisenhauer, Philip...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 221
ID: d65ee92563369f173d038fe15c6f066c4f134385
Number of matches: 14

...and di particles fig 6 western blot analysis of protein lysates at 72 hr pi confirmed the strong induction of wt and dn vps4b expression and examination of fixed coverslips showed that all cells were expressing both the induced vsp4b as well as lcmv np fig 6b this infection protocol was chosen to ensure that we were examining virus that was produced in cells expressing the induced vps4b proteins while minimizing the effect that these proteins could exert on viral entry expression of dn vps4b had no impact on the release of standard infectious lcmv p 027 fig...

Title: The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Matrix Protein PPXY Late Domain Drives the Production
of Defective Interfering Particles
Authors: Ziegler, Christopher M.. Eisenhauer, Philip...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 221
ID: d65ee92563369f173d038fe15c6f066c4f134385
Number of matches: 14

...to our knowledge this is the first example of a virus utilizing a late domain to selectively drive the production of di particles independently of standard virus that lcmv has evolved such a mechanism likely reflects the presumed importance of di particles for the successful establishment of an asymptomatic persistent infection in reservoir rodents which ultimately ensures the long term maintenance of lcmv in nature [19 22] while the existence of arenavirus di particles has long been realized surprisingly little is known about their exact composition and properties our data demonstrates that cells infected with the rlcmv ppxy...

Title: The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Matrix Protein PPXY Late Domain Drives the Production
of Defective Interfering Particles
Authors: Ziegler, Christopher M.. Eisenhauer, Philip...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 221
ID: d65ee92563369f173d038fe15c6f066c4f134385
Number of matches: 14

...our findings raise the possibility that arenaviruses can dynamically adjust di particle production in response to external environmental factors further the ppxy mutant viruses we have developed represent a new tool that will allow the field to formally test the importance of di particles for the establishment of persistent lcmv infection in reservoir rodents the ability of the ppxy late domain to drive the production of di particles is a novel finding with important implications for understanding hostpathogen relationships and the design of vaccines and antivirals in particular ppxycontaining viruses such as ebola virus and lassa virus are known to persist...

Title: The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Matrix Protein PPXY Late Domain Drives the Production
of Defective Interfering Particles
Authors: Ziegler, Christopher M.. Eisenhauer, Philip...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 221
ID: d65ee92563369f173d038fe15c6f066c4f134385
Number of matches: 14

...lassa virus are known to persist for long periods following the resolution of acute human disease [59] [60] [61] it is possible that di particles play a significant role in allowing these viruses to persist in humans similar to their presumed importance for infection in reservoir species therefore targeting di particle formation could be a promising approach to clear persistent infection in humans finally the possibility that the ppxy late domain and escrt machinery could broadly drive di particle production in other virus families represents an exciting area of future research l whitton the...

Title: The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Matrix Protein PPXY Late Domain Drives the Production
of Defective Interfering Particles
Authors: Ziegler, Christopher M.. Eisenhauer, Philip...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 221
ID: d65ee92563369f173d038fe15c6f066c4f134385
Number of matches: 14

...59] [60] [61] it is possible that di particles play a significant role in allowing these viruses to persist in humans similar to their presumed importance for infection in reservoir species therefore targeting di particle formation could be a promising approach to clear persistent infection in humans finally the possibility that the ppxy late domain and escrt machinery could broadly drive di particle production in other virus families represents an exciting area of future research l whitton the scripps research institute la jolla and grown in dmem supplemented with 10 fbs 1 penicillinstreptomycin and 1...

Title: The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Matrix Protein PPXY Late Domain Drives the Production
of Defective Interfering Particles
Authors: Ziegler, Christopher M.. Eisenhauer, Philip...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 221
ID: d65ee92563369f173d038fe15c6f066c4f134385
Number of matches: 14

...08 l of a 1 mgml solution of polyethylenimine 23966 polysciences inc warrington pa per well for z derived from rlcmv zsbpinfected cells 25 x 10 5 l929 cells were seeded in 6well plates and infected the next day at an moi of 001 two days following the transfection or infection h 2 0 2 at a final concentration of 88 mm or an equivalent volume of h 2 0 was spiked into the appropriate wells containing hek293t or l929 growth media after a 15 minute incubation the cells were lysed in triton buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail and...

Title: The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Matrix Protein PPXY Late Domain Drives the Production
of Defective Interfering Particles
Authors: Ziegler, Christopher M.. Eisenhauer, Philip...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 221
ID: d65ee92563369f173d038fe15c6f066c4f134385
Number of matches: 14

...studies 5 x 10 5 vps4b wt or eq cells were seeded in poly dlysine treated wells and 24 hr later treated with either growth medium containing 1 gml tetracycline or medium alone one hr later the cells were infected with vsv at an moi of 10 one hr following infection the cells were washed 3x with pbs and fresh growth medium containing 1 gml tetracycline or medium alone was added six hr later the cells and supernatants were collected and assessed by quantitative western blotting and plaque assays respectively in order to verify uniform vps4b expression as well as...

Title: The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Matrix Protein PPXY Late Domain Drives the Production
of Defective Interfering Particles
Authors: Ziegler, Christopher M.. Eisenhauer, Philip...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 221
ID: d65ee92563369f173d038fe15c6f066c4f134385
Number of matches: 14

...were washed 3x with pbs and fresh growth medium containing 1 gml tetracycline or medium alone was added six hr later the cells and supernatants were collected and assessed by quantitative western blotting and plaque assays respectively in order to verify uniform vps4b expression as well as rlcmv wt infection by microscopy in parallel to the experiment described above 5 x 10 4 cells were seeded on poly dlysinetreated 12mm glass coverslips in 24well plates at the time of harvest 24 hr postinfection the coverslips were rinsed with pbs fixed with 4 paraformaldehyde 15714 electron microscopy sciences hatfield pa...

Title: Plant Virus Expression Vectors: A Powerhouse
for Global Health
Authors: Hefferon, Kathleen
Journal: Biomedicines
Item: Infection
Index: 223
ID: e98c156b8632c84d14cfb03a1614b36563479bed
Number of matches: 1

...to bacterial flagellin a strong mucosal adjuvant in order to improve m2e immunogenicity [51] n benthamiana plants infected with a pvx vector expressing this fusion protein were able to produce 1 mgg fresh leaf tissue or 30 total soluble protein and inoculated mice were protected from influenza infection pvx has produced other antigens as well for example uhdeholzem et al 2010 used pvx to express the epitope hvr1 from the hepatitis c virus hcv as a fusion protein [52] mice immunized parenterally elicited an igg response and sera from chronically infected hcv patients reacted...

Title: Rapid Evolution of PARP Genes Suggests a Broad
Role for ADP-Ribosylation in Host-Virus Conflicts
Authors: Daugherty, Matthew D.. Young, Janet M....
Journal: PLoS Genet
Item: Infection
Index: 224
ID: d0bace106b5562f5e1cf5b124331f9c526d46d21
Number of matches: 2

...universally necessary to perform an essential housekeeping function instead there are several tantalizing pieces of evidence that vaults may be involved in immunity these include an increased number of vaults in immune cell types ifnupregulation of mvp the major component of vaults and upregulation of noncoding vault rnas vrnas on infection with pathogens such as epsteinbarr virus [45] parp4 itself is present at 10 molecules per vault but its functional role there is unknown [44] however our observation that the positively selected residues we find in parp4 are localized to a single disordered region in...

Title: Rapid Evolution of PARP Genes Suggests a Broad
Role for ADP-Ribosylation in Host-Virus Conflicts
Authors: Daugherty, Matthew D.. Young, Janet M....
Journal: PLoS Genet
Item: Infection
Index: 224
ID: d0bace106b5562f5e1cf5b124331f9c526d46d21
Number of matches: 2

...parp4 exon 30 in humans has evolved to maintain recognition of a factor encoded by pathogens that can infect many diverse mammalian lineages or is a common means to counteract independent unrelated pathogens this interaction may be used to directly adpribosylate viral components which could affect their activity and impede infection alternatively independent of adpribosylation parp4 interaction may recruit viral proteins to the vault structures within virally infected cells wherein the vault proteins might sequester viral proteins and thereby impede their infectivity likewise our data highlight macrodomains as likely focal points of hostvirus conflicts however in contrast to parp4 which...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...12] [13] however the significance of virus detection remains unclear as the presence of a virus does not prove causality many respiratory viruses can be carried by asymptomatic children [4 6 14] and can be shed over prolonged periods thus discrimination between carriage and infection is challenging [13] [14] [15] viral infection was reported previously to predispose to bacterial superinfection and concerns about possible bacterial coinfection remain [3 [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...as the presence of a virus does not prove causality many respiratory viruses can be carried by asymptomatic children [4 6 14] and can be shed over prolonged periods thus discrimination between carriage and infection is challenging [13] [14] [15] viral infection was reported previously to predispose to bacterial superinfection and concerns about possible bacterial coinfection remain [3 [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [16] [17] [18] [19]...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...to bacterial superinfection and concerns about possible bacterial coinfection remain [3 [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [16] [17] [18] [19] ruling out a bacterial infection with traditional microbiological techniques is frequently impossible [1 5] the predictive value of clinical signs to differentiate between viral and bacterial infection is also low [13 17 [20] [21] [22] on these grounds clinical management of patients after respiratory...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...11] [12] [13] [16] [17] [18] [19] ruling out a bacterial infection with traditional microbiological techniques is frequently impossible [1 5] the predictive value of clinical signs to differentiate between viral and bacterial infection is also low [13 17 [20] [21] [22] on these grounds clinical management of patients after respiratory virus diagnosis is controversial and surprisingly poorly studied overall extensive yet often unnecessary use of antibiotics in rti is common [1 5 6]...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...with indeterminate biomarkers crp 100 mgl and pct 025 gl or crp 51100 mgl and pct not available these criteria were adapted from earlier publications [17 21] regarding the diagnosis of bacterial lower rti the subgroup of patients with a viral etiology who had no clinically bacterial infection was considered to have a clinically viral infection children 18 years and adults 18 years were analyzed separately sepsis was defined according to standard criteria at the time [24] systemic inflammatory response syndrome sirs criteria for children were defined as agespecific [25] for the...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...025 gl or crp 51100 mgl and pct not available these criteria were adapted from earlier publications [17 21] regarding the diagnosis of bacterial lower rti the subgroup of patients with a viral etiology who had no clinically bacterial infection was considered to have a clinically viral infection children 18 years and adults 18 years were analyzed separately sepsis was defined according to standard criteria at the time [24] systemic inflammatory response syndrome sirs criteria for children were defined as agespecific [25] for the imaging if patients had interstitial infiltrates or ground...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...002 p 0004 any pathogen was identified in 140 patients 55 in 89 of 182 adults 49 and in 51 of 72 children 71 among these patients one or more respiratory virus was detected in 91 65 one or more bacteria in 53 38 and a mixed viralbacterial infection in 11 8 patients 45 of 72 children 63 were infected with one or more respiratory viruses compared to children viral detection in adults was less frequent 25 n 46 p 0001 a single pathogen was identified in 99 patients 39 multiple pathogens were detected in 41 patients...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...often judged correct compared to adults with bacterial etiology p 0002 among patients with clinically viral etiology children were more frequently managed correctly 1515 100 than adults 813 62 p 003 eight adults and one child received oseltamivir in four of five patients with proven influenza a virus infection the antiviral medication was prescribed in response to the positive rtpcr analysis in another child oseltamivir was commenced after the third successive detection of influenza a virus within a month and stopped after 1 day in two other patients antiviral therapy was started or continued despite an rtpcr analysis negative...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...on the next day hospital length of stay los was longer in patients with bacterial etiology compared to patients with a viral etiology for children los did not significantly vary in the different groups between viral and bacterial etiologies tables 5 6 and 7 patients with a mixed infection were more frequently admitted to the intensive care unit icu and mechanically ventilated compared to patients with a viral etiology p 005 p 0005 respectively if children and adults were analyzed separately the differences within the adult population were not significant in children more patients with a mixed...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...were more frequently admitted to the intensive care unit icu and mechanically ventilated compared to patients with a viral etiology p 005 p 0005 respectively if children and adults were analyzed separately the differences within the adult population were not significant in children more patients with a mixed infection were mechanically ventilated p 003 allcause and rtiassociated mortality was comparable between pathogen groups in patients with viral etiology there was no difference in mortality between those who discontinued antibiotics compared to those who did not cases without detection of bacteria were evaluated as clinically bacterial if...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...biomarkers indeterminate crp 100 mgl and pct 025 gl or crp between 51 and 100 mgl and pct not available b cases with a detected viral pathogen excluding those patients with a clinically bacterial coinfection as described above normal cxr findings were significantly more frequent in patients with viral infection compared to bacterial infections 30 vs 9 p 003 multilobar infiltrates and pleural effusion on cxr were observed less often among subjects with viral infection tables 11 12 and 13 in multivariate logistic regression tables 14 and 15 the absence of pleural effusion in adults was associated...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...pathogen excluding those patients with a clinically bacterial coinfection as described above normal cxr findings were significantly more frequent in patients with viral infection compared to bacterial infections 30 vs 9 p 003 multilobar infiltrates and pleural effusion on cxr were observed less often among subjects with viral infection tables 11 12 and 13 in multivariate logistic regression tables 14 and 15 the absence of pleural effusion in adults was associated with detection of respiratory viruses odds ratio [or] 031 95 confidence interval [ci] 012080 for children the lack of multilobar infiltrates was...

Title: Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on
management of respiratory tract infection: a
retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mayer, Lena M.. Kahlert, Christian...
Journal: Pneumonia (Nathan)
Item: Infection
Index: 225
ID: f061e6719f37322dba23bdecaaa47e68fb2c04b4
Number of matches: 13

...a bacterial superinfection was one reason for physicians to not stop antibiotics in rtpcrpositive patients [3] we tried to partially overcome this by creating categories of clinically bacterial and clinically viral infections this definition aided by providing a biomarker criterion accounted for the possibility of a viral infection in the setting of bacterial carriage one of the major differences and advantages of the current study compared to previous publications is that it not only assessed the impact of the rtpcr results which themselves had a limited impact on appropriate therapy but it also integrated other realworld clinical and...

Title: Characterization of the Anti-Hepatitis C
Virus Activity of New Nonpeptidic Small-Molecule
Cyclophilin Inhibitors with the Potential for Broad
Anti-Flaviviridae Activity
Authors: Nevers, Quentin. Ruiz, Isaac...
Journal: Antimicrob Agents Chemother
Item: Infection
Index: 226
ID: 1c60d93cd686bb14fac65510ad3de47cf8b9332c
Number of matches: 7

...liver diseases causing approximately 700000 deaths annually 2 approximately 71 million individuals are infected worldwide representing 1 of the global population 3 the recent approval of a large number of directacting antiviral agents daas that are active against hcv including generic compounds has revolutionized the treatment of this infection with more than 95 rates of infection cure 4 in contrast no antiviral drugs are available so far to cure infections caused by arthropodborne members of the flaviviridae family despite their global public health importance during the past 10 years two different types of antiviral agents including daas...

Title: Characterization of the Anti-Hepatitis C
Virus Activity of New Nonpeptidic Small-Molecule
Cyclophilin Inhibitors with the Potential for Broad
Anti-Flaviviridae Activity
Authors: Nevers, Quentin. Ruiz, Isaac...
Journal: Antimicrob Agents Chemother
Item: Infection
Index: 226
ID: 1c60d93cd686bb14fac65510ad3de47cf8b9332c
Number of matches: 7

...2 approximately 71 million individuals are infected worldwide representing 1 of the global population 3 the recent approval of a large number of directacting antiviral agents daas that are active against hcv including generic compounds has revolutionized the treatment of this infection with more than 95 rates of infection cure 4 in contrast no antiviral drugs are available so far to cure infections caused by arthropodborne members of the flaviviridae family despite their global public health importance during the past 10 years two different types of antiviral agents including daas and hosttargeting antiviral hta agents have been...

Title: Characterization of the Anti-Hepatitis C
Virus Activity of New Nonpeptidic Small-Molecule
Cyclophilin Inhibitors with the Potential for Broad
Anti-Flaviviridae Activity
Authors: Nevers, Quentin. Ruiz, Isaac...
Journal: Antimicrob Agents Chemother
Item: Infection
Index: 226
ID: 1c60d93cd686bb14fac65510ad3de47cf8b9332c
Number of matches: 7

...antiviral drugs are available so far to cure infections caused by arthropodborne members of the flaviviridae family despite their global public health importance during the past 10 years two different types of antiviral agents including daas and hosttargeting antiviral hta agents have been developed for the treatment of hcv infection among the htas nonimmunosuppressive derivatives of cyclosporine csa that target host cyclophilins cyps yielded the most promising results alisporivir alv was the first hta to enter hcv clinical development and reach phase iii clinical trials 5 6 its development was halted following the report of seven cases of acute...

Title: Characterization of the Anti-Hepatitis C
Virus Activity of New Nonpeptidic Small-Molecule
Cyclophilin Inhibitors with the Potential for Broad
Anti-Flaviviridae Activity
Authors: Nevers, Quentin. Ruiz, Isaac...
Journal: Antimicrob Agents Chemother
Item: Infection
Index: 226
ID: 1c60d93cd686bb14fac65510ad3de47cf8b9332c
Number of matches: 7

...with a fourparameter logistic curve with sigmaplot v11 software systat software inc and the ec 50 s were determined from the curves assessment of antiviral activity in the infectious hcv model huh75 cells were seeded at a density of 15 10 4 cells and incubated 24 h before infection with 250 l of cellculturederived infectious hcv hcvcc j6jfh1 strain genotype 2a2a in the presence of increasing concentrations of the compounds eight hours after infection the cells were washed with phosphatebuffered saline pbs and incubated with fresh medium containing the inhibitors for 72 h the luciferase activity was then measured...

Title: Characterization of the Anti-Hepatitis C
Virus Activity of New Nonpeptidic Small-Molecule
Cyclophilin Inhibitors with the Potential for Broad
Anti-Flaviviridae Activity
Authors: Nevers, Quentin. Ruiz, Isaac...
Journal: Antimicrob Agents Chemother
Item: Infection
Index: 226
ID: 1c60d93cd686bb14fac65510ad3de47cf8b9332c
Number of matches: 7

...antiviral activity in the infectious hcv model huh75 cells were seeded at a density of 15 10 4 cells and incubated 24 h before infection with 250 l of cellculturederived infectious hcv hcvcc j6jfh1 strain genotype 2a2a in the presence of increasing concentrations of the compounds eight hours after infection the cells were washed with phosphatebuffered saline pbs and incubated with fresh medium containing the inhibitors for 72 h the luciferase activity was then measured and plotted against compound concentrations the ec 50s were determined from curves fitted with a fourparameter logistic equation assessment of the combination of compound...

Title: Protection conferred by a recombinant Marek’s
disease virus that expresses the spike protein from
infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free
chicken
Authors: Zhang, Xiaorong. Wu, Yantao...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 227
ID: 85f3c300e460e62364ef4a74fb1289334a5c2317
Number of matches: 8

......

Title: Protection conferred by a recombinant Marek’s
disease virus that expresses the spike protein from
infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free
chicken
Authors: Zhang, Xiaorong. Wu, Yantao...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 227
ID: 85f3c300e460e62364ef4a74fb1289334a5c2317
Number of matches: 8

...[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] clearly qxlike ibvs are a serious threat to the poultry industry however no vaccines against qxlike ibvs are commercially available therefore there is an urgent need to develop vaccines that can prevent qxlike ibv infection mareks disease md is a transmissible malignant tcell lymphoma in chickens caused by mareks disease virus mdv [15] mdv strains are classified into the following three serotypes gallid herpesvirus 2 mdv serotype 1 gallid herpesvirus 3 mdv serotype 2 and meleagrid herpesvirus 1 mdv serotype 3herpesvirus...

Title: Protection conferred by a recombinant Marek’s
disease virus that expresses the spike protein from
infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free
chicken
Authors: Zhang, Xiaorong. Wu, Yantao...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 227
ID: 85f3c300e460e62364ef4a74fb1289334a5c2317
Number of matches: 8

...in tissue culture with loss of pathogenic properties but retention of immunogenicity the cvi988rispens strain provides good protection against challenge even with the newly discovered highly virulent pathotype of mdv [1] mdv has several ideal characteristics that make it useful as a vector for recombinant vaccine mdv infection results in a persistent infection and because it is transmitted cell to cell the virus is not susceptible to maternal antibodies furthermore the virus has a large genome with several regions that are not essential for viral replication which are suitable for the insertion of foreign genes [17]...

Title: Protection conferred by a recombinant Marek’s
disease virus that expresses the spike protein from
infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free
chicken
Authors: Zhang, Xiaorong. Wu, Yantao...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 227
ID: 85f3c300e460e62364ef4a74fb1289334a5c2317
Number of matches: 8

...of pathogenic properties but retention of immunogenicity the cvi988rispens strain provides good protection against challenge even with the newly discovered highly virulent pathotype of mdv [1] mdv has several ideal characteristics that make it useful as a vector for recombinant vaccine mdv infection results in a persistent infection and because it is transmitted cell to cell the virus is not susceptible to maternal antibodies furthermore the virus has a large genome with several regions that are not essential for viral replication which are suitable for the insertion of foreign genes [17] in the present study...

Title: Protection conferred by a recombinant Marek’s
disease virus that expresses the spike protein from
infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free
chicken
Authors: Zhang, Xiaorong. Wu, Yantao...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 227
ID: 85f3c300e460e62364ef4a74fb1289334a5c2317
Number of matches: 8

... when the chickens were challenged with ibv the primed b cells could rapidly differentiate into plasma cells thus permitting the production of higher titers of ibvspecific circulating antibody within a shorter period of time this finding is important for the establishment of an earlystage active immune response against ibv infection we constructed a recombinant mdv called rmdvs1 that expressed the s1 protein of a qxlike ibv vaccination figure 3 rtpcr verification of s1 gene expression in rmdv s1infected cefs m dna marker pcr template used independently in reactions 15 pupltregfps1down positive control cdna reversetranscribed with rna isolated from rmdvs1infected...

Title: Protection conferred by a recombinant Marek’s
disease virus that expresses the spike protein from
infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free
chicken
Authors: Zhang, Xiaorong. Wu, Yantao...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 227
ID: 85f3c300e460e62364ef4a74fb1289334a5c2317
Number of matches: 8

...rna isolated from rmdvs1infected cefs rna isolated from rmdvs1infected cefs cdna reversetranscribed from rna isolated from cvi988rispensinfected cefs rna isolated from cvi988rispensinfected cefs with rmdvs1 conferred good protection in spf chickens against both ibv and mdv challenge taken together rmdvs1 is a promising vaccine candidate for the control of infection by qxlike ibvs the major ibv genotype currently circulating in many countries the cvi988rispens strain of mdv was used as the vector for the construction of the recombinant virus and the virulent rb1b strain of mdv was used as the challenge virus mdvs were propagated in secondary cefs in...

Title: Protection conferred by a recombinant Marek’s
disease virus that expresses the spike protein from
infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free
chicken
Authors: Zhang, Xiaorong. Wu, Yantao...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 227
ID: 85f3c300e460e62364ef4a74fb1289334a5c2317
Number of matches: 8

... 2 analysis p 005 genome pltrr and s1f2 were located in the ltr promoter and the s1 gene respectively a detailed pcr scheme is illustrated in figure 7d cefs were harvested and the total cellular rna was prepared using trizol reagent invitrogen after 48 hours of infection with either the rmdvs1 or cvi988rispens total rna was treated with dnase i new england biolabs to eliminate any genomic dna contamination and was then reversetranscribed using oligo dt 15 primers takara dalian china subsequently the s1 gene was amplified with primers s1f and s1r as described above a positive...

Title: Characterisation of the Virome of Tonsils from
Conventional Pigs and from Specific Pathogen-Free Pigs
Authors: Blomström, Anne-Lie. Ye, Xingyu...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 228
ID: cda16c8657cf582952bfe3a8e6756acaa8449452
Number of matches: 4

...are not searching actively for them because they are not believed to be involved in respiratory diseases or because they have not even been discovered yet additionally it is known that the combination of viruses andor bacteria as well as different management and environmental factors are of importance a viral infection that under certain circumstances does not cause any apparent problems for the infected host can under other circumstances have severe consequences considering this it is important not only to identify individual viruses in a host but also to investigate the entire viral community highthroughput sequencing hts combined with metagenomic...

Title: Characterisation of the Virome of Tonsils from
Conventional Pigs and from Specific Pathogen-Free Pigs
Authors: Blomström, Anne-Lie. Ye, Xingyu...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 228
ID: cda16c8657cf582952bfe3a8e6756acaa8449452
Number of matches: 4

...adenoviruses were present in all pigs and 16 out of 18 pigs were positive for picornaviruses porcine adenovirus is ubiquitous throughout the world although the virus has been isolated in connection to disease investigations it is not considered a major pathogen but rather is believed to often result in subclinical infection [27] there are three species of porcine adenovirus recognised porcine mastadenovirus a porcine adenovirus 13 porcine mastadenovirus b porcine adenovirus 4 and porcine mastadenovirus c porcine adenovirus 5 [28] of these porcine adenovirus 3 and 4 were identified in the different samples from this...

Title: Characterisation of the Virome of Tonsils from
Conventional Pigs and from Specific Pathogen-Free Pigs
Authors: Blomström, Anne-Lie. Ye, Xingyu...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 228
ID: cda16c8657cf582952bfe3a8e6756acaa8449452
Number of matches: 4

...of 847868 the potential role of this virus in connection to disease has yet to be determined picornaviruses were also detected to a high degree in the investigated pigs and altogether four different picornaviruses were identified pasivirus a posavirus 1 teschovirus and porcine sapelovirus a picornaviruses can cause subclinical infection as well as diseases ranging from those with mild symptoms such as fever to more severe diseases [32] in two of the conventionally reared pigs a high number of teschoviral reads were identified enabling the assembly of two complete genomes porcine teschovirus is endemic in pigs worldwide...

Title: Characterisation of the Virome of Tonsils from
Conventional Pigs and from Specific Pathogen-Free Pigs
Authors: Blomström, Anne-Lie. Ye, Xingyu...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 228
ID: cda16c8657cf582952bfe3a8e6756acaa8449452
Number of matches: 4

...fever to more severe diseases [32] in two of the conventionally reared pigs a high number of teschoviral reads were identified enabling the assembly of two complete genomes porcine teschovirus is endemic in pigs worldwide and there are 13 known serotypes [28] often the infection is subclinical but ptv1 is associated with encephalomyelitis teschen disease ptv2 ptv3 and ptv5 have been associated with a milder version called talfan disease [32] the viruses identified in these two pigs showed were most similar to ptv10 which has not been associated with disease and whether...

Title: Ultraviolet Light (UV) Inactivation of
Porcine Parvovirus in Liquid Plasma and Effect of UV
Irradiated Spray Dried Porcine Plasma on Performance of
Weaned Pigs
Authors: Polo, Javier. Rodríguez, Carmen...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 229
ID: 733c577e6a1dea9aab436bce4d918f08dfd27371
Number of matches: 1

...s3 text the analysis of parameters comparing uvc irradiated sdpp versus control sdpp indicated that both products had similar values for protein ash moisture solubility igg content and gel table 3 calculated nutrient content of the diets used in experiment 2 as fed basis nutrients tissue culture infection dose was determined by microtiter assay procedure [7] 3 the theoretical limit of detection of the method used was estimated to be 023 viral particles per ml doi101371journalpone0133008t004 strength table 1 differences observed in these parameters were within the normal analytical variation of spray...

Title: What Have We Learned about the Microbiomes of
Indoor Environments?
Authors: Stephens, Brent
Journal: mSystems
Item: Infection
Index: 231
ID: 4350c7bc82bb4dba102fe29a6b50ed632b28a920
Number of matches: 1

...hence it is clear that a certain amount of physical disturbance in a room is a condition necessary to the presence of microorganisms in the airthe skin and clothes of the persons present in a room at the time of an observation also occur naturally as a probable source of infection of air resuspension as well as direct shedding from skin and clothes are two main sources of indoor microbes this is consistent with finding ix above i should note that this study also found that the cleanliness of rooms and persons habitually in them affected airborne microbe counts higher...

Title: Virome and bacteriome characterization of
children with pneumonia and asthma in Mexico City during
winter seasons 2014 and 2015
Authors: Romero-Espinoza, Jose A.. Moreno-Valencia, Yazmin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 233
ID: ba3179ae7ea6877b7b76e048959e97cc0012f5fc
Number of matches: 3

......

Title: Virome and bacteriome characterization of
children with pneumonia and asthma in Mexico City during
winter seasons 2014 and 2015
Authors: Romero-Espinoza, Jose A.. Moreno-Valencia, Yazmin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 233
ID: ba3179ae7ea6877b7b76e048959e97cc0012f5fc
Number of matches: 3

...of pneumonia and underdiagnosis of asthma may contribute to significantly untreated respiratory morbidity and mortality in children less than five years old in lowincome countries [6] both groups differ with respect to the associated virus and bacteria while asthma exacerbations have been associated to a specific rhinovirus infection pneumonia can be related to a wide range of bacterial fungal and viral agents with a high prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus rsv [2 7] it has been proposed that microbial composition plays an important role in infection susceptibility and the development of acute and chronic respiratory...

Title: Virome and bacteriome characterization of
children with pneumonia and asthma in Mexico City during
winter seasons 2014 and 2015
Authors: Romero-Espinoza, Jose A.. Moreno-Valencia, Yazmin...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 233
ID: ba3179ae7ea6877b7b76e048959e97cc0012f5fc
Number of matches: 3

...asthma exacerbations have been associated to a specific rhinovirus infection pneumonia can be related to a wide range of bacterial fungal and viral agents with a high prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus rsv [2 7] it has been proposed that microbial composition plays an important role in infection susceptibility and the development of acute and chronic respiratory diseases [8] recent studies describe the community of microorganisms that reside in the respiratory tract referred to also as the microbiome by using next generation sequencing ngs and in most cases by evaluating bacterial components based only for...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...antiviral compounds or vaccines have been proven to be effective against it cchfv is classified as a hazard group 4 pathogen by the uk advisory committee on dangerous pathogens progress with cchfv research has been severely hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model newborn mice succumb to infection [9] but due to their immature immune systems they cannot be used for assessing vaccine efficacy recently however adult small animal models have been developed using mice deficient in the type i interferon ifn signalling pathway either in the type i ifn receptor ifnabr [10...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...systems they cannot be used for assessing vaccine efficacy recently however adult small animal models have been developed using mice deficient in the type i interferon ifn signalling pathway either in the type i ifn receptor ifnabr [10 11] or in stat1 [12] cchfv infection in ifnabrknockout mice replicates human disease via a variety of inoculation routes including subcutaneous injection which is intended to mimic human infection by tick bite [11] a vaccine based on cchfv amplified in suckling mouse brain and inactivated by chloroform treatment has been used in eastern europe...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...in the type i interferon ifn signalling pathway either in the type i ifn receptor ifnabr [10 11] or in stat1 [12] cchfv infection in ifnabrknockout mice replicates human disease via a variety of inoculation routes including subcutaneous injection which is intended to mimic human infection by tick bite [11] a vaccine based on cchfv amplified in suckling mouse brain and inactivated by chloroform treatment has been used in eastern europe but is unlicensed by the european medicines agency or us food and drug administration a recent study found that it elicited both...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...requirement for an adjuvant we aimed to develop a candidate vaccine based on recombinant mva expressing the cchfv glycoproteins to assess the induction of cellular and humoral immunity and to evaluate efficacy in a challenge model that represents human disease we adapted a previously described animal model to mimic infection by tick bite by establishing intradermal delivery of cchfv to ifnabr deficient mice this is the first demonstration of a cchf vaccine candidate conferring protection in a preclinical model female a129 ifnabr and 129svev mice aged 58 weeks were obtained from bk universal uk immunocompromised animals were housed...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...altered without introducing coding changes the resulting sequence was synthesised and then recombined into pdonr life technologies by entelechon germany to generate plasmid pentrgp plasmids pdest44tpav5 and pentrgp were recombined using gateway technology to generate plasmid ptpgp bhk21 cells were infected with mva 1974 at a multiplicity of infection of 005 infected cells were transfected with ptpgp using lipofectamine life technologies as directed by the manufacturer the resulting recombinant mvagp was serially plaquepurified 4 times in bhk21 cells based on green fluorescent protein gfp expression mvagp was amplified on bhk21 and cef cells purified by sucrose cushion centrifugation [...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...background values from wells containing cells and medium but no peptides were subtracted and pools summed across the target protein results were expressed as spot forming units sfu per 10 6 cells for use in western blot analysis sw13 cell monolayers were infected with cchfv at a multiplicity of infection of 001 and incubated at 37 uc in leibovitzs l15 medium containing 2 fbs the medium was removed 48 hours postinfection and the cells were treated with laemmli buffer supplemented to contain 10 sodium dodecyl sulphate sigmaaldrich the resultant mixture was collected into vials and heat treated at 90 uc...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

... and strong early expression to drive a cytotoxic tlymphocyte response a leader sequence from human tpa was added for increased immunogenicity and intracellular transport [36 37] v5 was added for identification of expressed protein by immunolabelling an intradermal challenge route was chosen for our cchfv infection model since this closely resembles the major natural route of infection via tick bite the incubation period of cchf in humans generally varies between 17 days [4 6] but can be as long as 22 days [54] a shorter incubation period has been associated...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...a leader sequence from human tpa was added for increased immunogenicity and intracellular transport [36 37] v5 was added for identification of expressed protein by immunolabelling an intradermal challenge route was chosen for our cchfv infection model since this closely resembles the major natural route of infection via tick bite the incubation period of cchf in humans generally varies between 17 days [4 6] but can be as long as 22 days [54] a shorter incubation period has been associated with acquiring infection by tick bite compared to by contact with...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...this closely resembles the major natural route of infection via tick bite the incubation period of cchf in humans generally varies between 17 days [4 6] but can be as long as 22 days [54] a shorter incubation period has been associated with acquiring infection by tick bite compared to by contact with infected human blood [55] and in nosocomial transmission a shorter incubation period was associated with fatal outcome [54] similar studies with other tickborne pathogens have also modelled infection and disease using the intradermal route to experimentally...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...shorter incubation period has been associated with acquiring infection by tick bite compared to by contact with infected human blood [55] and in nosocomial transmission a shorter incubation period was associated with fatal outcome [54] similar studies with other tickborne pathogens have also modelled infection and disease using the intradermal route to experimentally mimic tick bite including those using ehrlichia [56] lyme disease [57] and rickettsia [58] previous characterisations of cchfv infection in mouse models have focused on the intraperitoneal route although a recent paper has also...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...fatal outcome [54] similar studies with other tickborne pathogens have also modelled infection and disease using the intradermal route to experimentally mimic tick bite including those using ehrlichia [56] lyme disease [57] and rickettsia [58] previous characterisations of cchfv infection in mouse models have focused on the intraperitoneal route although a recent paper has also characterised other inoculation routes including subcutaneous [11] the time to onset of clinical signs and the survival time in unprotected groups seen in this study were consistent with those seen by zivcec...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...cchf akinci et al did not report antibody levels but found significantly higher levels of cd3 cd8 t cells in fatal cases compared to nonfatal cases which correlated with viral load [59] therefore cchf induces proliferation of cytotoxic tcells but these are incapable of controlling infection in fatal cases another report also found elevated levels of cd3 cd8 cells in paediatric cchf cases but there were no fatal outcomes in this study group for comparison [60] in order to efficiently capture both cd4 and cd8 immune responses to the...

Title: A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal
Challenge in a Mouse Model
Authors: Buttigieg, Karen R.. Dowall, Stuart D....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 234
ID: 832fab67c299fb2682948d33858e58a5db71e6f8
Number of matches: 19

...noted in a stat1 knockout model of cchfv and in human cases [11 12] immunohistochemistry was therefore able to distinguish between mvagp vaccinated and control vaccinated individuals in the absence of clinical signs it is probable that the mvagp vaccinated animals were not completely free from infection but developed a subclinical disease as viral rna was detected in all animals at four days postchallenge a positive correlation between viral load and severity of disease has been observed in patients [65 66] consistent with our observations in the mouse model at the end of...

Title: Factors influencing psychological distress
during a disease epidemic: Data from Australia's
first outbreak of equine influenza
Authors: Taylor, Melanie R. Agho, Kingsley E...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 236
ID: 357f5b1caf114fdb8a60870473af88bc9017bf14
Number of matches: 2

...strategies were progressed the last new infections of ei were reported in nsw and qld in december 2007 in total approximately 6000 properties and 47000 horses were infected in nsw and at least 3000 properties were infected in qld current data from disease surveillance and monitoring indicates that no active infection is present in australia and the expectation is that australia will be declared eifree by the end of june 2008 if successful australia will be the only ei infected country in the world to have eradicated the disease the effects of ei and the disease containment strategy like the...

Title: Factors influencing psychological distress
during a disease epidemic: Data from Australia's
first outbreak of equine influenza
Authors: Taylor, Melanie R. Agho, Kingsley E...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 236
ID: 357f5b1caf114fdb8a60870473af88bc9017bf14
Number of matches: 2

...in areas where ei was more active or threatening and the tightest levels of disease control were in place ie red and amberbuffer zones this finding suggests high levels of anticipatory anxiety interestingly the risks of higher psychological distress in the purple zone the region in nsw with the highest infection rate and earliest infections were lower than in the red and amber areas it is probable that during the timing of the study ei was more of a known threat to those in the purple zone and there would have been some habituation to this risk with many properties already...

Title: Inevitable isolation and the change of stress
markers in hemodialysis patients during the 2015
MERS-CoV outbreak in Korea
Authors: Kim, Yang Gyun. Moon, Haena...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 237
ID: 418826a231c08bed06a47bd7d0b96dcdf66bd3e6
Number of matches: 3

...and medical staff in the hospital or their home the medical staff caring for those patients had to wear level d personal protection equipment during work and were isolated in their homes after work 2 patients who were quarantined irrespective of their wishes suffered from isolation and fear of infection fortunately no additional patients were infected with merscov but all hd patients and medical staff experienced extreme physical and mental stress for the 17 days of isolation circulating cellfree dna circulatingcfdna is released from damaged cells and associated with various pathological conditions 3 4 previous studies showed physical...

Title: Inevitable isolation and the change of stress
markers in hemodialysis patients during the 2015
MERS-CoV outbreak in Korea
Authors: Kim, Yang Gyun. Moon, Haena...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 237
ID: 418826a231c08bed06a47bd7d0b96dcdf66bd3e6
Number of matches: 3

...recovered in hd patients and ptx3 were only increased in hd patients laboratory findings revealed that hd patients had not been appropriately treated during quarantine and subnormal care might associate delayed recovery of circulating cfdna in hd patients more attention to the improvement of hd patients is needed in such infection outbreaks moreover plasma cellfree dna and ptx3 could be good indicators to evaluate stress and qualityofcare in hd patients isolation strategy quarantine was started on june 16 and ended on july 2 in 2015 all hd patients were hospitalized in a single room for 17 days but separated differently...

Title: Inevitable isolation and the change of stress
markers in hemodialysis patients during the 2015
MERS-CoV outbreak in Korea
Authors: Kim, Yang Gyun. Moon, Haena...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 237
ID: 418826a231c08bed06a47bd7d0b96dcdf66bd3e6
Number of matches: 3

...portable dialysis machines we defined this quarantine as single room isolation sri the rest of the patients n 29 were classified as low risk and received hd at artificial kidney units with a 1bed width distance from the neighboring patient it was defined as cohort isolation ci infection surveillance was performed using realtime pcr examinations of serial sputum samples obtained from hd patients and medical staff participants and plasma preparation this study included a total of 95 participants comprising 83 hd patients and 12 medical staff at gangdong kyung hee university hospital we collected 3 ml of...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

......

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...responses than in younger individuals [5] in the autumn of 2009 pdmh1n1 vaccines pdm vaccines were available across the globe it was estimated that pdmh1n1 vaccination prevented 400010000 hospitalizations and 200500 deaths in the us [6] there are several unanswered questions concerning h1n1 flu infection and vaccination firstly the impact of previous immune responses induced by flu vaccinations or by flu exposures on the ability to mount new antiflu immune responses [7] [8] [9] it is therefore of interest to map the adaptive humoral and cellular immune response...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

... it is therefore of interest to map the adaptive humoral and cellular immune response prior to vaccination and prior to the onset of flu symptoms secondly the differential quality and quantity of humoral and cellular immune responses directed against flu targets induced either by flu vaccination or by flu infection has not been well defined thirdly several reports have discussed a silent infection with h1n1 in nonvaccinated participants yet the real extent of such a silent infection is difficult to determinein part due to crossreacting antibodies abs from previous exposures or vaccines [10] antibodies as well as...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...immune response prior to vaccination and prior to the onset of flu symptoms secondly the differential quality and quantity of humoral and cellular immune responses directed against flu targets induced either by flu vaccination or by flu infection has not been well defined thirdly several reports have discussed a silent infection with h1n1 in nonvaccinated participants yet the real extent of such a silent infection is difficult to determinein part due to crossreacting antibodies abs from previous exposures or vaccines [10] antibodies as well as cd4 and cytotoxic cd8 tcell immune responses play a critical role in the...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...the differential quality and quantity of humoral and cellular immune responses directed against flu targets induced either by flu vaccination or by flu infection has not been well defined thirdly several reports have discussed a silent infection with h1n1 in nonvaccinated participants yet the real extent of such a silent infection is difficult to determinein part due to crossreacting antibodies abs from previous exposures or vaccines [10] antibodies as well as cd4 and cytotoxic cd8 tcell immune responses play a critical role in the host defense against flu [11 12] increased cellular reactivity to flu...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...in the host defense against flu [11 12] increased cellular reactivity to flu defined by ifn productiona key cytokine in the proinflammatory response to fluin participants who have not experienced influenzalike ili symptoms has not been determined up to now this may help to identify silent flu infection in order to address these questions we designed a prospective study of participants living in the stockholm area in the context of the lifegene lg project [13] to map in detail the breadth of the cellular immune responses prior to the onset of ili symptoms and prior...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...vaccination with the pdm flu vaccine to study i preexisting immune responses ii the association of ili symptoms with vaccination iii cellular immune reactivity during the flu season 20092010 directed against a broad panel of flu pathogens this prospective study was designed to decipher differences in immune responses induced by infection with pdmh1n1 and the pdm vaccine and this is the first report to describe in an unbiased fashion humoral and cellular immune responses during the pdmh1n1 infection in 20092010 in sweden 2040 study participants from stockholm sweden entered the baseline step of the ili study in september 2009 a...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...season 20092010 directed against a broad panel of flu pathogens this prospective study was designed to decipher differences in immune responses induced by infection with pdmh1n1 and the pdm vaccine and this is the first report to describe in an unbiased fashion humoral and cellular immune responses during the pdmh1n1 infection in 20092010 in sweden 2040 study participants from stockholm sweden entered the baseline step of the ili study in september 2009 a part of the lg project [13] for details see the additional file 1 text material s1 serum and heparin blood samples were drawn at...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...ili symptoms with the detection of defined viral pathogens in addition if the pcr tested positive for h1n1 a nurse visited the participant 14 days on average after onset of symptoms in order to obtain a blood sample which allowed study of the humoral and cellular immune response early after infection this was also performed for participants infected with coronavirus as a control group sera collected at study entry and after the flu season in the spring of 2010 and during a home visit in case of a positive h1n1 or coronavirus pcr detected from a nasal swab were stored...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...and unvaccinated participants this suggests that after the flu season previously vaccinated and unvaccinated participants were able to mount comparable immune responses as measured by ifn production in the wholeblood assay a recent report showed that individuals with a history of seasonal flu vaccination exhibited after natural pdm flu infection or pdm flu vaccination a skewed ab response towards previously encountered flu antigens further proving the impact of previous flu vaccination on subsequent infection or vaccination [20] seasonal flu vaccination of children has been reported to interfere with the development of heterosubtypic immunity [21] and...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...by ifn production in the wholeblood assay a recent report showed that individuals with a history of seasonal flu vaccination exhibited after natural pdm flu infection or pdm flu vaccination a skewed ab response towards previously encountered flu antigens further proving the impact of previous flu vaccination on subsequent infection or vaccination [20] seasonal flu vaccination of children has been reported to interfere with the development of heterosubtypic immunity [21] and ab responses to pandemic h1n1 appeared to be reduced in participants who received seasonal flu vaccination 3 months prior to vaccination with the pmd...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...] one of the arguments is that flu vaccination may not protect against ili symptoms during flu the season this notion was corroborated in our study a number of study participants after pdm flu vaccination experienced more ili symptoms perhaps due to the observed increase in prevalence of rhinovirus infection in pdm flu vaccinated participants as compared to nonpdm flu vaccinated participants other reasons may account for these observations one of them being the low predictive value of the ili case definition [26] future prospective studies may address the question whether certain flu vaccines are able to...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...flu vaccines are able to increase cellular immune responses in the respiratory system particularly after encounter with the wildtype flu increased influenzalike symptoms may occur upon exposure to additional pathogens such as rhinoor coronavirus that stimulate fluprimed innate or adaptive immune responses this hypothesis is supported by the observation that infection with rhinovirus may have delayed the circulation of h1n1 most likely via activation of nonspecific innate immune responses in the respiratory system [27] study participants who received the pdm flu vaccine showed similar ifn production profiles in response to the flu antigens tested irrespective of the experience...

Title: Difference in immune response in vaccinated
and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the
2009 influenza pandemic
Authors: Magalhaes, Isabelle. Eriksson, Mikael...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 239
ID: 9c437ea3972c987ed041833f65535b2d4300e095
Number of matches: 14

...pdm flu these individuals exhibited lower levels of ifn production in response to the h1n1 and h3n2 flu antigens as compared to pmd flu vaccinated study participants who reported ili symptoms this would also fit with the hypothesis that ifn production directed against related flu antigens upon natural by pdmh1n1 infection is shortlived as compared to ifn induced by pdm flu vaccination this notion was indeed corroborated we showed that shortly after a positive pdmh1n1 pcr ifn production to most of the flu antigens was significantly increased yet declined by the end of the study may 2010 in contrast we could...

Title: Immunoproteomic analysis of bacterial
proteins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype
1
Authors: Zhang, Wei. Shao, Jing...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 240
ID: 47fb645312a069e65bb7557c58204244c3c92953
Number of matches: 6

...types of vaccines have been developed that offer various degrees of protection the traditional chemically [2 3] genetically and irradiationinactivated [4] whole cell vaccines used thus far have been shown to provide protection against a homologous challenge from app but were ineffective in staving off infection by different serotypes some crossserovar protection has been achieved with liveattenuated vaccines of mutant field isolates such as mutant strains of app serovar 7 [5] and serovar 1 [6 7] further development of crossserovar vaccines would benefit from a molecular understanding of app pathogenesis...

Title: Immunoproteomic analysis of bacterial
proteins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype
1
Authors: Zhang, Wei. Shao, Jing...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 240
ID: 47fb645312a069e65bb7557c58204244c3c92953
Number of matches: 6

...of different potential virulence factors the most commonly associated virulence factors [8] ie apxi apxii apxiii and apxiv have been tested as subunit vaccine candidates offering potential crossserovar protection [9 10] dna vaccines encoding multiple apx toxins offer a novel strategy for protecting against app infection [11] in addition to apx toxins several other app proteins have been researched as vaccine candidates such as the 48 kda outer membrane protein [12] and the 30 kda membrane protein of the abc transporter family [13] lipopolysaccharide lpsbased vaccines are alternative...

Title: Immunoproteomic analysis of bacterial
proteins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype
1
Authors: Zhang, Wei. Shao, Jing...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 240
ID: 47fb645312a069e65bb7557c58204244c3c92953
Number of matches: 6

...outer membrane protein assembly [23 24] the immunogenicity of d15 has been demonstrated in both haemophilus ducreyi [25] and pasteurella multocida [26] thus d15 is a highly conserved antigen and may be a useful component of a universal subunit vaccine against haemophilus infection [27] subunit nqra was identified as a 48kda outer membrane protein with immunogenic in serotype 1 or 5a and is common to 12 app serotypes but is not present in related gramnegative swine pathogen species [12] outer membrane protein p5 or its precursor which...

Title: Immunoproteomic analysis of bacterial
proteins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype
1
Authors: Zhang, Wei. Shao, Jing...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 240
ID: 47fb645312a069e65bb7557c58204244c3c92953
Number of matches: 6

...apxivelisa has the advantage over other serological tests that it does not show crossreactions with other bacterial species and that it is highly sensitive and allows also the serological detection of pigs infected by the different serotypes of app or carrying the agent without apparent clinical signs or symptoms of infection furthermore the test allows clear differentiation between pigs infected with app and healthy pigs that were vaccinated against app in addition we have traced the background of corresponding swine these swine were never immunized any vaccines against app infection and were apparently healthy step 2 seeking convalescent sera against app...

Title: Immunoproteomic analysis of bacterial
proteins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype
1
Authors: Zhang, Wei. Shao, Jing...
Journal: Proteome Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 240
ID: 47fb645312a069e65bb7557c58204244c3c92953
Number of matches: 6

...or carrying the agent without apparent clinical signs or symptoms of infection furthermore the test allows clear differentiation between pigs infected with app and healthy pigs that were vaccinated against app in addition we have traced the background of corresponding swine these swine were never immunized any vaccines against app infection and were apparently healthy step 2 seeking convalescent sera against app serotype 1 with s259 whole cell elisa as described elsewhere [18] as negative controls we tested sera from newly born piglets using the same methods to prepare hyperimmune serum rabbits were immunized with formaldehydeinactivated app...

Title: OASes and STING: Adaptive Evolution in Concert
Authors: Mozzi, Alessandra. Pontremoli, Chiara...
Journal: Genome Biol Evol
Item: Infection
Index: 243
ID: 34f0507e2d36312bb0a90c6c9a66acd14d9154c3
Number of matches: 3

...downstream effectors may be common in the case of tlrs for instance the same receptor in distinct species may recognize different ligands or the same ligand with different affinity werling et al 2009 therefore studying the pattern of interspecies evolution may provide valuable information on the differential susceptibility to infection within and among species primates for example show marked differences in the susceptibility and severity of several viral infections including those caused by hivsiv simian immunodeficiency virus hcv hbv and varicellazoster virus varki 2000 willer et al 2012 moreover several emerging and reemerging viral diseases affecting humans originate through...

Title: OASes and STING: Adaptive Evolution in Concert
Authors: Mozzi, Alessandra. Pontremoli, Chiara...
Journal: Genome Biol Evol
Item: Infection
Index: 243
ID: 34f0507e2d36312bb0a90c6c9a66acd14d9154c3
Number of matches: 3

...may induce speciesspecific differences in the response to pharmacological compounds eg vaccine adjuvants suggesting caution when extrapolating results obtained in model organisms werling et al 2009 forni et al 2013 for these reasons evolutionary analyses of immune response genes may provide valuable information on the molecular determinants underlying speciesspecific infection susceptibility and may clarify the differential response to natural or synthetic molecules herein we performed evolutionary analysis in primates and bats these latter were included because of the exceptional wide range of viruses they host without developing evident pathology only six bat species are presently available for analysis possibly...

Title: OASes and STING: Adaptive Evolution in Concert
Authors: Mozzi, Alessandra. Pontremoli, Chiara...
Journal: Genome Biol Evol
Item: Infection
Index: 243
ID: 34f0507e2d36312bb0a90c6c9a66acd14d9154c3
Number of matches: 3

...we also detected fixed positively selected sites shared between gorillas and humans in mb21d1 possibly suggesting a similar scenario as in oas1 overall our population geneticsphylogenetics analysis identified several sites which were targeted by positive selection in distinct great ape lineages these represent extremely promising candidates as modulators of infection susceptibility in these species although some of these sites are located in protein regions with clear functional characterization eg at the nucleic acid binding interface at intracellular trafficking signals the significance of other selected residues remains elusive as suggested for the balanced polymorphisms in oas1 ferguson et al 2012 ...

Title: Whole-genome Sequencing for Tracing the
Transmission Link between Two ARD Outbreaks Caused by a Novel
HAdV Serotype 7 Variant, China
Authors: Qiu, Shaofu. Li, Peng...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 244
ID: 880359b9dd6158ec31280e45a077f9d59b68e22f
Number of matches: 7

... 300 cases were sent to the xiangyang affiliated hospital in one month a 19yearold male recruit from base b jingmen index case c had been sent for treatment to xiangyang affiliated hospital for lumbago and backpain on february 3 2013 fig 2 physicians did not strictly comply with infection control measures established by the hospital primarily because of poor awareness of infection control for the inpatients while index case c was receiving treatment he reported having two half an hour conversations with an acquaintance from base a index case b who was hospitalized for ard fig 2 after...

Title: Whole-genome Sequencing for Tracing the
Transmission Link between Two ARD Outbreaks Caused by a Novel
HAdV Serotype 7 Variant, China
Authors: Qiu, Shaofu. Li, Peng...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 244
ID: 880359b9dd6158ec31280e45a077f9d59b68e22f
Number of matches: 7

...a 19yearold male recruit from base b jingmen index case c had been sent for treatment to xiangyang affiliated hospital for lumbago and backpain on february 3 2013 fig 2 physicians did not strictly comply with infection control measures established by the hospital primarily because of poor awareness of infection control for the inpatients while index case c was receiving treatment he reported having two half an hour conversations with an acquaintance from base a index case b who was hospitalized for ard fig 2 after returning to base b index case c participated in routine training exercises but...

Title: Whole-genome Sequencing for Tracing the
Transmission Link between Two ARD Outbreaks Caused by a Novel
HAdV Serotype 7 Variant, China
Authors: Qiu, Shaofu. Li, Peng...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 244
ID: 880359b9dd6158ec31280e45a077f9d59b68e22f
Number of matches: 7

...case c was receiving treatment he reported having two half an hour conversations with an acquaintance from base a index case b who was hospitalized for ard fig 2 after returning to base b index case c participated in routine training exercises but developed ard on february 11 2013 infection with hadv7 was confirmed by pcr and subsequent dna sequence analysis five roommates of index case c subsequently showed ard symptoms a total of 377 hadv7 isolates were identified by pcr and viral culture 323 were from outbreak cases including the three index cases 48 were from close contacts...

Title: Whole-genome Sequencing for Tracing the
Transmission Link between Two ARD Outbreaks Caused by a Novel
HAdV Serotype 7 Variant, China
Authors: Qiu, Shaofu. Li, Peng...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 244
ID: 880359b9dd6158ec31280e45a077f9d59b68e22f
Number of matches: 7

...surveillance and quarantine inspection to rapidly find and timely investigate potential transmission is critical this study has clearly demonstrated supplementing traditional outbreak investigations with wgs analysis provides a powerful discriminatory method for identifying transmission links between apparently unrelated outbreaks in this case wgs clearly established the role of nosocomial infection in the transmission and introduction of hadv7 into a geographically unlinked location without wgs analysis it is likely that nosocomial transmission of hadv7 among patients in the hospital would not have been appreciated leading to the false hypothesis that the two outbreaks were independent further the relationship between the outbreak...

Title: Whole-genome Sequencing for Tracing the
Transmission Link between Two ARD Outbreaks Caused by a Novel
HAdV Serotype 7 Variant, China
Authors: Qiu, Shaofu. Li, Peng...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 244
ID: 880359b9dd6158ec31280e45a077f9d59b68e22f
Number of matches: 7

...endemic hadv7 isolates in china this finding along with the epidemiological picture identified the most likely transmission link between the two outbreaks epidemiological investigation revealed that xiangyang affiliated hospital played a critical role in the continuation and further transmission of the outbreak this study identified areas of patient management and infection control that were subsequently strengthened at the hospital as well as the medical clinics at base a and b including contact tracing investigations and infectioncontrol interventions to reduce the risk of further transmission infection and associated morbidity as a result rapid and effective control of both outbreaks occurred ironically hospitals...

Title: Whole-genome Sequencing for Tracing the
Transmission Link between Two ARD Outbreaks Caused by a Novel
HAdV Serotype 7 Variant, China
Authors: Qiu, Shaofu. Li, Peng...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 244
ID: 880359b9dd6158ec31280e45a077f9d59b68e22f
Number of matches: 7

...the continuation and further transmission of the outbreak this study identified areas of patient management and infection control that were subsequently strengthened at the hospital as well as the medical clinics at base a and b including contact tracing investigations and infectioncontrol interventions to reduce the risk of further transmission infection and associated morbidity as a result rapid and effective control of both outbreaks occurred ironically hospitals remain a central problem of inadvertent infections since they provide a suitable ecosystem in which a variety of pathogens can emerge and persist 39 possibly resulting in serious lifethreatening infections and significant hospitalassociated...

Title: Whole-genome Sequencing for Tracing the
Transmission Link between Two ARD Outbreaks Caused by a Novel
HAdV Serotype 7 Variant, China
Authors: Qiu, Shaofu. Li, Peng...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 244
ID: 880359b9dd6158ec31280e45a077f9d59b68e22f
Number of matches: 7

...investigate each outbreak demographic and epidemiologic data were collected through interviews and field observations using a standardized survey medical records of hospitalized patients were abstracted by physicians who had been taking care of cases these were copied and provided to the investigation teams a probable or confirmed case with hadv7 infection were defined as previously described 49 50 a close contact was defined as a person that has closely contacted with the suspected or confirmed cases within 8 days close contacts without ard symptoms were quarantined for medical observation for 8 days we defined a severe case as a patient...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...antibodies to map in clinical samples such as serum and milk this method is also inadequate for diagnosis of fecal shedders in the subclinical stage especially in 12 year old cattle [11] therefore new diagnostic tools have been requested to detect mapinfected animals at early stage of infection biomarkers which are considered indicators of specific pathogenic conditions or therapeutic responses to treatment [12] are commonly used as diagnostic tools for various diseases [13] [14] [15] [16] recently host biomarkers discovered using transcriptomics metabolomics and proteomics...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...host biomarkers discovered using transcriptomics metabolomics and proteomics have been proposed as alternative diagnostic methods for paratuberculosis [17] [18] [19] [20] biomarkers indicating early stages of mapinfection were proposed by analyzing gene expression profiles of blood in cattle with experimental map infection [17 18] a metabolic profiling in cattle with experimental infection of map revealed that four metabolites isobutyrate branched chain amino acids leucine and isoleucine were increased in serum of the mapinfected cattle while citrate was decreased [19] moreover six proteins transferrin gelsolin isoforms ...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...diagnostic methods for paratuberculosis [17] [18] [19] [20] biomarkers indicating early stages of mapinfection were proposed by analyzing gene expression profiles of blood in cattle with experimental map infection [17 18] a metabolic profiling in cattle with experimental infection of map revealed that four metabolites isobutyrate branched chain amino acids leucine and isoleucine were increased in serum of the mapinfected cattle while citrate was decreased [19] moreover six proteins transferrin gelsolin isoforms complement subcomponent c1r complement component c3 amine oxidasecopper containing 3 and coagulation factor...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...old fourtyfour cows were selected for further analysis after detection of mapspecific antibodies using a commercial elisa kit idexx laboratories inc westbrook me usa and map in the feces by pcr [24] the detection was performed four times with a 6month interval to enable accurate classification of infection status the animals were divided into the following groups based on the results of pcr and elisa nn elisa and pcr negative pn elisa negative and pcr positive np elisa positive and pcr negative pp elisa positive and pcr positive all animal procedures were approved by the national institute of...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...methods are not sufficient for the diagnosis of subclinical stage animals that are actively dispersing map into the environment via fecal shedding [2] recently several studies have attempted to diagnose subclinical stages of jd by analyzing hostpathogen interactions including gene expression mirna protein and metabolites to map infection [17] [18] [19] [20] 27] some of the studies have been conducted to identify prognostic biomarkers of jd by understanding host response to infection during the progression of jd [21 [28] [29] [30]...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...stages of jd by analyzing hostpathogen interactions including gene expression mirna protein and metabolites to map infection [17] [18] [19] [20] 27] some of the studies have been conducted to identify prognostic biomarkers of jd by understanding host response to infection during the progression of jd [21 [28] [29] [30] [31] however no attempt has been made to apply biomarkers as diagnostic tools therefore the present study was conducted to diagnose map infection using a realtime pcr method based on potential...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...biomarkers of jd by understanding host response to infection during the progression of jd [21 [28] [29] [30] [31] however no attempt has been made to apply biomarkers as diagnostic tools therefore the present study was conducted to diagnose map infection using a realtime pcr method based on potential prognostic biomarkers in the present study several biomarkers showed good discriminatory ability auc08 between mapinfected cattle and noninfected cattle three genes hp serpine1 and tfrc showed good discriminatory ability auc08 in fecal pcrpositive andor serum elisapositive groups pn np pp acute...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...prognostic biomarkers in the present study several biomarkers showed good discriminatory ability auc08 between mapinfected cattle and noninfected cattle three genes hp serpine1 and tfrc showed good discriminatory ability auc08 in fecal pcrpositive andor serum elisapositive groups pn np pp acute phase proteins are blood proteins that respond to infection and inflammation and have been used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in veterinary medicine [32] hp is the major acute phase protein of cattle that responds to infection [33 34] moreover hp is known to exert antiinflammatory activity by downregulating neutrophil activity via inhibition...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...in fecal pcrpositive andor serum elisapositive groups pn np pp acute phase proteins are blood proteins that respond to infection and inflammation and have been used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in veterinary medicine [32] hp is the major acute phase protein of cattle that responds to infection [33 34] moreover hp is known to exert antiinflammatory activity by downregulating neutrophil activity via inhibition of both lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase [35] and to inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with iron acquisition by the host cell [36] moreover hp inhibits phagocytosis and...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...moreover hp inhibits phagocytosis and intracellular killing of pathogens [37] this antiinflammatory response induced by hp might reduce the harmful aspects of inflammation that could be destructive to the host itself in that regard upregulation of hp in mapinfected animals might be a host response to early infection of map hp showed highest diagnostic accuracy for the np group and whole infected animals with auc values of 0942 and 0901 respectively the initial response to map infection is dominant cellmediated immunity which is characterized by increasing interferon gamma release [38] serpine1 is known to...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...to the host itself in that regard upregulation of hp in mapinfected animals might be a host response to early infection of map hp showed highest diagnostic accuracy for the np group and whole infected animals with auc values of 0942 and 0901 respectively the initial response to map infection is dominant cellmediated immunity which is characterized by increasing interferon gamma release [38] serpine1 is known to be an essential element of the fibrinolytic system that is related to blood coagulation [39] serpine1 also acts as an inflammatory mediator by increasing the level of...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...serpine1 also acts as an inflammatory mediator by increasing the level of interferon gamma in blood to eliminate the pathogen in the early phase of an infectious disease [40 41] therefore increasing gene expression levels of serpine1 might be related to interferon gamma release due to map infection in addition expression of map0403 in map was increased in infected macrophages and mact cells in recent study [42] map0403 is kind of serine protease which served as a key element of the stress response network in intraphagosomal survival of map [42] upregulation of...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...group iron is an important nutrient in innate immune response to bacterial pathogen [43] tfrc which is one of the key elements of iron metabolism transfers iron to cells from transferrin protein [43] tfrc is known to downregulated in response to intracellular pathogen infection however its expression was significantly increased in all infected animals in the present study this phenomenon might be related to the alternative iron acquisition system of map which acts in a hostindependent manner using mycobactin [44] however further studies are needed to confirm this mmp9 is...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...infected animals in the present study this phenomenon might be related to the alternative iron acquisition system of map which acts in a hostindependent manner using mycobactin [44] however further studies are needed to confirm this mmp9 is a matrix metalloproteinase related to leukocyte migration to infection sites and tissue destruction if it is secreted in excess amounts [45] the level of mmp9 was regulated by timp1 which inhibits the activity of mmp9 [45] mmp9 and timp1 are known to be up regulated in tuberculosis infection and have therefore been proposed...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...related to leukocyte migration to infection sites and tissue destruction if it is secreted in excess amounts [45] the level of mmp9 was regulated by timp1 which inhibits the activity of mmp9 [45] mmp9 and timp1 are known to be up regulated in tuberculosis infection and have therefore been proposed as biomarkers for diagnosis of tuberculosis [46] the simultaneous upregulation of mmp9 and timp1 in infected animals might be caused by inflammatory conditions due to the early stages of map infection two genes mmp9 and timp1 showed good discriminatory ability auc08 in...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...mmp9 and timp1 are known to be up regulated in tuberculosis infection and have therefore been proposed as biomarkers for diagnosis of tuberculosis [46] the simultaneous upregulation of mmp9 and timp1 in infected animals might be caused by inflammatory conditions due to the early stages of map infection two genes mmp9 and timp1 showed good discriminatory ability auc08 in the pn group defensins exhibit antimicrobial functions providing first protection against pathogens while playing an immunemodulation role [47] moreover defensins interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses by downregulating proinflammatory cytokines [48] ...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...cytosolic protein family that are located in the cytoplasm [49] s100a8 and s100a9 form a heterodimer known as calprotectin that induces an inflammatory response via activation of tlr4 signaling [50] moreover calprotectin is known to induce leukocyte migration in the early phase of bacterial infection [51] in previous studies serum s100a8a9 have been proposed as prognostic biomarkers for disease progression and therapeutic response in inflammatory bowel diseases ibd [52 53] in the present study s100a8 showed good discriminatory ability auc08 in the pn and pp groups however gene expression...

Title: Establishment a real-time reverse
transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection
of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Park, Hyun-Eui. Park, Hong-Tae...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 245
ID: 14f427656a9898ce76f31cb012f258a9aa6d1ce3
Number of matches: 18

...defb1 and defb10 showed sensitivity over 80 and specificity over 90 it is generally very difficult to detect subclinical stages of jd using currently available diagnostic methods such as bacterial culture fecal pcr and serum elisa [3] fecal pcr is a reliable method for diagnosis of map infection however intermittent shedding of map into feces because of immunological changes during the progress of disease can interfere with accurate diagnosis [55] moreover although serum elisa is a simple fast and costeffective method for diagnosis of jd it is host biomarkers for the diagnosis of subclinical paratuberculosis...

Title: Fragment-based discovery of a new family of
non-peptidic small-molecule cyclophilin inhibitors with
potent antiviral activities
Authors: Ahmed-Belkacem, Abdelhakim. Colliandre, Lionel...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 247
ID: 8903ed70c0e66c2bad50f57df3c885f7253cc2b8
Number of matches: 10

...must be balanced with the severity of the target disease costbenefit ratio and the required duration of administration for instance what would be considered a major safety issue when treating a benign disease requiring longterm administration would be unimportant in case of shortterm treatment of a severe eventually lifethreatening acute infection thus lead compounds both with and without the aniline motif will be moved forward throughout preclinical development the compounds described here represent the first nonpeptidic smallmolecule cyclophilin inhibitor family with broadspectrum antiviral properties described thus far based on a previous work from our group 35 chinese authors reported...

Title: Fragment-based discovery of a new family of
non-peptidic small-molecule cyclophilin inhibitors with
potent antiviral activities
Authors: Ahmed-Belkacem, Abdelhakim. Colliandre, Lionel...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 247
ID: 8903ed70c0e66c2bad50f57df3c885f7253cc2b8
Number of matches: 10

...hcov229e coronavirus by compound 31 and related compounds together with preliminary data suggesting hepatitis b virus replication inhibition support the future development of our new family of cyclophilin inhibitors as broadspectrum antiviral compounds with a high barrier to resistance the high barrier to resistance demonstrated with csa derivatives in hcv infection 16 results of the fact that cyclophilin inhibitors do not directly target a viral function but instead target a host protein involved at a key step of the viral life cycle thus the likelihood to select viruses that are resistant to the action of the drug is low and...

Title: Fragment-based discovery of a new family of
non-peptidic small-molecule cyclophilin inhibitors with
potent antiviral activities
Authors: Ahmed-Belkacem, Abdelhakim. Colliandre, Lionel...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 247
ID: 8903ed70c0e66c2bad50f57df3c885f7253cc2b8
Number of matches: 10

...well of 384well assay plates 10 concentrations in quadruplicate onemillilitre aliquots of 2 10 6 mt4 cells were preinfected for 1 and 3 h respectively at 37c with 25 ml of either cell growth medium or a fresh 1250 dilution of an hiviiib concentrated abi stock 0004 multiplicity of infection infected and uninfected cells were diluted in cell growth medium and 35 ml of a suspension of 2000 cells was added to each well of the assay plates respectively the assay plates were then incubated in a 37c incubator after 5 days of incubation 25 ml of twofold concentrated celltiterglo...

Title: Fragment-based discovery of a new family of
non-peptidic small-molecule cyclophilin inhibitors with
potent antiviral activities
Authors: Ahmed-Belkacem, Abdelhakim. Colliandre, Lionel...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 247
ID: 8903ed70c0e66c2bad50f57df3c885f7253cc2b8
Number of matches: 10

...cells were used assessment of antihuman coronavirus 229e activity mrc5 cells rdbiotech besancon france were cultured in dmem containing 10 fcs 50 u ml 1 penicillin 50 mg ml 1 streptomycin and 01 mg ml 1 amphotericin b fungizone life technologies carlsbad california twelve hours before infection mrc5 cells were seeded at the density of 2 10 4 cells per well in a 96well plate cells were infected with human coronavirus 229e at the multiplicity of infection of 1 in dmem containing 2 fcs 50 u ml 1 penicillin 50 mg ml 1 streptomycin...

Title: Fragment-based discovery of a new family of
non-peptidic small-molecule cyclophilin inhibitors with
potent antiviral activities
Authors: Ahmed-Belkacem, Abdelhakim. Colliandre, Lionel...
Journal: Nat Commun
Item: Infection
Index: 247
ID: 8903ed70c0e66c2bad50f57df3c885f7253cc2b8
Number of matches: 10

... 1 streptomycin and 01 mg ml 1 amphotericin b fungizone life technologies carlsbad california twelve hours before infection mrc5 cells were seeded at the density of 2 10 4 cells per well in a 96well plate cells were infected with human coronavirus 229e at the multiplicity of infection of 1 in dmem containing 2 fcs 50 u ml 1 penicillin 50 mg ml 1 streptomycin and 01 mg ml 1 amphotericin b for 72 h in the presence of increasing concentrations of inhibitors the viral cytopathic effect was quantified with cytotoxglo cytotoxicity assay promega madison...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

......

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...1 2] and an anaplerotic shift in which glucose is converted into precursors for nucleotide and lipid synthesis and glutamine is utilized to replenish the tricarboxylic acid tca cycle [3] in addition to virally induced changes in overall metabolism specific intermediate pathways can be exploited during infection de novo fatty acid biosynthesis has been shown to be manipulated by several diverse viruses such as hcmv dengue virus dv and hepatitis c virus hcv the de novo fatty acid biosynthesis pathway generates the longchain fatty acid palmitate and is schematically represented in figure 1a the first committed...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...virally encoded proteins include those that mediate viral entry three temporally regulated phases of gene expression genome replication and maturation virion morphogenesis and egress and a range of interactions with the intrinsic innate and adaptive defenses of the host despite the virus physical and genetic autonomy from the host nucleus infection still requires macromolecule precursors such as nucleotides phospholipids and amino acids as well as intracellular membranes and the host translational machinery a comprehensive metabolomic analysis of vacciniainfected cells is lacking indeed very little is known about how vaccinia virus manipulates or interfaces with the host metabolome or bioenergetic machinery recently...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...as intracellular membranes and the host translational machinery a comprehensive metabolomic analysis of vacciniainfected cells is lacking indeed very little is known about how vaccinia virus manipulates or interfaces with the host metabolome or bioenergetic machinery recently the smith lab reported that vaccinia induces a pseudo hypoxic state early in infection [12] we have also previously shown that the fasn inhibitor cerulenin diminishes viral yield [13] suggesting that de novo fatty acid biosynthesis is important for viral infection here we report our expanded analysis of the contribution of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis to...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...or bioenergetic machinery recently the smith lab reported that vaccinia induces a pseudo hypoxic state early in infection [12] we have also previously shown that the fasn inhibitor cerulenin diminishes viral yield [13] suggesting that de novo fatty acid biosynthesis is important for viral infection here we report our expanded analysis of the contribution of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis to vaccinia virus replication inhibition of this pathway impairs the production of infectious virus in a manner that can be partially rescued by the addition of exogenous palmitate the mitochondrial import and boxidation of...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...of the contribution of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis to vaccinia virus replication inhibition of this pathway impairs the production of infectious virus in a manner that can be partially rescued by the addition of exogenous palmitate the mitochondrial import and boxidation of palmitate appear to be very important during infection whereas exogenous glucose is dispensable suggesting that the conversion of palmitate to acetylcoa rather than the glycolytic processing of glucose drives the tca cycle and aerobic energy production additionally glutamine is essential for vaccinia replication serving to anaplerotically fill the tca cycle examination of how the impairment of de novo...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...dispensable suggesting that the conversion of palmitate to acetylcoa rather than the glycolytic processing of glucose drives the tca cycle and aerobic energy production additionally glutamine is essential for vaccinia replication serving to anaplerotically fill the tca cycle examination of how the impairment of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis affected infection revealed the unimpeded progression through the biochemical stages of infection a modest reduction in dna and protein synthesis and a more dramatic block to virion assembly cumulatively our data are consistent with the conclusion that de novo fatty acid biosynthesis is essential for energy production rather than phospholipid synthesis during...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...than the glycolytic processing of glucose drives the tca cycle and aerobic energy production additionally glutamine is essential for vaccinia replication serving to anaplerotically fill the tca cycle examination of how the impairment of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis affected infection revealed the unimpeded progression through the biochemical stages of infection a modest reduction in dna and protein synthesis and a more dramatic block to virion assembly cumulatively our data are consistent with the conclusion that de novo fatty acid biosynthesis is essential for energy production rather than phospholipid synthesis during poxvirus infection as mentioned above several viruses manipulate the...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...the unimpeded progression through the biochemical stages of infection a modest reduction in dna and protein synthesis and a more dramatic block to virion assembly cumulatively our data are consistent with the conclusion that de novo fatty acid biosynthesis is essential for energy production rather than phospholipid synthesis during poxvirus infection as mentioned above several viruses manipulate the de novo fatty acid biosynthesis pathway to augment the synthesis of phospholipids and increase the availability of intracellular membranes needed for efficient replication we have previously shown that the fatty acid synthase fasn inhibitor cerulenin inhibits viral yield [13] ...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...acid biosynthesis pathway to augment the synthesis of phospholipids and increase the availability of intracellular membranes needed for efficient replication we have previously shown that the fatty acid synthase fasn inhibitor cerulenin inhibits viral yield [13] suggesting that this pathway may also be important for vaccinia virus infection to further assess the contribution of this pathway to vaccinia infection the impact of two additional pharmacological inhibitors was assessed 5tetradecyloxy2furoic acid tofa and c75 which inhibit the cellular enzymes acc and fasn respectively fig 1a bsc40 cells were infected with wt vaccinia virus and treated with vehicle control...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...the availability of intracellular membranes needed for efficient replication we have previously shown that the fatty acid synthase fasn inhibitor cerulenin inhibits viral yield [13] suggesting that this pathway may also be important for vaccinia virus infection to further assess the contribution of this pathway to vaccinia infection the impact of two additional pharmacological inhibitors was assessed 5tetradecyloxy2furoic acid tofa and c75 which inhibit the cellular enzymes acc and fasn respectively fig 1a bsc40 cells were infected with wt vaccinia virus and treated with vehicle control dmso tofa or c75 for 16 h at 37uc treatment with...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...the novel mechanisms used by viruses to replicate efficiently within their hosts de novo fatty acid biosynthesis has been shown to be of relevance for numerous viral infections as well as for the development of cancer here we describe an important role for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis during vaccinia infection ongoing synthesis of palmitate is needed to fuel the production of energy within mitochondria the biochemical events of viral dna replication and protein synthesis are minimally affected by inhibition of this pathway but viral assembly is disrupted more dramatically further exploration of this pathway will provide additional insight into the...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...formation of lipid droplets fig s1b of note concentrations between 1 and 10 mm triacsin c have previously been shown to inhibit rotavirus replication [19 23] taken together these data indicate that the importance of palmitate synthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis in general during vaccinia infection is independent of its contributions to protein modification and phospholipid synthesis mitochondrial import and oxidation of palmitate are important for viral infection glucose however is dispensable the data presented above suggest that the key contribution of palmitate during vaccinia infection might be its potential to undergo boxidation and promote...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...inhibit rotavirus replication [19 23] taken together these data indicate that the importance of palmitate synthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis in general during vaccinia infection is independent of its contributions to protein modification and phospholipid synthesis mitochondrial import and oxidation of palmitate are important for viral infection glucose however is dispensable the data presented above suggest that the key contribution of palmitate during vaccinia infection might be its potential to undergo boxidation and promote energy production as a first approach to understanding the bioenergetics pathways that contribute to productive viral infection we tested the importance of glucose...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...synthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis in general during vaccinia infection is independent of its contributions to protein modification and phospholipid synthesis mitochondrial import and oxidation of palmitate are important for viral infection glucose however is dispensable the data presented above suggest that the key contribution of palmitate during vaccinia infection might be its potential to undergo boxidation and promote energy production as a first approach to understanding the bioenergetics pathways that contribute to productive viral infection we tested the importance of glucose which can be metabolized to pyruvate and ultimately acetylcoa thereby driving the tca cycle bsc40 cells were therefore...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...of palmitate are important for viral infection glucose however is dispensable the data presented above suggest that the key contribution of palmitate during vaccinia infection might be its potential to undergo boxidation and promote energy production as a first approach to understanding the bioenergetics pathways that contribute to productive viral infection we tested the importance of glucose which can be metabolized to pyruvate and ultimately acetylcoa thereby driving the tca cycle bsc40 cells were therefore infected with wt vaccinia virus in glucosefree media or media supplemented with 4 mm glucose fig 3a gray and black respectively surprisingly the absence of...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...glucose was also examined when glucose was omitted from the medium treatment with etomoxir caused a much greater decrease 125fold in viral yield than had been seen in glucosecontaining media fig 3b right bars these data show that import of longchain fatty acids into mitochondria is important for viral infection to formally test the hypothesis that virus infection requires oxidation of longchain fatty acids within mitochondria for energy production cells were infected in the presence of various concentrations of the pharmacological inhibitor trimetazidine tmz tmz is a competitive inhibitor of 3ketoacyl coenzyme a thiolase a key enzyme in oxidation...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...the medium treatment with etomoxir caused a much greater decrease 125fold in viral yield than had been seen in glucosecontaining media fig 3b right bars these data show that import of longchain fatty acids into mitochondria is important for viral infection to formally test the hypothesis that virus infection requires oxidation of longchain fatty acids within mitochondria for energy production cells were infected in the presence of various concentrations of the pharmacological inhibitor trimetazidine tmz tmz is a competitive inhibitor of 3ketoacyl coenzyme a thiolase a key enzyme in oxidation [25] inclusion of 28 mm tmz...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...treatment with tmz in the absence of glucose caused a dosedependent and more severe inhibition in viral yield [36 fold decrease at 4 mm fig 3c gray circles ] taken together these data show that the import of palmitate into mitochondria and its subsequent boxidation are important for viral infection in addition the presence of glucose is not important for viral replication unless boxidation of fatty acids is inhibited suggesting that the tca cycle within infected cells is normally driven by acetylcoa generated by the oxidation of palmitate rather than from glycolysis glutamine plays a critical role during infection...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...infection in addition the presence of glucose is not important for viral replication unless boxidation of fatty acids is inhibited suggesting that the tca cycle within infected cells is normally driven by acetylcoa generated by the oxidation of palmitate rather than from glycolysis glutamine plays a critical role during infection that can be partially substituted by addition of tca cycle intermediates as an alternative to glycolysis the process of glutaminolysis can provide tca cycle intermediates through the deamination of glutamine to glutamate which is imported into mitochondria and converted into aketoglutarate to evaluate the importance of glutamine for viral...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...that can be partially substituted by addition of tca cycle intermediates as an alternative to glycolysis the process of glutaminolysis can provide tca cycle intermediates through the deamination of glutamine to glutamate which is imported into mitochondria and converted into aketoglutarate to evaluate the importance of glutamine for viral infection bsc40 cells were infected with wt vaccinia virus in glutaminefree media or media supplemented with various concentrations of glutamine from 3122000 mm fig 4a in the absence of glutamine viral yield was reduced 1300fold the addition of 250 mm or 500 mm glutamine rescued viral yield by 20fold and...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...only rescued viral yield 4fold in the presence of 200 mm glutamine which itself rescued viral yield 14fold the addition of 15 mm oxaloacetate or 5 mm dimethylaketoglutarate led to additional increases in virus production of 12and 22fold respectively taken together these data demonstrate that glutamine plays critical roles during infection among which is the anaplerotic support of the tca cycle which can be sustained by an exogenous supply of oxaloacetate or aketoglutarate since it appears that the key role for palmitate during viral infection is to drive the tca cycle and energy production atp synthesis was monitored during the...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...of 12and 22fold respectively taken together these data demonstrate that glutamine plays critical roles during infection among which is the anaplerotic support of the tca cycle which can be sustained by an exogenous supply of oxaloacetate or aketoglutarate since it appears that the key role for palmitate during viral infection is to drive the tca cycle and energy production atp synthesis was monitored during the course of infection we utilized a seahorse bioscience xf96 extracellular flux analyzer which measures oxygen consumption rates as a direct surrogate of atp synthesis [26] this assay allows for repeated monitoring of...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...is the anaplerotic support of the tca cycle which can be sustained by an exogenous supply of oxaloacetate or aketoglutarate since it appears that the key role for palmitate during viral infection is to drive the tca cycle and energy production atp synthesis was monitored during the course of infection we utilized a seahorse bioscience xf96 extracellular flux analyzer which measures oxygen consumption rates as a direct surrogate of atp synthesis [26] this assay allows for repeated monitoring of atp synthesis of a single sample over time bsc40 cells were plated at a density of 40000 cells...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...a single sample over time bsc40 cells were plated at a density of 40000 cells per well 96well dish and were either mock infected or infected with wt vaccinia virus oxygen consumption rates were measured every 8 min from 90 min to 12 h postinfection hpi at 90 min post infection mock treated cells had an oxygen consumption rate ocr of 40 pmolmin which rose to 75 pmol min by 12 hpi as nutrients were consumed fig 5a gray line strikingly the initial ocr 90 min postinfection of wt infected cells was almost twice that of mock infected cells at...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...ocr of 40 pmolmin which rose to 75 pmol min by 12 hpi as nutrients were consumed fig 5a gray line strikingly the initial ocr 90 min postinfection of wt infected cells was almost twice that of mock infected cells at 75 pmolmin this rate remained high throughout the infection rising to 127 pmolmin at 12 hpi fig 5a black line statistical analysis indicated that the ocr was significantly higher in infected cells than mockinfected cells at all time points and linear regression analysis indicated that the rate of increase in the ocr over the 105 hours of measurement...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...presence of vehicle or etomoxir [27] and subjected to seahorse analysis in dmsotreated cells the ocr time course had a similar slope as seen above fig 5b black line while the ocr measurements in etomoxirtreated cells were depressed at all times and decreased over the course of infection fig 5b gray line taken together these data show that even by 90 min post infection oxygen consumption rates and hence atp synthesis have increased almost 2fold over mock treated cells and that this increase is maintained throughout infection the loss of oxygen consumption seen in the presence of...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...ocr time course had a similar slope as seen above fig 5b black line while the ocr measurements in etomoxirtreated cells were depressed at all times and decreased over the course of infection fig 5b gray line taken together these data show that even by 90 min post infection oxygen consumption rates and hence atp synthesis have increased almost 2fold over mock treated cells and that this increase is maintained throughout infection the loss of oxygen consumption seen in the presence of etomoxir confirms that the mitochondrial import of longchain fatty acids is key for sustained and elevated atp...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...depressed at all times and decreased over the course of infection fig 5b gray line taken together these data show that even by 90 min post infection oxygen consumption rates and hence atp synthesis have increased almost 2fold over mock treated cells and that this increase is maintained throughout infection the loss of oxygen consumption seen in the presence of etomoxir confirms that the mitochondrial import of longchain fatty acids is key for sustained and elevated atp production within infected cells previously fasn has been reported to have a diffuse localization within cells as assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy [...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...by fasn in close proximity to mitochondria facilitating its import by cpt1 tofa c75 and etomoxir have the greatest impact on the postreplicative phase of the vaccinia life cycle cumulatively the data shown above indicate that the production mitochondrial import and boxidation of palmitate are important for productive vaccinia infection as a first step in determining which stages of the viral life cycle were most affected by these inhibitors we analyzed viral dna replication on a percell basis fig 7a bsc40 cells were infected with wt vaccinia virus in the presence of brdu which is incorporated into newly synthesized...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...row] similar replication foci were observed in cells treated with either tofa middle column or etomoxir right column indicating that genome replication was proceeding in the presence of these inhibitors of note the replication foci in the drugtreated cells appeared to be somewhat smaller and more numerous vaccinia infection is accompanied by an increase in atp synthesis that is ablated by etomoxir seahorse technology was employed for realtime continual measurement of oxygen consumption rates ocr in cultures of uninfected or infected cells as a surrogate assessment of atp synthesis a bsc40 cells were either mock infected gray diamonds or...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...experimental approaches first we utilized a temperaturesensitive mutant with a lesion in the f10 protein kinase cts28 at the nonpermissive temperature 397uc the virus has a wellcharacterized defect in virus assembly [29 30] viral genome replication and the full cycle of gene expression proceed normally but the infection arrests prior to membrane biogenesis this arrest is reversed when cells are shifted to permissive conditions 315uc [29] bsc40 cells were infected with cts28 for 12 h under nonpermissive conditions and then released to permissive conditions to allow the resumption of assembly release was performed for 8...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...sufficient amounts of atp for maximal viral production inhibition of any part in this pathway causes a significant diminution in viral yield atp generated by this pathway contributes to viral dna replication and protein synthesis but is most important for the morphogenesis of infectious virions glucose is largely dispensable for infection but glutamine is essential a major role for glutamine is to enable the anaplerotic support of the tca cycle via deamination to glutamate within the cytoplasm and conversion to aketoglutarate within the mitochondria by the successive activities of glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase the robust action of the tca cycle may...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...expectation that de novo fatty acid biosynthesis would be needed to augment the intracellular membranes available to support viral assembly however this expectation was not supported by further experimentation for example triacsin c which inhibits long chain acylcoa synthetase and drastically impairs phospholipid synthesis has no impact on vaccinia virus infection fig 2b because cerulenin tofa and c75 all inhibited vaccinia virus infection we considered what other roles the endproduct of their activity palmitate might play we were able to discard an essential role for protein palmitoylation in the progression of the life cycle by demonstrating that infection was resistant...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...intracellular membranes available to support viral assembly however this expectation was not supported by further experimentation for example triacsin c which inhibits long chain acylcoa synthetase and drastically impairs phospholipid synthesis has no impact on vaccinia virus infection fig 2b because cerulenin tofa and c75 all inhibited vaccinia virus infection we considered what other roles the endproduct of their activity palmitate might play we were able to discard an essential role for protein palmitoylation in the progression of the life cycle by demonstrating that infection was resistant to 2bromopalmitate fig 2a there are several viral proteins that do...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...vaccinia virus infection fig 2b because cerulenin tofa and c75 all inhibited vaccinia virus infection we considered what other roles the endproduct of their activity palmitate might play we were able to discard an essential role for protein palmitoylation in the progression of the life cycle by demonstrating that infection was resistant to 2bromopalmitate fig 2a there are several viral proteins that do undergo palmitoylation including a33 b5 and f13 [36 37] but these proteins have been shown to participate in viral assembly is inhibited significantly by tofa and c75 a bsc40 cells were...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...is inhibited significantly by tofa and c75 a bsc40 cells were infected with cts28 moi 5 for 12 h at the nonpermissive temperature 397uc to synchronize the infectious cycle at the initiation of assembly cultures were then shifted to the permissive temperature 315uc to relieve the block to assembly and infection was allowed to proceed for an additional 8 h the shiftdown was performed in the presence of rifampicin rif 100 mgml a known inhibitor of assembly dmso vehicle control tofa 154 mm or c75 39 mm viral yield is shown a significant block to virus production is seen in the...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...membranes c immature virions iv and mature virions not shown were abundant when cells were released into c75 bottom panels the virosomal contents dispersed into splotchy aggregates star iv empty iv and peanut shaped doubleiv open circle were seen doi101371journalppat1004021g009 figure 10 model for palmitate utilization during vaccinia virus infection the de novo fatty acid biosynthetic pathway is utilized to generate atp during vaccinia virus infection acc acetylcoa carboxylase converts acetylcoa to malonylcoa fasn fatty acid synthease catalyzes successive condensation reactions of malonyl coa with acetylcoa to generate the 16carbon fatty acid palmitate palmitate is then imported into the mitochondria...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...into c75 bottom panels the virosomal contents dispersed into splotchy aggregates star iv empty iv and peanut shaped doubleiv open circle were seen doi101371journalppat1004021g009 figure 10 model for palmitate utilization during vaccinia virus infection the de novo fatty acid biosynthetic pathway is utilized to generate atp during vaccinia virus infection acc acetylcoa carboxylase converts acetylcoa to malonylcoa fasn fatty acid synthease catalyzes successive condensation reactions of malonyl coa with acetylcoa to generate the 16carbon fatty acid palmitate palmitate is then imported into the mitochondria by cpt1 carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 within the mitochondria palmitate undergoes boxidation to generate acetylcoa which...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...dashed lines but is most important for the assembly of nascent virions black dashed line doi101371journalppat1004021g010 the maturation of a small subset of mature virions mv into extracellular virions ev our studies are focused on the production of mv which constitute the vast majority of virions and are sufficient for infection in tissue culture the third key role for palmitate is to undergo boxidation within mitochondria and generate acetylcoa a key component of the tca cycle which in turn drives oxidative phosphorylation and atp generation it seems intuitive that vaccinia infection would require high levels of atp given the robust...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...the vast majority of virions and are sufficient for infection in tissue culture the third key role for palmitate is to undergo boxidation within mitochondria and generate acetylcoa a key component of the tca cycle which in turn drives oxidative phosphorylation and atp generation it seems intuitive that vaccinia infection would require high levels of atp given the robust synthesis of viral rna dna and protein and the assembly of large numbers of complex virions we found that glucose was dispensable for infection fig 3a moreover we also found that oxygen consumption a surrogate measure of mitochondrial atp synthesis...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...the tca cycle which in turn drives oxidative phosphorylation and atp generation it seems intuitive that vaccinia infection would require high levels of atp given the robust synthesis of viral rna dna and protein and the assembly of large numbers of complex virions we found that glucose was dispensable for infection fig 3a moreover we also found that oxygen consumption a surrogate measure of mitochondrial atp synthesis was elevated significantly in infected cells fig 5a this observation was consistent with a previous report demonstrating an increase in atp levels in vacciniainfected hela cells [38] our data...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...moreover we also found that oxygen consumption a surrogate measure of mitochondrial atp synthesis was elevated significantly in infected cells fig 5a this observation was consistent with a previous report demonstrating an increase in atp levels in vacciniainfected hela cells [38] our data indicate that optimal infection requires the synthesis mitochondrial import and boxidation of palmitate figs 1 and 3 it should be noted that complete oxidation of one molecule of palmitate yields more atp than can be generated from one molecule of glucose glucoser2 acetylcoa36 atp palmitater8 acetylcoa129 atp even considering the fact that...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...acetylcoa129 atp even considering the fact that generating palmitate requires 57 atp 15 atp to generate and activate acetylcoa and 42 atp to complete 7 condensation reactions palmitate yields twice the amount of atp compared to glucose interestingly this value correlates with the 2fold increase in ocr we observe upon infection with vaccinia virus thus at least in bsc40 cells vaccinia virus is more dependent upon boxidation of fatty acids within the mitochondria than on glycolysis for maximal atp production this altered metabolic profile is an early event during infection since ocr levels were already high by 15 hpi fig 5...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...value correlates with the 2fold increase in ocr we observe upon infection with vaccinia virus thus at least in bsc40 cells vaccinia virus is more dependent upon boxidation of fatty acids within the mitochondria than on glycolysis for maximal atp production this altered metabolic profile is an early event during infection since ocr levels were already high by 15 hpi fig 5 determining how mitochondrial activity is stimulated early in infection is an area of interest for future study given the central role of fasn in the generation of palmitate we considered how vaccinia might exploit or maximize its...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...vaccinia virus is more dependent upon boxidation of fatty acids within the mitochondria than on glycolysis for maximal atp production this altered metabolic profile is an early event during infection since ocr levels were already high by 15 hpi fig 5 determining how mitochondrial activity is stimulated early in infection is an area of interest for future study given the central role of fasn in the generation of palmitate we considered how vaccinia might exploit or maximize its activity hcv has been shown to upregulate expression of the enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis [7] [8...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...of palmitate we considered how vaccinia might exploit or maximize its activity hcv has been shown to upregulate expression of the enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis [7] [8] [9] [10] however the levels of fasn are not upregulated during vaccinia infection data not shown it will be of interest in the future to determine whether the specific activity of acc or fasn is upregulated upon vaccinia infection since both enzymes are known to be modulated by phosphorylation ubiquitination and by specific interactions with stimulatory and inhibitory binding partners [39]...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...synthesis [7] [8] [9] [10] however the levels of fasn are not upregulated during vaccinia infection data not shown it will be of interest in the future to determine whether the specific activity of acc or fasn is upregulated upon vaccinia infection since both enzymes are known to be modulated by phosphorylation ubiquitination and by specific interactions with stimulatory and inhibitory binding partners [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] dv and hcv induce...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...[42] [43] [44] [45] [46] dv and hcv induce a change in the localization of fasn to the sites of rna replication [6 11] but the localization of fasn does not appear to change during vaccinia infection and we have not been successful in detecting any stable andor obvious interactions between fasn and vacciniaencoded proteins not shown however we were surprised to see that in bsc40 cells a significant portion of fasn colocalizes with mitochondria fig 6 this colocalization has not been reported before it is...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...biosynthetic pathway driven by acc and fasn requires ample concentrations of acetylcoa which can be generated via two primary pathways the first mechanism involves the catabolism of pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase this is unlikely however since it has recently been reported that a pseudohypoxic state is induced early after vaccinia infection [12] which leads to an upregulation of hif1adependent genes causing an increase in the flux of glucose to lactate and concomitant decrease in accumulation of acetylcoa in the mitochondria [47] the second mechanism involves the catabolism of citrate to acetylcoa and oxaloacetate by atp...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...of the tca cycle has been shown to occur through glutaminolysis and anaplerosis [48] glutaminolysis refers to the use of glutamine as a source for the ultimate synthesis of aketoglutarate which can subsequently be utilized in the synthesis of citrate indeed glutamine is essential for vaccinia virus infection depletion of glutamine reduces viral yield by 1300fold fig 4a oxaloacetate and aketoglutarate fill the tca cycle and are able to rescue viral yield significantly albeit only in the presence of a low concentration of glutamine fig 4b this suggests that citrate may indeed provide the acetylcoa that...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...of a low concentration of glutamine fig 4b this suggests that citrate may indeed provide the acetylcoa that is needed in the cytoplasm of vacciniainfected cells for palmitate synthesis further metabolomic studies aimed at determining changes in the levels of acetylcoa malonylcoa palmitate and tca cycle intermediates during vaccinia infection will be highly informative it is perhaps not surprising that productive viral infection requires a low level of glutamine that cannot be rescued by tca cycle intermediates because glutamine is known to play roles in purine and pyrimidine synthesis as well as protein synthesis our studies indicated that...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...may indeed provide the acetylcoa that is needed in the cytoplasm of vacciniainfected cells for palmitate synthesis further metabolomic studies aimed at determining changes in the levels of acetylcoa malonylcoa palmitate and tca cycle intermediates during vaccinia infection will be highly informative it is perhaps not surprising that productive viral infection requires a low level of glutamine that cannot be rescued by tca cycle intermediates because glutamine is known to play roles in purine and pyrimidine synthesis as well as protein synthesis our studies indicated that the progression of the viral life cycle through three temporally regulated stages of...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...distinct from what has been observed before and suggests that the solubility of virosomal proteins and their inclusion in nascent virions is highly dependent upon sufficient atp levels in sum our data support the conclusion that the de novo fatty acid biosynthetic pathway plays a key role in viral infection by generating sufficient palmitate for import into mitochondria the subsequent oxidation of palmitate can drive the tca cycle and augment the production of atp data generated using seahorse technology confirms that atp production is highly elevated within infected cells in a manner that depends upon mitochondrial fatty acid import thus...

Title: De novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Contributes
Significantly to Establishment of a Bioenergetically
Favorable Environment for Vaccinia Virus Infection
Authors: Greseth, Matthew D.. Traktman, Paula
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 248
ID: dacb58b5ac7adedfeb44dde5632c503c5d37548f
Number of matches: 55

...of palmitate can drive the tca cycle and augment the production of atp data generated using seahorse technology confirms that atp production is highly elevated within infected cells in a manner that depends upon mitochondrial fatty acid import thus the vaccinia infectious cycle is highly dependent upon cellular bioenergetics moreover infection seems to shift cellular metabolism towards a more oxidative and less glycolytic state the de novo fatty acid biosynthesis pathway offers a novel target for developing therapeutics to treat poxvirus infections interestingly this biochemical pathway is often upregulated in cancer [49] and inhibitors that target this pathway...

Title: Comparison among nasopharyngeal swab, nasal
wash, and oropharyngeal swab for respiratory virus
detection in adults with acute pharyngitis
Authors: Li, Li. Chen, Qiao-Yan...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 249
ID: 0e6f08bde4abd9fb12aa599c325e381692c83125
Number of matches: 1

...focusing on respiratory virus detection in adults have been conducted [18] data on the comparison of different sampling methods for respiratory virus detection in adults with acute viral pharyngitis are rare this study compared the sensitivities among nps ops and nw to exclude patients with bacterial infection and increase the viral detection rate only patients with a mcisaac score of 1 participated in the study because nps followed by nw in the same nostril may reduce the number of cells collected by nw and reduce the sensitivity of the assay nps and nw were performed in different...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...by who [7] and echoed by the hhs and cdc [8 9] the existing models on pandemic influenza pi containment and mitigation aims to address various complex aspects of the pandemic evolution process including i the mechanism of disease progression from the initial contact and infection transmission to the asymptomatic phase manifestation of symptoms and the final health outcome [10] [11] [12] ii the population dynamics including individual susceptibility [13 14] and transmissibility [10 [15] [16] [17] and behavioral...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...the asymptomatic phase manifestation of symptoms and the final health outcome [10] [11] [12] ii the population dynamics including individual susceptibility [13 14] and transmissibility [10 [15] [16] [17] and behavioral factors affecting infection generation and effectiveness of interventions [18] [19] [20] iii the impact of pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical measures including vaccination [21] [22] [23] antiviral therapy [24] [25] [26] social distancing [...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...a schematic of the crossregional simulation model is shown in figure 2 the model is initialized by creating population entities and mixing groups for each region a pandemic is started by an infectious case injected into a randomly chosen region the details of the resulting regional contact dynamics and infection transmission are given in section 22 as the infected cases start seeking medical help a new regional outbreak is detected a resource distribution is then determined and returned to the singleregion model the outbreak can begin crossregional simulation the singleregion model subsumes the following components see figure 3 ...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...start seeking medical help a new regional outbreak is detected a resource distribution is then determined and returned to the singleregion model the outbreak can begin crossregional simulation the singleregion model subsumes the following components see figure 3 i population dynamics mixing groups and schedules ii contact and infection process iii disease natural history and iv mitigation strategies including social distancing vaccination and antiviral application the model collects detailed statistics including number of infected recovered deceased and quarantined cases for different age groups for a contained outbreak its societal and economic costs are calculated the societal cost includes the...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...places where individuals come into contact with each other during the course of their social interaction examples of mixing groups include households offices schools universities shopping centers entertainment centers and so forth [53] each individual is assigned a set of attributes such as age gender parenthood workplace infection susceptibility and probability of travel among others each person is also assigned t timediscrete eg t 1 hour weekday and weekend schedules which depend on i persons age parenthood and employment status ii disease status iii travel status and iv persons compliance to social distancing decrees [54]...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...come into contact with each other see section 222 it is assumed that at any point of time an individual belongs to one of the following compartments see figure 4 susceptible contacted by an infectious individual infected asymptomatic or symptomatic and recovereddeceased in what follows we present the infection transmission and disease natural history model which delineates the transitions between the above compartments process infection transmission occurs during contact events between susceptible and infectious cases which take place in the mixing groups at the beginning of every t period eg one hour for each mixing group g the...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...of time an individual belongs to one of the following compartments see figure 4 susceptible contacted by an infectious individual infected asymptomatic or symptomatic and recovereddeceased in what follows we present the infection transmission and disease natural history model which delineates the transitions between the above compartments process infection transmission occurs during contact events between susceptible and infectious cases which take place in the mixing groups at the beginning of every t period eg one hour for each mixing group g the simulation tracks the total number of infectious cases n g present in the group it is...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...susceptibles present in the group we also assume the following i during t period a susceptible may come into contact with at most one infectious case and ii each contact exposure lasts t units of time once a susceptible has started her contact exposure at time t she will develop infection at time t t with a certain probability that is calculated as shown below let l i t be a nonnegative continuous random variable that represents the duration of contact exposure starting at time t required for susceptible i to become infected we assume that l i t...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...l i t be a nonnegative continuous random variable that represents the duration of contact exposure starting at time t required for susceptible i to become infected we assume that l i t is distributed exponentially with mean 1 i t where i t represents the instantaneous force of infection applied to susceptible i at time t [55] [56] [57] the probability that susceptible i whose contact exposure has started at time t will develop infection at time t t is then given as a schematic of the disease natural history...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...is distributed exponentially with mean 1 i t where i t represents the instantaneous force of infection applied to susceptible i at time t [55] [56] [57] the probability that susceptible i whose contact exposure has started at time t will develop infection at time t t is then given as a schematic of the disease natural history is shown in figure 5 during the incubation phase the infected case stays asymptomatic at the end of the latency phase she enters the infectious phase [44 46 48] ...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...detection of a critical number of confirmed infected cases [59] which triggers resource distribution and deployment the model incorporates a certain delay for deploying field responders pharmaceutical intervention phi includes vaccination and antiviral application vaccination is targeted at individuals at risk [60] to reduce their infection susceptibility the vaccine takes a certain period to become effective [61] vaccination is constrained by the allocated stockpile and administration capacity measured in terms of the immunizerhours we assume that as some symptomatic cases seek medical help [62 63] those at risk of them...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...hillsborough miami dade duval and leon with populations of 10 22 08 and 025 million people respectively a basic unit of time for population and disease dynamics models was taken to be t 1 hour regional simulations were run for a period up to 180 days until the daily infection rate approached near zero see section 33 below we present the details on selecting model parameter values most of the testbed data can be found in the supplement [77] models demographic and social dynamics data for each region [77] were extracted from the us census...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...daily travel probability of 024 [79] of which 7 was by air and 93 by land the probabilities of travel among the four regions were calculated using traffic volume data [80] [81] [82] [83] see table 1 infection detection probabilities for border control for symptomatic cases were assumed to be 95 and 90 for air and land respectively [84] the instantaneous force of infection applied to contact i at time t 1 [57] was modeled as influenza research and treatment 7...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...using traffic volume data [80] [81] [82] [83] see table 1 infection detection probabilities for border control for symptomatic cases were assumed to be 95 and 90 for air and land respectively [84] the instantaneous force of infection applied to contact i at time t 1 [57] was modeled as influenza research and treatment 7 where i is the agedependent base instantaneous infection probability of contact i i t is her status of vaccination at time t 0 or 1 and ...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...were assumed to be 95 and 90 for air and land respectively [84] the instantaneous force of infection applied to contact i at time t 1 [57] was modeled as influenza research and treatment 7 where i is the agedependent base instantaneous infection probability of contact i i t is her status of vaccination at time t 0 or 1 and is the vaccine efficacy measured as the reduction in the base instantaneous infection probability achieved after 10 days [61] the values of agedependent base instantaneous infection probabilities...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...was modeled as influenza research and treatment 7 where i is the agedependent base instantaneous infection probability of contact i i t is her status of vaccination at time t 0 or 1 and is the vaccine efficacy measured as the reduction in the base instantaneous infection probability achieved after 10 days [61] the values of agedependent base instantaneous infection probabilities were adopted from [46] see table 2 the disease natural history included a latent period of 29 hours 121 days an incubation period of 46 hours 192 days an infectiousness...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...instantaneous infection probability of contact i i t is her status of vaccination at time t 0 or 1 and is the vaccine efficacy measured as the reduction in the base instantaneous infection probability achieved after 10 days [61] the values of agedependent base instantaneous infection probabilities were adopted from [46] see table 2 the disease natural history included a latent period of 29 hours 121 days an incubation period of 46 hours 192 days an infectiousness period from 29 to 127 hours 121 to 529 days and a period leading to health...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...that highrisk cases are expected to account for 85 of the total number of fatalities for each age group [52] singleregion simulation models were calibrated using two common measures of pandemic severity [35 45 46] the basic reproduction number r 0 and the infection attack rate iar r 0 is defined as the average number of secondary infections produced by a typical infected case in a totally susceptible population iar is defined as the ratio of the total number of infections over the pandemic period to the size of the initial susceptible population to...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...by a typical infected case in a totally susceptible population iar is defined as the ratio of the total number of infections over the pandemic period to the size of the initial susceptible population to determine r 0 all infected cases inside the simulation were classified by generation of infection as in [33 43] the value of r 0 was calculated as the average reproduction number of a typical generation in the early stage of the pandemic with no interventions implemented the baseline scenario [33] historically r 0 values for pi ranged between 14...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...years and above 55 years [60 86] the efficacy levels for the vaccine in 9 and antiviral in 2 were assumed to be 40 [44 87] and 70 respectively we did not consider the use of antiviral for a mass prophylactic reduction of infection susceptibility due to the limited antiviral availability [9] and the risk of emergence of antiviral resistant transmissible virus strains [26] we assumed a 90 target population conformance for both vaccination and antiviral treatment [64] the immunity development period for the vaccine was...

Title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of
Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional
Pandemic Outbreaks
Authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés. Savachkin, Alex
Journal: Influenza Res Treat
Item: Infection
Index: 251
ID: 3e8d986f56b6afb805e70236871627835e68372c
Number of matches: 24

...home and was allowed a onehour leave every three days to buy essential supplies and iii the remaining 1 noncompliant proportion followed a regular schedule all testbed scenarios considered the quarantine conformance level equal to 80 [54] an outbreak was considered contained if the daily infection rate did not exceed five cases for seven consecutive days once contained a region was simulated for an additional 10 days for accurate estimation of the pandemic statistics a 2 5 statistical design of experiment [89] was used to estimate the regression coefficient values of the significant decision...

Title: Epidemiological evaluation of cat health at a
first-response animal shelter in Fukushima, following the
Great East Japan Earthquakes of 2011
Authors: Tanaka, Aki. Kass, Philip H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 252
ID: 9ac7ff68cae35ddd75b3e7ca8d267ac78d46daa6
Number of matches: 4

...animals at the shelter and examined each cat daily until a fulltime veterinarian was hired in january 2012 any signs of conjunctivitis anterior uveitis keratitis serous or purulent ocular discharge nasal discharge characterized as serous or purulent sneezing gingivitis oral vesicles or faucitis were recorded and diagnosed as upper respiratory infection uri any clinical signs consistent with diarrhea characterized as frequent loose or liquid bowel movements were recorded and diagnosed as diarrhea all animals with these clinical signs present at admission were excluded from the study the date the animals developed their clinical disease following shelter entrance the date the signs...

Title: Epidemiological evaluation of cat health at a
first-response animal shelter in Fukushima, following the
Great East Japan Earthquakes of 2011
Authors: Tanaka, Aki. Kass, Philip H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 252
ID: 9ac7ff68cae35ddd75b3e7ca8d267ac78d46daa6
Number of matches: 4

...induces fhv1 activation [14] and both contributing to initiation and complication of the clinical signs and disease course [19] in the present study the dosage of corticosteroid was unknown however any administration was associated with uri incidence recurrence and relapse of the upper respiratory infection syndrome although evidence supports the efficacy of corticosteroids for chronic stomatitis in cats [20 21] it is still advisable to avoid using corticosteroids in cats that are highly stressed and possibly immunocompromised at shelters interferon was administered to approximately 66 of cats with uri in this study...

Title: Epidemiological evaluation of cat health at a
first-response animal shelter in Fukushima, following the
Great East Japan Earthquakes of 2011
Authors: Tanaka, Aki. Kass, Philip H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 252
ID: 9ac7ff68cae35ddd75b3e7ca8d267ac78d46daa6
Number of matches: 4

...the antibiotics bordetella bronchiseptica isolates are susceptible to doxycycline and amoxicillin but resistant to cefovecin cephalosporin and ampicillin [26 28] mycoplasma species bordetella bronchiseptica and chlamydophila felis are resistant to lactams [29] enrofloxacin and doxycycline were effective in improving clinical signs of chlamydophila felis infection [30] in this study enrofloxacin and cefovecin were associated with relapse of clinical disease performing cultures and determining antibiotic susceptibilities before treating uri in shelters is impractical and even identifying the causative agents in each patient is infeasible in shelter settings however inconsistent choice of antibiotic is...

Title: Epidemiological evaluation of cat health at a
first-response animal shelter in Fukushima, following the
Great East Japan Earthquakes of 2011
Authors: Tanaka, Aki. Kass, Philip H....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 252
ID: 9ac7ff68cae35ddd75b3e7ca8d267ac78d46daa6
Number of matches: 4

...to 2011 this may be related to the stationing of a fulltime veterinarian in the later year and treatment protocols were applied consistently although not specifically standardized for a shelter setting although the vaccination and hygiene practices were suboptimal it was fortunate that there was no outbreak of feline panleukopenia infection at the ihno shelter in the present study the incidence proportion of diarrhea and uri in cats at ihno shelter was high high prevalences of diarrhea and uri were also common at other shelters due to stress dietary changes and immunodeficiency [12 37] [4 7 38...

Title: Biochemical characterization of recombinant
Avihepatovirus 3C protease and its localization
Authors: Sun, Di. Wang, Mingshu...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 253
ID: 636fb28e842b058bff497388c5444fc1f53cb61c
Number of matches: 12

......

Title: Biochemical characterization of recombinant
Avihepatovirus 3C protease and its localization
Authors: Sun, Di. Wang, Mingshu...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 253
ID: 636fb28e842b058bff497388c5444fc1f53cb61c
Number of matches: 12

...[4] [5] [6] birds are a wellknown reservoir of infectious diseases due to the high mortality associated with the disease dhav causes significant financial losses while no public health concern has been identified [3] a previous study showed that natural infection occurs in domestic ducks [3] dhav infection was recently identified in mallards goslings and pigeons [7] a goose embryonated epithelial cell line efficiently assists with the replication of dhav which shows a higher virus titer compared to other duck cell lines [8]...

Title: Biochemical characterization of recombinant
Avihepatovirus 3C protease and its localization
Authors: Sun, Di. Wang, Mingshu...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 253
ID: 636fb28e842b058bff497388c5444fc1f53cb61c
Number of matches: 12

...birds are a wellknown reservoir of infectious diseases due to the high mortality associated with the disease dhav causes significant financial losses while no public health concern has been identified [3] a previous study showed that natural infection occurs in domestic ducks [3] dhav infection was recently identified in mallards goslings and pigeons [7] a goose embryonated epithelial cell line efficiently assists with the replication of dhav which shows a higher virus titer compared to other duck cell lines [8] based on phylogenetic and neutralization assays dhav has been...

Title: Biochemical characterization of recombinant
Avihepatovirus 3C protease and its localization
Authors: Sun, Di. Wang, Mingshu...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 253
ID: 636fb28e842b058bff497388c5444fc1f53cb61c
Number of matches: 12

...in 2a2 and hnc motif in 2a3 protein [24 25] it is likely that the 3c protease is an important putative protease in dhav for polyprotein processing [26] table 1 in other reported viruses the 3c protease targets certain cellular factors for efficient viral infection for instance the 3c protease could mediate the cleavage of cellular proteins such as camp response elementbinding protein1creb1 polyadenylation factor cstf64 and tata box binding protein tbp which are associated with the blockage of host genome transcription [27] [28] [29] furthermore the 3c...

Title: Biochemical characterization of recombinant
Avihepatovirus 3C protease and its localization
Authors: Sun, Di. Wang, Mingshu...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 253
ID: 636fb28e842b058bff497388c5444fc1f53cb61c
Number of matches: 12

...polyadenylation factor cstf64 and tata box binding protein tbp which are associated with the blockage of host genome transcription [27] [28] [29] furthermore the 3c protease is capable of disrupting intrinsic immune responses by inhibiting the functions of some immune factors during enterovirus infection the 3c protease induces cleavage of tirdomaincontaining adapterinducing interferon trif interferon regulatory factor 7 irf7 and transforming growth factoractivated kinase 1 tak1 to escape host antiviral signaling [30] [31] [32] in coxsackievirus b3 cvb3 infection the 3c protease cleaves trif and mitochondrial antiviral...

Title: Biochemical characterization of recombinant
Avihepatovirus 3C protease and its localization
Authors: Sun, Di. Wang, Mingshu...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 253
ID: 636fb28e842b058bff497388c5444fc1f53cb61c
Number of matches: 12

...the functions of some immune factors during enterovirus infection the 3c protease induces cleavage of tirdomaincontaining adapterinducing interferon trif interferon regulatory factor 7 irf7 and transforming growth factoractivated kinase 1 tak1 to escape host antiviral signaling [30] [31] [32] in coxsackievirus b3 cvb3 infection the 3c protease cleaves trif and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein mavs to suppress host immunity [33] in dhav infection it has been reported that activation of the tolllike receptor 7 tlr7 pathway is involved in the immune response and viral clearance [34] to date...

Title: Biochemical characterization of recombinant
Avihepatovirus 3C protease and its localization
Authors: Sun, Di. Wang, Mingshu...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 253
ID: 636fb28e842b058bff497388c5444fc1f53cb61c
Number of matches: 12

...7 irf7 and transforming growth factoractivated kinase 1 tak1 to escape host antiviral signaling [30] [31] [32] in coxsackievirus b3 cvb3 infection the 3c protease cleaves trif and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein mavs to suppress host immunity [33] in dhav infection it has been reported that activation of the tolllike receptor 7 tlr7 pathway is involved in the immune response and viral clearance [34] to date some epidemiological pathogenic and immunological mechanisms of dhav have been reported [35] [36] [37] it...

Title: Biochemical characterization of recombinant
Avihepatovirus 3C protease and its localization
Authors: Sun, Di. Wang, Mingshu...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 253
ID: 636fb28e842b058bff497388c5444fc1f53cb61c
Number of matches: 12

...s 1 [40] however studies on the dhav 3c protease have been limited [41] here we report the activity and localization of the dhav 3c protease which provides insight for a better understanding and further characterization of the 3c protease in dhav infection the separation and preservation of the dhav h strain were performed at the institute of preventive veterinary medicine of sichuan agricultural university duck embryo fibroblast def cells were cultured in modified eagles medium mem gibco containing 10 newborn bovine serum nbs gibco and cultured in a humidified 37c 5...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...al 2013 in spite of these immune evasion strategies treatment with type i ifns can inhibit cov replication in vitro garlinghouse et al 1984 haagmans et al 2004 paragas et al 2005 taguchi siddell 1985 zheng et al 2004 and for example protects type i pneumocytes against sarscov infection in macaques haagmans et al 2004 clearly wellcharacterized systems for merscov replication in cell culture will be invaluable for future studies into basic virus properties and interactions with the host including innate immune responses therefore we set out to characterize the replication of merscov in different cell lines using...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...merscov replication our first screening experiments also established that compared with sarscov merscov replication is more sensitive to type i ifn treatment only a few laboratory studies on merscov replication have been reported thus far cells from a variety of mammalian hosts have been found to be susceptible and infection can induce pronounced cytopathology and cell death mller et al 2012 zaki et al 2012 following entry the cov replicative cycle starts with translation of the positivesense rna genome into replicase polyproteins that are cleaved into 16 nsps gorbalenya et al 2006 van boheemen et al 2012 these...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...2006 van boheemen et al 2012 these direct both genome replication and synthesis of the subgenomic sg mrnas required to express the structural and accessory proteins to investigate merscov replication in more detail we used vero and huh7 cells to analyse viral rna synthesis and progeny release in singlecycle infection experiments hybridization analysis of the accumulation of viral rna revealed the presence of genome rna and seven sg transcripts with sizes closely matching those predicted previously from the positions of conserved transcription regulatory sequences trss in the viral genome fig 1a the relative abundance of the various sg...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...of distinct alterations were observed at 8 h pi some cells contained relatively small dmv clusters fig 3a b black arrowheads and inset whereas in others large numbers of dmvs occupied extensive areas of the perinuclear region fig 3c d differences that probably reflect different stages in infection progression the diameter of merscovinduced dmvs ranged from 150 to 320 nm comparable to what was measured previously for sarscovinduced structures knoops et al 2008 an interesting morphological difference with our previous studies of sarscovinfected cells was the presence of a dense inner dmv core which can be attributed...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...2012 a similar dense dmv core became apparent when hpf was employed although dmv cores are known to contain dsrna the implications of these ultrastructural observations remain unclear interestingly cms were always surrounded by dmv clusters and were only observed in cells that appeared to be more advanced in infection fig 3c d white arrows and inset this observation strengthens the notion that dmv formation precedes the development of cms as postulated previously for sarscov knoops et al 2008 in cell culture many covs induce severe cytopathic effect cpe and cell death infection with a number of covs...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...to be more advanced in infection fig 3c d white arrows and inset this observation strengthens the notion that dmv formation precedes the development of cms as postulated previously for sarscov knoops et al 2008 in cell culture many covs induce severe cytopathic effect cpe and cell death infection with a number of covs can also induce extensive syncytium formation due to fusion activity of the viral spike protein at neutral ph reviewed by belouzard et al 2012 merscovinduced cytopathology was monitored by light microscopy following low moi inoculation of monkey and human cells fig 4 in...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...and by day 3 cell viability in uninfected cells had dropped below 10 with both virus doses used fig 5a indicating nearcomplete cell death in merscovinfected huh7 cells fig 5b by day 1 cell viability had dropped to 79 or 24 after moi 0005 or 005 infection respectively which was in line with our observations on rapid syncytium formation and cpe in this particular cell line fig 4d by day 2 cpe was complete for both virus doses used and cells had detached fig 5b based on this comparison further experiments were carried out using...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...left cell viability unchanged compared with mockinfected control cells the inhibitory effect of csa was confirmed in huh7 cells fig 5d which displayed a reduced or lack of cpe upon treatment with 75 and 15 mm csa respectively type i ifns inhibit cov replication and can protect against infection in animal models haagmans et al 2004 taguchi siddell 1985 we therefore compared the effect of pegylated ifna pegifn treatment on merscov and sarscov replication in vitro vero cells were given pegifn 4 h before lowmoi infection together with the inoculum or 4 h after infection at 2...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

... type i ifns inhibit cov replication and can protect against infection in animal models haagmans et al 2004 taguchi siddell 1985 we therefore compared the effect of pegylated ifna pegifn treatment on merscov and sarscov replication in vitro vero cells were given pegifn 4 h before lowmoi infection together with the inoculum or 4 h after infection at 2 days pi cpe was scored microscopically treatment with pegifn profoundly inhibited both merscovand sarscovinduced cpe and rna levels in a dosedependent manner fig 6 at 2 days pi sarscovinduced cpe was reduced for all time points of...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...protect against infection in animal models haagmans et al 2004 taguchi siddell 1985 we therefore compared the effect of pegylated ifna pegifn treatment on merscov and sarscov replication in vitro vero cells were given pegifn 4 h before lowmoi infection together with the inoculum or 4 h after infection at 2 days pi cpe was scored microscopically treatment with pegifn profoundly inhibited both merscovand sarscovinduced cpe and rna levels in a dosedependent manner fig 6 at 2 days pi sarscovinduced cpe was reduced for all time points of pegifn addition when using a dose of at least...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...21 fig 6b for sarscov only pretreatment with 1000 ng pegifn ml 21 completely prevented cpe for merscov complete inhibition of cpe was observed at much lower concentrations specifically 3 10 or 30 ng ml 21 when the drug was added to the cells before during or after infection respectively although decreased cpe was also observed in sarscovinfected cultures treated with 30 ng pegifn ml 21 only a 30fold reduction in viral rna was detected in their medium at 2 days pi fig 6c for comparison treatment of merscovinfected cells with the same pegifn dose completely blocked...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...days pi fig 6c for comparison treatment of merscovinfected cells with the same pegifn dose completely blocked cpe and reduced viral rna levels in the medium by 600to 2000fold depending on the timing of pegifn addition fig 6d our data revealed that in the same cell line merscov infection was 50100 times more sensitive to pegifn treatment than sarscov infection this difference may be explained by important lineagespecific genetic differences between these two zoonotic betacoronaviruses in terms of accessory protein genes encoded in the 39 part of the genome snijder et al 2003 van boheemen et al 2012 ...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...with the same pegifn dose completely blocked cpe and reduced viral rna levels in the medium by 600to 2000fold depending on the timing of pegifn addition fig 6d our data revealed that in the same cell line merscov infection was 50100 times more sensitive to pegifn treatment than sarscov infection this difference may be explained by important lineagespecific genetic differences between these two zoonotic betacoronaviruses in terms of accessory protein genes encoded in the 39 part of the genome snijder et al 2003 van boheemen et al 2012 in particular merscov does not encode a homologue of the sarscov...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...merscovinduced cpe in vero and huh7 cells 9 and 15 mm respectively as observed previously for other covs de wilde et al 2011 pfefferle et al 2011 as in these previous studies de wilde et al 2011 a small fraction of the cells somehow remained susceptible to merscov infection even at high csa concentrations thus virus replication could not be completely eliminated which may ultimately lead to the development of csa resistance in cell culture in conclusion these experiments established that monitoring merscovinduced cpe could be a valuable and rapid tool in screening for the potential antiviral activity of...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...et al 2004 a dose that in this study significantly reduced merscov replication in vitro the sensitivity of merscov to exogenous ifn suggests that administration of recombinant ifn merits further evaluation as a therapeutic intervention strategy if new infections with this novel virus occur cells culture and virus infection vero cells atcc ccl81 were cultured in eagles minimal essential medium emem lonza with 8 fcs paa and antibiotics huh7 cells were grown in dulbeccos modified eagles medium dmem lonza containing 8 fcs 2 mm lglutamine paa nonessential amino acids paa and antibiotics vero e6 and calu32b4 cells...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

... antigens were a fulllength recombinant sarscov n protein purified from escherichia coli and a synthetic peptide representing the 23 cterminal residues of mhv nsp4 respectively pstat1 was detected with alexa fluor 488labelled mouse antistat1 py701 bd biosciences and fitclabelled antimouse igg was used to enhance the green fluorescence virus infection was detected using the abovementioned antinsp3 sera and alexa fluor 594labelled antirabbit igg csa sigma was dissolved in dmso and a 10 mm stock was stored in aliquots for single use at 220 uc peginterferon a2b pegifn pegintron was prepared according to the manufacturers instruction as a 100 mg...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...compoundspecific side effects were analysed using the celltiter 96 aq ueous nonradioactive cell proliferation assay promega according to the manufacturers instructions absorbance at 490 nm a 490 was measured using a berthold mithras lb 940 96well plate reader infected cells were given csa or dmso solvent control prior to infection moi 0005 cytotoxic effects caused by csa treatment alone were monitored in parallel plates containing mockinfected cells ifn sensitivity and pstat1 translocation experiments one day prior to infection vero cells were plated at a density of 10 4 cells per well in a 96well plate format at 24 0...

Title: MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe
in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited
by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment
Authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.. Raj, V. Stalin...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 257
ID: 300778fc251628966c3c027308a7d3fe5a02f84c
Number of matches: 19

...measured using a berthold mithras lb 940 96well plate reader infected cells were given csa or dmso solvent control prior to infection moi 0005 cytotoxic effects caused by csa treatment alone were monitored in parallel plates containing mockinfected cells ifn sensitivity and pstat1 translocation experiments one day prior to infection vero cells were plated at a density of 10 4 cells per well in a 96well plate format at 24 0 and 4 h pi cells were incubated with 01000 ng pegifn ml 21 in 250 ml at t50 h all wells were washed with pbs and infected with merscov...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

... it is unclear if the immune response involved in ebola virus clearance is dependent on a single aspect of the immune system cellular or humoral immunity or if a multifaceted response is a prerequisite and at present there is no clear correlate of protection for evd indications from experimental infection of vaccinated nonhuman primates suggest a role for gpspecific igg and cd8 t cells [5 6] and the limited analyses of convalescent samples suggest that the presence of ebola virusspecific igg and intact cellmediated immunity cmi are associated with survival from natural infection [7]...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...indications from experimental infection of vaccinated nonhuman primates suggest a role for gpspecific igg and cd8 t cells [5 6] and the limited analyses of convalescent samples suggest that the presence of ebola virusspecific igg and intact cellmediated immunity cmi are associated with survival from natural infection [7] [8] [9] these observations are supported by immunological analysis of survivors from the current outbreak which indicates a multifaceted response is induced postinfection with strong humoral immunity and significantly pronounced transcriptional changes in cd8 t cells in response to several ebola...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...humoral immunity may be critical for protection post vesicular stomatitis virus vsvvectored vaccines in nonhuman primates nhps cmi may be key post singleshot adenovirus vectored vaccines [12] as both humoral and cellular immunity have been demonstrated to be protective in nhp and are induced in man postebov infection a vaccine regimen which induces longlived and sustainable levels of cmi and antibodies is desirable primarily and finally only those vaccines that are safe efficacious and deployable will be fieldeffective therefore only vaccine candidates that have progressed to published phase i studies will be reviewed here clinical trials where results...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...unfortunately adhu5seropositive volunteers demonstrated statistically significantly lower gpspecific igg titres [14] increasing the administered dose of vaccine appears to overcome preexisting immunity to this serotype however this is associated with increased reactogenicity [24] unfounded concerns also still persist about a potential increase in hiv1 infection rates among adhu5seropositive vaccinees based on data from two phase ii studies of the merck rad5 hiv1 gagpolnef vaccine the step and phambili trials [26] [27] [28] use of rarer serotypes of human adenoviruses such as ad26 and adhu35 can bypass preexisting immunity...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...significantly enhanced cellular and humoral immunogenicity compared with a singleshot chad3 vaccination [18 21] the other vaccine modality being assessed as an ebola vaccine candidate is the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding ebov glycoprotein rvsvzebov which is an attenuated replicationcompetent viral vector unmodified vsv causes either asymptomatic infection or a mild flulike illness in humans [33] however truncation of the vsv glycoprotein results in an attenuated avirulent form that has been shown to be safe in preclinical studies in macaques and mice with no evidence of viral shedding [34] a rvsv hiv1...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...the quality and quantity of the humoral response induced by different vaccine candidates and support decisions on which to take forward for further development there is a lack of discrimination between neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibody levels through elisa output and while nonneutralizing antibodies play an important role in curbing infection there is also a concerted effort to identify neutralizing antibodies nab as a key determinant of infection control in many disease settings [43 44] at present there are data suggesting that both neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies are important in the evd setting and as such measuring both...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...which to take forward for further development there is a lack of discrimination between neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibody levels through elisa output and while nonneutralizing antibodies play an important role in curbing infection there is also a concerted effort to identify neutralizing antibodies nab as a key determinant of infection control in many disease settings [43 44] at present there are data suggesting that both neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies are important in the evd setting and as such measuring both aspects of humoral immunity through elisa and neutralization assays will be informative virus neutralization assays eg...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...a number of informative comparisons between live ebov neutralization and pv neutralization during some of the more recent clinical trials which will help establish the usefulness and early application of these assays in screening and ranking vaccine candidates table 2 in 2010 neutralizing antibodies as measured with a singleround infection assay with ebov gppseudotyped lentiviruses were measured following a single im vaccination in a phase i clinical trial of adhu5 vaccine expressing ebov gp antigen with the exception of one subject sera did not inhibit virus entry [14] the same team also used ebov or marv...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...the glycoprotein from the mayinga strain with a readout of 50 inhibitory concentration ic 50 neutralizing antibody titres to live ebov mayinga strain were low at 28 days after the chad3 dose while the levels were significantly higher 14 days after the mva boost vaccine again lowlevel inhibition of infection was observed postprime using a pseudotyped lentivirus expressing the gp from the mayinga strain of ebov and the levels of nab increased significantly postboost importantly neutralizing antibody titres in the live ebov and pv assay correlated positively with each other r 057 p 0001 as did titres measured...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...and standardized pv assays will underpin the continued development and use of pv assays for broadspectrum detection of postvaccination humoral responses baize and coworkers analysed samples from patients in two large outbreaks in 1996 in gabon and compared cellular and humoral responses between survivors and patients who succumbed to infection to determine the relative contribution of different immune parameters to evd outcome [7] survival was associated with early and rapid rises in igg directed mainly toward the viral nucleoprotein in addition to activation of cd8 t cells with upregulation of cd28 fasl perforin and ifng cd8...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...key roles in protection [51] it is likely that the mechanism of protection and protective level of a particular immune component may well differ in an experimental model in nhps challenged in a manner that may not accurately reflect natural exposure and in humans exposed to natural infection this highlights the importance of not being overreliant on immunological correlates derived from preclinical testing clearly different vaccine delivery methods induce qualitatively different immune responses induction of longlasting humoral immunity in the absence of t cells seems unlikely so the ability of primeboost regimens to induce durable cmi and humoral...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...of patients with evd in two outbreaks in gabon revealed that in survivors igg responses were largely directed against nucleoprotein [7] the same observation was made in a small study of evd cases in the usa [10] characterization of immune responses in natural ebolavirus infection have also revealed that exposure can induce crossreactive antibodies capable of neutralizing multiple ebolavirus species [54] this study of naturally acquired immunity in survivors of a bdbv outbreak in uganda in 2007 demonstrated for the first time that potent neutralizing antibodies to the glycan cap of gp...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...protect guinea pigs from a heterologous challenge with ebov which may offer insight into immunogen design to confer heterosubtypic immunity across multiple ebolaviruses given the very large number of survivors of the 20132016 outbreak significant efforts should be made to characterize the immunity that afforded protection in the face of infection with such a highly lethal pathogen to help inform antigen selection for future vaccines and advance our understanding of postevd immunology whether vaccines need to emulate these naturally occurring mechanisms remains to be seen but these observations are of critical importance to help advance the field closer examination of...

Title: A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus
vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel
vaccines?
Authors: Lambe, Teresa. Bowyer, Georgina...
Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 258
ID: 2f464f69ee34fff67b35b41170660a4e3dac0654
Number of matches: 14

...hostpathogen interactions has yielded numerous opportunities for vaccines against other diseases including malaria and hiv [59] indepth understanding of the processes associated with inhibition of receptor binding such as conformational rearrangement of glycoproteins required for viral fusion could possibly identify ubiquitous targets for mabs that can prevent infection of multiple virus species [60] for example the entry of all filoviruses into mammalian cells utilizes the same endosomal receptor [61] the niemannpick c1 protein presenting an obvious target for inhibition of virus entry outbreaks of highly pathogenic diseases such as evd are...

Title: Development and evaluation of a real-time
RT-PCR and a field-deployable RT-insulated
isothermal PCR for the detection of Seneca Valley virus
Authors: Zhang, Jianqiang. Nfon, Charles...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 259
ID: 703b5f4019a1c215901309bcabddba33738c506a
Number of matches: 5

...] canada [22] thailand [23] and colombia [24] vesicular lesions were induced in pigs following experimental inoculation with the contemporary us isolates of svv [25 26] confirming that svv is a vesicular viral pathogen in one experimental infection study [27] a historical svv isolate svv001 did not cause overt clinical diseases in the inoculated pigs but it established infection in pigs and induced an immune response since the vesicular lesions caused by svv infection are clinically indistinguishable from those caused by other vesicular disease viruses...

Title: Development and evaluation of a real-time
RT-PCR and a field-deployable RT-insulated
isothermal PCR for the detection of Seneca Valley virus
Authors: Zhang, Jianqiang. Nfon, Charles...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 259
ID: 703b5f4019a1c215901309bcabddba33738c506a
Number of matches: 5

...following experimental inoculation with the contemporary us isolates of svv [25 26] confirming that svv is a vesicular viral pathogen in one experimental infection study [27] a historical svv isolate svv001 did not cause overt clinical diseases in the inoculated pigs but it established infection in pigs and induced an immune response since the vesicular lesions caused by svv infection are clinically indistinguishable from those caused by other vesicular disease viruses eg fmdv svdv vsv and vesv differential diagnosis is mandatory rtpcr is a sensitive and fast method commonly used to differentiate vesicular viral pathogens...

Title: Development and evaluation of a real-time
RT-PCR and a field-deployable RT-insulated
isothermal PCR for the detection of Seneca Valley virus
Authors: Zhang, Jianqiang. Nfon, Charles...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 259
ID: 703b5f4019a1c215901309bcabddba33738c506a
Number of matches: 5

...confirming that svv is a vesicular viral pathogen in one experimental infection study [27] a historical svv isolate svv001 did not cause overt clinical diseases in the inoculated pigs but it established infection in pigs and induced an immune response since the vesicular lesions caused by svv infection are clinically indistinguishable from those caused by other vesicular disease viruses eg fmdv svdv vsv and vesv differential diagnosis is mandatory rtpcr is a sensitive and fast method commonly used to differentiate vesicular viral pathogens a number of svv specific gelbased conventional rtpcr nested rtpcr realtime rtpcr rrtpcr reverse...

Title: Development and evaluation of a real-time
RT-PCR and a field-deployable RT-insulated
isothermal PCR for the detection of Seneca Valley virus
Authors: Zhang, Jianqiang. Nfon, Charles...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 259
ID: 703b5f4019a1c215901309bcabddba33738c506a
Number of matches: 5

...were further tested in triplicate both samples were positive 33 by the magmaxrrtpcr system c t 322 357 and 360 for one sample c t 362 366 and 379 for another sample while 03 and 13 positive by the taco minirtiipcr system respectively recent emergence of svv infection in multiple countries [6 10 11 17 23 24] and the experimental confirmation of svv as a vesicular viral pathogen [25] [26] [27] have raised the concern of differentially diagnosing vesicular diseases in pigs because the vesicular lesions caused by svv infection...

Title: Development and evaluation of a real-time
RT-PCR and a field-deployable RT-insulated
isothermal PCR for the detection of Seneca Valley virus
Authors: Zhang, Jianqiang. Nfon, Charles...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 259
ID: 703b5f4019a1c215901309bcabddba33738c506a
Number of matches: 5

...infection in multiple countries [6 10 11 17 23 24] and the experimental confirmation of svv as a vesicular viral pathogen [25] [26] [27] have raised the concern of differentially diagnosing vesicular diseases in pigs because the vesicular lesions caused by svv infection are clinically indistinguishable from those caused by other vesicular disease viruses such as fmdv svdv vsv and vesv the usa is currently free of some foreign animal diseases such as fmdv introduction of fmdv would devastate the us pork section thus early detection and recognition of fmdv is critical to...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...of the aglobin mrna 59 utr with the mhv leader sequence has been suggested to enhance the translation of aglobin mrna [22] the role of the leader sequence in genome translation remains unknown structural changes within the leader sequence of bcov have been linked to persistent infection in cell culture due to the selection of a translationattenuating intraleader open reading frame orf [23] in mhv 59 utr changes have also been found to arise during persistent infection in cell culture [24] but in this case a mutation was found downstream of the...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...translation remains unknown structural changes within the leader sequence of bcov have been linked to persistent infection in cell culture due to the selection of a translationattenuating intraleader open reading frame orf [23] in mhv 59 utr changes have also been found to arise during persistent infection in cell culture [24] but in this case a mutation was found downstream of the leader that caused an enhancement of gene expression rather than attenuation of translation the mechanisms that establish persistent infections in coronaviruses are still not understood however as with other rna viruses the interplay...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...rather than attenuation of translation the mechanisms that establish persistent infections in coronaviruses are still not understood however as with other rna viruses the interplay between virus and host may be the key to initiate persistence which is then followed by the selection of a mutation to maintain the persistent infection [25] [26] [27] [28] although there are some exceptions [24 [28] [29] 30] the general principle for establishment of virus persistence appears to be the attenuation virus gene expression and a restriction of cytopathic...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...[29] 30] the general principle for establishment of virus persistence appears to be the attenuation virus gene expression and a restriction of cytopathic effect [25 29 31] whether there are mutations other than the one described above that might contribute to bcov persistent infection remains to be determined in a study designed to identify potential sequence heterogeneity within the 59 end of genomic rna during bcov persistent infection we unexpectedly found a leaderless genome in addition to the leadercontaining genome along with evidence in previous studies [32] [33] [...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...of cytopathic effect [25 29 31] whether there are mutations other than the one described above that might contribute to bcov persistent infection remains to be determined in a study designed to identify potential sequence heterogeneity within the 59 end of genomic rna during bcov persistent infection we unexpectedly found a leaderless genome in addition to the leadercontaining genome along with evidence in previous studies [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] this finding suggests that viruses in the order nidovirales may be evolutionarily derived from a common...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...nidoviruses as a normal condition functional analyses of bcov di rna suggested that the leaderless genome is able to attenuate translation negativestrand synthesis and transcription therefore the leaderless genome identified during bcov persistence appears associated with the attenuation of gene expression a proposed consequence of the leaderless genome in persistent infection is discussed in an attempt to identify the 59terminal sequence of the positivestrand viral genomic rna during bcov persistent infection in cell culture total cellular rna was extracted at the time points indicated in fig 1b and the rna population containing a polya tail was selected the prepared polyacontaining...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...negativestrand synthesis and transcription therefore the leaderless genome identified during bcov persistence appears associated with the attenuation of gene expression a proposed consequence of the leaderless genome in persistent infection is discussed in an attempt to identify the 59terminal sequence of the positivestrand viral genomic rna during bcov persistent infection in cell culture total cellular rna was extracted at the time points indicated in fig 1b and the rna population containing a polya tail was selected the prepared polyacontaining rna was then treated with alkaline phosphatase decapped with tobacco acid pyrophosphatase and headtotail ligated with t4 rna ligase followed by...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...more than 200 bp were observed fig 1f lanes 27 we speculated that if there are leaderless negativestrand genomic rnas in persistentlyinfected cells they may be present in numbers too low to be detected by rtpcr in bcov persistently infected cells by northern analysis at 76 day of persistent infection there are an estimated 10 and 500 molecules of genome and sgmrna 7 per cell respectively and 0 and 10 molecules of genome negative strand and sgmrna 7 negative strand per cell respectively [37] therefore we chose to look for leaderless negativestrand sgmrna 7 in persistent bcovinfected...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...lanes 57 revealed that the product with the longer length had an intact negativestrand 39terminal sequence fig s1b whereas the rtpcr product with the shorter length lacked the 39terminal 69 nt fig s1c these results demonstrate that the leaderless negativestrand sgmrna 7 is also synthesized during persistent bcov infection and may explain why the very low abundance of leaderless negativestrand genome is not detected taken together these results suggest that both the leadercontaining and leaderless positivestrand genomic rna molecules coexist during bcov persistent infection in cell culture di rna with a leader sequence translates with significantly greater efficiency...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...these results demonstrate that the leaderless negativestrand sgmrna 7 is also synthesized during persistent bcov infection and may explain why the very low abundance of leaderless negativestrand genome is not detected taken together these results suggest that both the leadercontaining and leaderless positivestrand genomic rna molecules coexist during bcov persistent infection in cell culture di rna with a leader sequence translates with significantly greater efficiency than di rna without a leader sequence in bcovinfected cells all the viruses in the order nidovirales contain a leader sequence at the 59 end of the positivestrand genome [15] the identification...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...translates with significantly greater efficiency than di rna without a leader sequence in bcovinfected cells all the viruses in the order nidovirales contain a leader sequence at the 59 end of the positivestrand genome [15] the identification of a previously unnoticed leaderless genomic rna during bcov persistent infection raises a question with regard to the biological significance of the leaderless genome the replacement of the aglobin mrna 59 utr with the mhv 59leader sequence has been suggested to cause an increase of the translation efficiency for aglobin mrna indicating a probable requirement of a leader sequence in sgmrna...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...dna size markers in nt pairs dpi days postinfection doi101371journalpone0082176g001 and not from a recombinant molecule rtpcr using primers that anneal to the reporter sequence in di rna for rt and the m protein gene in the coronavirus genome was used to test for a potential recombinant generated during infection [49] no rtpcr product was observed fig 2e lanes 23 thus ruling out the expression of the protein from a recombinant molecule these results suggested that the translation of leaderless di rna is less efficient than that of di rna with a leader during infection ...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...during infection [49] no rtpcr product was observed fig 2e lanes 23 thus ruling out the expression of the protein from a recombinant molecule these results suggested that the translation of leaderless di rna is less efficient than that of di rna with a leader during infection in addition to the present study fig 2b lanes 12 it has been demonstrated that the leader sequence is required for di rna replication [19] to exclude the effect of replication on translation and to specifically define the role of the leader sequence in translation...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...potential recombination between di rna and the virus genome and no rtpcr product was detected fig 2h lanes 23 these results suggest that one of the functions of the leader sequence in the coronavirus genome is to enhance translation taken together it appears that translation is decreased during bcov infection as a result of the lower translation efficiency of leaderless genomic rna following translation the first step in coronavirus replication is synthesis of the negativestrand copy of the genome that in turn serves as a template for the synthesis of the genomic rna positive strand the coronavirus leader sequence...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...figs 2e and 2h [49] therefore these results suggest that the leader sequence is required for efficient negativestrand bcov di rna synthesis the transcription efficiency of di rna without the leader sequence is impaired compared with that of di rna with the leader sequence during coronavirus infection a nested set of sgmrnas are produced from which the coronavirus structural proteins are translated these structural proteins have been linked to viral assembly and pathogenesis to test whether the efficiency of sgmrna synthesis is modulated by the leaderless genome as a template during infection the intergenic sequence is a...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...the leader sequence during coronavirus infection a nested set of sgmrnas are produced from which the coronavirus structural proteins are translated these structural proteins have been linked to viral assembly and pathogenesis to test whether the efficiency of sgmrna synthesis is modulated by the leaderless genome as a template during infection the intergenic sequence is a transcription signal required for sgmrna synthesis [41 49 [50] [51] and egfp gene were engineered into bcov di rna to create the constructs diegfp with the leader sequence and d69egfp without the leader sequence fig 4a [49...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...compared under the same conditions the internal controls included di rna diegfp or d69egfp helper virus n sgmrna and 18s rrna fig 4b as shown in fig 4d the efficiency of sgmrna synthesis from d69egfp was less than that from diegfp during 4 h to 48 h of infection taken together the results suggest that a leaderless genome carrying a transcription signal is able to serve as a template for sgmrna synthesis however sgmrna synthesis from the leaderless genome d69egfp is less efficient than that from the leadercontaining genome diegfp to ascertain whether the encoded sgmrna from the...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...have been identified as lacking a leader sequence leaderless genomic rna has not been documented in all members of nidovirales [5] [6] in this study we found for the first time a leaderless genomic rna in coronavirusinfected cells at a late stage of persistent coronavirus infection and this finding prompted us to analyze the functional role of the leaderless genome in coronavirus infection the rnadependent rna polymerase rdrp template switching event that occurs during negativestrand synthesis to produce a negativestrand leader template on negativestrand sgmrna molecules may yield a mechanistic explanation for synthesis of the...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...members of nidovirales [5] [6] in this study we found for the first time a leaderless genomic rna in coronavirusinfected cells at a late stage of persistent coronavirus infection and this finding prompted us to analyze the functional role of the leaderless genome in coronavirus infection the rnadependent rna polymerase rdrp template switching event that occurs during negativestrand synthesis to produce a negativestrand leader template on negativestrand sgmrna molecules may yield a mechanistic explanation for synthesis of the leaderless genomic rna this notion is supported by the following previous findings first it has been suggested...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...sequence on the negativestrand leadercontaining genomic template as a promoter and internally initiates synthesis of positivestrand leaderless genomic rna fig 5c further studies are required to elucidate a detailed mechanism of how the leaderless genome is synthesized during bcov persistence the leaderless genomic rna identified during bcov persistent infection is not likely to be an artifact or a cleaved product because 1 the headtotail rtpcr product of the leaderless genome was observed only at 67 and 97 dpi but not at other time points and 2 rtpcr product with a length smaller than 200 bp was not observed when...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...if a premature cdna is produced the pcr product is not likely to be detected since the primers used anneal to both sides 59 utr and 39utr of the polya tail junction fig 1a although the reason why the coronavirus leaderless positivestrand genomic rna is not observed during acute infection is unknown we speculate that since there is highly active translation taking place and the factors involved in template switching are in active that the overall process leads to the predominant synthesis of leadercontaining rna the overwhelming abundance of leadercontaining genomic rna may subsequently lead to undetectable leaderless genomic rna...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...of pcr competition [56] in contrast replication may be limited during coronavirus persistence [37] and the leaderless rna can gradually be detected fig 1b because of the reduced number of leadercontaining rna molecules synthesized the discovery of a leaderless genome during coronavirus persistent infection in hrt18 cells has led us to attempt a systematic analysis of leaderless genome behavior it has been shown that substitution of the aglobin mrna 59 utr with the mhv leader sequence enhances the translation of aglobin mrna [22] consistent with this result in the present study...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...] the results of the present study suggest that the leaderless bcov di rna was still able to synthesize sgmrnas although the efficiency of sgmrna synthesis from the bcov leaderless di rna was 2to 3fold less than that from the leadercontaining bcov di rna during the 48 h of infection fig 4d note that the decreased transcription efficiency from bcov leaderless di rna at earlier times may attribute to the lack of leader sequence but not the number of di rna since the amount of the templates between input leadercontaining and leaderless di rna was almost the same at...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...was almost the same at 4 and 8 hpt as shown in fig 4b however in addition to the deletion of leader sequence the less templates of leaderless di rna used for transcription could also be a factor to impair the efficiency of sgmrna synthesis at later times of infection despite that the quantitated efficiency of transcription was normalized with the internal controls fig 4b the reasons for the various observations remain unclear however we speculate that the experimental approaches may be largely responsible for the different outcomes regardless the leader sequence on genomic rna is undoubtedly a crucial...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...controls fig 4b the reasons for the various observations remain unclear however we speculate that the experimental approaches may be largely responsible for the different outcomes regardless the leader sequence on genomic rna is undoubtedly a crucial cisacting element required for translation replication including negativestrand synthesis and transcription during infection using bcov di rna as a test system with regard to the significance of the leaderless genomic rna identified during coronavirus persistence the 59 utr of many positivestrand rna viruses has been suggested to function in translation replication and transcription [57] [58] [59]...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...and transcription of the viral genome in bcov as determined in the present study we propose that the significance of leaderless genomic rna identified during coronavirus persistence is to restrict the expression of viral genes leading to reduced cytopathic effects and ultimately may be associated with the establishment of persistent infection as mentioned above the selection of leaders with an intraleader orf in bcov sgmrnas has been indicated as a mechanism to maintain bcov persistence [23] therefore in addition to the finding of leaderless genomic rna in the present study at least two structural alterations in the 59...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...bcov persistence [23] therefore in addition to the finding of leaderless genomic rna in the present study at least two structural alterations in the 59 utr of the genome and sgmrna have been employed by bcov to attenuate the gene expression that may correlate to the persistent infection of bcov during negativestrand synthesis indicated in gray using positivestrand genomic rna as a template indicated in black coronavirus polymerase switches template at the crossover region to acquire a leader sequence generating negativestrand genomic rna with the leader sequence alternatively coronavirus polymerase may stay on the same positivestrand template to...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...after the synthesis of the leadercontaining negativestrand genomic rna coronavirus polymerase recognizes the 39proximal intergenic sequence on the negativestrand leadercontaining genomic template as a promoter and internally initiates the synthesis of positivestrand leaderless genomic rna doi101371journalpone0082176g005 in this study we discovered previously unidentified leaderless genomic rna during bcov persistent infection in cell culture providing additional evidence that the members of nidovirales may share a common ancestor functional analyses of the leaderless genomic rna using bcov di rna revealed that the leader sequence on the genomic rna is required for coronaviral translation replication and transcription whether the leaderless genome is selected...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...sequence on the genomic rna is required for coronaviral translation replication and transcription whether the leaderless genome is selected and contributes to the establishment of persistence needs to be further determined many aspects deriving from this study also need to be resolved 1 is leaderless sgmrna synthesized during coronavirus persistent infection in addition to the leaderless genome discovered in this study 2 are there other mutations or structural changes in the bcov genome or subgenome related to the maintenance of bcov persistent infection 3 are there sequence alterations selected in the replicase gene that may be associated with the synthesis of...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...aspects deriving from this study also need to be resolved 1 is leaderless sgmrna synthesized during coronavirus persistent infection in addition to the leaderless genome discovered in this study 2 are there other mutations or structural changes in the bcov genome or subgenome related to the maintenance of bcov persistent infection 3 are there sequence alterations selected in the replicase gene that may be associated with the synthesis of leaderless genomic rna the elucidation of these questions will contribute to the further understanding of coronavirus persistence a di rnafree stock of the mebus strain of bcov genbank accession no u00735...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...the further understanding of coronavirus persistence a di rnafree stock of the mebus strain of bcov genbank accession no u00735 was plaquepurified three times and grown in a hrt18 cell line as described [54 [66] [67] persistently bcovinfected hrt18 cells were established by infection at a multiplicity of infection moi of 5 after acute infection the surviving cells 10 were passaged at every fourth day thereafter total cellular rna was extracted with trizol invitrogen during acute and persistent infection a headtotail ligation method has previously been used to identify the terminal features of...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...persistence a di rnafree stock of the mebus strain of bcov genbank accession no u00735 was plaquepurified three times and grown in a hrt18 cell line as described [54 [66] [67] persistently bcovinfected hrt18 cells were established by infection at a multiplicity of infection moi of 5 after acute infection the surviving cells 10 were passaged at every fourth day thereafter total cellular rna was extracted with trizol invitrogen during acute and persistent infection a headtotail ligation method has previously been used to identify the terminal features of the rna genome [49...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...of the mebus strain of bcov genbank accession no u00735 was plaquepurified three times and grown in a hrt18 cell line as described [54 [66] [67] persistently bcovinfected hrt18 cells were established by infection at a multiplicity of infection moi of 5 after acute infection the surviving cells 10 were passaged at every fourth day thereafter total cellular rna was extracted with trizol invitrogen during acute and persistent infection a headtotail ligation method has previously been used to identify the terminal features of the rna genome [49 68] to determine the...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...54 [66] [67] persistently bcovinfected hrt18 cells were established by infection at a multiplicity of infection moi of 5 after acute infection the surviving cells 10 were passaged at every fourth day thereafter total cellular rna was extracted with trizol invitrogen during acute and persistent infection a headtotail ligation method has previously been used to identify the terminal features of the rna genome [49 68] to determine the terminal sequence of viral positivestrand genomic rna during bcov persistence rna population with the polya tail was enriched from a 20mg sample of...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...with the mmessage mmachine t7 transcription kit ambion according to the manufacturers instructions and passed through a biospin 6 column biorad followed by transfection [41] for transfection hrt18 cells in 35mm dishes at 80 confluency 8610 5 cellsdish were infected with bcov at a multiplicity of infection of 5 pfu per cell and transfected 2 h later with 3 mg of transcript rna using lipofectin invitrogen [19] after transfection proteins from hrt18 cell lysates were harvested electrophoresed through 12 sdspage gels and electrotransferred to nitrocellulose membranes amersham biosciences di rna fusion proteins were detected...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...detected were visualized using western lightning tm chemiluminescence reagent perkin elmer nel105 and xray film kodak [69] to analyze the synthesis efficiency of negativestrand di rna [49] hrt18 cells in 35mm dishes at 80 confluency were infected with bcov at a multiplicity of infection of 5 pfu per cell after 2 h of infection 3 mg of di rna transcript was transfected into the bcovinfected hrt cells total cellular rna was extracted with trizol invitrogen at 8 hpt a 10mg sample of extracted total cellular rna in 25 ml of water was combined...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...elmer nel105 and xray film kodak [69] to analyze the synthesis efficiency of negativestrand di rna [49] hrt18 cells in 35mm dishes at 80 confluency were infected with bcov at a multiplicity of infection of 5 pfu per cell after 2 h of infection 3 mg of di rna transcript was transfected into the bcovinfected hrt cells total cellular rna was extracted with trizol invitrogen at 8 hpt a 10mg sample of extracted total cellular rna in 25 ml of water was combined with 3 ml of 10x buffer and 10 u of...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...table s1 the reactions included an initial preincubation at 95uc for 5 min followed by 45 amplification cycles of 95uc for 15 s and 60uc for 60 s hrt18 cells in 35mm dishes at 80 confluency 8610 5 cellsdish were infected with bcov at a multiplicity of infection of 5 pfu per cell after 2 h of infection 3 mg of transcript were transfected into the bcovinfected hrt18 cells the supernatant was harvested at 48 hpt and 500 ml was used to infect freshly confluent hrt18 cells in a 35mm dish virus passage 1 vp1 total cellular...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...95uc for 5 min followed by 45 amplification cycles of 95uc for 15 s and 60uc for 60 s hrt18 cells in 35mm dishes at 80 confluency 8610 5 cellsdish were infected with bcov at a multiplicity of infection of 5 pfu per cell after 2 h of infection 3 mg of transcript were transfected into the bcovinfected hrt18 cells the supernatant was harvested at 48 hpt and 500 ml was used to infect freshly confluent hrt18 cells in a 35mm dish virus passage 1 vp1 total cellular rna was extracted with trizol invitrogen at 48 hpi vp1...

Title: A Leaderless Genome Identified during
Persistent Bovine Coronavirus Infection Is Associated
with Attenuation of Gene Expression
Authors: Ke, Ting-Yung. Liao, Wei-Yu...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 260
ID: 3c440b07b2bc59e8483537e994bbd7ac0030801a
Number of matches: 40

...detection of sgmrna from di rna were synthesized from mluilinearized pdiegfp and pd69egfp in vitro with the mmessage mmachine t7 transcription kit ambion according to the manufacturers instructions for transfection hrt18 cells in 35mm dishes at 80 confluency 8610 5 cellsdish were infected with bcov at a multiplicity of infection of 5 pfu per cell and then transfected 2 h later with 3 mg of transcript using lipofectin invitrogen [19] for detection of egfp expressed from sgmrna mockinfected or bcovinfected hrt18 cells transfected with diegfp and d69egfp at 24 hpt were subject to egfp determination using fluorescence...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

......

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...cause of morbidity worldwide a mouse vaginal model of hsv2 infection has been developed by several investigators [1] [2] [3] [4] although the degree of pathogenicity of the virus for mice is dependent on the virus strain used in general experimental infection by vaginal route iv results in neurological disease which is preceded by easily recognizable symptoms due to inflammation followed by rear leg paralysis and death this mouse model provides a useful tool to test the effect of antivirals against hsv2 infection many studies have been performed in our laboratory...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...dependent on the virus strain used in general experimental infection by vaginal route iv results in neurological disease which is preceded by easily recognizable symptoms due to inflammation followed by rear leg paralysis and death this mouse model provides a useful tool to test the effect of antivirals against hsv2 infection many studies have been performed in our laboratory with an antiviral compound isolated from the leaves of melia azedarach l named meliacine ma we have shown that meliacine strongly inhibited the replication of hsv1 and hsv2 in vero cells [5] and exhibits a synergistic antiviral activity when...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...exerts the antiviral action on both synthesis of viral dna and maturation and progress of hsv1 on vero cells [7] in vivo studies have shown that meliacine prevents the development of hsv1 stromal keratitis in mice [8 9] likewise the severity of the herpetic infection in female mice infected intravaginally with hsv2 was also ameliorated by ma treatment [10] on the other hand besides its broad effect of antiviral action meliacine acts as an immunomodulator in vitro agent inhibiting the phagocytosis of opsonized sheep erythrocytes and impairing the proliferation of spleen and...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...meliacine contained an increased amount of tnf in comparison with infected nontreated animals [10] ifn response represents an early host defense event one that occurs prior to the onset of the immune response in this context macrophages play a central role in resistance of mice to primary infection with hsv2 mainly as a source of antiviral cytokines tnf ifn and il12 which are produced rapidly after infection [14] ifn a strong activator of macrophages [15] [16] [17] is produced both in the early stages of infection by natural...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...an early host defense event one that occurs prior to the onset of the immune response in this context macrophages play a central role in resistance of mice to primary infection with hsv2 mainly as a source of antiviral cytokines tnf ifn and il12 which are produced rapidly after infection [14] ifn a strong activator of macrophages [15] [16] [17] is produced both in the early stages of infection by natural killer cells and at later stages by activated t cells [18] the innate immune response to viral...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...to primary infection with hsv2 mainly as a source of antiviral cytokines tnf ifn and il12 which are produced rapidly after infection [14] ifn a strong activator of macrophages [15] [16] [17] is produced both in the early stages of infection by natural killer cells and at later stages by activated t cells [18] the innate immune response to viral infection depends on the integrity of this network of cytokines which is tightly regulated [19] this in vivo situation led us to query whether the...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...[14] ifn a strong activator of macrophages [15] [16] [17] is produced both in the early stages of infection by natural killer cells and at later stages by activated t cells [18] the innate immune response to viral infection depends on the integrity of this network of cytokines which is tightly regulated [19] this in vivo situation led us to query whether the administration of meliacine to hsv2 infected mice could altered the homoestasis of ifns host response either affecting the antiviral activity of ifn ...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...here we analyzed i the susceptibility of hsv2 to ifn ifn or the combination of both in vero cells since no published data is available with this herpesvirus ii the effect of cdm on interferons action since there is no published data on the effect of ifns on hsv2 infection in vero cells the capacity of human ifn andor ifn to inhibit the replication of hsv2 strains ms and g was initially performed in a plaque reduction assay the concentration of ifn and ifn used in the present experiment were those previously tested against hsv1 kos strain [20]...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...could affect the antiviral action of ifns on hsv2 ms replication virus yields at 24 h pi were determined in vero cells treated with cdm as follows i for 2 h prior to interferon induction and then removed ii added simultaneously with ifn and remained only for 16 h before infection iii added after virus infection and remained to virus harvest iiii added with ifn 16 h before infection readded after infection and remained to virus harvest the results obtained following protocol i are depicted in figure 3a the antiviral effect due to interferon alone or in combination is 2fold...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...of ifns on hsv2 ms replication virus yields at 24 h pi were determined in vero cells treated with cdm as follows i for 2 h prior to interferon induction and then removed ii added simultaneously with ifn and remained only for 16 h before infection iii added after virus infection and remained to virus harvest iiii added with ifn 16 h before infection readded after infection and remained to virus harvest the results obtained following protocol i are depicted in figure 3a the antiviral effect due to interferon alone or in combination is 2fold increased in cells pretreated with...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...determined in vero cells treated with cdm as follows i for 2 h prior to interferon induction and then removed ii added simultaneously with ifn and remained only for 16 h before infection iii added after virus infection and remained to virus harvest iiii added with ifn 16 h before infection readded after infection and remained to virus harvest the results obtained following protocol i are depicted in figure 3a the antiviral effect due to interferon alone or in combination is 2fold increased in cells pretreated with cdm as an indication that cdm treatment did not interfere with the antiviral...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...cells treated with cdm as follows i for 2 h prior to interferon induction and then removed ii added simultaneously with ifn and remained only for 16 h before infection iii added after virus infection and remained to virus harvest iiii added with ifn 16 h before infection readded after infection and remained to virus harvest the results obtained following protocol i are depicted in figure 3a the antiviral effect due to interferon alone or in combination is 2fold increased in cells pretreated with cdm as an indication that cdm treatment did not interfere with the antiviral activity displayed by...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...of cdm per se which reduced hsv2 replication by 20fold figure 3b likewise in the experiments described in figure 3a there is an additive effect of cdm when cells were treated with both ifn or ifn or their combination figure 3b when cdm was added after virus infection and remained until 24 h pi or it was also present during the induction period the antiviral effect of the compound was so high 100fold and 20000fold reduction virus yield respectively that masked its interaction with ifns figure 3c and 3d for that reason we repeated the experiment shown...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...processes working with vsv as a model system it was demonstrated that cdm exerted its antiviral action on the endocytic and exocytic pathway of vsv by preor posttreatment [37] this effect is a consequence that cdm induced cytoplasmic alkalinization of intracellular endosomes the refractory state to virus infection reached a maximum after 2 h of pretreatment and is fully maintained up to 12 h later however even at 24 h the cells still remain partially resistant to virus infection since acidification of vacuolar compartments plays an important role in a variety of cellular processes we wondered where the...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

... this effect is a consequence that cdm induced cytoplasmic alkalinization of intracellular endosomes the refractory state to virus infection reached a maximum after 2 h of pretreatment and is fully maintained up to 12 h later however even at 24 h the cells still remain partially resistant to virus infection since acidification of vacuolar compartments plays an important role in a variety of cellular processes we wondered where the presence of cdm could inhibit the antiviral state induced by interferon treatment the results presented in figure 2a showed that a concentration of 50 gml of cdm alone or in...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...figures 2b and 2c contributes to protect cells from virus cpe so the results obtained were not perturbed by compounds cytopathicity to test the antiviral action of ifn we used a standard procedure comprising a period of 16 h cell treatment induction of the antiviral state previous to virus infection ifn was then removed during virus adsorption and after that readded up to virus harvest the presence of cdm for 2 h before induction during the 16 h induction period only for 24 h after infection or during the complete ifn treatment period did not affect ifn action on the...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...period of 16 h cell treatment induction of the antiviral state previous to virus infection ifn was then removed during virus adsorption and after that readded up to virus harvest the presence of cdm for 2 h before induction during the 16 h induction period only for 24 h after infection or during the complete ifn treatment period did not affect ifn action on the contrary in the presence of cdm an enhanced effect of the antiviral action of each interferon alone or in combination see figure 3 was observed indicating that alteration of cellular processes occurring in cells after exposure...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...presence of cdm an enhanced effect of the antiviral action of each interferon alone or in combination see figure 3 was observed indicating that alteration of cellular processes occurring in cells after exposure to cdm [37] did not interfere with the establishment of a refractory stage to hsv2 infection in cells treated with ifn it is remarkable that the sensitivity of hsv2 to cdm increased steadily in accordance with time of cell treatment thus after 2 h pretreatment with cdm virus titer was 2 fold reduced figure 3a but if pretreatment was extended to 16 h virus...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...2 h pretreatment with cdm virus titer was 2 fold reduced figure 3a but if pretreatment was extended to 16 h virus reduction increased 10 times figure 3b in accordance with previous results obtained with meliacine [5] addition of cdm to cells after hsv2 infection caused a strong inhibition of virus titer in the order of 100 fold figure 3c unexpectedly when cdm was present for 16 h before infection and for 24 h afterwards virus yield was reduced 20000 times figure 3d this high antiviral activity of cdm per se complicated the...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...10 times figure 3b in accordance with previous results obtained with meliacine [5] addition of cdm to cells after hsv2 infection caused a strong inhibition of virus titer in the order of 100 fold figure 3c unexpectedly when cdm was present for 16 h before infection and for 24 h afterwards virus yield was reduced 20000 times figure 3d this high antiviral activity of cdm per se complicated the interpretation of the results obtained in the presence of ifn figure 3d which in comparison reduced the amount of virus even in combination less than...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...of cdm per se complicated the interpretation of the results obtained in the presence of ifn figure 3d which in comparison reduced the amount of virus even in combination less than 2 logs to overcome this inconvenience we performed an experiment with lower concentrations of cdm added after virus infection and lasted to virus harvest in combination with 100 iu ml of ifn or ifn a clear additive effect of cdm with ifn or cdm plus ifn at all concentrations tested was observed figure 4 thus the results reported here indicated that the presence of cdm did not...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...indicated that the presence of cdm did not alter the biological activity of ifn or ifn or their combination as a result we can envision that the administration of cdm in vivo could not affect the production of ifns which are so important mediators on the innate resistance to hsv2 infection [19] we have shown here that ifn together with ifn synergistically inhibits the replication of hsv2 in vitro like it was also demonstrated for hsv1 and others dna and rna viruses on the other hand we have shown too that cdm display a high antiviral activity against...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...of 10 5 cells per well and 12 h later cultures were treated with vehicle 100 iuml of ifn andor 100 iuml of ifn after 16 h of ifn treatment cell monolayers were inoculated with hsv2 strains ms and g or hsv1 strains kos and f at a multiplicity of infection moi of 1 pfu per cell after 1 h adsorption the inoculum was removed and fresh ifncontaining culture medium was returned to each well twentyfour 48 or 72 h pi titers of infectious virus in cell supernatants were determined by serial dilution plaque assay on vero cells to test...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...on vero cells to test the effect of cdm on ifn antiviral action we performed different experimental schedule vero cells were treated with cdm as follows i for 2 h prior to interferon induction and then removed ii added simultaneously with ifn and remained only for 16 h before infection iii added after virus infection and remained to virus harvested iiii added with ifn 16 h before infection readded after infection and remained to virus harvested vero cells were established at a density of 2 10 4 cellswell in 96well plates and 12 h later fresh culture medium...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...test the effect of cdm on ifn antiviral action we performed different experimental schedule vero cells were treated with cdm as follows i for 2 h prior to interferon induction and then removed ii added simultaneously with ifn and remained only for 16 h before infection iii added after virus infection and remained to virus harvested iiii added with ifn 16 h before infection readded after infection and remained to virus harvested vero cells were established at a density of 2 10 4 cellswell in 96well plates and 12 h later fresh culture medium or medium containing 50 gml...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...schedule vero cells were treated with cdm as follows i for 2 h prior to interferon induction and then removed ii added simultaneously with ifn and remained only for 16 h before infection iii added after virus infection and remained to virus harvested iiii added with ifn 16 h before infection readded after infection and remained to virus harvested vero cells were established at a density of 2 10 4 cellswell in 96well plates and 12 h later fresh culture medium or medium containing 50 gml of cdm or 100 iuml of ifn or ifn or both ifn and...

Title: The synergistic effect of IFN-α and IFN-γ
against HSV-2 replication in Vero cells is not
interfered by the plant antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,
11-dihydroxymeliacarpin
Authors: Petrera, Erina. Coto, Celia E
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 261
ID: fafa45b4080e37b2d37450168738d991a0399343
Number of matches: 28

...were treated with cdm as follows i for 2 h prior to interferon induction and then removed ii added simultaneously with ifn and remained only for 16 h before infection iii added after virus infection and remained to virus harvested iiii added with ifn 16 h before infection readded after infection and remained to virus harvested vero cells were established at a density of 2 10 4 cellswell in 96well plates and 12 h later fresh culture medium or medium containing 50 gml of cdm or 100 iuml of ifn or ifn or both ifn and ifn 100 iuml...

Title: Characterisation of N-glycans in the
epithelial-like tissue of the rat cochlea
Authors: Nonomura, Yoriko. Sawamura, Seishiro...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 262
ID: 575ce9765e914a2bdb2a02b265905f9e7e781c67
Number of matches: 1

...nevertheless whether proteins in the stria vascularis harbour either sugar chain has remained elusive in our list of 79 strial glycans table 1 and supplementary tables s1 and s2 the latter binding site is included in glycan a1181 this evidence reinforces the current theory about the route of mumps infection and may contribute to elucidation of the pathological process of the deafness further comparison of the strial glycan structures shown in this study with different experimental results may expand the repertoire of uses of the library in the analysis of glycan a313 we concluded that the functional group in...

Title: Incidence and comparison of retrospective and
prospective data on respiratory and gastrointestinal
infections in German households
Authors: Schlinkmann, Kristin Maria. Bakuli, Abhishek...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 263
ID: a0e4e330c82c1b1a043345891bef190baa73980f
Number of matches: 6

...of infections for the whole study period while those in the second study arm reported infections retrospectively participants could opt for participation in either study arm the prospective data collection additionally included collection of nasal swabs in case of respiratory symptoms in the prospective study arm one parent filled infection episodes for all household members in the diary including start and end of each episode participants in the retrospective study arm reported the total number of infections for every household member in the last 2 months in questionnaires provided at 2 months and 4 months after beginning of the study...

Title: Incidence and comparison of retrospective and
prospective data on respiratory and gastrointestinal
infections in German households
Authors: Schlinkmann, Kristin Maria. Bakuli, Abhishek...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 263
ID: a0e4e330c82c1b1a043345891bef190baa73980f
Number of matches: 6

...february march and april but since the prospective study was only conducted until march we deleted the observations for april 10 ari episodes and 2 agi episodes based on observations from previous studies that participants might be more likely to join the study if they currently have an infection [16] we removed initial observations in the prospective arm if the participant reported symptoms for these days so that every individual started the observation with a healthy day in total this led to a decrease of 19 in the number of ari episodes and 2 in the...

Title: Incidence and comparison of retrospective and
prospective data on respiratory and gastrointestinal
infections in German households
Authors: Schlinkmann, Kristin Maria. Bakuli, Abhishek...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 263
ID: a0e4e330c82c1b1a043345891bef190baa73980f
Number of matches: 6

...the prospective arm if the participant reported symptoms for these days so that every individual started the observation with a healthy day in total this led to a decrease of 19 in the number of ari episodes and 2 in the number of agi episodes for november and december since infection episodes might also have triggered participation in the retrospective arm of the study we removed the same fraction of infection episodes as in the prospective study arm this was done by removing randomly the episodes from the first questionnaires which would be potentially allocated to november and december in the...

Title: Incidence and comparison of retrospective and
prospective data on respiratory and gastrointestinal
infections in German households
Authors: Schlinkmann, Kristin Maria. Bakuli, Abhishek...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 263
ID: a0e4e330c82c1b1a043345891bef190baa73980f
Number of matches: 6

...healthy day in total this led to a decrease of 19 in the number of ari episodes and 2 in the number of agi episodes for november and december since infection episodes might also have triggered participation in the retrospective arm of the study we removed the same fraction of infection episodes as in the prospective study arm this was done by removing randomly the episodes from the first questionnaires which would be potentially allocated to november and december in the retrospective group the removal was done according to the age specific reduction that was observed in the prospective group due...

Title: Incidence and comparison of retrospective and
prospective data on respiratory and gastrointestinal
infections in German households
Authors: Schlinkmann, Kristin Maria. Bakuli, Abhishek...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 263
ID: a0e4e330c82c1b1a043345891bef190baa73980f
Number of matches: 6

...questionnaire arrived in the first half of the month the initially used probability weights remained unchanged in a further sensitivity analyses we removed the observations for the first 5 days for every individual in the prospective group similar to bayer and colleges [16] and proportionally decreased the infection episodes from the retrospective group in a similar way as described for the original comparison incidence rates per person year have additionally been calculated for comparison with existing literature approximately 4300 children attended the 75 dccs included in the study but due to different recruitment strategies we do not...

Title: Incidence and comparison of retrospective and
prospective data on respiratory and gastrointestinal
infections in German households
Authors: Schlinkmann, Kristin Maria. Bakuli, Abhishek...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 263
ID: a0e4e330c82c1b1a043345891bef190baa73980f
Number of matches: 6

...the age group 715 years they had an approximately 50 lower incidence in the prospective group compared to the retrospective group for ari as well as for agi but the result was only statistically significant for ari p 002 young children 03 years had the highest incidence of infection for both agi and ari with similar results in the prospective and the retrospective group irr for the retrospective group with respect to the prospective group adjusted for the age groups was 1 for all sensitivity analyses the results with respect to the data collection mode were similar for both...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

......

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...induction and inhibition experiments vero cells were pretreated with rapamycin 1 gml santa cruz ca usa 3methyladenine 3ma 5 m sigma st louis usa chloroquine cq 50 m sigma and bay 117082 10 m sigma for the indicated time and were then infected with pedv at a moi multiplicity of infection of 01 after 1 h incubation at 37 c unbound viruses were removed by washing three times with pbs followed by incubation with serumfree dmem with 8 gml trypsin invitrogen containing varying concentrations of rapamycin 3ma cq bay 117082 or dmso total rna was extracted from vero cells...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...the absorbance was measured by a microplate spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 490 nm all experiments were performed independently three times and variables are expressed as the means with sem statistical analyses were performed using students ttest a pvalue 005 was considered as statistically significant whether pedv infection can activate the autophagy machinery was investigated by examining the formation of autophagosomelike vesicles in vero cells at 24 h post pedv infection through transmission electron microscopy tem a large number of doubleor singlemembrane vesicles were observed in pedvinfected cells which contained cytosolic components or sequestered organelles however autophagosomelike vesicles...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...variables are expressed as the means with sem statistical analyses were performed using students ttest a pvalue 005 was considered as statistically significant whether pedv infection can activate the autophagy machinery was investigated by examining the formation of autophagosomelike vesicles in vero cells at 24 h post pedv infection through transmission electron microscopy tem a large number of doubleor singlemembrane vesicles were observed in pedvinfected cells which contained cytosolic components or sequestered organelles however autophagosomelike vesicles were rarely observed in the mockinfected cells figure 1a it is well known that coronavirus infection can induce a large number...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...at 24 h post pedv infection through transmission electron microscopy tem a large number of doubleor singlemembrane vesicles were observed in pedvinfected cells which contained cytosolic components or sequestered organelles however autophagosomelike vesicles were rarely observed in the mockinfected cells figure 1a it is well known that coronavirus infection can induce a large number of doublemembrane vesicles dmvs and the functional link between autophagic dmvs and coronavirusinduced replicationassociated dmvs remains controversial [22] [23] [24] in this study these two different dmvs might coexist in pedvinfected cells [25] in addition...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...replicationassociated dmvs remains controversial [22] [23] [24] in this study these two different dmvs might coexist in pedvinfected cells [25] in addition the gfplc3 tandem plasmid was transfected into vero cells to verify the response of cellular autophagy to pedv infection as is wellknown the lc3 a protein is selectively recruited to autophagic vesicles which can be considered as its redistribution from a diffuse cytoplasmic localization to a distinctive punctate cytoplasmic pattern during autophagy [16] gfplc3 positive cells treated with rapamycin showed high punctate lc3 accumulation additionally large...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...cells treated with rapamycin showed high punctate lc3 accumulation additionally large amounts of punctate gfplc3 proteins were observed in pedvinfected cells at 18 hpi while gfplc3 was detected as a diffuse distribution in mockinfected cells figure 1b indicating that the accumulation of gfplc3 dots was induced by pedv infection the quantitative analysis of the percentage of punctate gfplc3 cells in the total gfppositive cells was performed and 100 gfppositive cells were detected in each sample the percentage of punctate gfplc3 cells in pedv infected cells was nearly 70 which was obviously higher than that in the mocktreated cells ...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...total gfppositive cells was performed and 100 gfppositive cells were detected in each sample the percentage of punctate gfplc3 cells in pedv infected cells was nearly 70 which was obviously higher than that in the mocktreated cells figure 1c to further analyze whether autophagy was induced by pedv infection we examined the level of autophagy marker proteins in pedvinfected cells by using immunoblotting the conversion from lc3i to lc3ii was monitored at 6 12 18 24 and 30 h post pedv infection as shown in figure 2a b a significant conversion of lc3i to lc3ii was observed during the...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...in the mocktreated cells figure 1c to further analyze whether autophagy was induced by pedv infection we examined the level of autophagy marker proteins in pedvinfected cells by using immunoblotting the conversion from lc3i to lc3ii was monitored at 6 12 18 24 and 30 h post pedv infection as shown in figure 2a b a significant conversion of lc3i to lc3ii was observed during the progression of pedv infection which was tracked by the pedv n protein meanwhile pedv infection increased the expression of atg5 and beclin1 in vero cells relative to the mockinfected cells figure 2c...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...level of autophagy marker proteins in pedvinfected cells by using immunoblotting the conversion from lc3i to lc3ii was monitored at 6 12 18 24 and 30 h post pedv infection as shown in figure 2a b a significant conversion of lc3i to lc3ii was observed during the progression of pedv infection which was tracked by the pedv n protein meanwhile pedv infection increased the expression of atg5 and beclin1 in vero cells relative to the mockinfected cells figure 2c the results further supported that autophagy was induced by the pedv infection whether viral replication was required in pedvinduced...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...the conversion from lc3i to lc3ii was monitored at 6 12 18 24 and 30 h post pedv infection as shown in figure 2a b a significant conversion of lc3i to lc3ii was observed during the progression of pedv infection which was tracked by the pedv n protein meanwhile pedv infection increased the expression of atg5 and beclin1 in vero cells relative to the mockinfected cells figure 2c the results further supported that autophagy was induced by the pedv infection whether viral replication was required in pedvinduced autophagy was confirmed by an experiment with ultraviolet uvinactivated pedv the...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...lc3ii was observed during the progression of pedv infection which was tracked by the pedv n protein meanwhile pedv infection increased the expression of atg5 and beclin1 in vero cells relative to the mockinfected cells figure 2c the results further supported that autophagy was induced by the pedv infection whether viral replication was required in pedvinduced autophagy was confirmed by an experiment with ultraviolet uvinactivated pedv the results demonstrated that no obvious detectable conversion from lc3i to lc3ii was observed at 24 hpi while autophagy was triggered normally by native pedv figure 2d the results indicated...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...pedv the results demonstrated that no obvious detectable conversion from lc3i to lc3ii was observed at 24 hpi while autophagy was triggered normally by native pedv figure 2d the results indicated that viral replication was required for pedvinduced autophagy to further analyze whether autophagy was induced by pedv infection we examined the level of autophagy marker proteins in pedvinfected cells by using immunoblotting the conversion from lc3i to lc3ii was monitored at 6 12 18 24 and 30 h post pedv infection as shown in figure 2a b a significant conversion of lc3i to lc3ii was observed during...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...that viral replication was required for pedvinduced autophagy to further analyze whether autophagy was induced by pedv infection we examined the level of autophagy marker proteins in pedvinfected cells by using immunoblotting the conversion from lc3i to lc3ii was monitored at 6 12 18 24 and 30 h post pedv infection as shown in figure 2a b a significant conversion of lc3i to lc3ii was observed during the progression of pedv infection which was tracked by the pedv n protein meanwhile pedv infection increased the expression of atg5 and beclin1 in vero cells relative to the mockinfected cells figure...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...of autophagy marker proteins in pedvinfected cells by using immunoblotting the conversion from lc3i to lc3ii was monitored at 6 12 18 24 and 30 h post pedv infection as shown in figure 2a b a significant conversion of lc3i to lc3ii was observed during the progression of pedv infection which was tracked by the pedv n protein meanwhile pedv infection increased the expression of atg5 and beclin1 in vero cells relative to the mockinfected cells figure 2c the results further supported that autophagy was induced by the pedv infection whether viral replication was required in pedvinduced...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...conversion from lc3i to lc3ii was monitored at 6 12 18 24 and 30 h post pedv infection as shown in figure 2a b a significant conversion of lc3i to lc3ii was observed during the progression of pedv infection which was tracked by the pedv n protein meanwhile pedv infection increased the expression of atg5 and beclin1 in vero cells relative to the mockinfected cells figure 2c the results further supported that autophagy was induced by the pedv infection whether viral replication was required in pedvinduced autophagy was confirmed by an experiment with ultraviolet uvinactivated pedv the...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...lc3ii was observed during the progression of pedv infection which was tracked by the pedv n protein meanwhile pedv infection increased the expression of atg5 and beclin1 in vero cells relative to the mockinfected cells figure 2c the results further supported that autophagy was induced by the pedv infection whether viral replication was required in pedvinduced autophagy was confirmed by an experiment with ultraviolet uvinactivated pedv the results demonstrated that no obvious detectable conversion from lc3i to lc3ii was observed at 24 hpi while autophagy was triggered normally by native pedv figure 2d the results indicated...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...0001 c western blot analysis of the level of atg5 and beclin1 in vero cells at 12 18 and 24 hpi actin expression was used as a protein loading control d the turnovers of lc3i to lc3ii were detected for mocktreated rapamycintreated native pedv and uvinactivated pedv moi 01 infection the degradation of sqstm1 p62 was recognized as an indicator for assessing autophagy flux whether a complete autophagic process was triggered by the pedv infection was first determined by the degradation of p62 through immunoblotting analysis as shown in figure 3a b p62 was slightly accumulated during the early...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...a protein loading control d the turnovers of lc3i to lc3ii were detected for mocktreated rapamycintreated native pedv and uvinactivated pedv moi 01 infection the degradation of sqstm1 p62 was recognized as an indicator for assessing autophagy flux whether a complete autophagic process was triggered by the pedv infection was first determined by the degradation of p62 through immunoblotting analysis as shown in figure 3a b p62 was slightly accumulated during the early life cycle of pedv infection but degraded at the later stages meanwhile p62 showed no obvious change from 6 to 30 h in the mockinfected cells...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...sqstm1 p62 was recognized as an indicator for assessing autophagy flux whether a complete autophagic process was triggered by the pedv infection was first determined by the degradation of p62 through immunoblotting analysis as shown in figure 3a b p62 was slightly accumulated during the early life cycle of pedv infection but degraded at the later stages meanwhile p62 showed no obvious change from 6 to 30 h in the mockinfected cells the intensity band ratio of lc3ii to actin was analyzed by using imagej software the data were presented as mean sem of three independent experiments ttest p...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...0001 c western blot analysis of the level of atg5 and beclin1 in vero cells at 12 18 and 24 hpi actin expression was used as a protein loading control d the turnovers of lc3i to lc3ii were detected for mocktreated rapamycintreated native pedv and uvinactivated pedv moi 01 infection the degradation of sqstm1 p62 was recognized as an indicator for assessing autophagy flux whether a complete autophagic process was triggered by the pedv infection was first determined by the degradation of p62 through immunoblotting analysis as shown in figure 3a b p62 was slightly accumulated during the early...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...a protein loading control d the turnovers of lc3i to lc3ii were detected for mocktreated rapamycintreated native pedv and uvinactivated pedv moi 01 infection the degradation of sqstm1 p62 was recognized as an indicator for assessing autophagy flux whether a complete autophagic process was triggered by the pedv infection was first determined by the degradation of p62 through immunoblotting analysis as shown in figure 3a b p62 was slightly accumulated during the early life cycle of pedv infection but degraded at the later stages meanwhile p62 showed no obvious change from 6 to 30 h in the mockinfected cells...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...sqstm1 p62 was recognized as an indicator for assessing autophagy flux whether a complete autophagic process was triggered by the pedv infection was first determined by the degradation of p62 through immunoblotting analysis as shown in figure 3a b p62 was slightly accumulated during the early life cycle of pedv infection but degraded at the later stages meanwhile p62 showed no obvious change from 6 to 30 h in the mockinfected cells the autophagy flux upon pedv infection was further verified by measuring the levels of lc3ii and p62 through the treatment with chloroquine cq which can inhibit the fusion of...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...degradation of p62 through immunoblotting analysis as shown in figure 3a b p62 was slightly accumulated during the early life cycle of pedv infection but degraded at the later stages meanwhile p62 showed no obvious change from 6 to 30 h in the mockinfected cells the autophagy flux upon pedv infection was further verified by measuring the levels of lc3ii and p62 through the treatment with chloroquine cq which can inhibit the fusion of the autophagosome with lysosome as shown in figure 3c cq elevated the levels of lc3ii and p62 markedly at 24 h post pedv infection compared to...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...upon pedv infection was further verified by measuring the levels of lc3ii and p62 through the treatment with chloroquine cq which can inhibit the fusion of the autophagosome with lysosome as shown in figure 3c cq elevated the levels of lc3ii and p62 markedly at 24 h post pedv infection compared to the mocktreated cells furthermore the pedvinduced autophagy flux was also confirmed using a tandemreporter construct gfpmrfplc3 gfp is sensitive to lysosomal proteolysis and may diminish quickly in acidic ph whereas rfp red fluorescent protein retains its fluorescence even at acidic ph our results showed that pedv infection...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...infection compared to the mocktreated cells furthermore the pedvinduced autophagy flux was also confirmed using a tandemreporter construct gfpmrfplc3 gfp is sensitive to lysosomal proteolysis and may diminish quickly in acidic ph whereas rfp red fluorescent protein retains its fluorescence even at acidic ph our results showed that pedv infection resulted in a partially red fluorescence at 24 hpi figure 3d indicating the elevated level of autophagic flux taken together this substantial evidence suggests that pedv infection can enhance autophagy flux in vero cells the autophagy flux upon pedv infection was further verified by measuring the levels of...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...quickly in acidic ph whereas rfp red fluorescent protein retains its fluorescence even at acidic ph our results showed that pedv infection resulted in a partially red fluorescence at 24 hpi figure 3d indicating the elevated level of autophagic flux taken together this substantial evidence suggests that pedv infection can enhance autophagy flux in vero cells the autophagy flux upon pedv infection was further verified by measuring the levels of lc3ii and p62 through the treatment with chloroquine cq which can inhibit the fusion of the autophagosome with lysosome as shown in figure 3c cq elevated the levels...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...at acidic ph our results showed that pedv infection resulted in a partially red fluorescence at 24 hpi figure 3d indicating the elevated level of autophagic flux taken together this substantial evidence suggests that pedv infection can enhance autophagy flux in vero cells the autophagy flux upon pedv infection was further verified by measuring the levels of lc3ii and p62 through the treatment with chloroquine cq which can inhibit the fusion of the autophagosome with lysosome as shown in figure 3c cq elevated the levels of lc3ii and p62 markedly at 24 h post pedv infection compared to...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...upon pedv infection was further verified by measuring the levels of lc3ii and p62 through the treatment with chloroquine cq which can inhibit the fusion of the autophagosome with lysosome as shown in figure 3c cq elevated the levels of lc3ii and p62 markedly at 24 h post pedv infection compared to the mocktreated cells furthermore the pedvinduced autophagy flux was also confirmed using a tandemreporter construct gfpmrfplc3 gfp is sensitive to lysosomal proteolysis and may diminish quickly in acidic ph whereas rfp red fluorescent protein retains its fluorescence even at acidic ph our results showed that pedv infection...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...infection compared to the mocktreated cells furthermore the pedvinduced autophagy flux was also confirmed using a tandemreporter construct gfpmrfplc3 gfp is sensitive to lysosomal proteolysis and may diminish quickly in acidic ph whereas rfp red fluorescent protein retains its fluorescence even at acidic ph our results showed that pedv infection resulted in a partially red fluorescence at 24 hpi figure 3d indicating the elevated level of autophagic flux taken together this substantial evidence suggests that pedv infection can enhance autophagy flux in vero cells the specific role of autophagy machinery on pedv replication was explored by exposing...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...quickly in acidic ph whereas rfp red fluorescent protein retains its fluorescence even at acidic ph our results showed that pedv infection resulted in a partially red fluorescence at 24 hpi figure 3d indicating the elevated level of autophagic flux taken together this substantial evidence suggests that pedv infection can enhance autophagy flux in vero cells the specific role of autophagy machinery on pedv replication was explored by exposing vero cells to 3ma which can inhibit autophagy at the early stage by suppressing the formation of autophagosomes [26] as shown in figure 4a ce when...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...not only reduced the level of lc3ii but also significantly decreased the virus titer at different time points in addition cq treatment described above reduced the expression of n protein although it elevated the level of lc3ii figure 3c these data indicated that autophagy inhibition could block pedv infection similar results were also found in pedvinfected st cells meanwhile the role of autophagy machinery on pedv replication was confirmed by rapamycin treatment an inducer of autophagy through inhibition of the mtor signaling pathway [8 17] as shown in figure 4b df induction of autophagy with...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...not only reduced the level of lc3ii but also significantly decreased the virus titer at different time points in addition cq treatment described above reduced the expression of n protein although it elevated the level of lc3ii figure 3c these data indicated that autophagy inhibition could block pedv infection similar results were also found in pedvinfected st cells meanwhile the role of autophagy machinery on pedv replication was confirmed by rapamycin treatment an inducer of autophagy through inhibition of the mtor signaling pathway [8 17] as shown in figure 4b df induction of autophagy with...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...both the transcriptional and translational levels figure 5ab data from figure 5c d demonstrated that suppression of beclin1 or atg5 expression obviously decreased the viral titer and virus copy number compared to the control group all the aforementioned data indicated that the autophagy mechanism was triggered by pedv infection to facilitate its replication viruses 2017 9 53 9 of 16 three independent experiments ef the cells were collected separately at 6 12 and 24 hpi the virus copy number was determined by real time pcr the data were presented as mean sem of three independent experiments ...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...both the transcriptional and translational levels figure 5ab data from figure 5c d demonstrated that suppression of beclin1 or atg5 expression obviously decreased the viral titer and virus copy number compared to the control group all the aforementioned data indicated that the autophagy mechanism was triggered by pedv infection to facilitate its replication 50 the data were presented as mean sem of three independent experiments d the cells were treated as described in c and collected separately at 6 12 and 24 hpi respectively the virus copy number was determined by qrtpcr the data were presented as...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...c and collected separately at 6 12 and 24 hpi respectively the virus copy number was determined by qrtpcr the data were presented as mean sem of three independent experiments accumulating data revealed a strong association between autophagy and the host immune response in the progression of virus infection [27 28] thus the role of autophagy in pedv induced inflammatory responses was investigated first by measuring the level of inflammatory cytokines under the circumstances when autophagy was suppressed by silencing the expression of beclin1 and atg5 proteins data showed that the inflammatory cytokines such as il1...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...wellknown that the nfb signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in pedv induced inflammatory response and vero cells are interferon deficient [19 29] therefore the influence of autophagy on the nfb pathway was determined under the deficient expression of beclin1 and atg5 at 24 h upon pedv infection by immunoblotting analysis the level of lc3ii decreased and the phosphorylation of p65 was also downregulated at the same time figure 6c the results indicated that autophagy might participate in pedv induced inflammation through the nfb pathway to further explore the relationship between autophagy and the nfb...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...further explore the relationship between autophagy and the nfb pathway mediated inflammatory response the nfb pathway was attenuated by administrating bay 117082 an nfb inhibitor as shown in figure 6d e the administration of bay 117082 abolished the elevated level of lc3ii at 16 20 and 24 h post pedv infection which was especially significantly at 24 hpi these data indicated that a potential positive feedback loop between autophagy and the nfb signaling pathway might exist during pedv infection considering that autophagy inhibition can block pedv replication a tnf induction of inflammatory cytokines experiment in autophagydeficiency cells was carried out to...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...figure 6d e the administration of bay 117082 abolished the elevated level of lc3ii at 16 20 and 24 h post pedv infection which was especially significantly at 24 hpi these data indicated that a potential positive feedback loop between autophagy and the nfb signaling pathway might exist during pedv infection considering that autophagy inhibition can block pedv replication a tnf induction of inflammatory cytokines experiment in autophagydeficiency cells was carried out to exclude the effect of pedv replication on cytokine production from figure 6f g it can be seen that the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by tnf in atg5or...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...6f g it can be seen that the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by tnf in atg5or beclin1deficient cells was significantly downregulated when compared to the transfected cells of the negative control these results also supported the potential positive relationship between autophagy and the nfb signaling pathway induced by pedv infection the effect of the autophagy regulators on the capability of pedv replication by changing the cell viability was tested by the mtt assay no significant effects on cell viability were observed from the treatment with cq 3ma rapamycin or bay117082 respectively p 005 figure 7 indicating that...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...respectively p 005 figure 7 indicating that pharmacological regulation of autophagy does not affect the cell viability in recent years autophagy has been widely investigated due to its important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases [9 30] the relationship between autophagy and viral infection including coronavirus has attracted the attention of an increasing number of researchers [11 31 32] for instance the formation of double membranebound mhv replication complexes was found essential for the autophagy induced by mouse hepatitis virus mhv infection [33] a further study revealed that...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...30] the relationship between autophagy and viral infection including coronavirus has attracted the attention of an increasing number of researchers [11 31 32] for instance the formation of double membranebound mhv replication complexes was found essential for the autophagy induced by mouse hepatitis virus mhv infection [33] a further study revealed that the autophagylike process induced by infectious bronchitis virus ibv infection might not be important for virus replication [34] in addition autophagy was confirmed to negatively regulate transmissible gastroenteritis virus tgev replication [35] however the specific...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...number of researchers [11 31 32] for instance the formation of double membranebound mhv replication complexes was found essential for the autophagy induced by mouse hepatitis virus mhv infection [33] a further study revealed that the autophagylike process induced by infectious bronchitis virus ibv infection might not be important for virus replication [34] in addition autophagy was confirmed to negatively regulate transmissible gastroenteritis virus tgev replication [35] however the specific role of autophagy on pedv infection has not been reported until now in this study we provide the first...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...further study revealed that the autophagylike process induced by infectious bronchitis virus ibv infection might not be important for virus replication [34] in addition autophagy was confirmed to negatively regulate transmissible gastroenteritis virus tgev replication [35] however the specific role of autophagy on pedv infection has not been reported until now in this study we provide the first strong evidence that pedv infection can trigger autophagy to facilitate its replication in the present study we firstly found that pedv infection promoted the formation of dmvs by tem which is a hallmark of coronavirus replication...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...for virus replication [34] in addition autophagy was confirmed to negatively regulate transmissible gastroenteritis virus tgev replication [35] however the specific role of autophagy on pedv infection has not been reported until now in this study we provide the first strong evidence that pedv infection can trigger autophagy to facilitate its replication in the present study we firstly found that pedv infection promoted the formation of dmvs by tem which is a hallmark of coronavirus replication and might potentially provide a platform for viral rna synthesis [23 36] in coronavirus infection...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...tgev replication [35] however the specific role of autophagy on pedv infection has not been reported until now in this study we provide the first strong evidence that pedv infection can trigger autophagy to facilitate its replication in the present study we firstly found that pedv infection promoted the formation of dmvs by tem which is a hallmark of coronavirus replication and might potentially provide a platform for viral rna synthesis [23 36] in coronavirus infection the formation of dmvs is usually believed to be associated with the autophagy pathway this observation was further...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...infection can trigger autophagy to facilitate its replication in the present study we firstly found that pedv infection promoted the formation of dmvs by tem which is a hallmark of coronavirus replication and might potentially provide a platform for viral rna synthesis [23 36] in coronavirus infection the formation of dmvs is usually believed to be associated with the autophagy pathway this observation was further supported by the accumulation of gfplc3 dots in virus induced syncytia and the increased expression of autophagic marker proteins from the immunoblotting analysis these data indicated that autophagy activity might be triggered...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...of dmvs is usually believed to be associated with the autophagy pathway this observation was further supported by the accumulation of gfplc3 dots in virus induced syncytia and the increased expression of autophagic marker proteins from the immunoblotting analysis these data indicated that autophagy activity might be triggered by pedv infection [37] in addition autophagy was documented to play a role in syncytia formation which could further increase autophagy in multinucleated cells as well therefore we inferred that autophagy might closely associate with the syncytia formation in vero cells during pedv infection [38 39] moreover...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...activity might be triggered by pedv infection [37] in addition autophagy was documented to play a role in syncytia formation which could further increase autophagy in multinucleated cells as well therefore we inferred that autophagy might closely associate with the syncytia formation in vero cells during pedv infection [38 39] moreover the uv inactivation test implied that the effective replication of pedv was required for autophagy induction previous reports indicated that in recent years autophagy has been widely investigated due to its important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases [9 30]...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...uv inactivation test implied that the effective replication of pedv was required for autophagy induction previous reports indicated that in recent years autophagy has been widely investigated due to its important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases [9 30] the relationship between autophagy and viral infection including coronavirus has attracted the attention of an increasing number of researchers [11 31 32] for instance the formation of double membranebound mhv replication complexes was found essential for the autophagy induced by mouse hepatitis virus mhv infection [33] a further study revealed that...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...30] the relationship between autophagy and viral infection including coronavirus has attracted the attention of an increasing number of researchers [11 31 32] for instance the formation of double membranebound mhv replication complexes was found essential for the autophagy induced by mouse hepatitis virus mhv infection [33] a further study revealed that the autophagylike process induced by infectious bronchitis virus ibv infection might not be important for virus replication [34] in addition autophagy was confirmed to negatively regulate transmissible gastroenteritis virus tgev replication [35] however the specific...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...number of researchers [11 31 32] for instance the formation of double membranebound mhv replication complexes was found essential for the autophagy induced by mouse hepatitis virus mhv infection [33] a further study revealed that the autophagylike process induced by infectious bronchitis virus ibv infection might not be important for virus replication [34] in addition autophagy was confirmed to negatively regulate transmissible gastroenteritis virus tgev replication [35] however the specific role of autophagy on pedv infection has not been reported until now in this study we provide the first...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...further study revealed that the autophagylike process induced by infectious bronchitis virus ibv infection might not be important for virus replication [34] in addition autophagy was confirmed to negatively regulate transmissible gastroenteritis virus tgev replication [35] however the specific role of autophagy on pedv infection has not been reported until now in this study we provide the first strong evidence that pedv infection can trigger autophagy to facilitate its replication in the present study we firstly found that pedv infection promoted the formation of dmvs by tem which is a hallmark of coronavirus replication...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...for virus replication [34] in addition autophagy was confirmed to negatively regulate transmissible gastroenteritis virus tgev replication [35] however the specific role of autophagy on pedv infection has not been reported until now in this study we provide the first strong evidence that pedv infection can trigger autophagy to facilitate its replication in the present study we firstly found that pedv infection promoted the formation of dmvs by tem which is a hallmark of coronavirus replication and might potentially provide a platform for viral rna synthesis [23 36] in coronavirus infection...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...tgev replication [35] however the specific role of autophagy on pedv infection has not been reported until now in this study we provide the first strong evidence that pedv infection can trigger autophagy to facilitate its replication in the present study we firstly found that pedv infection promoted the formation of dmvs by tem which is a hallmark of coronavirus replication and might potentially provide a platform for viral rna synthesis [23 36] in coronavirus infection the formation of dmvs is usually believed to be associated with the autophagy pathway this observation was further...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...infection can trigger autophagy to facilitate its replication in the present study we firstly found that pedv infection promoted the formation of dmvs by tem which is a hallmark of coronavirus replication and might potentially provide a platform for viral rna synthesis [23 36] in coronavirus infection the formation of dmvs is usually believed to be associated with the autophagy pathway this observation was further supported by the accumulation of gfplc3 dots in virus induced syncytia and the increased expression of autophagic marker proteins from the immunoblotting analysis these data indicated that autophagy activity might be triggered...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...of dmvs is usually believed to be associated with the autophagy pathway this observation was further supported by the accumulation of gfplc3 dots in virus induced syncytia and the increased expression of autophagic marker proteins from the immunoblotting analysis these data indicated that autophagy activity might be triggered by pedv infection [37] in addition autophagy was documented to play a role in syncytia formation which could further increase autophagy in multinucleated cells as well therefore we inferred that autophagy might closely associate with the syncytia formation in vero cells during pedv infection [38 39] moreover...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...activity might be triggered by pedv infection [37] in addition autophagy was documented to play a role in syncytia formation which could further increase autophagy in multinucleated cells as well therefore we inferred that autophagy might closely associate with the syncytia formation in vero cells during pedv infection [38 39] moreover the uv inactivation test implied that the effective replication of pedv was required for autophagy induction previous reports indicated that autophagosome accumulation might be attributed to their de novo formation or a block in trafficking to lysosomes for maturation the cellular state of autophagy...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...to lysosomes for maturation the cellular state of autophagy can be measured by detecting the degradation of sqstm1 p62 using a lysosome inhibitor or a tandem reporter construct mrfpgfplc3 [40] our results from these tests indicated that a complete autophagy process might be triggered to modulate pedv infection in vero cells recent studies have demonstrated that the replication mechanisms may vary among different members of the coronaviridae family for example tgev infection induces autophagy to negatively regulate its replication [35] ibv can induce autophagy but does not require autophagy for its replication [34...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...tandem reporter construct mrfpgfplc3 [40] our results from these tests indicated that a complete autophagy process might be triggered to modulate pedv infection in vero cells recent studies have demonstrated that the replication mechanisms may vary among different members of the coronaviridae family for example tgev infection induces autophagy to negatively regulate its replication [35] ibv can induce autophagy but does not require autophagy for its replication [34] the specific effect of autophagy induction on mhv infection is controversial prentice et al reported that mhv utilized the autophagy process to form...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...replication mechanisms may vary among different members of the coronaviridae family for example tgev infection induces autophagy to negatively regulate its replication [35] ibv can induce autophagy but does not require autophagy for its replication [34] the specific effect of autophagy induction on mhv infection is controversial prentice et al reported that mhv utilized the autophagy process to form dmvs to enhance its replication [33] however another study showed that autophagy was not important for mhv replication [41] in the present study the concrete effect of autophagy upon pedv...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...is controversial prentice et al reported that mhv utilized the autophagy process to form dmvs to enhance its replication [33] however another study showed that autophagy was not important for mhv replication [41] in the present study the concrete effect of autophagy upon pedv infection was examined by administrating pharmacological regulators the yield of pedv was found to be suppressed whenever the autophagy process was inhibited by 3ma at the early stage or by cq at the late stage additionally the induction of autophagy by rapamycin also enhanced the viral titer the effect of autophagy...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...autophagosome formation while the atg12atg5 conjugate a key regulator participates in autophagosome maturation [43] the abolishment of their expression reduced the pedv titer these results suggested that autophagy induction might benefit pedv replication autophagy has also been documented to have a complex interaction with apoptosis during viral infection [44] [45] [46] for instance influenza a virus was documented to induce apoptosis in autophagy protein deficient cells [47] autophagy was also reported to postpone apoptotic cell death during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus prrsv infection through badbeclin1 interaction...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...apoptosis during viral infection [44] [45] [46] for instance influenza a virus was documented to induce apoptosis in autophagy protein deficient cells [47] autophagy was also reported to postpone apoptotic cell death during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus prrsv infection through badbeclin1 interaction [48 49] the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis during pedv infection needs to be further elucidated for a better understanding of the autophagy mechanism by which pedv benefits its infection recently autophagy has been identified as an important component of the immune system...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...a virus was documented to induce apoptosis in autophagy protein deficient cells [47] autophagy was also reported to postpone apoptotic cell death during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus prrsv infection through badbeclin1 interaction [48 49] the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis during pedv infection needs to be further elucidated for a better understanding of the autophagy mechanism by which pedv benefits its infection recently autophagy has been identified as an important component of the immune system functioning from the elimination of infectious agents to the modulation of inflammatory responses [50 51]...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...reported to postpone apoptotic cell death during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus prrsv infection through badbeclin1 interaction [48 49] the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis during pedv infection needs to be further elucidated for a better understanding of the autophagy mechanism by which pedv benefits its infection recently autophagy has been identified as an important component of the immune system functioning from the elimination of infectious agents to the modulation of inflammatory responses [50 51] the crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation has drawn much attention from researchers in recent years while the relationship...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...cytokines and the activation of the nfb signaling pathway were both restrained in pedv infected autophagy deficient cells implying that autophagy might participate in pedv induced inflammatory responses especially for the nfb signaling pathway meanwhile vero cells with a nfb pathway deficiency exhibited a decreased level of lc3ii after pedv infection suggesting that the nfb signaling pathway might also have a positive role in autophagy induction it was worth mentioning that the pedv yield was reduced in both autophagy deficient or nfb pathway deficient cells the decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by tnf in autophagy deficient cells might provide new...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...exacerbate the inflammation induced by h5n1 pseudotyped viral particles [28] the inhibition of nfb was also documented to induce autophagy suppression leading to apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells [52] we speculate that autophagy and inflammatory cascade reactions might be positively regulated by pedv infection to exacerbate inflammation furthermore apoptosis might play a pivotal role in the complex relationship between autophagy and inflammation in summary this is the first report concerning the potential induction of autophagy in pedv infected vero cells to facilitate its replication autophagy induction might be manipulated by pedv to mediate...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...is the first report concerning the potential induction of autophagy in pedv infected vero cells to facilitate its replication autophagy induction might be manipulated by pedv to mediate the inflammatory cascade responses and have a positive feedback loop with the nfb signaling pathway our knowledge regarding the interplay between pedv infection and autophagy is still insufficient the integrated data facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis of pedv infection and provide novel insights into the development of effective therapeutic strategies further research can focus on the complex relationship between autophagy modulation and immune responses as well as apoptosis...

Title: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces
Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication
Authors: Guo, Xiaozhen. Zhang, Mengjia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 264
ID: 66adc3747695647a2654d4c3bad5d90a3acafbd1
Number of matches: 72

...its replication autophagy induction might be manipulated by pedv to mediate the inflammatory cascade responses and have a positive feedback loop with the nfb signaling pathway our knowledge regarding the interplay between pedv infection and autophagy is still insufficient the integrated data facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis of pedv infection and provide novel insights into the development of effective therapeutic strategies further research can focus on the complex relationship between autophagy modulation and immune responses as well as apoptosis...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

......

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...implicated as regulators of diverse cellular processes such as regulation of cell cycle chromatin structure and rna stability 14 15 16 however the precise molecular mechanisms by which lncrnas act are largely unknown recently the transcriptomic analysis has revealed that a large number of lncrnas were differentially expressed upon infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and enterovirus 71 17 18 furthermore several lncrnas have been reported to be involved in virus replication for instance an lncrna nrav can regulate the replication of influenza a virus through inhibition of interferonstimulating genes such as ifitm3 and mxa 19 many...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...shown to modulate inflammatory response 20 21 22 23 of these lethe a pseudogene lncrna interacts with nuclear factorkappa b to inhibit the binding of rela with dna and to suppress the activation of downstream signaling cascades 23 these findings suggest that lncrnas play important roles in virus infection and inflammatory response thus further efforts toward accurate annotation and functional significance of lncrnas will be critical for our understanding of disease processes among noncoding rnas micrornas mirnas have been extensively studied in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expressions in various biological processes 24 accumulating evidence also suggests a...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...present study transcriptomic profiling of lncrnas and mrnas from jevinfected mice brain was performed using a microarray platform our results identified jevinduced changes in expression patterns of lncrnas and mrnas in jevinfected and noninfected mice brain samples this study may provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms associated with jev infection postnatal 34dayold suckling balbc mice were infected with p3 strain of jev upon onset of clinical manifestation of jev such as poor brain response limb paralysis and whole body tremor mice were killed and their brains were excised brain homogenate prepared in dulbeccos modified eagles medium dmem was centrifuged...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...syrian kidney bhk21 cells as described previously 10 adult balbc mice 6 weeks old were purchased from hubei provincial center for disease control and prevention wuhan china mice were randomly assigned to two groups n 3 for each group the jevinfected group and the control group for the infection group mice were inoculated intracranially with 200 plaqueforming units pfu jev p3 strain in 20 l dmem whereas mice belonging to the control group were injected intracranially with equal volume of dmem on day 5 postinfection mice infected with jev showed signs of acute encephalitis mice from both groups were...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...atmosphere cells were seeded in multiwell plates and grown to 80 confluency nonadherent cells were removed by washing with nonsupplemented dmem prior to further treatment all of our virus experiments are under biosafety level 2 containment the cells were mockinfected or infected with jev p3 strain at multiplicity of infection moi of 5 for 2 h at 12 24 and 36 h postinfection cells were fixed and blocked with 10 bovine serum albumin in phosphatebuffered saline pbs ph 72 for 30 min then cells were incubated with monoclonal antibody recognizing jev ns5 5 ngml for immunofluorescence assay prepared by our...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...san diego ca usa differences were analyzed for statistical significance using twosided unpaired t test for two groups or multiple comparison oneway of variance anova for more than two groups bonferronis multiple comparison test p 005 to start our analysis we first established a mouse model for jev infection and then collected samples for the microarray analysis figure s1 in supplementary material to confirm whether the mice have successfully acquired the jev infection we examined the virus replication in mice brain samples using plaque assay and western blot analysis the results showed that the infected mice had a...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...for more than two groups bonferronis multiple comparison test p 005 to start our analysis we first established a mouse model for jev infection and then collected samples for the microarray analysis figure s1 in supplementary material to confirm whether the mice have successfully acquired the jev infection we examined the virus replication in mice brain samples using plaque assay and western blot analysis the results showed that the infected mice had a high virus titer in the brain tissues figure 1a and these tissues exhibited an increased expression of jev ns5 figure 1b ...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...mice brain samples using plaque assay and western blot analysis the results showed that the infected mice had a high virus titer in the brain tissues figure 1a and these tissues exhibited an increased expression of jev ns5 figure 1b to visualize the effect of jev infection in mice brain we examined the brain tissue sections processed for he staining and ihc analysis the data demonstrated that jevinfected mice presented the emblematic histopathological features of encephalitis whereas no pathological changes were noticed in the mice belonging to control group figure 1c furthermore an aberrant increase...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...pathological changes were noticed in the mice belonging to control group figure 1c furthermore an aberrant increase in number of astrocytes and microglia was detected by ihc using antigfap and iba1 antibody respectively figure 1d taken together these findings indicate the establishment of a productive jev infection in the mice brain to identify changes in the expression levels of lncrnas and mrnas in mice brain infected with jev total rna was extracted from jevinfected or mockinfected mice brain the array which covers 30772 lncrnas and 16417 proteincoding transcripts from data sources such as ensembl frnadb lncrnadb...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...pathway studio version 10 and kegg pathway to predict the possibility of pathway enrichment the findings showed that mkk47 is the most enriched pathway an altered gene status in the coexpression network between jevinfected and mockinfected groups suggest that the gene may perform a very important function during the jev infection therefore we compared the status of genes in both groups and the genes exhibiting the most significant difference are enlisted in table 2 the differential expression levels of lncrnas found in our microarray analysis were validated by quantitative realtime pcr from the list of differentially regulated lncrnas we randomly...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...brain tissues our results obtained from quantitative realtime pcr were analogous to those observed in microarray data figures 4ab we also detected the expression levels of lncrnas in jevinfected bv2 cells most of the lncrnas results showed the same tendency as were observed in mice brain samples after jev infection data not shown however some of the lncrnas were not detected in bv2 cells which may happen due to tissue or cell specificity 38 to discern a possible role of differentially regulated lncrnas in jevinduced inflammation we selected two lncrnas lncrna e52329 lncrna n54010 form the data validated using...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...of the lncrnas were not detected in bv2 cells which may happen due to tissue or cell specificity 38 to discern a possible role of differentially regulated lncrnas in jevinduced inflammation we selected two lncrnas lncrna e52329 lncrna n54010 form the data validated using mice brain samples since jev infection is associated with marked activation of glial cells and exorbitant release of inflammatory cytokines 39 we chose mouse microglial cells bv2 cells for further analysis to determine whether bv2 cells were permissive to jev the successful infection of bv2 cells was verified by plaque assay figure 5a and immunofluorescence...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...e52329 lncrna n54010 form the data validated using mice brain samples since jev infection is associated with marked activation of glial cells and exorbitant release of inflammatory cytokines 39 we chose mouse microglial cells bv2 cells for further analysis to determine whether bv2 cells were permissive to jev the successful infection of bv2 cells was verified by plaque assay figure 5a and immunofluorescence analysis figure 5b next we examined the expression levels of selected lncrnas in jevinfected bv2 cells by quantitative realtime pcr our results were concordant to those as observed in jevinfected mice brain samples figure 5c...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...the role of lncrna e52329 and n54010 in regulating the kinase activity of mkk4jnk pathway bv2 cells were transfected with sie52329 sin54010 or nonspecific control sirna and then infected with jev our findings showed that reduction of these lncrnas significantly decreased the kinase activity of mkk4 and jnk after jev infection at 6 and 12 h figures 7ab on the other hand nfb is known as one of the key transcriptional factors of inflammatory cytokines in addition to ap1 which can be activated by jnk we also measured whether the lncrna e52329 and n54010 can modify the nfb pathway we...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...transcriptional factors of inflammatory cytokines in addition to ap1 which can be activated by jnk we also measured whether the lncrna e52329 and n54010 can modify the nfb pathway we found that the phosphorylation of ib a direct inhibitor of nfb was increased and ib protein was degraded upon jev infection but blocking the lncrnas did not alter the phosphorylation level and protein amount of ib figures 7ab thus we consider that the selected lncrnas may regulate jevinduced inflammation through activation of mkk4jnk pathway but not nfb pathway the struggles between viruses and hosts have been existed for very...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...interestingly only 2 of the mammalian genome is translated into proteins and the remaining genome contains the noncoding rna genes 42 several transcriptome profiling studies have provided compelling evidence highlighting the importance of noncoding rnas such as mirnas in modulating the immune response against various viral infections including jev infection 43 however the roles of lncrnas in viral infections and associated inflammatory conditions are largely unknown long noncoding rnas have emerged as important regulators of gene expression with an accumulating body of evidence linking lncrnas to pathologies including inflammatory diseases 44 albeit the precise functions of lncrnas in...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...lncrnas may play a key role in virusmediated inflammatory responses 19 20 herein a transcriptomic profiling of lncrnas and proteincoding genes from jevinfected mice brain was performed using a microarray platform the results of our study reveal the first experimental evidence demonstrating the complex regulation of lncrnas by jev infection in mice brain and microglial cells the present study is unique from different angles first we used mice brain to understand the regulation of host lncrnas upon jev infection this may provide us a way to elucidate the relationship between lncrnas and proteincoding genes in the brain having the more...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...a microarray platform the results of our study reveal the first experimental evidence demonstrating the complex regulation of lncrnas by jev infection in mice brain and microglial cells the present study is unique from different angles first we used mice brain to understand the regulation of host lncrnas upon jev infection this may provide us a way to elucidate the relationship between lncrnas and proteincoding genes in the brain having the more complex biological system compare to cell culture system second we validated our findings using microglial cells which play important role in eliciting innate immune response during jev infection 4...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...jev infection this may provide us a way to elucidate the relationship between lncrnas and proteincoding genes in the brain having the more complex biological system compare to cell culture system second we validated our findings using microglial cells which play important role in eliciting innate immune response during jev infection 4 however some of the lncrnas were not detected in bv2 cells which may associate with cell type specificity third the integration of microarray platform quantitative realtime pcr go analysis pathways analysis and lncrnamrna coexpression network analysis has allowed us to conduct an active comparative genomics and bioinformatics study...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...detected in bv2 cells which may associate with cell type specificity third the integration of microarray platform quantitative realtime pcr go analysis pathways analysis and lncrnamrna coexpression network analysis has allowed us to conduct an active comparative genomics and bioinformatics study to reveal host lncrnas expression patterns associated with jev infection we have identified a unique series of host molecular responses involving different combinatorial contributions of multiple cellular lncrnas this provides an opportunity to understand the unique cellular lncrnasmrna interactome network dynamically regulated by jev infection since we confirmed our findings using microglia cell line further validations using primary microglia remain...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...active comparative genomics and bioinformatics study to reveal host lncrnas expression patterns associated with jev infection we have identified a unique series of host molecular responses involving different combinatorial contributions of multiple cellular lncrnas this provides an opportunity to understand the unique cellular lncrnasmrna interactome network dynamically regulated by jev infection since we confirmed our findings using microglia cell line further validations using primary microglia remain to be done in future several lncrnas have been investigated to play important roles in modulating the host immune response during viral infections 45 for instance lncrnacmpk2 and nrav have been found to...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...of jevinduced pathogenesis to the best of our knowledge this is the first report where complete lncrnas and mrnas are profiled in jevinfected mice brain using microarray approach and differentially regulated lncrnas and mrna transcripts are reported in order to understand the impact of global lncrnas modulation during jev infection we further analyzed go terms and cellular pathways that may have significance in jev pathogenesis we found that the most significant gos associated with upregulated transcripts were related to innate immune response inflammatory response apoptotic process acetylation nucleotide binding and defense response to virus infections whereas the gos terms associated...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...virus infections whereas the gos terms associated with downregulated transcripts were mainly limited to ions transportation cell adhesion signal transduction and synaptic transmission similarly the most enriched upregulated pathways included jakstat signaling pathway tolllike receptor signaling pathway mapk signaling pathways and pathways related to herpes simplex and influenza a viruses infection in contrast the most enriched downregulated pathways were related to calcium signaling neuroactive ligandreceptor signaling and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling to find the potential key lncrnas involved during jev infection we built the lncrnamrna and lncrnalncrnas coexpression networks to verify the coexpression network we performed rna pulldown experiments and found that...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...included jakstat signaling pathway tolllike receptor signaling pathway mapk signaling pathways and pathways related to herpes simplex and influenza a viruses infection in contrast the most enriched downregulated pathways were related to calcium signaling neuroactive ligandreceptor signaling and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling to find the potential key lncrnas involved during jev infection we built the lncrnamrna and lncrnalncrnas coexpression networks to verify the coexpression network we performed rna pulldown experiments and found that three mrnas nod1 tap2 and col4a1can interact with indicated lncrnas nod1 are known to play a remarkable role in host immune responses which can positively regulate jnk cascade nfb...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...referenced study are also analogous to our prediction analysis thus supporting our predictions in conclusion we first generated the expression profile of lncrnas and related mrnas in jevinfected mice brain based on a microarray approach using the bioinformatics tools we found some important lncrnas that may involve during jev infection furthermore our experimental data revealed the role of selected lncrnas in regulating the kinase activity of mkk4 and jnk which are considered to be involved in inflammatory pathway and thus confirmed our predictions this study may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in jev pathogenesis further studies are still...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...the kinase activity of mkk4 and jnk which are considered to be involved in inflammatory pathway and thus confirmed our predictions this study may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in jev pathogenesis further studies are still required to understand the biological functions of these identified lncrnas during jev infection as the roles of lncrnas in viral infections have not yet been fully identified and understood this study may also provide valuable resource for further studies adult balbc mice 6 weeks old were purchased from hubei provincial center for disease control and prevention wuhan china mice were randomly assigned...

Title: Microarray Analysis Identifies the Potential
Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Regulating
Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Li, Yunchuan. Zhang, Hao...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 266
ID: 0b48e310b1f5d0205ad5ffa292d950d2808185c0
Number of matches: 28

...may also provide valuable resource for further studies adult balbc mice 6 weeks old were purchased from hubei provincial center for disease control and prevention wuhan china mice were randomly assigned to two groups n 3 for each group the jevinfected group and the control group for the infection group mice were inoculated intracranially with 200 pfu jev p3 strain in 20 l dmem whereas mice belonging to the control group were injected intracranially with equal volume of dmem on day 5 postinfection mice infected with jev showed signs of acute encephalitis mice from both groups were euthanized and...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...vitro in human vascular endothelial cells [32] the high biocompatibility of hpcd makes it typically the cyclodextrin of choice for medicinal applications that require cholesterol sequestering hpcd is able to remove some cholesterol molecules of the membrane of host cells rendering them less susceptible to viral infection [31] it also removes cholesterol of viral particles and by this mechanism it causes disruption of both hiv and siv simian immunodeficiency virus [33 34] the ability to block the transmission of the virus was demonstrated by studies in mice with vaginal application of...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...at obtaining a vaccine for hiv based on hpcd the next obvious step was to study the effectiveness in an animal model closer to humans such as the rhesus macaque the animals were treated with hpcd by intravaginal administration and then subjected to siv contact with hpcd protecting them from infection upon first contact with the virus however repeating the viral inoculation 11 or 47 weeks later also under treatment with hpcd led to largescale infection [37] this means that hpcd at the tested doses is unsuited as a vaccine for repeated exposure to the virus further studies...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...such as the rhesus macaque the animals were treated with hpcd by intravaginal administration and then subjected to siv contact with hpcd protecting them from infection upon first contact with the virus however repeating the viral inoculation 11 or 47 weeks later also under treatment with hpcd led to largescale infection [37] this means that hpcd at the tested doses is unsuited as a vaccine for repeated exposure to the virus further studies are still needed to validate this medicinal application for hpcd the ability of cyclodextrins to sequester cholesterol allows them to potentially disrupt any virus...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...cholesterol depletion by rameb significantly reduces the infectivity of viral particles of influenza a h1n1 strain in vitro [39 40] although rameb is not yet regulated for human use these preliminary results have opened the way for the application of other cyclodextrins in the control of influenza infection in humans the ability of cyclodextrins to sequester cholesterol allows them to potentially disrupt any virus with this biomolecule in its membrane membrane cholesterol is usually located in lipidic microdomains that are called lipid rafts particles of the influenza a virus when treated with rameb for cholesterol depletion figure 2...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...cholesterol depletion by rameb significantly reduces the infectivity of viral particles of influenza a h1n1 strain in vitro [39 40] although rameb is not yet regulated for human use these preliminary results have opened the way for the application of other cyclodextrins in the control of influenza infection in humans new cyclodextrin derivatives designed for the treatment of influenza include a family of fullerenecyclodextrin conjugates [41] and another family of pentacyclic triterpenefunctionalized per23diomethyl and cd derivatives [42 43] the terpenic cd derivatives were the most potent with ic50 values as low as...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...dengue virus den and japanese encephalitis virus jev dengue fever with a high incidence in tropical and subtropical countries was the object of a several studies concerning potential therapeutic applications of cyclodextrins in vitro assays with a monocyte cell model u937 myelomonocyte cell line confirmed a significant reduction in infection rates upon treatment with rameb 30 mm [49] which is associated with the inability of the viral particles to release their genetic material into the infected cells [50] more importantly rameb can interfere with the virus life cycle when it is inside the carriers...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...hpcd combining a good cholesterolsequestering ability with approval for use in injectable formulations is an excellent candidate for leishmaniasis therapy in balbc mice infected with the parasite leishmania donovani administration of an aqueous solution of hpcd ca 320 m which corresponds to 448 mgl caused a 21 reduction of liver infection when compared to the control [64] rameb has also been proposed as a new leishmanicidal drug with studies demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing the infectivity of l donovani and its ability to infect the immune cells of the host [65 66] there is also...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...sulphation 08 to 17 were completely inactive these results show that 169sulphatedcd could be a promising new lead for malaria treatment although a thorough investigation of the safety profile of this molecule is still needed for it to make a successful transition into clinical applications cryptosporidiosis is an enteric infection caused by parasites of the species cryptosporirium parvum and it typically manifests as watery diarrhea the strong loss of liquids is of greater concern in babies infants and pregnant women in immunocompromised patients cryptosporidiosis is a severe infection and it often leads to the death of hiv coinfected patients the...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...make a successful transition into clinical applications cryptosporidiosis is an enteric infection caused by parasites of the species cryptosporirium parvum and it typically manifests as watery diarrhea the strong loss of liquids is of greater concern in babies infants and pregnant women in immunocompromised patients cryptosporidiosis is a severe infection and it often leads to the death of hiv coinfected patients the disease is transmitted by water contaminated with oocysts of c parvum each one releasing four infectious sporozoites once inside the intestines of the host research conducted by a team from galicia spain in the beginning of the 21st...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...beginning of the 21st century demonstrated that two native cyclodextrins cd and cd are very useful for the control of criptosporidiosis as they reduce the viability of the oocysts [70] treating contaminated water with cd 25 gl for 24 h allowed a reduction of the load of infection in mice by 77 when compared to mice exposed to the same amount of contaminated water that was not treated with cd administering an aqueous suspension of cd to infected mice also showed curative properties with treatment rates being most effective when cd was given only 8 h after infection...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...infection in mice by 77 when compared to mice exposed to the same amount of contaminated water that was not treated with cd administering an aqueous suspension of cd to infected mice also showed curative properties with treatment rates being most effective when cd was given only 8 h after infection [71] cryptosporidiosis also has a strong impact in animal farming because the main reservoirs of c parvum are animals of the bovine caprine and ovine species cryptosporidiosis causes significant economic losses in the breeding and farming of these animals and there is a strong demand for new...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...animals and there is a strong demand for new therapeutics with this in mind cd was evaluated against lamb cryptosporidiosis under field conditions a single daily dose of 500 mgkg of body weight administered for three consecutive days was shown to reduce both the clinical symptoms and the intensity of infection in the lambs furthermore prophylactic administration of cd within 24 h of birth of the newborn lambs reduced the mortality rate and the number of infected newborns [72] veterinary application of cd was studied in newborn goats artificially inoculated with c parvum in laboratorycontrolled conditions results showed...

Title: Cyclodextrins: Emerging Medicines of the New
Millennium
Authors: Braga, Susana Santos
Journal: Biomolecules
Item: Infection
Index: 267
ID: 26300f1df41b1308ba14cd9d83f7729a52283e7f
Number of matches: 13

...include clinical trials on humans because cd is quite safe it has no dietary intake limits and it is already used as a nutraceutical in beverages [74] in a scenario of cryptosporidiosiscaused diarrhea cdcontaining beverages would be most adequate as they would help ameliorate both dehydration and infection atherosclerosis the root cause of heart attack stroke and peripheral vascular disease is a pathology of the arterial wall it develops progressively by the accumulation of cholesterolrich lipids on sensitive spots of the arteries to form plaques in these plaques oxidized cholesterol is thought to form a blockage that...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...beneficial for i sequestering and concentrating all viral and cellular components necessary for viral rna synthesis and ii to provide a protective microenvironment against viruselicited host defense mechanisms also coronaviruses covs enveloped rna viruses that belong to the family coronaviridae extensively rearrange cellular membranes into organellelike replicative structures during infection these replicative structures consist of double membrane vesicles dmvs and convoluted membranes cms the viral replicase proteins involved in rna synthesis localize to both these structures while doublestranded rna dsrna presumably functioning as replicative intermediate during viral rna synthesis has been detected at the dmv interior [4 5]...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...from a common 3 terminus while also having a common 5 end which is known as the leader sequence generally only the 5 first unique gene of each sgrna is translated reviewed in [11] minusand plusstrand rna synthesis is already detected at 75 to 90 min post infection pi [11] minusstrand synthesis of which the resulting rna species are mainly present as doublestranded intermediates because of their association with plusstrand rna molecules peaks at 5 to 6 h pi after which the synthesis declines but does not stop [14] the plusstranded rnas...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...to the cap n7mtase activity nsp14 has metal iondependent 3to5 exoribonuclease exon activity [35] and contains a nidoviral uridylatespecific endoribonuclease nendou nsp15 [36] both able to degrade rna and dsrna [36 37] while the function of the nendou activity in the cov infection cycle is not known it appears that the exon activity is required to ensure high replication fidelity of the extremely large cov genome [38 39] and that nsp14 may function as a proofreading enzyme [40] covs encode three nsps that contain hydrophobic stretches that are...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...57] the function of nsp2 is not yet known although this protein was shown not to be essential for virus replication [58 59] the reader is referred to several excellent reviews on this topic for more detailed insights [10 60 61] upon infection of host cells covs induce a variety of membranous structures of which some have been associated with viral rna synthesis the first detectable membrane rearrangements in covinfected cells are 200 to 350 nm organellelike structures that have been described for both mhv [47 62] and the sarscov [...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...been described for both mhv [47 62] and the sarscov [5 63] and consist of spherical vesicles containing double lipid bilayers termed dmvs figure 2 in between the clusters of dmvs reticular cms are characteristically present [4 62 64] later in infection large virioncontaining vesicles lvcvs [4 5 62 65] highly organized cubic membrane structures [5 62] and condensed tubular bodies [62 64] are formed the latter two structures are likely a result of the overexpression of cov structural proteins during infection and do not...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

... later in infection large virioncontaining vesicles lvcvs [4 5 62 65] highly organized cubic membrane structures [5 62] and condensed tubular bodies [62 64] are formed the latter two structures are likely a result of the overexpression of cov structural proteins during infection and do not seem to be involved in cov replication [62] electron tomography studies demonstrated that in sarscov infected cells the dmvs and cms form an interconnected membranous network that is also continuous with the er [4] this latter observation is in agreement with...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...er or continuous with it [5 47 63] moreover partial colocalization of replicase proteins together with the er resident protein disulfide isomerase pdi has been reported [63] while also the translocon subunit sec61 was found to be redistributed to the replicative structures upon sarscov infection [66] the combined data indicate that the er is the most likely membrane donor for the dmvs despite the absence of most conventional er markers on these structures [43 62 63 67] the cov replicative structures ie dmvs and cms figure 2 have...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...accumulate in the perinuclear area [113] collectively these results show that the cytoskeleton is required for the perinuclear accumulation of the replicative structure rather than for replication per se additional studies are required to clarify the role of the perinuclear targeting of the cov replicative structures during infection up till now only few studies have addressed the dynamics of individual viral proteins when present at the replicative structures recently we analyzed the dynamic properties of three replicationassociated proteins ie the soluble nsp2 and n proteins and the integral membrane protein nsp4 and demonstrated that these proteins display...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...this subject is limited also in hcvinfected cells ns5apositive structures showed a static internal architecture when part of the ns5a fluorescent protein pool was bleached [108] when expressed individually ns5a is highly mobile [103] similar to nsp2 apparently in the context of a viral infection when other viral proteins are present mhv nsp2 and hcv ns5a are immobilized at the replicative structures presumably due to proteinrna or proteinprotein interactions in agreement herewith largescale proteinprotein interaction studies demonstrated that nsp2 of mhv and sarscov is engaged in a multitude of interactions with itself nsp3 nsp4 nsp6...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...demonstrated that nsp2 of mhv and sarscov is engaged in a multitude of interactions with itself nsp3 nsp4 nsp6 nsp7 nsp8 nsp11 nsp15 and nsp16 [82 [114] [115] [116] these observations are remarkable in view of the dispensability of nsp2 during cov infection in vitro [59] yet nsp2 has to be somehow important in vivo as its coding sequence is maintained during evolution in addition to its structural role in the coronavirion ie in packaging of the genomic rna into the rnp complex the structural n protein is also...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...] recently a new method was used to detect and visualize newly synthesized coronaviral rna by incorporation of an alkynemodified uridine analog 5ethynyl uridine eu onto which an azidederivatized fluophore was coupled via a copper icatalyzed cycloaddition reaction click chemistry with this method it was shown that throughout mhv infection foci of nascent rnas could be detected which colocalize with the rdrpcontaining nsp12 indicating that they correspond with sites of active coronaviral rna synthesis the relationship between nascent rna and dsrna is however less clear while early in infection nascent rnas colocalize at or adjacent to patches of dsrna dots...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...click chemistry with this method it was shown that throughout mhv infection foci of nascent rnas could be detected which colocalize with the rdrpcontaining nsp12 indicating that they correspond with sites of active coronaviral rna synthesis the relationship between nascent rna and dsrna is however less clear while early in infection nascent rnas colocalize at or adjacent to patches of dsrna dots presumably corresponding to dmvs this correlation is much less apparent at later times when the dsrna dots are spread throughout the cell many dsrna dots are apparently not transcriptionally active as no eu labeling was associated with them while...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...was associated with them while many foci of eu labeling did not appear to colocalize with the dsrna dots [113] different models can be put forward to explain these observations in one model dmvs function as the sites of active rna synthesis at the later times in infection many dmvs are no longer active while the ones that are active may contain only little dsrna resulting in less apparent colocalization of dsrna and eu labeling in another model dmvs are nonfunctional endstage products they are not actively involved in rna synthesis but rather harbor dsrnas that are not...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...model which is in agreement with the presumed absence of pores in these structures [4] the cms would be the only plausible alternative for the sites of active rna synthesis in yet another model dmvs may be the initial sites of active rna synthesis particularly early in infection while at later times the membranes become sealed connections are lost and rna synthesis shifts to the cm assemblies clearly ultrastructural studies will be required ideally colocalizing nascent rnas as well as the rdrp to definitely determine the precise localization of cov rna synthesis for most other rna viruses...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...composition of the replicative structuresrtcs is not known let alone the full arsenal of interactions occurring within these structures moreover the replicative structures are likely to be subject to some form of maturation [14 19 20 113] as their composition appears to change during the course of infection as determined by biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses thus it will be of interest to confirm extend and refine the previously published proteinprotein interactome studies that have been published for sarscov [114] [115] [116] for example by investigating proteinprotein interactions of other covs using...

Title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus
Replicative Structures
Authors: Hagemeijer, Marne C.. Rottier, Peter J.M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 269
ID: 3e18531b5a0a745c732d05de8eac8862a9b6a8e9
Number of matches: 16

...which show that inhibition of lipid synthesis by using either drugs or small interfering rnas dramatically affects the replication of rna viruses [139 [141] [142] [143] [144] it will be of interest to study how and to what extent cov infection affects the lipid homeostasis in infected cells for example by analyzing the lipid repertoire of infected cells by lipidomics techniques finally as all processes occurring in living cells are inherently dynamic in nature it is also desirable to get more insight into the biogenesis and functioning of the replicative...

Title: The interconnected and cross-border nature of
risks posed by infectious diseases
Authors: Suk, Jonathan E.. Van Cangh, Thomas...
Journal: Glob Health Action
Item: Infection
Index: 270
ID: 50f42123b5035f840369d0ff88cc55263a1394b7
Number of matches: 3

...crossborder health threats will necessitate collaboration across borders 55 56 and solutions for the braindrain of medical personnel from resourcepoor countries 57 also related to the healthcare provision and practice is the overprescription or overuse of antibiotics in combination with a lag in pharmaceutical innovation rapid transmission and poor infection control measures this has driven resistance of organisms such as methicillinresistant staphylococcus aureus or extendedspectrum betalactamases and carbapenemaseproducing gramnegatives such as klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase kpc 58 antimicrobial resistance is currently one of the major health risks facing society 59 food production systems remain a persistent source for human...

Title: The interconnected and cross-border nature of
risks posed by infectious diseases
Authors: Suk, Jonathan E.. Van Cangh, Thomas...
Journal: Glob Health Action
Item: Infection
Index: 270
ID: 50f42123b5035f840369d0ff88cc55263a1394b7
Number of matches: 3

...few months starting in april 2009 88 approximately 90 of the cases were from the bulgarian roma community despite the fact that only 4 of the general bulgarian population are roma in this outbreak the risk for developing severe medical complications such as pneumonia or encephalitis from a measles infection was linked to lower maternal education levels lower child immunisation coverage and the absence of household incomes 86 despite bulgarian children being eligible for free basic medical services almost 95 of cases had not received the full course of measlesmumpsrubella mmr vaccination although the root causes of measles...

Title: The interconnected and cross-border nature of
risks posed by infectious diseases
Authors: Suk, Jonathan E.. Van Cangh, Thomas...
Journal: Glob Health Action
Item: Infection
Index: 270
ID: 50f42123b5035f840369d0ff88cc55263a1394b7
Number of matches: 3

...human and animals as well as the proximity between them are known risk factors for avian influenza infections in humans live bird markets and human consumption patterns of poultry and other avian species are also known to contribute to the risk of both influenza emergence as well as infection 100 seasonality is another influencing factor although different hypotheses exist as to why winter seasons are traditionally driving influenza transmission 101 bird migratory patterns particularly where migratory birds might interact with livestock poultry create potential pathways for introduction of the virus into new regions air travel can quickly...

Title: Illuminating pathogen–host intimacy through
optogenetics
Authors: Arroyo-Olarte, Ruben Dario. Thurow, Laura...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 271
ID: 7f67a850db06d9b9e3f63d9943e2b1fc5a72ca8f
Number of matches: 7

...such as to study the stage differentiation in intracellular parasites [4] or to finetune the function of immune cells [5] applications of lightactivated proteins remain extremely limited we believe that the technique is now well primed to answer prevailing questions and shepherd new avenues in infection research herein we outline comprehensive applications of optogenetics to study various paradigms embracing intracellular parasites bacteria and viruses of clinical as well as veterinary relevance table 1 and fig 1 specifically fig 1a shows selected optotools to modulate or sense secondary messengers cyclic nucleotides and physicochemical parameters ph...

Title: Illuminating pathogen–host intimacy through
optogenetics
Authors: Arroyo-Olarte, Ruben Dario. Thurow, Laura...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 271
ID: 7f67a850db06d9b9e3f63d9943e2b1fc5a72ca8f
Number of matches: 7

...literally tell the pathogen or host cell when and where to modulate or monitor the cascade and for how long and how much a pioneering study involving expression of a lightactivated adenylate cyclase in the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii has already demonstrated the proof of principle for applying optogenetics in infection research [4] equally expression of geneencoded biosensors has enabled an otherwise challenging monitoring of subcellular calcium in t gondii and plasmodium falciparum enclosed within host cells [8 9] these works have indeed paved a way to tap the vast potential of optogenetic actuators and...

Title: Illuminating pathogen–host intimacy through
optogenetics
Authors: Arroyo-Olarte, Ruben Dario. Thurow, Laura...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 271
ID: 7f67a850db06d9b9e3f63d9943e2b1fc5a72ca8f
Number of matches: 7

...] nitric oxide [35] voltage [36] redox [37 38] and ph [39] [40] [41] each of them tailored to address specific paradigms and individual needs table 1 just as with intracellular parasites infection with prokaryotic pathogens can be examined from the side of the bacteria as well as from the hostcell side yet again studying pathogenhost interactions has so far not relied on the deployment of optogenetics table 1 lists some customary optogenetic tools which are projected to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the...

Title: Illuminating pathogen–host intimacy through
optogenetics
Authors: Arroyo-Olarte, Ruben Dario. Thurow, Laura...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 271
ID: 7f67a850db06d9b9e3f63d9943e2b1fc5a72ca8f
Number of matches: 7

... play very important roles during the lytic cycle the trypomastigote stage of t cruzi enters the host cell by recruiting lysosomes and then escapes into cytoplasm mediated by tctox where they reproduce asexually as amastigotes among others ca 2 ph and ros are major factors during t cruzi infection the ebs of chlamydia are endocytosed into membranous vacuoles which fuse to form an inclusion the replicative compartment later on they differentiate into larger metabolically active rbs which replicate by binary fission before converting back to ebs similar to tachyzoites chlamydia is known to interceptrecruit many host organelles such as...

Title: Illuminating pathogen–host intimacy through
optogenetics
Authors: Arroyo-Olarte, Ruben Dario. Thurow, Laura...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 271
ID: 7f67a850db06d9b9e3f63d9943e2b1fc5a72ca8f
Number of matches: 7

...cgmp along with prokaryotespecific cdigmp control the stage differentiation and stingmediated modulation of host immunity genes respectively b abridged lifecycle of viruses infecting a host cell key second messengers ions and metabolites potentially regulatable or detectable by optogenetic means are shown in relation to specific events during the course of infection in particular calcium ph ros and phosphoinositide signaling regulate a repertoire of phenomena for additional details please refer to the table outlining different tools pathogens and paradigms optogenetics offers an imperative toolbox to modify and monitor subcellular processes both in the host as well as in the pathogen the...

Title: Illuminating pathogen–host intimacy through
optogenetics
Authors: Arroyo-Olarte, Ruben Dario. Thurow, Laura...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 271
ID: 7f67a850db06d9b9e3f63d9943e2b1fc5a72ca8f
Number of matches: 7

...details please refer to the table outlining different tools pathogens and paradigms optogenetics offers an imperative toolbox to modify and monitor subcellular processes both in the host as well as in the pathogen the deployment of optogenetics shall overcome most if not all difficulties inherent to classic approaches in infection research just as with neurosciences this will hopefully also lead to improvement of old tools and discovery of customized solutions catering pathogens in imminent future hence building a bridge between the fields of optogenetics and infection biology remains more important than ever supporting information s1 appendix major optogenetic tools...

Title: Illuminating pathogen–host intimacy through
optogenetics
Authors: Arroyo-Olarte, Ruben Dario. Thurow, Laura...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 271
ID: 7f67a850db06d9b9e3f63d9943e2b1fc5a72ca8f
Number of matches: 7

...of optogenetics shall overcome most if not all difficulties inherent to classic approaches in infection research just as with neurosciences this will hopefully also lead to improvement of old tools and discovery of customized solutions catering pathogens in imminent future hence building a bridge between the fields of optogenetics and infection biology remains more important than ever supporting information s1 appendix major optogenetic tools and underlying source pdf...

Title: Surveillance and response systems for
elimination of tropical diseases: summary of a thematic
series in Infectious Diseases of Poverty
Authors: Zhou, Xia. Yap, Peiling...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 272
ID: 17787dbfbb012b537726971936c74cab0aa701b1
Number of matches: 7

...areas and on various topics have been published [3 7] the most recent collection entitled surveillance and response to infectious diseases of poverty features 22 articles on topics ranging from tropical diseases to recent outbreaks of the h7n9 avian influenza a and the middle east respiratory syndromecoronavirus infection merscov with considerable international impact [8] [9] [10] eleven diseases are included ie clonorchiasis dengue hepatitis human immunodeficiency virusacquired immune deficiency syndrome hivaids h7n9 avian influenza lymphatic filariasis malaria mers rabies schistosomiasis and tuberculosis tb the purpose of this overview is to summarise...

Title: Surveillance and response systems for
elimination of tropical diseases: summary of a thematic
series in Infectious Diseases of Poverty
Authors: Zhou, Xia. Yap, Peiling...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 272
ID: 17787dbfbb012b537726971936c74cab0aa701b1
Number of matches: 7

...patients which turned out to be severalfold higher compared with the general population 039 patients with a previous history of contact with tb patients as well as those with prolonged diabetes were found to be particularly prone to have ptb making it necessary to screen diabetic patients for ptb infection at followup medical visits [27] agomo et al observed that acquired partial immunity against malaria during pregnancy is a key factor in keeping this infection at an asymptomatic level depending on the malaria endemicity in a given setting it is expected that up to 50 of...

Title: Surveillance and response systems for
elimination of tropical diseases: summary of a thematic
series in Infectious Diseases of Poverty
Authors: Zhou, Xia. Yap, Peiling...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 272
ID: 17787dbfbb012b537726971936c74cab0aa701b1
Number of matches: 7

...those with prolonged diabetes were found to be particularly prone to have ptb making it necessary to screen diabetic patients for ptb infection at followup medical visits [27] agomo et al observed that acquired partial immunity against malaria during pregnancy is a key factor in keeping this infection at an asymptomatic level depending on the malaria endemicity in a given setting it is expected that up to 50 of pregnant women may have parasitaemia especially in the placenta although they might not be aware of this [24] a mathematical model for the prediction of...

Title: Surveillance and response systems for
elimination of tropical diseases: summary of a thematic
series in Infectious Diseases of Poverty
Authors: Zhou, Xia. Yap, Peiling...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 272
ID: 17787dbfbb012b537726971936c74cab0aa701b1
Number of matches: 7

...asymptomatic level depending on the malaria endemicity in a given setting it is expected that up to 50 of pregnant women may have parasitaemia especially in the placenta although they might not be aware of this [24] a mathematical model for the prediction of risk of infection through needlesyringesharing during mass vaccination including a formula for its calculation has been developed by okamoto [21] another two research articles with an emphasis on modelling put forward by wiwanitkit et al [17] and shi et al [26] discuss the potential risks...

Title: Surveillance and response systems for
elimination of tropical diseases: summary of a thematic
series in Infectious Diseases of Poverty
Authors: Zhou, Xia. Yap, Peiling...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 272
ID: 17787dbfbb012b537726971936c74cab0aa701b1
Number of matches: 7

...during mass vaccination including a formula for its calculation has been developed by okamoto [21] another two research articles with an emphasis on modelling put forward by wiwanitkit et al [17] and shi et al [26] discuss the potential risks of h7n9 infection by spatiotemporal characterisation of bird migration and poultry distribution and estimation of the basic reproduction number for singlestrain dengue fever epidemics the epidemic of h7n9 avian influenza a in the eastern part of pr china in early 2013 caused much attention from researchers as well as public health workers and...

Title: Surveillance and response systems for
elimination of tropical diseases: summary of a thematic
series in Infectious Diseases of Poverty
Authors: Zhou, Xia. Yap, Peiling...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 272
ID: 17787dbfbb012b537726971936c74cab0aa701b1
Number of matches: 7

...lowand middleincome countries [16] qian et al [18] provided a concerted opinion on the tackling of clonorchiasis in pr china while a review commented on the epidemiological status and characteristics of the disease at the global level and the aetiological relationship between cholangiocarcinoma and this infection [37] the significance for clonorchiasis control and research priorities in pr china have been emphasised according to the pattern of recent epidemics and trend analyses in two papers [38 39] tb at the wildlifelivestockhuman interface in zambia was reviewed by malama et al [...

Title: Surveillance and response systems for
elimination of tropical diseases: summary of a thematic
series in Infectious Diseases of Poverty
Authors: Zhou, Xia. Yap, Peiling...
Journal: Infect Dis Poverty
Item: Infection
Index: 272
ID: 17787dbfbb012b537726971936c74cab0aa701b1
Number of matches: 7

...limelight of the collection reviewed here indeed among the 22 contributions three have been viewed over 10000 times within 4 months 15 months and 22 months respectively after their publication [10 24 26] the development of an innovative modelling approach entitled inferring the potential risks of h7n9 infection by spatiotemporally characterising bird migration and poultry distribution in eastern china had the most views 14 904 accessed on 31 august 2015 research on the social factors affecting the spread of infectious diseases entitled chinese social media reaction to the merscov and avian influenza a h7n9 outbreaks followed...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

......

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...is a frequent cause of hospitalization in young children and leads to significant morbidity in premature neonates and children with chronic lung or congenital heart disease [2] [3] [4] the clinical diagnosis of rsv is hampered by the mostly unspecific symptoms of rsv infection early recognition of rsv infection is useful to optimize care management minimize unnecessary antibiotic use [5] and provide targeted infection control for children hospitalized with rsv infection [6] in addition specific antiviral therapy for rsv infection is currently under early clinical evaluation [7]...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...hospitalization in young children and leads to significant morbidity in premature neonates and children with chronic lung or congenital heart disease [2] [3] [4] the clinical diagnosis of rsv is hampered by the mostly unspecific symptoms of rsv infection early recognition of rsv infection is useful to optimize care management minimize unnecessary antibiotic use [5] and provide targeted infection control for children hospitalized with rsv infection [6] in addition specific antiviral therapy for rsv infection is currently under early clinical evaluation [7] and early detection of...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...or congenital heart disease [2] [3] [4] the clinical diagnosis of rsv is hampered by the mostly unspecific symptoms of rsv infection early recognition of rsv infection is useful to optimize care management minimize unnecessary antibiotic use [5] and provide targeted infection control for children hospitalized with rsv infection [6] in addition specific antiviral therapy for rsv infection is currently under early clinical evaluation [7] and early detection of rsv infection may become important for timely antiviral treatment in severely sick children pediatricians therefore often...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...[3] [4] the clinical diagnosis of rsv is hampered by the mostly unspecific symptoms of rsv infection early recognition of rsv infection is useful to optimize care management minimize unnecessary antibiotic use [5] and provide targeted infection control for children hospitalized with rsv infection [6] in addition specific antiviral therapy for rsv infection is currently under early clinical evaluation [7] and early detection of rsv infection may become important for timely antiviral treatment in severely sick children pediatricians therefore often apply rapid pointofcare rsv test assays the...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...is hampered by the mostly unspecific symptoms of rsv infection early recognition of rsv infection is useful to optimize care management minimize unnecessary antibiotic use [5] and provide targeted infection control for children hospitalized with rsv infection [6] in addition specific antiviral therapy for rsv infection is currently under early clinical evaluation [7] and early detection of rsv infection may become important for timely antiviral treatment in severely sick children pediatricians therefore often apply rapid pointofcare rsv test assays the major limitation of pointofcare rsv testing is the low sensitivity of commercially...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...useful to optimize care management minimize unnecessary antibiotic use [5] and provide targeted infection control for children hospitalized with rsv infection [6] in addition specific antiviral therapy for rsv infection is currently under early clinical evaluation [7] and early detection of rsv infection may become important for timely antiviral treatment in severely sick children pediatricians therefore often apply rapid pointofcare rsv test assays the major limitation of pointofcare rsv testing is the low sensitivity of commercially available rapid antigen detection tests radt radt sensitivity is strongly dependent on viral load and therefore...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...performance in a pediatric pointofcare setting between november 2016 and march 2017 we prospectively collected 533 nasopharyngeal swabs nps in the outpatient department of the center of childhood and adolescent medicine heidelberg germany study inclusion criteria were i age 18 years ii clinical symptoms of an acute respiratory infection and iii indication for hospitalization according to the clinical judgment of the attending physician patients with clinical symptoms of an acute respiratory infection included cases of upper respiratory tract infection urti otitis media croup bronchiolitis bronchitis and pneumonia nasopharyngeal swabs were collected by local staff in 1 ml viral transport...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...department of the center of childhood and adolescent medicine heidelberg germany study inclusion criteria were i age 18 years ii clinical symptoms of an acute respiratory infection and iii indication for hospitalization according to the clinical judgment of the attending physician patients with clinical symptoms of an acute respiratory infection included cases of upper respiratory tract infection urti otitis media croup bronchiolitis bronchitis and pneumonia nasopharyngeal swabs were collected by local staff in 1 ml viral transport media vtm mswab copan brescia italy 200 l of the vtm were directly used for pointofcare testing with the alere i rsv assay...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...adolescent medicine heidelberg germany study inclusion criteria were i age 18 years ii clinical symptoms of an acute respiratory infection and iii indication for hospitalization according to the clinical judgment of the attending physician patients with clinical symptoms of an acute respiratory infection included cases of upper respiratory tract infection urti otitis media croup bronchiolitis bronchitis and pneumonia nasopharyngeal swabs were collected by local staff in 1 ml viral transport media vtm mswab copan brescia italy 200 l of the vtm were directly used for pointofcare testing with the alere i rsv assay the remaining sample was transferred to the...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...b positive samples was compared using the 2 test p values 005 were considered statistically significant data reporting was done according to stard 2015 recommendations [13] from november 2016 to march 2017 533 nps were collected from 499 children presenting with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection fifteen samples were excluded from the final analysis due to unavailability of sample aliquots for rtpcr testing n 7 duplicate sampling of patients during one hospital stay n 7 or missed retesting of an initially invalid alere i rsv test result n 1 five hundred eighteen...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...n 180 the latter includes children admitted for nonrespiratory reasons eg febrile convulsion diarrhea with concomitant acute rti from the clinical perspective c t values were higher and hence viral load lower in respiratory specimens of older children and children admitted for nonrespiratory reasons with concomitant respiratory tract infection additional file 1 table s1 in consequence the alere i rsv sensitivity was 98 ci 95 94 100 in children 6 months 94 ci 95 81 99 in children 611 months 83 ci 95 68 93 in children 1223 months and 87 ci 95 73 96 in children above...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...an alere i sensitivity and specificity of 87 and 98 in comparison to our rtpcr reference standard respectively the alere i assay is suitable for pointofcare detection of rsv in children across all age groups other sensitive rapid nucleic acid amplification assays are available for early detection of rsv infection these assays require a testing time of at least 30 min to more than 1 h [17 18] alere i rsv test results are available a limitation of our study is the use of vtm for alere i rsv testing instead of directly inserting the swab to...

Title: Performance of the Alere i RSV assay for
point-of-care detection of respiratory syncytial virus in
children
Authors: Schnee, Sarah Valerie. Pfeil, Johannes...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 273
ID: 97f0a7e6ca8d48ac37eb4bf5c1aa47f9ab80ffd6
Number of matches: 14

...assays and provides a significantly higher sensitivity than radt assays the alere i rsv assay performs well in the pediatric pointofcare setting the assay is easy to use and the high sensitivity and specificity of test results help pediatricians to act appropriately both in patients with and without rsv infection...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...in hong kong represented by strains of hku15155 and hku1544 [3] pdcov identified from pigs can cause severe diarrhea vomiting and dehydration in piglets which are similar to the symptoms of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pedv and transmissible gastroenteritis virus tgev except the mortality rate of pdcov infection lower than those of pedv or tgev [4 5] so far pdcov has circulated in pigs in hong kong north america south korea thailand and some provinces of mainland china which has resulted in huge economic losses for the global swine industry [6] [7...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...of pdcov especially on animals in this study mrna transcriptome of 5dayold piglets responded to pdcov infections was identified a number of genes associated with the peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor ppar signaling pathway were significantly differentially expressed the results would provide new information regarding the metabolic mechanisms and pathogenesis of pdcov infection the swine testicular cell st atcccrl 1746 were kept in our laboratory and cultured in dulbeccos modified eagles medium dmem hyclone in tflasks 25 cm 2 with 10 vv fetal bovine serum fbs hyclone at 37c within 5 co 2 incubator monolayer cells were washed three times with...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...average 7log10 rna copiesl the small intestine had the highest viral copies in the middle stage with 8log10 rna copiesl in addition the virus could be detected in low quantities in ileums during the late stage while other tissue samples were negative fig 3 histological changes associated with pdcov infection were observed in duodenum jejunum and ileum but the lesions in the ileum were most obvious in comparison with small intestine sections of normal nursing piglets mild to severe villous atrophy was observed in pigs infected with pdcov at 2 dpi necropsy there were obvious lesions in the ileum histologic...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...epithelium of the duodenum jejunum and ileum in the pdcovinoculated group were stained brown and black by dab in varying degrees during three experimental periods it demonstrated that pdcov mainly concentrated at the small intestine villous epithelium which provided a breeding ground for virus propagation and replication in terms of infection pdcov mainly aggregated in the duodenum in the early stage while in the peak of stage and the later period the virus transferred to ileum the phenomenon was corresponded with the result of realtime rtpcr microarray analysis identified that 20674 genes were differentially expressed more than three hundredfold in...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...in the duodenum in the early stage while in the peak of stage and the later period the virus transferred to ileum the phenomenon was corresponded with the result of realtime rtpcr microarray analysis identified that 20674 genes were differentially expressed more than three hundredfold in response to pdcov infection during early onset 1218 genes were up regulated and 1632 genes were down regulated at the peak of the disease 698 genes were up regulated and 983 genes were down regulated during the recovery phase 174 genes were up regulated and table 2 overall these genes were classified into...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...1632 genes were down regulated at the peak of the disease 698 genes were up regulated and 983 genes were down regulated during the recovery phase 174 genes were up regulated and table 2 overall these genes were classified into 12 667 and 7 biological processes in the three infection periods respectively the 20 largest biological process groups were involved in lipid metabolism amino acid metabolism glucose metabolism digestion and absorption and related signaling pathways horizontal comparisons identified that biological processes enriched in metabolic regulation included singleorganism cellular lipid metabolism cellular amino acid metabolic processes organic acid metabolic process...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...identified that biological processes enriched in metabolic regulation included singleorganism cellular lipid metabolism cellular amino acid metabolic processes organic acid metabolic process and small molecule metabolic processes however only 7 gene ontology go terms were significantly different between the control and the experimental group in the recovery phase of the infection the most significant difference was in serine endopeptidase activity the threshold for upand downregulated genes was a fold change of 20 and a p value 005 we found that tgm3 was the most highly regulated gene in the early onset which was changed 6548fold and cyp2b22 was the most...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...quality control tests and demonstrated the same relative changes as in the microarray analysis although there were some differences in fold change levels fig 7 these two methods revealed the same relative regulation patterns of mrna abundance and indicated that many genes were significantly changed in response to pdcov infection go functional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes indicated that 126 67 and 7 go terms were significantly enriched in the early middle and late infection stages respectively the top 10 go terms were enriched in biological processes cellular components and molecular function a horizontal comparison of these...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...methods revealed the same relative regulation patterns of mrna abundance and indicated that many genes were significantly changed in response to pdcov infection go functional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes indicated that 126 67 and 7 go terms were significantly enriched in the early middle and late infection stages respectively the top 10 go terms were enriched in biological processes cellular components and molecular function a horizontal comparison of these results indicated that the biological processes were enriched in singleorganism catabolic processes cellular lipid metabolic processes organic acid metabolic processes and small molecule metabolic processes the cellular component...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...of these results indicated that the biological processes were enriched in singleorganism catabolic processes cellular lipid metabolic processes organic acid metabolic processes and small molecule metabolic processes the cellular component group were primarily concentrated in the extracellular and plasma membrane regions the molecular function groups during the early stage of infection were primarily involved in iron and oxidoreductase activity the middle infection stage revealed transmembrane cation transmembrane transporter activity and enzyme inhibitor activities however the late infection stage showed the least number of differences between experimental and control groups with only 7 go terms the serinetype endopeptidase activity was the most...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...singleorganism catabolic processes cellular lipid metabolic processes organic acid metabolic processes and small molecule metabolic processes the cellular component group were primarily concentrated in the extracellular and plasma membrane regions the molecular function groups during the early stage of infection were primarily involved in iron and oxidoreductase activity the middle infection stage revealed transmembrane cation transmembrane transporter activity and enzyme inhibitor activities however the late infection stage showed the least number of differences between experimental and control groups with only 7 go terms the serinetype endopeptidase activity was the most significant among the latter kegg pathway analysis revealed that 43...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...processes the cellular component group were primarily concentrated in the extracellular and plasma membrane regions the molecular function groups during the early stage of infection were primarily involved in iron and oxidoreductase activity the middle infection stage revealed transmembrane cation transmembrane transporter activity and enzyme inhibitor activities however the late infection stage showed the least number of differences between experimental and control groups with only 7 go terms the serinetype endopeptidase activity was the most significant among the latter kegg pathway analysis revealed that 43 pathways were significantly altered during pdcov infection the predominant pathways involved both catabolic and anabolic...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...activity and enzyme inhibitor activities however the late infection stage showed the least number of differences between experimental and control groups with only 7 go terms the serinetype endopeptidase activity was the most significant among the latter kegg pathway analysis revealed that 43 pathways were significantly altered during pdcov infection the predominant pathways involved both catabolic and anabolic metabolism these involved amino acid metabolism of glutamate arginine serine threonine and aspartic acid as well as starch and sucrose metabolism pentose conversion and galactose metabolism fig 8 the lipid metabolism pathways involved arachidonic acid glycerophospholipids and glyceride digestion and absorption...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...pdcov was mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation the verification of correlation analysis between weight loss and the target genes described above will be on schedule in the near future in summary this is the first report of mrna expression of 5day old piglets following pdcov infection 20 675 significant differentially expressed genes which were associated with infection response metabolism signaling and organismal systems signaling pathways were described in this study especially the highly differential expression of fabp genes was speculated to be mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation of pdcov challenged piglets these...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...the verification of correlation analysis between weight loss and the target genes described above will be on schedule in the near future in summary this is the first report of mrna expression of 5day old piglets following pdcov infection 20 675 significant differentially expressed genes which were associated with infection response metabolism signaling and organismal systems signaling pathways were described in this study especially the highly differential expression of fabp genes was speculated to be mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation of pdcov challenged piglets these results provide new insights into the metabolic mechanisms and pathogenesis of...

Title: Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old
neonatal piglets infected with porcine
Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Wu, Jiao L.. Mai, Kai J....
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 274
ID: e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684
Number of matches: 16

...metabolism signaling and organismal systems signaling pathways were described in this study especially the highly differential expression of fabp genes was speculated to be mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation of pdcov challenged piglets these results provide new insights into the metabolic mechanisms and pathogenesis of pdcov infection...

Title: Liposome-Coupled Antigens Are Internalized
by Antigen-Presenting Cells via Pinocytosis and
Cross-Presented to CD8(+) T Cells
Authors: Tanaka, Yuriko. Taneichi, Maiko...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 275
ID: e8c2bc95762a2aefd919b02ae90131bc67716140
Number of matches: 6

......

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...] especially rva and rvc seem to cause more severe respiratory illnesses and are dominate over rvb in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [1 2 4 7] moreover rva and rvc are common in hospitalized children [5 7 8] rv infection causes cell destruction and changes in immunological reactions [6 8] it has influenced the expression of several interferons and cytokines such as il interleukin 4 il6 il8 il13 il16 and ifn interferon [1 6 8] differences between the immune responses of the three species...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...spring but the rhinoviruses were detected throughout the whole year rvc and rvb were found mostly from patients operated in fall whereas rva was most commonly found in spring the most interesting and novel finding was the higher level of tonsillar ifn production in patients with rva and rvc infection especially in those with rvc compared with rvb infected patients type i interferons including ifn are important antiviral cytokines and for preventing inappropriate th2 response [8 22] considering the ability of rva and rvc to cause more severe infection than rvb [1 2] it...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...ifn production in patients with rva and rvc infection especially in those with rvc compared with rvb infected patients type i interferons including ifn are important antiviral cytokines and for preventing inappropriate th2 response [8 22] considering the ability of rva and rvc to cause more severe infection than rvb [1 2] it is plausible that they may also induce stronger interferon responses in fact strong ifn responses have been associated with reduced virus shedding and exposure to ifn or ifn has limited rv infection in vitro [6 21] our findings are...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...the ability of rva and rvc to cause more severe infection than rvb [1 2] it is plausible that they may also induce stronger interferon responses in fact strong ifn responses have been associated with reduced virus shedding and exposure to ifn or ifn has limited rv infection in vitro [6 21] our findings are in agreement with these previous findings and extend the increased expression of type i interferon to local lymphoid tissue level in healthy individuals moreover some previous findings suggest that rvc may cause slightly more severe infection than rva [1...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...ifn has limited rv infection in vitro [6 21] our findings are in agreement with these previous findings and extend the increased expression of type i interferon to local lymphoid tissue level in healthy individuals moreover some previous findings suggest that rvc may cause slightly more severe infection than rva [1] which also fit to our finding in addition we found a close to significant difference between the tbet expressions in tonsils of the patients harboring distinct rv species fig 4 the level of expression was highest in patients with rva infection and lowest...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...more severe infection than rva [1] which also fit to our finding in addition we found a close to significant difference between the tbet expressions in tonsils of the patients harboring distinct rv species fig 4 the level of expression was highest in patients with rva infection and lowest in those with rvb infection tbet controls the differentation of th1 cells and acts together with runx3 runtrelated transcription factor to induce ifn production [23] glanville et al [24] found tbet deficient mice to develop th2 and th17 responses to rv infection instead...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...] which also fit to our finding in addition we found a close to significant difference between the tbet expressions in tonsils of the patients harboring distinct rv species fig 4 the level of expression was highest in patients with rva infection and lowest in those with rvb infection tbet controls the differentation of th1 cells and acts together with runx3 runtrelated transcription factor to induce ifn production [23] glanville et al [24] found tbet deficient mice to develop th2 and th17 responses to rv infection instead of th1 responses they also found tbet...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...rva infection and lowest in those with rvb infection tbet controls the differentation of th1 cells and acts together with runx3 runtrelated transcription factor to induce ifn production [23] glanville et al [24] found tbet deficient mice to develop th2 and th17 responses to rv infection instead of th1 responses they also found tbet deficient mice to develop significant eosinophilia and mucus production after rv infection our finding on tbet is in agreement with previous experimental coronavirus 3 19 0 0 0 0 010 1 63 0 0 0 0 10 enterovirus 1 63 0 0...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...runx3 runtrelated transcription factor to induce ifn production [23] glanville et al [24] found tbet deficient mice to develop th2 and th17 responses to rv infection instead of th1 responses they also found tbet deficient mice to develop significant eosinophilia and mucus production after rv infection our finding on tbet is in agreement with previous experimental coronavirus 3 19 0 0 0 0 010 1 63 0 0 0 0 10 enterovirus 1 63 0 0 0 0 10 1 63 1 83 2 14 082 influenza a or b virus 1 63 0 0...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...in many inflammatory disorders [23] the rate of respiratory symptoms on the operation day was fairly small 33 thus our patients are representing mostly asymptomatic subjects more than half had symptoms 2 to 4 weeks prior the operation which might reflect virus shedding from a past symptomatic infection it may take even 56 weeks from rhinovirus to disappear from nasal mucus [25] even in healthy children rhinovirus have been found in 15 to 35 in asymptomatic individuals [2 20 21 26 27] giving an explanation of why only a small proportion of rhinovirus...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...been found in 15 to 35 in asymptomatic individuals [2 20 21 26 27] giving an explanation of why only a small proportion of rhinovirus infected patients had symptoms on the operation day majority of the patients having respiratory symptoms on the operation day had rva or rvc infection and only one had rvb infection supporting the stronger clinical importance of rva and rvc the strength of the study was that it consisted relatively healthy tonsillectomy patients and thereby our results suggest normal cytokine responses due to symptomatic or asymptomatics rv infection many previous studies concern hospitalized patients having...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...in asymptomatic individuals [2 20 21 26 27] giving an explanation of why only a small proportion of rhinovirus infected patients had symptoms on the operation day majority of the patients having respiratory symptoms on the operation day had rva or rvc infection and only one had rvb infection supporting the stronger clinical importance of rva and rvc the strength of the study was that it consisted relatively healthy tonsillectomy patients and thereby our results suggest normal cytokine responses due to symptomatic or asymptomatics rv infection many previous studies concern hospitalized patients having an acute infection [7 9...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...the operation day had rva or rvc infection and only one had rvb infection supporting the stronger clinical importance of rva and rvc the strength of the study was that it consisted relatively healthy tonsillectomy patients and thereby our results suggest normal cytokine responses due to symptomatic or asymptomatics rv infection many previous studies concern hospitalized patients having an acute infection [7 9 14 21 28] also our study population was constructed with both children and adults whereas often studies concern only children we also used single cytokine pcr and patients as well as their preceding symptoms were...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...one had rvb infection supporting the stronger clinical importance of rva and rvc the strength of the study was that it consisted relatively healthy tonsillectomy patients and thereby our results suggest normal cytokine responses due to symptomatic or asymptomatics rv infection many previous studies concern hospitalized patients having an acute infection [7 9 14 21 28] also our study population was constructed with both children and adults whereas often studies concern only children we also used single cytokine pcr and patients as well as their preceding symptoms were wellcharacterized there were also some limitations sample size was relatively...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...some limitations sample size was relatively small and because of subpopulation of study subjects the study was not powered to detect significant changes in outcome measures we studied only viruses not bacteria as there was no control group the observations are not clearly associated with the presence of an acute infection our results can only be generalized for healthy individuals then the immune response due to rvinfection is a dynamic process and the relevance of history of previous rv infections remains obscure the samples were taken at a single time point as the tonsils can be removed only once and therefore...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...immune responses between rhinovirus species at the local lymphoid tissue level we found that rhinovirus species were associated differently with clinical characteristics and tonsillar cytokine responses the most interesting finding was the increase of ifn and tbet and decrease of rorc2 in rhinovirus c affected patients suggesting that rhinovirus c infection has greater effect on tonsillar th1 and th17 responses than rhinovirus a or b infection our results encourage to study immune responses at the local lymphoid tissue level by using tonsils supplementary information accompanies this paper at https doi org101186s1360 101903027 additional file 1 table s1 health...

Title: Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune
responses
Authors: Mikola, Emilia. Palomares, Oscar...
Journal: Clin Transl Allergy
Item: Infection
Index: 276
ID: 69735aa238c755d99f12f259ae3d7ac5a6210978
Number of matches: 17

...species were associated differently with clinical characteristics and tonsillar cytokine responses the most interesting finding was the increase of ifn and tbet and decrease of rorc2 in rhinovirus c affected patients suggesting that rhinovirus c infection has greater effect on tonsillar th1 and th17 responses than rhinovirus a or b infection our results encourage to study immune responses at the local lymphoid tissue level by using tonsils supplementary information accompanies this paper at https doi org101186s1360 101903027 additional file 1 table s1 health questionnaire table 3 values are arbitrary units 10 4 relative to ef1 data...

Title: Justifications for Non-Consensual Medical
Intervention: From Infectious Disease Control to Criminal
Rehabilitation
Authors: Pugh, Jonathan. Douglas, Thomas
Journal: Crim Justice Ethics
Item: Infection
Index: 279
ID: f3bc1d07fd0e855faa2e2eb98d9b97852eb88c03
Number of matches: 1

...in which the intervention is to be deployed consider for instance the attempt to limit the spread of infectious disease by imposing mass quarantine this solution will only be effective in preventing the spread of an infectious agent if it is possible to identify people likely to be incubating the infection and if those people comply with the conditions of quarantine furthermore the infectious agent must be transmissible in its presymptomatic or early symptomatic stages for quarantine to be effective in preventing further transmission 29 a third desideratum is that the interventions have low opportunity costs the expenditure of economic resources...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

... therefore the pathogenesis of influenza virus could not be studied adequately in rodent models as generally recognized it is wellknown that ferrets and nonhuman primates eg macaques are excellent mammalian animal models for studies of influenza virus pathogenicity and host immunity and moreover the clinical signs of influenza virus infection in ferrets resemble those in humans [10 11] although these species provide useful models for influenza virus pathogenesis studies some disadvantages of those such as availability cost husbandry demands and ethical constraints limit the use of them for such research [12] until recently more...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...[14] currently tree shrew models are mainly used for research into the nervous digestive and urinary systems among others [15 16] in the 1980s tree shrews were already being used for animal models for epsteinbarr virus [17] and rotavirus [18] infection the tree shrew models have also been used widely for infection with hepatitis a virus [19] hepatitis b virus [20 21] hepatitis c virus [22] measles virus [23] adenovirus [24 25] herpes simplex virus [...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...for research into the nervous digestive and urinary systems among others [15 16] in the 1980s tree shrews were already being used for animal models for epsteinbarr virus [17] and rotavirus [18] infection the tree shrew models have also been used widely for infection with hepatitis a virus [19] hepatitis b virus [20 21] hepatitis c virus [22] measles virus [23] adenovirus [24 25] herpes simplex virus [26] respiratory syncytial virus [27] human...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

... measles virus [23] adenovirus [24 25] herpes simplex virus [26] respiratory syncytial virus [27] human immunodeficiency virus [28] and rotavirus [18] therefore we hypothesized that clinically apparent infections can arise from infection of influenza viruses in tree shrew and tested our hypothesis to evaluate the tree shrew to be potential in the study of influenza in the present study we established a small alternative model the tree shrew which could be contributed to further study of human influenza virus infection to...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...arise from infection of influenza viruses in tree shrew and tested our hypothesis to evaluate the tree shrew to be potential in the study of influenza in the present study we established a small alternative model the tree shrew which could be contributed to further study of human influenza virus infection to evaluate virological characteristics in susceptible tree shrews 9 tree shrews 3group were intranasally challenged with 10 5 tcid 50 50 tissue culture infectious dose of the h1n1 strains apr834 gz0209 and soivgz0709 respectively control animals were inoculated with an equal volume of uninfected allantoic fluid we examined all...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...susceptible tree shrews 9 tree shrews 3group were intranasally challenged with 10 5 tcid 50 50 tissue culture infectious dose of the h1n1 strains apr834 gz0209 and soivgz0709 respectively control animals were inoculated with an equal volume of uninfected allantoic fluid we examined all clinical symptoms during the course of infection to characterize the disease caused by virus infection all tree shrews were observed to be clinically normal signs on day 0 clinical signs of infection were initially observed on day 1 postinfection pi with most animals exhibiting signs by day 3 or 4 pi and gradually disappeared by day 9...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...intranasally challenged with 10 5 tcid 50 50 tissue culture infectious dose of the h1n1 strains apr834 gz0209 and soivgz0709 respectively control animals were inoculated with an equal volume of uninfected allantoic fluid we examined all clinical symptoms during the course of infection to characterize the disease caused by virus infection all tree shrews were observed to be clinically normal signs on day 0 clinical signs of infection were initially observed on day 1 postinfection pi with most animals exhibiting signs by day 3 or 4 pi and gradually disappeared by day 9 pi clinical signs observed in three infected groups...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...gz0209 and soivgz0709 respectively control animals were inoculated with an equal volume of uninfected allantoic fluid we examined all clinical symptoms during the course of infection to characterize the disease caused by virus infection all tree shrews were observed to be clinically normal signs on day 0 clinical signs of infection were initially observed on day 1 postinfection pi with most animals exhibiting signs by day 3 or 4 pi and gradually disappeared by day 9 pi clinical signs observed in three infected groups included hypoactivity and increasing nasopharyngeal secretion table 1 there was no obvious change in average body...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...anorexia and lethargy were not obvious although sneezing occurred occasionally it was more frequently associated with the common cold than with influenza tree shrews usually had fever after inoculation with high challenge dose of influenza virus and dropped to undetectable levels by around one week which was similar to human infection timeline [1] because both of systemic and respiratory symptoms were characteristically observed in tree shrews infected indeed the symptomatology found in tree shrews was partly similar to human influenza infections without complication [1] additionally the disease manifestations of influenza virus infection in tree shrews...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...similar to human infection timeline [1] because both of systemic and respiratory symptoms were characteristically observed in tree shrews infected indeed the symptomatology found in tree shrews was partly similar to human influenza infections without complication [1] additionally the disease manifestations of influenza virus infection in tree shrews also partly resembled those in an excellent mammalian animal model eg ferret [7] however loss appetite congested eyes and otologic manifestation were not observed in tree shrews but in ferrets [33 34] the mouse model can manifest no obvious clinical signs...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...of virus and serum neutralizing antibody titers of infected animals range from 80 to 640 considering the clinical symptoms and antibody immune response observed in tree shrews it is reasonable to presume this model is potential to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral agents and vaccine for the prevention of influenza infection however the tree shrew infected with human influenza model didnt result in lethality thereby detection of increasing nasal wash titers can serve as endpoints for determination of vaccine efficacy in particular in our study the tested influenza h1n1 viruses including classic strain seasonal isolate and novel swine h1n1...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...h1n1 could infect the tree shrews without prior adaptation thus tree shrew model could be one of the attractive options for the study of pathogenesis and antiviral agent shortly once new influenza viruses emerge like humans tree shrews inoculated with human influenza viruses demonstrated a primarily upper respiratory tract infection influenza viruses could be isolated at high titers from nasal washes but no virus could be detected in tracheas and lungs in addition the infections in tree shrew were only induced by the high virus challenge dose up to10 5 tcid 50 without mortality nevertheless it is likely that...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...addition the infections in tree shrew were only induced by the high virus challenge dose up to10 5 tcid 50 without mortality nevertheless it is likely that the tested human influenza infections are selflimited in tree shrew model like humans histopathological analysis indicated that clinical isolate influenza h1n1 virus infection caused exudative and interstitial pneumonia moderate bronchitis mild bronchiolitis interstitial edema and inflammatory infiltrates which showed considerable similarities to influenza virus pneumonia in human [35] and this also suggested that damage to the ciliated epithelium may be caused by the inflammatory response it is important to note...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...] and this also suggested that damage to the ciliated epithelium may be caused by the inflammatory response it is important to note that receptors play a crucial role in determining the host specificity and tissue tropism of virus [36] the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses initiates infection by binding sialic acid sa that is bound to glycans through sa 23 gal or sa26 gal linkage [37] therefore the lectinhistochemistry data are important to evaluate the tree shrew as a model for influenza virus we established that both human influenza sa a26gal sna and avian...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...virus we established that both human influenza sa a26gal sna and avian sa a23gal maa ii specific receptor types were present in tree shrew respiratory tract with each tissue showing distinctive anatomical distribution of the two receptors this suggested that the respiratory tracts may be permissive to viral entry or infection in tree shrews the sa 26 gal receptor that is more frequently associated with human influenza viruses was restricted primarily to the trachea and some bronchus whereas the sa23 gal receptor preferentially bound by avian viruses was more abundantly present in the pulmonary alveoli and respiratory epithelium which was similar...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...expensive [12 37] however compared to ferrets tree shrews can be bred more easily and are relatively inexpensive to maintain for study in conclusion our study aimed to determine whether the tree shrew provides a useful small alternative model for the study of influenza h1n1 virus infection the main advantages of tree shrews as an experimental model are phylogenetically close to primates [41] susceptible to influenza without prior adaptation small size low expense and husbandry which make the model more accessible to the researchers although the tree shrews mimic well the disease in humans...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...tree shrews as an experimental model are phylogenetically close to primates [41] susceptible to influenza without prior adaptation small size low expense and husbandry which make the model more accessible to the researchers although the tree shrews mimic well the disease in humans the absence of severe infection and possible differences in drug pharmacokinetics in tree shrews and humans may limit the study of antiviral treatment further efforts are needed to determine its pathogenesis in tree shrew model such as viral replication in the extra pulmonary organs as well as its application of assessments of antiviral agents and...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...of atropine to each animal to evaluate the ability of different viral strains to replicate in tree shrews10 5 tcid 50 was administered to each animal intranasally in each group of six tree shrews three control animals were inoculated with an equal volume of uninfected allantoic fluid clinical signs of infection and bodyweight and temperature were recorded daily in order to measure their body temperatures accurately animals were quiet after 10 min when captured to detect viral titer in respiratory tracts three animals in each group were euthanized at day 2 pi samples of nasal mucosa trachea and all lobes of...

Title: The tree shrew provides a useful alternative
model for the study of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Yang, Zi-feng. Zhao, Jin...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 280
ID: fa07cb83c9ec268f4be524c374659bc3584fca6f
Number of matches: 21

...stored at 80c until analysis serum samples obtained from tree shrews before exposure were assayed in an hi assay with inactivated antigens for challenge human influenza a viruses seroconversion was detected by determining the neutralizing antibody titers against the challenge viruses in the preand postexposure serum samples collected before infection and at 14 days pi respectively by means of virus neutralization in mdck cells as described previously [45] lungs and tracheas of euthanized tree shrews were preserved in 10 phosphatebuffered formalin tissues were then processed for paraffin embedding and cut into 4mthick sections one section from each...

Title: Endemicity and prevalence of multipartite
viruses under heterogeneous between-host
transmission
Authors: Valdano, Eugenio. Manrubia, Susanna...
Journal: PLoS Comput Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 281
ID: d43a73492744f56383a502fdd4fdc36eb160e09e
Number of matches: 1

...number of viral particles a cell can produce in time is limited here we investigate this aspect using a simple assumption coinfecting variants share equally a fixed transmissibility hence for instance while compartment wt transmits the wt with probability 1 transmits it with probability 2 due to the concurrent infection by a defective variant we show that while this impacts the specific values of the critical surfaces in eq 234 of the main text it does not change the quantitative behavior having previously demonstrated the generalizability to arbitrary number of variants v and arbitrary heterogeneous topology we set ourselves...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...models and epidemiological studies in humans have shown that many apparently nonhereditary diseases including infectious diseases develop predominantly in genetically predisposed individuals and that this predisposition is caused by multiple genes [3] in humans a functional tolllike receptor 3 gene may be a risk factor for tbev infection [4] a deletion within the chemokine receptor ccr5 ccr532 which plays an important role in leukocyte transmigration across the bloodbrain barrier is significantly more frequent in patients with tbe than in tbenave patients with aseptic meningitis [5] moreover the severity and outcome of tbe...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...gene [7] this gene encodes dendritic cellspecific icam3grabbing nonintegrin dcsign a ctype lectin pathogenrecognition receptor expressed on the surface of dendritic cells and some types of macrophages [7] taken together polymorphism in various genes may largely influence the sensitivity of the host to the infection and determine the severity of this disease while in humans involvement of genetic factors in the control of the susceptibility to tbev infection is quite difficult to investigate mice provide a useful small animal model for such a kind of study [8] mice are suitable animal...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...cells and some types of macrophages [7] taken together polymorphism in various genes may largely influence the sensitivity of the host to the infection and determine the severity of this disease while in humans involvement of genetic factors in the control of the susceptibility to tbev infection is quite difficult to investigate mice provide a useful small animal model for such a kind of study [8] mice are suitable animal models of infection with tbev because they can reproduce symptoms and physiopathological markers as observed in severe cases in humans a high susceptibility of...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...the severity of this disease while in humans involvement of genetic factors in the control of the susceptibility to tbev infection is quite difficult to investigate mice provide a useful small animal model for such a kind of study [8] mice are suitable animal models of infection with tbev because they can reproduce symptoms and physiopathological markers as observed in severe cases in humans a high susceptibility of most laboratory mouse strains to flavivirus infection has been genetically mapped to a stop codon mutation in the coding region of the 25oligoadenylate synthetase gene oas 1b [9...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...provide a useful small animal model for such a kind of study [8] mice are suitable animal models of infection with tbev because they can reproduce symptoms and physiopathological markers as observed in severe cases in humans a high susceptibility of most laboratory mouse strains to flavivirus infection has been genetically mapped to a stop codon mutation in the coding region of the 25oligoadenylate synthetase gene oas 1b [9] in our study we developed an animal model of tbe showing several manifestations of the disease in relation to the genetic background which is not based...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...[15] [16] [17] [18] diseases as well as in cancer [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] in this study we identified mouse strains that exhibit high intermediate and low sensitivity to tbev infection virus growth key cytokine and chemokine mrna production in the brain and neutralizing antibody response were measured our data suggest that the genetic control represents one of the important factors that influence the clinical course of tbe and that also other genes than the previously described oas 1b are involved...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...in the brain and neutralizing antibody response were measured our data suggest that the genetic control represents one of the important factors that influence the clinical course of tbe and that also other genes than the previously described oas 1b are involved in the determination of host susceptibility to the infection while high neutralizing antibody response might be crucial for preventing host fatality high local expression of various proinflammatory cytokineschemokines in the brain during tbe can be associated with a more severe course of the infection and higher fatality our data may be instrumental in the development of future therapeutic strategies...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...the previously described oas 1b are involved in the determination of host susceptibility to the infection while high neutralizing antibody response might be crucial for preventing host fatality high local expression of various proinflammatory cytokineschemokines in the brain during tbe can be associated with a more severe course of the infection and higher fatality our data may be instrumental in the development of future therapeutic strategies aimed at treating or preventing tbe neuropathogenesis specific pathogenfree mice of parental strains balbc sts and ten randomly selected rc strains see below were used in the experiments rc strains were in more than...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...the experiments rc strains were in more than 90 generation of inbreeding and therefore highly homozygous genetic composition of the strain ccs11 is schematically shown in figure 1a sterilized pellet diet and water were supplied ad libitum in all experiments female mice aged 1215 weeks at the time of infection were used the mice were housed in plastic cages with woodchip bedding situated in a specific pathogenfree room with a constant temperature of 22c and a relative humidity of 65 the research complied with all relevant european union guidelines for work with animals and was in accordance with the czech...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...least susceptible balbc mice exhibited intermediate susceptibility mean survival time mst of the ccs11 mice was 131 3 days balbc 228 75 days and sts 297 41 days p 005 differences were also found in case of survival rates while all ccs11 mice died following the infection 40 of infected balbc and 90 of sts mice survived until the end of the experiment figure 1b sts mice remained free of any clinical signs of the disease during the whole experiment including that one mice that died balbc mice exhibited signs of rough fur hunching or...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...whole experiment including that one mice that died balbc mice exhibited signs of rough fur hunching or back limb paralysis some ccs11 mice had similar signs as balbc mice but some died without previous appearance of any kind of signs in order to test the susceptibility to the tbev infection if host factors before viral entry of the cns are avoided we infected females of the strains balbc sts and rc strains ccs3 ccs4 ccs5 ccs7 ccs9 ccs11 ccs12 ccs15 ccs18 and ccs20 ic with 10 pfu of tbev in this case all mouse strains were susceptible to the infection...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...infection if host factors before viral entry of the cns are avoided we infected females of the strains balbc sts and rc strains ccs3 ccs4 ccs5 ccs7 ccs9 ccs11 ccs12 ccs15 ccs18 and ccs20 ic with 10 pfu of tbev in this case all mouse strains were susceptible to the infection most strains died almost at the same time pi ie between days 10 and 11 pi additional file 1 figure s2 however differences were seen in the mst in case of ccs11 mst of 80 07 days balbc mst of 95 05 days and sts strains mst...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...log 10 pfuml at later time intervals ie at day 5 6 and 8 pi figure 2a virus load in the brain after sc inoculation was assayed at day 13 pi ie at the time point when most of the ccs11 and balbc mice exhibited neurological signs of the infection figure 2b no difference was found in the virus titer in brain of the infected balbc and ccs11 mice titer reaching 67 log 10 pfug but a much lower titer was observed in brains of infected sts mice approximately 3 log 10 pfug p 0005 after...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...67 log 10 pfug but a much lower titer was observed in brains of infected sts mice approximately 3 log 10 pfug p 0005 after ic inoculation a dynamics of virus growth in the brain was investigated increasing virus titers were seen before mice showed signs of the infection the virus growth was almost identical in all three mouse strains reaching its maximum at day 7 8 log 10 pfug figure 2c the only difference was observed at day 2 when balbc mice had slightly higher virus titers in the brain than ccs11 mice p 005...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...mcp1 rantes and ip10 were seen in the tbevinfected mice of all strains when compared to negative uninfected controls at day 13 pi in case of ccl3mip1 figure 4d and ccl4mip1 figure 4e mrna only sensitive strains balbc and ccs11 exhibited upregulated expression after the tbev infection whilst the expression in infected sts mice was not changed the levels of il5 mrna were increased only in brains of infected ccs11 mice figure 4j but the infection did not affect the expression of this cytokine in brains of balbc and sts mice the levels of ifn...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...and ccl4mip1 figure 4e mrna only sensitive strains balbc and ccs11 exhibited upregulated expression after the tbev infection whilst the expression in infected sts mice was not changed the levels of il5 mrna were increased only in brains of infected ccs11 mice figure 4j but the infection did not affect the expression of this cytokine in brains of balbc and sts mice the levels of ifn were the highest in brains of infected ccs11 mice balbc mice exhibited higher levels than sts p 00005 figure 4a the levels of upregulation of il6 mrna expression were...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...pi balbc vs ccs11 p 0005 and sts vs ccs11 p 00005 balbc had lower levels of ip10 mrna than ccs11 mice p 005 but higher than sts mice p 005 a correlation between the ip10 mrna levels with the sensitivity of mice to the tbev infection was observed figures 1c 5k no changes in the expression of il4 mrna were seen in any mouse strain after either sc or ic tbev inoculation data not shown in order to compare the hosts humoral immune response in the infected balbc ccs11 and sts mice after...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...human cd209 gene [7] and functional tolllike receptor 3 gene [4] deletion in ccr5 [5] and variability in 25oligoadenylate synthetase gene cluster [6] in our study we developed a new mouse model of hosts differing in the susceptibility to tbev infection based on ccsdem rc mouse strains we observed clearly different patterns in the susceptibility of the ccsdem rc strains to sc infection with tbev out of the eight strains tested one sts exhibited low susceptibility five intermediate susceptibility ccs3 ccs7 ccs9 ccs16 and balbc and two strains ccs11 and ccs15...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...and variability in 25oligoadenylate synthetase gene cluster [6] in our study we developed a new mouse model of hosts differing in the susceptibility to tbev infection based on ccsdem rc mouse strains we observed clearly different patterns in the susceptibility of the ccsdem rc strains to sc infection with tbev out of the eight strains tested one sts exhibited low susceptibility five intermediate susceptibility ccs3 ccs7 ccs9 ccs16 and balbc and two strains ccs11 and ccs15 high susceptibility additional file 1 figure s1 differences in mst between the strains ccs11 balbc and sts were also observed after...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...between the strains ccs11 balbc and sts were also observed after ic inoculation of tbev ie ccs11 mice had the shortest mst balbc medium mst and sts the longest mst and higher survival figure 1c these differences indicate the presence of tbev susceptibility genes different susceptibility to virus infection in recombinant inbred strains between balbc and sts mice was also observed in case of infection with murine coronavirus [30] after ic inoculation of 100 pfu of murine coronavirus all balbc mice were highly susceptible and died in contrast sts mice were shown to be partially resistant...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...ccs11 mice had the shortest mst balbc medium mst and sts the longest mst and higher survival figure 1c these differences indicate the presence of tbev susceptibility genes different susceptibility to virus infection in recombinant inbred strains between balbc and sts mice was also observed in case of infection with murine coronavirus [30] after ic inoculation of 100 pfu of murine coronavirus all balbc mice were highly susceptible and died in contrast sts mice were shown to be partially resistant with a mortality rate of 30 longer survival times and lower rates of virus production [...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...partially resistant with a mortality rate of 30 longer survival times and lower rates of virus production [30] in our study rc strain ccs11 which contains approximately 125 genes of the donor strain sts and 875 genes of the background strain balbc was more sensitive to tbev infection than both parental strains balbc and sts the observations of progeny having a phenotype beyond the range of the phenotype of its parents are not rare in traits controlled by multiple genes [18] such an observation may be due to multiple genegene interactions of quantitative trait loci...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...on segments derived from the background balbc strain [ figure 1a and mouse genome informatics httpwwwinformaticsjaxorg] we also cannot exclude the possibility of a spontaneous mutation appearing during inbreeding and causing the unique phenotype [18] similarly to our study ccs11 mice were more susceptible to infection with leishmania tropica [18] and to trypanosoma brucei brucei [31] than both parental mouse strains however ccs11 is more resistant to l major than balbc [32] we attempted to identify biological markers that could be related to differences in survival rates of the...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...identify biological markers that could be related to differences in survival rates of the highly susceptible ccs11 medium susceptible balbc and lowly susceptible sts mice infected with tbev sts mice had very low and delayed viremia when compared with balbc and ccs11 mice after sc inoculation all mice showed brain infection but lower titers were detected in brains of sts mice while balbc and ccs11 mice showed higher titers for 34 log 10 pfu this indicated lower replication rates of the virus in sts mice but no difference in replication rates in balbc and ccs11 mice to avoid virushost interactions before...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...almost the same virus titers were observed in all investigated mouse strains at all intervals pi figure 2 virus replication rate is not therefore the main factor influencing mst of the host similarly no differences in tissue tropism viral load or kinetics were observed during acute west nile virus infection in mouse strains c57bl6 and c3hhen with higher and lower survival rates respectively [33] higher mrna levels of cell surface marker of bcells were seen in brains of the mice less susceptible to tbev infection mice differing in susceptibility to tbev infection exhibited some differences in immune...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...tropism viral load or kinetics were observed during acute west nile virus infection in mouse strains c57bl6 and c3hhen with higher and lower survival rates respectively [33] higher mrna levels of cell surface marker of bcells were seen in brains of the mice less susceptible to tbev infection mice differing in susceptibility to tbev infection exhibited some differences in immune cells accumulation in brains during the development of encephalitis as demonstrated by quantification of mrna of cellspecific markers by realtime rtpcr in our previous work using balbc scid on the balbc background c57bl6 and c57bl6 cd8 mice we...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...during acute west nile virus infection in mouse strains c57bl6 and c3hhen with higher and lower survival rates respectively [33] higher mrna levels of cell surface marker of bcells were seen in brains of the mice less susceptible to tbev infection mice differing in susceptibility to tbev infection exhibited some differences in immune cells accumulation in brains during the development of encephalitis as demonstrated by quantification of mrna of cellspecific markers by realtime rtpcr in our previous work using balbc scid on the balbc background c57bl6 and c57bl6 cd8 mice we reported that cd8 tcells have a...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...it is known that tbev unlike to japanese encephalitis and west nile virus infections induces cxcl13 a bcell chemoattractant in the cns [37] although the antibody reaction is clearly important systemically [38] the importance of b cells infiltrating brain parenchyma in confining of the infection is not clear more severe form of tbe associated with higher expression of proinflammatory cytokineschemokines in the brain accumulation of cytokines and chemokines in the cns may accentuate progression of encephalitis instead of restricting viral replication [37 [39] [40] [41] deregulated...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...] [40] [41] deregulated or excess release of proinflammatory mediators by the brain may induce tissue damage with different pathology and disease outcome [42] in this study we examined the cytokinechemokine response in brains of the mice differing in susceptibility to tbev infection figures 4 and 5 we showed that a wide range of cytokine and chemokine mrnas for tnf ifn il1 il1 il2 il6 il10 ccl2mcp1 ccl5rantes ip10 mip1 mip1 and others was produced in response to tbev infection there was no clear correlation between the peak of cytokinechemokine production...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...response in brains of the mice differing in susceptibility to tbev infection figures 4 and 5 we showed that a wide range of cytokine and chemokine mrnas for tnf ifn il1 il1 il2 il6 il10 ccl2mcp1 ccl5rantes ip10 mip1 mip1 and others was produced in response to tbev infection there was no clear correlation between the peak of cytokinechemokine production and the increase of tbev in the brain after ic inoculation all mice had comparable virus titers in the cns figure 2c but the levels of cytokinechemokine expression differed markedly figure 5 sts mice had...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...mice these data support the theory that excessive production of proinflammatory mediators could contribute to development of more severe or acute form of tbe similarly to our study higher levels of ccl5rantes ccl3mip1 ccl4mip1 and ip10 mrna were found to be associated with a lethal form of west nile virus infection in comparison with the nonlethal form [41] ccl2 mcp1 and ip10 mrna levels correlated well with the susceptibility of the mouse strains to tbev infection ie ccs11 mice had the highest levels balbc medium and sts the lowest these data were confirmed in two independent experiments both...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...higher levels of ccl5rantes ccl3mip1 ccl4mip1 and ip10 mrna were found to be associated with a lethal form of west nile virus infection in comparison with the nonlethal form [41] ccl2 mcp1 and ip10 mrna levels correlated well with the susceptibility of the mouse strains to tbev infection ie ccs11 mice had the highest levels balbc medium and sts the lowest these data were confirmed in two independent experiments both these chemokines can have an important role in immunopathology during tbe it has been demonstrated that neutralization of ccl2mcp1 leads to increased survival rates in west nile virusinfected...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...in human tbe patients ip10 can be detected in serum as well as in cerebrospinal fluid [46 47] using genetically deficient mice and antibody neutralization approaches it was demonstrated that ip10 is critical for the recruitment of tcells into the cns and survival from west nile virus infection in mice [48] however excessively high levels of ip10 in the cns can be very harmful to the host ip10 levels in the cns of hiv1 infected individuals correlate positively with disease progression there is also evidence that ip10 participates in the neuropathogenesis of shivinfected macaques [...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...prevention of flaviviral diseases is well accepted as a rule the antibodies with relatively high affinity and avidity to the surface proteins of tbev virions can be detected in neutralization test only such antibodies interfere with the interaction of the virus with receptors preventing it to enter the cell tbev infection is associated with breakdown of the host bloodbrain barrier [26] therefore the antibodies can penetrate into the cns in our study sts mice had a strong neutralizing antibody response ccs11 mice failed to produce neutralizing antibodies and balb c mice developed neutralizing antibodies but later and at...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...host fatality similar data were obtained in experiments with the mouse strains c3hhen and dba2 with higher and lower susceptibility to the japanese encephalitis virus respectively [40] in human tbe patients those who fail to produce tbev neutralizing antibodies usually have a very severe course of the infection [52] the same is seen in patients who receive vaccination against tbev and develop antibody response but their antibodies do not have neutralizing capacity [52] in summary our experimental model showed that earlier and greater amounts of neutralizing antibodies could limit neuroinvasion of tbev...

Title: Mice with different susceptibility to
tick-borne encephalitis virus infection show selective
neutralizing antibody response and inflammatory reaction
in the central nervous system
Authors: Palus, Martin. Vojtíšková, Jarmila...
Journal: J Neuroinflammation
Item: Infection
Index: 282
ID: 9c983db27cc8ff3e50008d8d2bc803e14da7d38b
Number of matches: 37

...result in brain tissue damage and death of the host through immunopathology this suggests an important role of cytokines and chemokines in the immunopathogenesis of tbe the host immune response based on the genetic background of the host may therefore play a central role in determining the outcome of tbev infection additional file 1 figure s1 differential survival of balbc sts and selected rc strains after subcutaneous inoculation of tbev mice were inoculated with 104 pfu of tbev and observed for lethality figure s2 differential survival of balbc sts and selected rc strains after intracerebral inoculation of tbev...

Title: Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood
of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Authors: Stremlau, Matthew H.. Andersen, Kristian G....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 285
ID: 824c9c7d7d8c1ec672e85def94cee3bb471cb5a0
Number of matches: 11

......

Title: Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood
of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Authors: Stremlau, Matthew H.. Andersen, Kristian G....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 285
ID: 824c9c7d7d8c1ec672e85def94cee3bb471cb5a0
Number of matches: 11

...two novel highly divergent rhabdoviruses from two apparently healthy individuals we found that these viruses were similar to basv and to viruses of the genus tibrovirus by conducting a serosurvey of our study cohort we found that exposure to these novel viruses was unexpectedly high our findings suggest that human infection with certain types of rhabdoviruses may be common and highlight the need for a broader understanding of the human virome as the use of ngs for microbial discovery advances our study population consisted of men and women from all age groups and socioeconomic backgrounds living in and around irrua...

Title: Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood
of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Authors: Stremlau, Matthew H.. Andersen, Kristian G....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 285
ID: 824c9c7d7d8c1ec672e85def94cee3bb471cb5a0
Number of matches: 11

...a closer evolutionary relative to tibv than to ekv2 or basv ekv2 in contrast formed another branch with basv fig 3a b though these viruses were discovered in geographically distant locations phylogenetic analyses suggest the presence of a distinct group of viruses in the tibrovirus genus capable of human infection based on phylogenetic relationships host range and genomic architecture we propose that basv ekv1 and ekv2 should all be included within the genus tibrovirus to assess the level of human exposure to the novel rhabdoviruses we developed enzymelinked immunosorbent assays elisas to detect antibodies that recognized the n proteins...

Title: Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood
of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Authors: Stremlau, Matthew H.. Andersen, Kristian G....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 285
ID: 824c9c7d7d8c1ec672e85def94cee3bb471cb5a0
Number of matches: 11

...for ekv1 and rabies virus s8b fig the correlation between ekv2 and rabies virus was much less pronounced s8c fig importantly when testing general crossreactivity in our assays by comparing the elisa results from the rhabdoviruses to that of lasv we did not find any correlations s8df fig acute infection with rna viruses often produces high viral loads to assess the level of viremia we used quantitative realtime pcr to measure ekv1 and ekv2 viral copy number we after the discovery of the two ekpoma viruses we sought to further determine the health of the infected individuals nearly two...

Title: Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood
of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Authors: Stremlau, Matthew H.. Andersen, Kristian G....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 285
ID: 824c9c7d7d8c1ec672e85def94cee3bb471cb5a0
Number of matches: 11

...individuals tested negative for the two ekpoma viruses by pcr upon testing of their convalescent samples s10 fig however using our elisa assays we found that they both had antibodies reacting with ekv1 or ekv2 as expected s11 fig notably while both individuals had antibody titers at the time of infection and in the followup samples the woman infected with ekv2 showed lower titer in her followup sample as compared to the original blood draw s11b fig the woman infected with ekv1 could not recall any episode of febrile illness in the weeks or months following the collection of her...

Title: Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood
of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Authors: Stremlau, Matthew H.. Andersen, Kristian G....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 285
ID: 824c9c7d7d8c1ec672e85def94cee3bb471cb5a0
Number of matches: 11

...and are known to cause subclinical infections in cattle and other ruminants [26] their amino acid sequence similarity to tibrogargan and coastal plains viruses raises the possibility that they might be vectorborne [26] [27] [28] [29] if true infection could be common in environments where biting insects are ubiquitous like central and western africa many rhabdoviruses have already been discovered in subsaharan africa using conventional methodsmostly in insects and vertebrates fig 4 our results suggest many more remain to be discovered and that a number of these may...

Title: Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood
of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Authors: Stremlau, Matthew H.. Andersen, Kristian G....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 285
ID: 824c9c7d7d8c1ec672e85def94cee3bb471cb5a0
Number of matches: 11

...central and western africa many rhabdoviruses have already been discovered in subsaharan africa using conventional methodsmostly in insects and vertebrates fig 4 our results suggest many more remain to be discovered and that a number of these may infect humans consistent with the potential for widespread and subclinical infection by rhabdoviruses our serosurvey uncovered evidence for very high exposure to ekv1 or ekv2 with nearly 50 of our apparently healthy cohort showing evidence of ekv2 exposure despite this high rate we did not detect any ekv1 or ekv2 nucleic acids in the uafi patients these results suggest that members...

Title: Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood
of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Authors: Stremlau, Matthew H.. Andersen, Kristian G....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 285
ID: 824c9c7d7d8c1ec672e85def94cee3bb471cb5a0
Number of matches: 11

...many studies investigators were only able to study a single patient sample [9] without sufficient numbers of samples from infected patients and matched apparently healthy individuals it is impossible to interpret the clinical significance of a single virus detection it remains possible that basv produced an asymptomatic infection like the control subjects infected with ekv1 and 2 in our study while the acute illness was actually due to another agent like the rotavirus which the authors propose was a laboratory contaminant or one of the many bacteria also present in the sample [9] of course...

Title: Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood
of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Authors: Stremlau, Matthew H.. Andersen, Kristian G....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 285
ID: 824c9c7d7d8c1ec672e85def94cee3bb471cb5a0
Number of matches: 11

...with ekv1 and 2 in our study while the acute illness was actually due to another agent like the rotavirus which the authors propose was a laboratory contaminant or one of the many bacteria also present in the sample [9] of course the true source of the infection could have been none of the microbes identified in the blood sampling of other tissues would be needed to rule out localized infections as the cause of disease regardless of whether infection with particular rhabdoviruses is symptomatic or not the discovery of novel rhabdoviruses could be of importance to...

Title: Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood
of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Authors: Stremlau, Matthew H.. Andersen, Kristian G....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 285
ID: 824c9c7d7d8c1ec672e85def94cee3bb471cb5a0
Number of matches: 11

...bacteria also present in the sample [9] of course the true source of the infection could have been none of the microbes identified in the blood sampling of other tissues would be needed to rule out localized infections as the cause of disease regardless of whether infection with particular rhabdoviruses is symptomatic or not the discovery of novel rhabdoviruses could be of importance to human health members of the rhabdoviridae such as lyssaviruses and vesiculoviruses produce serious neurotropic disease in humans [32 33] others such as vesicular stomatitis virus vsv produce subtle neurotropic infections...

Title: Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood
of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Authors: Stremlau, Matthew H.. Andersen, Kristian G....
Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 285
ID: 824c9c7d7d8c1ec672e85def94cee3bb471cb5a0
Number of matches: 11

...approach faces its own challenges if viral or host factors play a substantial role in disease outcome it might necessitate large sample collections isolation of the pathogen and propagation in an animal model or tissue culture can provide valuable insights into its pathogenicity and effect on the hosts response to infection the recent advent of ngs has the potential to transform the centuriesold pursuit of finding diseasecausing pathogens and to elucidate the complete human virome but in the process it will be important to be cautious as the vast majority of viruses studied over the past century have been those...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...cell membrane fusion at the hemifusion step by altering membrane fluidity [15 16] despite their broad antiviral activity ifitms can also promote entry or assembly of selected viruses [17 18] indicating that they belong to a pathway that can positively and negatively regulate viral infection all immunityrelated ifitms ifitm13 have been shown to affect early stages of human and simian immunodeficiency virus hiv siv replication with ifitm2 and ifitm3 inhibiting virus entry [8 19 20] in addition ifitms may target later stages of the viral replication cycle such as gag expression...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

... conversely the truncated protein exerts increased antihiv1 activity in transfected cells due to preferential localization at the cell surface [32] the site of hiv1 entry and exit from target cells however an association between rs12252c and more rapid progression to aids but not risk of hiv1 infection has been demonstrated [33] and the reason for the discrepancy between these results and the increased antihiv1 activity of truncated ifitm3 in cell culture is at present unclear finally a recent study demonstrated that hiv1 variants sexually transmitted between individuals are resistant against blockade by ifitm proteins...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...by ifitm proteins indicative of a strong selection pressure exerted by ifitms [34 35] moreover ifitm expression was shown to be a major contributor to the blockade of hiv1 by treatment of cells with ifn [34] suggesting that ifitms constitute important defenses against hiv1 infection nonhuman primates are an important animal model for infectious diseases in humans in particular experimental siv infection of rhesus macaques has contributed substantially to our current understanding of hivaids polymorphisms in several immunerelevant gene loci such as mhc or kir are associated with the transmission and course of disease...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...ifitm expression was shown to be a major contributor to the blockade of hiv1 by treatment of cells with ifn [34] suggesting that ifitms constitute important defenses against hiv1 infection nonhuman primates are an important animal model for infectious diseases in humans in particular experimental siv infection of rhesus macaques has contributed substantially to our current understanding of hivaids polymorphisms in several immunerelevant gene loci such as mhc or kir are associated with the transmission and course of disease in siv infected rhesus macaques and hiv1 infected humans [36 37] some primate ifitm gene...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...infected humans [36 37] some primate ifitm gene products were recently shown to have antiviral activity against siv and hiv1 [19 20] however these analyses did not include rhesus macaque so that it is presently unknown whether rhesus macaque rh ifitm3 also inhibits siv infection in this species moreover no rhifitm3 gene polymorphisms have been described so far or their modulatory effect upon infection by siv or other viruses studied therefore we systematically searched for polymorphisms in rhifitm3 and assessed their association with viral load at set point and disease progression in the context of...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...against siv and hiv1 [19 20] however these analyses did not include rhesus macaque so that it is presently unknown whether rhesus macaque rh ifitm3 also inhibits siv infection in this species moreover no rhifitm3 gene polymorphisms have been described so far or their modulatory effect upon infection by siv or other viruses studied therefore we systematically searched for polymorphisms in rhifitm3 and assessed their association with viral load at set point and disease progression in the context of siv infection human embryonal kidney hek 293t cells atcc crl3216 were cultivated in dulbeccos modified eagles medium...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...this species moreover no rhifitm3 gene polymorphisms have been described so far or their modulatory effect upon infection by siv or other viruses studied therefore we systematically searched for polymorphisms in rhifitm3 and assessed their association with viral load at set point and disease progression in the context of siv infection human embryonal kidney hek 293t cells atcc crl3216 were cultivated in dulbeccos modified eagles medium dmem supplemented with 10 fetal calf serum fcs lglutamine and penicillinstreptomycin in a humidified atmosphere containing 5 co 2 the cells were obtained from collaborators and their identity was verified by short...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...medium followed by the addition of 50l of mlv vectors harboring the viral glycoproteins to be analyzed and normalized for equal luciferase activity upon transduction of control cells after incubation for 8h medium was replaced by fresh culture medium and luciferase activities in cell lysates were analyzed at 72h post infection employing a microplate reader plate chameleon v hidex turku finland and a commercial luciferase assay system promega mannheim germany or beetlejuice pjk kleinblittersdorf germany kits genetic and phenotypic data from two cohorts of sivinfected rhesus macaques macaca mulatta of indian origin comprising a total of 94 individuals 19 female...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...polymorphisms table 1 samples of mhctyped animals were selected that were infected intravenously intrarectally or via tonsils through a single dose of sivmac239 sivmac251 or sivmac23932h and which displayed the whole spectrum of disease progression from rapid progression to longterm non progression for each combination of virus and infection route all macaques were either bred at the german primate centre and had known ancestry or were from breeders in france united kingdom or the united states the definition of early aidsdefining illness was based on clinical necropsy and histopathological findings as described [39] the 39 animals...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...united states the definition of early aidsdefining illness was based on clinical necropsy and histopathological findings as described [39] the 39 animals included in the first cohort were previously used as a screening cohort to search for polymorphisms influencing aidsfree survival time and viral load in siv infection [39] it should be noted that no viral load data were available for some of the animals included in the survival analysis the second cohort of 55 animals consisted of macaques more recently infected and viral load data were available for all animals the animals were...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...dela g708 ag g709 ga and g747 tg finally a polymorphism in the 5region of the coding sequence that corresponds to rs12252 tc in the human ifitm3 gene was not identified in our sample to assess whether the detected sequence variations had an influence on the course of siv infection we first analyzed their effect on aidsfree survival time fig 4 table 3 polymorphisms g270 ct genotype gt and g678 gt genotype gg showed a nominally significant association with faster disease progression when all animals from both cohorts were considered however these associations were not observed when each cohort...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...association hinged heavily on a single aa animal in cohort 1 for a subset of 81 animals virus load data were available that allowed the potential association between rhifitm3 polymorphism and siv amplification to be analysed however no statistically significant association with plasma viral rna copies at 20 weeks after infection or at time of death was noted for any of the polymorphisms fig 5 table 4 only in cohort 1 we found a nominally significant association of polymorphisms g693 dela genotype g708 ag genotype gg and g709 ga genotype aa with increased viral load and of polymorphism g678...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...and were not detected when the full set of animals was analyzed immunerelated ifitm proteins have been established as important antiviral effectors of the interferon response and a polymorphism in the human ifitm3 gene has been found to be associated with disease severity and progression in fluav and hiv1 infection [27 33] rhesus macaques are important animal models for human infections but it was hitherto unknown whether the rhifitm3 gene is polymorphic and whether possible polymorphisms would impact upon the course of siv infection we demonstrated that rhifitm3 displays antiviral activity and identified 16 polymorphisms in rhifitm3...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...found to be associated with disease severity and progression in fluav and hiv1 infection [27 33] rhesus macaques are important animal models for human infections but it was hitherto unknown whether the rhifitm3 gene is polymorphic and whether possible polymorphisms would impact upon the course of siv infection we demonstrated that rhifitm3 displays antiviral activity and identified 16 polymorphisms in rhifitm3 some of the polymorphisms were associated with either disease progression or viral load however none of the polymorphisms impacted on both parameters and significant associations were not observed in cohort 2 moreover most associations failed to attain...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...progression or viral load however none of the polymorphisms impacted on both parameters and significant associations were not observed in cohort 2 moreover most associations failed to attain statistical significance when mamua1 001 animals were excluded from the analysis arguing against a major impact of rhifitm3 polymorphisms on siv infection recently a comprehensive characterization of the antiviral activity of ifitm proteins of nonhuman primates revealed that these proteins like their human counterparts can block viral infection [20] however ifitm proteins from rhesus macaques were not included in these studies our results demonstrate that rhifitm3 and huifitm3 target...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...to attain statistical significance when mamua1 001 animals were excluded from the analysis arguing against a major impact of rhifitm3 polymorphisms on siv infection recently a comprehensive characterization of the antiviral activity of ifitm proteins of nonhuman primates revealed that these proteins like their human counterparts can block viral infection [20] however ifitm proteins from rhesus macaques were not included in these studies our results demonstrate that rhifitm3 and huifitm3 target the same viral glycoproteins but with somewhat different efficiency thus entry driven by fluavha and sivenv appears to be more efficiently inhibited by huifitm3 than by...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...that huifitm3 inhibits entry driven by filovirus glycoproteins with greater efficiency than rhifitm3 despite comparable expression in cells [6] in summary rhifitm3 inhibits entry of siv in cell culture which raised the question whether rhifitm3 is polymorphic and whether possible polymorphisms would impact the course of siv infection our sequence analysis identified variations at 16 positions present in at least two out of 94 animals six of these polymorphisms were highly polymorphic maf 75 and homozygous animals could be detected for both alleles three of the polymorphisms identified in our study were located within the coding sequences...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...of randomly selected animals cohort 2 when the full set of animals was considered we identified three polymorphisms g270 ct g279 ga g678 gt with a nominally significant association between a genotype and aidsfree survival but not with virus ifitm3 polymorphisms in sivinfection load at set point 20 weeks post infection however for two of these polymorphisms the association was not significant if the two cohorts were analyzed separately or when animals with mhc allele mamua1 001 were excluded from the analysis the polymorphism g279 ga genotype aa showed a nominally significant association with aids progression even after adjustment for...

Title: Rhesus macaque IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and
SIV infection
Authors: Winkler, Michael. Gärtner, Sabine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 286
ID: c16d19032f42486b997727ee0f732ab9fd5b9a84
Number of matches: 21

...aa showed a nominally significant association with aids progression even after adjustment for mhc alleles however this position is only modestly polymorphic and the association observed was dependent on a single animal with aa genotype collectively these results suggest that rhifitm3 polymorphism might not play a major role in siv infection in summary our study not only demonstrated that rhifitm3 displays antiviral activity but also led to the identification of polymorphisms in the coding and noncoding region of the ifitm3 gene of rhesus macaques notably all polymorphism in the coding region were silent and strong evidence for an association of rhifitm3...

Title: Evaluation of a Redesigned Personal
Protective Equipment Gown
Authors: Drews, Frank A. Mulvey, Diane...
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 287
ID: 06b07a6407734edcb3af57da5fe2898ba61d1df8
Number of matches: 1

...perform representative tasks to assess the benefits of the gown in addition the utility of contact precautions my also vary upon type of provider which requires additional providerspecific and precautionspecific task analyses overall this work is part of a broader human factors initiative of introducing a sociotechnical perspective into infection prevention and control such models have been described in more detail in other places however there is clear benefit from adopting such perspective and analyzing the use of equipment in the specific context of its use [17 18]...

Title: Development of a resource modelling tool to
support decision makers in pandemic influenza
preparedness: The AsiaFluCap Simulator
Authors: Stein, Mart Lambertus. Rudge, James W...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 288
ID: d8714feba6d9a8670db5d8e4d998a3de95d16a3c
Number of matches: 1

...12 days [1] 262 days [2] and 15 days [3] between infection and symptom onset...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

......

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...hepatocytes and human immune system components were prepared that could reproduce hcvspecific immune responses and pathogenesis [49] various immunodeficient mouse strains used in in vivo modeling of human virus infections are summarized in table 1 in this review we focus on humanized mouse models of ebv infection especially newgeneration humanized mouse models and describe how they have been utilized for the reproduction of key features of human ebv infection including pathogenesis immune responses and latent infection applications of these models including preclinical studies on therapeutic strategies are also discussed [31 [55] [56]...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...mouse strains used in in vivo modeling of human virus infections are summarized in table 1 in this review we focus on humanized mouse models of ebv infection especially newgeneration humanized mouse models and describe how they have been utilized for the reproduction of key features of human ebv infection including pathogenesis immune responses and latent infection applications of these models including preclinical studies on therapeutic strategies are also discussed [31 [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] nodltszscid il2rg nsg transplanted with human fetal liver thymus and hsc nsgblt...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...of human virus infections are summarized in table 1 in this review we focus on humanized mouse models of ebv infection especially newgeneration humanized mouse models and describe how they have been utilized for the reproduction of key features of human ebv infection including pathogenesis immune responses and latent infection applications of these models including preclinical studies on therapeutic strategies are also discussed [31 [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] nodltszscid il2rg nsg transplanted with human fetal liver thymus and hsc nsgblt t b nk cells monocytes macrophages...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...of the fk506 binding protein fkbp and caspase 8 hepatocytes t cells nk cells plasmacytoid dendritic cells myeloid dendritic cells hcv [49] ebv is a ubiquitous lymphotropic herpesvirus infecting more than 90 of the adult population in the world [64] although primary ebv infection in childhood is mostly asymptomatic that in adolescents and young adults results in infectious mononucleosis im in at least 25 of cases [64] whether or not accompanied by im ebv infection results in lifelong persistent infection in a restricted fraction of hosts ebv is etiologically...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...of the adult population in the world [64] although primary ebv infection in childhood is mostly asymptomatic that in adolescents and young adults results in infectious mononucleosis im in at least 25 of cases [64] whether or not accompanied by im ebv infection results in lifelong persistent infection in a restricted fraction of hosts ebv is etiologically involved in a variety of diseases including lymphoproliferative diseases lpds in immunocompromised patients such as posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease ptld and aidsassociated lymphoma malignant lymphomas such as endemic burkitt lymphoma and hodgkin lymphoma epithelial malignancies such as...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...the world [64] although primary ebv infection in childhood is mostly asymptomatic that in adolescents and young adults results in infectious mononucleosis im in at least 25 of cases [64] whether or not accompanied by im ebv infection results in lifelong persistent infection in a restricted fraction of hosts ebv is etiologically involved in a variety of diseases including lymphoproliferative diseases lpds in immunocompromised patients such as posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease ptld and aidsassociated lymphoma malignant lymphomas such as endemic burkitt lymphoma and hodgkin lymphoma epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...etiologically involved in a variety of diseases including lymphoproliferative diseases lpds in immunocompromised patients such as posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease ptld and aidsassociated lymphoma malignant lymphomas such as endemic burkitt lymphoma and hodgkin lymphoma epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma and tnkcell lpds such as chronic active ebv infection caebv and ebvassociated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis ebvhlh in addition substantial evidence although largely indirect at present has accumulated implicating ebv in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis ra and multiple sclerosis the list of most ebvassociated diseases is presented in table 2 some of these ebvassociated diseases...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...69] [70] [71] cottontop tamarins develop bcell lymphomas following inoculation with ebv and the efficacy of candidate vaccines against the virus was evaluated in this model [72] in spite of their potential value as an in vivo model of human ebv infection they are endangered species and cannot be used in large numbers a rhesus monkey lymphocryptovirus highly homologous to ebv was shown to reproduce key features of human ebv infection upon primary infection in naive monkeys including oral transmission atypical lymphocytosis lymphadenopathy expression of the bcell activation marker in the...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...this model [72] in spite of their potential value as an in vivo model of human ebv infection they are endangered species and cannot be used in large numbers a rhesus monkey lymphocryptovirus highly homologous to ebv was shown to reproduce key features of human ebv infection upon primary infection in naive monkeys including oral transmission atypical lymphocytosis lymphadenopathy expression of the bcell activation marker in the peripheral blood and sustained antibody responses to viral proteins [73] this animal model has thus made significant contribution in the studies on ebv pathogenesis and treatment although...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...72] in spite of their potential value as an in vivo model of human ebv infection they are endangered species and cannot be used in large numbers a rhesus monkey lymphocryptovirus highly homologous to ebv was shown to reproduce key features of human ebv infection upon primary infection in naive monkeys including oral transmission atypical lymphocytosis lymphadenopathy expression of the bcell activation marker in the peripheral blood and sustained antibody responses to viral proteins [73] this animal model has thus made significant contribution in the studies on ebv pathogenesis and treatment although it has disadvantages...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...model has thus made significant contribution in the studies on ebv pathogenesis and treatment although it has disadvantages common to primate models such as limited accessibility and high costs [74] intrinsic differences between the rhesus lymphocryptovirus and ebv needs also to be considered mouse models for ebv infection have not been available until the development of scidhu pbl mice since the major target of ebv is lymphocytes humanized mice are readily infected with the virus and ebv was actually the first human virus shown to infect newgeneration humanized mice 1 hydroa vacciniforme and hypersensitivity to mosquito bite are...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...finding [81] these early humanized mouse models of bcell lpd however had a number of limitations first no ebvspecific immune responses were detected in these mice and therefore investigation of immunosurveillance on ebvassociated lpd was not feasible second it was not possible to vary conditions of viral infection including the dose and route of inoculation third analyses on the process of lymphomagenesis starting from viral inoculation to the development of lymphomas was not possible means to overcome these difficulties were provided when newgeneration humanized mice were prepared by transplanting human hsc to immunodeficient mice of various strains [...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...viral inoculation to the development of lymphomas was not possible means to overcome these difficulties were provided when newgeneration humanized mice were prepared by transplanting human hsc to immunodeficient mice of various strains [24] [25] [26] [27] table 3 upon infection with ebv these mice developed ebvpositive lymphoproliferation to various extents yajima and others characterized ebvinduced bcell lpd in humanized nog hunog mice and determined various conditions for lymphomagenesis they showed that ebv doses of more than 10 2 50 transforming dose td 50 tended to cause lpd whereas those...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...yajima and others characterized ebvinduced bcell lpd in humanized nog hunog mice and determined various conditions for lymphomagenesis they showed that ebv doses of more than 10 2 50 transforming dose td 50 tended to cause lpd whereas those less than 10 1 td 50 predominantly induced asymptomatic persistent infection expression of ebna1 ebna2 lmp1 and lmp2a was demonstrated in this bcell lpd indicating latency iii type of ebv gene expression and immunohistochemistry showed the expression of cd23 and other bcell activation markers these findings in combination with the observed dlbcl histology indicated that ebvassociated lpd closely resembling ptld and...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...both of which are observed in primary ebvpositive dlbcl were occasionally seen in this model of ebvassociated lpd ebvassociated bcell lpd with similar characteristics was also reproduced in humanized nsg hunsg mice and blt nsg mice [31 62 63 82] one of the earliest works on ebv infection of newgeneration humanized mice used nodscid mice transplanted with human hsc where reconstitution of b cells and myeloid cells but no t cells were demonstrated [28] ebvpositive lpd generated in these mice is therefore considered to have developed without the influence of tcell immunosurveillance ebv gene expression...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...the pathogenesis [97] sato and others reported on exaggerated cd8 tcell responses accompanied by ifn cytokinemia in ebvinfected hunog mice [53] in contrast to earlier findings obtained from ebvinfected hunog mice [30] they did not observe obvious ebvpositive lpd ebv infection was restricted to b cells and expression of lyticcycle genes was demonstrated cd8 t cells with activated phenotype infiltrated major organs including the liver and spleen and the mice exhibited normocytic anemia and thrombocytopenia based on these findings together with the finding of hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow and...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...with the finding of hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow and other tissues they suggested that ebvinfected hunog mice might be useful as an experimental model for ebvhlh although ebvhlh is usually associated with ebvinduced proliferation of t or nk cells [95 96] their results suggest that ebv infection in b cells may also cause similar hlh indeed in ebvhlh that developed in patients with xlinked lymphoproliferative disease 1 xlp1 and xlp2 proliferation of ebvinfected b cells was observed [98] using the same hunog mice yajima and others observe predominantly bcell lpd [30] ...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...et al and yajima et al and this may explain the differences in their results for example although both groups used cord bloodderived hsc the former injected hsc to newborn male mice intrahepatically whereas the latter used 68 weekold female mice and employed an intravenous route the timing of virus infection after transplantation of hsc an important factor determining the level of tcell development [32] may also have an influence on the outcome of ebv infection of humanized mice as described below xenogeneic transplantation of pbmc obtained from patients with ebvhlh to nog mice also reproduced cardinal features...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...to newborn male mice intrahepatically whereas the latter used 68 weekold female mice and employed an intravenous route the timing of virus infection after transplantation of hsc an important factor determining the level of tcell development [32] may also have an influence on the outcome of ebv infection of humanized mice as described below xenogeneic transplantation of pbmc obtained from patients with ebvhlh to nog mice also reproduced cardinal features of ebvhlh [99] hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hlh is a serious hyperinflammatory condition caused by a highly activated but ineffective immune responses [94] clinical...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...the pathogenesis [97] sato and others reported on exaggerated cd8 tcell responses accompanied by ifn cytokinemia in ebvinfected hunog mice [53] in contrast to earlier findings obtained from ebvinfected hunog mice [30] they did not observe obvious ebvpositive lpd ebv infection was restricted to b cells and expression of lyticcycle genes was demonstrated cd8 t cells with activated phenotype infiltrated major organs including the liver and spleen and the mice exhibited normocytic anemia and thrombocytopenia based on these findings together with the finding of hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow and...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...with the finding of hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow and other tissues they suggested that ebvinfected hunog mice might be useful as an experimental model for ebvhlh although ebvhlh is usually associated with ebvinduced proliferation of t or nk cells [95 96] their results suggest that ebv infection in b cells may also cause similar hlh indeed in ebvhlh that developed in patients with xlinked lymphoproliferative disease 1 xlp1 and xlp2 proliferation of ebvinfected b cells was observed [98] using the same hunog mice yajima and others observe predominantly bcell lpd [30] ...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...et al and yajima et al and this may explain the differences in their results for example although both groups used cord bloodderived hsc the former injected hsc to newborn male mice intrahepatically whereas the latter used 68 weekold female mice and employed an intravenous route the timing of virus infection after transplantation of hsc an important factor determining the level of tcell development [32] may also have an influence on the outcome of ebv infection of humanized mice as described below xenogeneic transplantation of pbmc obtained from patients with ebvhlh to nog mice also reproduced cardinal features...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...to newborn male mice intrahepatically whereas the latter used 68 weekold female mice and employed an intravenous route the timing of virus infection after transplantation of hsc an important factor determining the level of tcell development [32] may also have an influence on the outcome of ebv infection of humanized mice as described below xenogeneic transplantation of pbmc obtained from patients with ebvhlh to nog mice also reproduced cardinal features of ebvhlh [99] rheumatoid arthritis ra characterized by synovial proliferation and destruction of bone and cartilage tissues is a common autoimmune disease associated with progressive...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...a large number of t cells specific to ebvencoded proteins are present in affected joints iv tcell functions to suppress the outgrowth of ebvinduced b cells are deficient and v larger numbers of ebvinfected b cells are present in the blood compared to normal controls [102] furthermore infection with ebv and expression of ebers and lmp1 were demonstrated in synovial cells of ra lesions [103] these lines of evidence are however circumstantial and direct evidence for the causal relationship has been missing primarily because of the lack of an appropriate animal model recently kuwana and...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...to cyclic citrullinated peptides two representative markers for ra were not detected in mice presenting arthritis if the mechanism of arthritis formation is shown to be common between humans and ebvinfected mice preclinical studies on therapeutic strategies will be possible with humanized mice analysis on immune responses to ebv infection in humanized mice was made possible by the development of newgeneration humanized mice [24 26] reconstitution of human b cells t cells and dendritic cells was achieved in brg mice transplanted with human hsc as described above upon infection with ebv the number of t cells significantly...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...mice analysis on immune responses to ebv infection in humanized mice was made possible by the development of newgeneration humanized mice [24 26] reconstitution of human b cells t cells and dendritic cells was achieved in brg mice transplanted with human hsc as described above upon infection with ebv the number of t cells significantly increased in the spleen and cd8 t cells isolated from infected mice were shown to proliferate vigorously when stimulated with autologous ebvtransformed lcl although ebv specificity of this response was not confirmed [24] in blt mice developed by...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...] one way to clear the problem of tcell education is to introduce a human mhc transgene to humanized mice two nsgderived mouse strains with human hlaa2 transgene were developed and transplanted with hsc having the same hla allele humanized mice thus obtained mounted efficient tcell responses following ebv infection and restriction by hlaa2 was demonstrated [31 93] although not tested in ebv infection so far the rag1 c mouse with hladr4 transgene were shown to have more human cd4 t cells than control rag1 c mouse following reconstitution with hladr4positive hsc...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...transgene to humanized mice two nsgderived mouse strains with human hlaa2 transgene were developed and transplanted with hsc having the same hla allele humanized mice thus obtained mounted efficient tcell responses following ebv infection and restriction by hlaa2 was demonstrated [31 93] although not tested in ebv infection so far the rag1 c mouse with hladr4 transgene were shown to have more human cd4 t cells than control rag1 c mouse following reconstitution with hladr4positive hsc [106] antibody responses to ebv were analyzed in hunog mice infected with ebv [...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...was suggested that suboptimal interaction between t and b lymphocytes underlay the inefficient production of antigenspecific igg antibodies in hunog mice [105] the lack of human follicular dendritic cells in humanized mice may be also involved in the inefficiency of class switching [24] ebv infection in immunocompetent hosts is mostly asymptomatic and ebvinfected lymphoblastoid cells with potential to unlimited proliferation are efficiently removed by the virusspecific ctl because they express highly immunogenic proteins such as ebnas 3a 3b and 3c in ebv latency in humans maintained by tcell immunosurveillance ebv reside in memory b cells...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...proliferation are efficiently removed by the virusspecific ctl because they express highly immunogenic proteins such as ebnas 3a 3b and 3c in ebv latency in humans maintained by tcell immunosurveillance ebv reside in memory b cells where all viral protein expression is shut down rendering them invisible to ctl persistent infection reminiscent of ebv latency in humans was reproduced in hunog mice inoculated with low doses of the virus majority of hunog mice inoculated with ebv of less than 10 1 td 50 remained normal and survived for more than six months without apparent signs of diseases [30] ...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...of the virus majority of hunog mice inoculated with ebv of less than 10 1 td 50 remained normal and survived for more than six months without apparent signs of diseases [30] ebv dna was detected in the peripheral blood only transiently for the several weeks following infection when these mice were sacrificed more than six months postinfection no macroscopic pathological changes were observed yet a low number of eberpositive cells were found in the tissues of spleen and lymph nodes these cells were shown cd20positive but their morphology with rather large cytoplasm was not consistent with that...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...resting memory b cells [30] rtpcr analysis of rna obtained from the spleen or liver of these persistently infected mice showed the expression of ebna1 ebna2 lmp1 and lmp2a being consistent with the presence of latency iii cells yajima et al unpublished results thus persistent ebv infection in hunog mice did not appear to recapitulate all aspects of ebv latency in humans since a number of deficiencies have been observed in the functions of b cells in humanized mice [105] reproduction of bone fide ebv latency in memory b cells may require more sophisticated...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...observed in the functions of b cells in humanized mice [105] reproduction of bone fide ebv latency in memory b cells may require more sophisticated humanized mice nevertheless it is an interesting question how immune responses are involved in the induction and maintenance of this persistent ebv infection in hunog mice interestingly ebv dna level in the peripheral blood fluctuated in a few persistently infected mice and there the rise in ebv dna level was immediately followed by the increase in cd8 t cells and subsequent decline of ebv dna level suggesting an effective tcell control of...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...fluctuated in a few persistently infected mice and there the rise in ebv dna level was immediately followed by the increase in cd8 t cells and subsequent decline of ebv dna level suggesting an effective tcell control of ebvinfected cells [52] trials to disrupt this persistent infection by immunosuppressive measures and induce ebvassociated lpd are underway cocco and others characterized ebv gene expression surface marker expression and hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable region in a single cell level in lymphoid tissues of humanized brg mice infected with ebv [29] they could identify ebvinfected cells of...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...tissues of humanized brg mice infected with ebv [29] they could identify ebvinfected cells of all three types of ebv latency i ii and iii in specific correlations with the location in the tissue and presence of hypermutation thus the exact route by which ebv establishes latent infection in memory b cells which is at present unclear may be clarified in experiments using humanized mice among the nine ebv proteins and the two sets of untranslated rnas expressed in immortalized lymphoblastoid cells ebna2 ebna3a ebna3c and lmp1 have been shown to play essential roles in the process...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...host these findings were possible only in in vivo experiments with humanized mice and points to an important area for their application namely in vivo characterization of virus mutants bzlf1 is an immediateearly gene of ebv and acts as a switch from the latent to lytic cycle of ebv infection knockingout of bzlf gene did not affect the virus ability to transform b cells in vitro and the involvement of bzlf1 in lymphomagenesis was not expected until experiments with humanized mice became feasible ma and others prepared an ebv recombinant with the bzlf1 gene knockedout and that with enhanced bzlf1...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...mice became feasible ma and others prepared an ebv recombinant with the bzlf1 gene knockedout and that with enhanced bzlf1 expression and compared the efficiency of lymphoma genesis in blt nsg mice [62 63] the results clearly indicated that bzlf1 enhances lymphoma genesis by inducing abortive lytic infection there are a number of ebv genes such as bhrf1 encoding an bcl2like antiapoptotic protein [107] bxlf1 encoding ebv thymidine kinase [108] bcrf1 encoding viral il10 [109] lossoffunction mutants of which exhibited no or only minor phenotypic alteration in in...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...inflammatory symptoms in caebv although it is still not possible to transform human t and nk cells in vitro with ebv to establish immortalized cell lines the nature of these diseases strongly suggests that in a specific condition ebv can infect t and nk cells and induce their proliferation ebv infection of t and nk cells has not been reproduced so far in humanized mice and recapitulation of ebvassociated tnk lpd in mice required xenotransplantation of pbmc derived from patients imadome and others transplanted pbmc isolated from patients with caebv and ebvhlh to nog mice and succeeded in reproducing major features...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...of them have been recapitulated in humanized mice efforts to reproduce the remaining diseases in humanized mice need to be made recognition of erosive arthritis resembling ra in humanized mice rationalizes a search for lesions and symptoms of other autoimmune diseases in ebvinfected humanized mice by varying conditions for ebv infection in humanized mice including viral dose viral strain route of inoculation timing of infection after transplantation of hsc as well as modifying the protocol for preparing humanized mice recapitulation of additional ebvassociated diseases may be possible as various environmental and host factors are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...in humanized mice need to be made recognition of erosive arthritis resembling ra in humanized mice rationalizes a search for lesions and symptoms of other autoimmune diseases in ebvinfected humanized mice by varying conditions for ebv infection in humanized mice including viral dose viral strain route of inoculation timing of infection after transplantation of hsc as well as modifying the protocol for preparing humanized mice recapitulation of additional ebvassociated diseases may be possible as various environmental and host factors are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of ebvassociated diseases humanized mice may be a powerful tool for testing the effects...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...be possible as various environmental and host factors are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of ebvassociated diseases humanized mice may be a powerful tool for testing the effects of such cofactor candidates in vivo for example the effects of supposed cofactors for endemic burkitt lymphoma such as malaria infection and euphorbia plants might be tested in humanized mice host genetic factors may be also evaluated in humanized mice for diseases such as ra in which hla polymorphism has an influence on pathogenesis preparing humanized mice with hsc with highrisk polymorphisms may enhance pathogenesis similarly primary immunodeficiency with specific susceptibility...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...which hla polymorphism has an influence on pathogenesis preparing humanized mice with hsc with highrisk polymorphisms may enhance pathogenesis similarly primary immunodeficiency with specific susceptibility to ebv may be reproduced by preparing humanized mice with hsc derived from patients ebv is transmitted orally via saliva and initial steps of infection take place in oropharyngeal epithelium and lymphoid tissues just adjacent the epithelium ebv inoculation to humanized mice so far however employed only intravenous or intraperitoneal routes and therefore critical early events in ebv infection may not have been reproduced there preliminary trials of oral inoculation of ebv to hunog mice...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...with hsc derived from patients ebv is transmitted orally via saliva and initial steps of infection take place in oropharyngeal epithelium and lymphoid tissues just adjacent the epithelium ebv inoculation to humanized mice so far however employed only intravenous or intraperitoneal routes and therefore critical early events in ebv infection may not have been reproduced there preliminary trials of oral inoculation of ebv to hunog mice have not been successful yajima et al unpublished result since no human epithelial cells are present in humanized mice this result suggests that replication in epithelial cells is an essential step in primary...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...not have been reproduced there preliminary trials of oral inoculation of ebv to hunog mice have not been successful yajima et al unpublished result since no human epithelial cells are present in humanized mice this result suggests that replication in epithelial cells is an essential step in primary ebv infection since oral transmission is a critical initial step in primary ebv infection that may direct later stages of ebv infection in the host it is highly desirable that this natural route of transmission is reproduced in humanized mice human ebv infection is usually asymptomatic and the symptoms of i...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...to hunog mice have not been successful yajima et al unpublished result since no human epithelial cells are present in humanized mice this result suggests that replication in epithelial cells is an essential step in primary ebv infection since oral transmission is a critical initial step in primary ebv infection that may direct later stages of ebv infection in the host it is highly desirable that this natural route of transmission is reproduced in humanized mice human ebv infection is usually asymptomatic and the symptoms of im appear only after long incubation period of 37 weeks it is...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...et al unpublished result since no human epithelial cells are present in humanized mice this result suggests that replication in epithelial cells is an essential step in primary ebv infection since oral transmission is a critical initial step in primary ebv infection that may direct later stages of ebv infection in the host it is highly desirable that this natural route of transmission is reproduced in humanized mice human ebv infection is usually asymptomatic and the symptoms of im appear only after long incubation period of 37 weeks it is therefore extremely difficult to find individuals currently having...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...cells is an essential step in primary ebv infection since oral transmission is a critical initial step in primary ebv infection that may direct later stages of ebv infection in the host it is highly desirable that this natural route of transmission is reproduced in humanized mice human ebv infection is usually asymptomatic and the symptoms of im appear only after long incubation period of 37 weeks it is therefore extremely difficult to find individuals currently having acute primary ebv infection in a period suitable for analysis of innate immune responses in this context the humanized mouse may be...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...it is highly desirable that this natural route of transmission is reproduced in humanized mice human ebv infection is usually asymptomatic and the symptoms of im appear only after long incubation period of 37 weeks it is therefore extremely difficult to find individuals currently having acute primary ebv infection in a period suitable for analysis of innate immune responses in this context the humanized mouse may be an ideal tool and critical early innate responses to ebv might be revealed in humanized mice although not analyzing early events following infection one study using nodscid mice with human fetal thymus...

Title: Humanized Mouse Models of Epstein-Barr Virus
Infection and Associated Diseases
Authors: Fujiwara, Shigeyoshi. Matsuda, Go...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 289
ID: 4be32977ea29039cf2fac3b4327ceea8f14d0af4
Number of matches: 51

...difficult to find individuals currently having acute primary ebv infection in a period suitable for analysis of innate immune responses in this context the humanized mouse may be an ideal tool and critical early innate responses to ebv might be revealed in humanized mice although not analyzing early events following infection one study using nodscid mice with human fetal thymus xenograft focused on innate immune responses to ebv and demonstrated a role of ebvinduced cd8 nkt cells in the suppression of tumorigenesis by ebvassociated hodgkin lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells [114] efforts to overcome various limitations in...

Title: A Novel Questionnaire to Ergonomically Assess
Respirators among Health Care Staff: Development and
Validation
Authors: Jazani, Reza Khani. Seyedmehdi, Seyed Mohammad...
Journal: Tanaffos
Item: Infection
Index: 292
ID: 35229a458e5e6c73b9bcc155eedb15c62a24ce17
Number of matches: 2

...use of personal protective equipment by health care workers is one of the most crucial measures to protect them against diseases in this regard the world health organization who and the center for disease control and prevention cdc proposed the n95 respirator masks in order to prevent the spread of infection through the air 1 2 the n95 respirator masks are compressed facial masks so that they should be fixed on the face to provide respiratory protection 3 a significant concern in the use of these masks is their reliability to impede the contaminant transport to an individuals breathing...

Title: A Novel Questionnaire to Ergonomically Assess
Respirators among Health Care Staff: Development and
Validation
Authors: Jazani, Reza Khani. Seyedmehdi, Seyed Mohammad...
Journal: Tanaffos
Item: Infection
Index: 292
ID: 35229a458e5e6c73b9bcc155eedb15c62a24ce17
Number of matches: 2

...a 45item questionnaire containing five dimensions of awareness and training comfort performance mood and fit was prepared given that the correct choice of respiratory protective equipment regardless of the specifications and limitations of the users reduces their efficiency and can lead to irreparable damages to medical staff and hospital infection control system the n95 respirator masks ergonomic analysis among medical staff inventory can present a full assessment of ergonomic aspects of a halfface respirator 24 25 it not only can help the mask designers to increase the quality of the product but also can be used by the respiratory...

Title: Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against
Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Ashfaq, Usman A. Masoud, Muhammad S...
Journal: J Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 293
ID: 89ac1ba1b647165fe0cf9cefd3dc65df8c162749
Number of matches: 13

...analogue ribavirin rib about 75 of patients receive no therapeutic benefit from the current combination therapy with pegifn and the guanosine analog ribavirin because of adverse side effects and high cost [2] vaccine development is hindered by the lack of good invitro and invivo models of infection the antigenic heterogeneity of the virus and its ability to avoid immune defenses hence there is a need to develop antiviral drug to treat hepatitis infection from plant sources the hcv is an enveloped positivestranded rna virus belonging to the hepacivirus genus of the flaviviridae family hcv has six...

Title: Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against
Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Ashfaq, Usman A. Masoud, Muhammad S...
Journal: J Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 293
ID: 89ac1ba1b647165fe0cf9cefd3dc65df8c162749
Number of matches: 13

...adverse side effects and high cost [2] vaccine development is hindered by the lack of good invitro and invivo models of infection the antigenic heterogeneity of the virus and its ability to avoid immune defenses hence there is a need to develop antiviral drug to treat hepatitis infection from plant sources the hcv is an enveloped positivestranded rna virus belonging to the hepacivirus genus of the flaviviridae family hcv has six major genotypes and approximately 100 subtypes depending on the geographical distribution of the virus [3] hcv genome encodes a single polyprotein precursor of...

Title: Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against
Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Ashfaq, Usman A. Masoud, Muhammad S...
Journal: J Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 293
ID: 89ac1ba1b647165fe0cf9cefd3dc65df8c162749
Number of matches: 13

...at 37c in 5 co 2 next day adherent cells were washed three times with 1 pbs complete medium was added and incubation was continued for 48 hrs cells were harvested and assessed for viral rna quantification by real time pcr to analyze the effect of gl on hcv infection serum infected huh7 cells were again seeded after three days of infection in 24well plates in the presence and absence of gl and grown to 80 confluence with 2 ml medium after 24 h cells and total rna was isolated by using gentra rna isolation kit gentra system pennsylvania usa...

Title: Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against
Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Ashfaq, Usman A. Masoud, Muhammad S...
Journal: J Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 293
ID: 89ac1ba1b647165fe0cf9cefd3dc65df8c162749
Number of matches: 13

...washed three times with 1 pbs complete medium was added and incubation was continued for 48 hrs cells were harvested and assessed for viral rna quantification by real time pcr to analyze the effect of gl on hcv infection serum infected huh7 cells were again seeded after three days of infection in 24well plates in the presence and absence of gl and grown to 80 confluence with 2 ml medium after 24 h cells and total rna was isolated by using gentra rna isolation kit gentra system pennsylvania usa according to the manufacturers instructions briefely cells were lysed with cell lysis...

Title: Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against
Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Ashfaq, Usman A. Masoud, Muhammad S...
Journal: J Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 293
ID: 89ac1ba1b647165fe0cf9cefd3dc65df8c162749
Number of matches: 13

...specific to the hcv core gene of 3a genotype amplification of gapdh mrna served as an internal control figure 4 demonstrates that gl inhibits hcv rna and protein expression significantly in a dosedependent manner while gapdh mrna and protein expression remains unaffected by the addition of the gl hcv infection is a serious global health problem necessitating effective treatment currently there is no vaccine available for prevention of hcv infection due to high degree of strain variation the current treatment of care pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin is costly has significant side effects and fails to cure about...

Title: Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against
Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Ashfaq, Usman A. Masoud, Muhammad S...
Journal: J Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 293
ID: 89ac1ba1b647165fe0cf9cefd3dc65df8c162749
Number of matches: 13

...demonstrates that gl inhibits hcv rna and protein expression significantly in a dosedependent manner while gapdh mrna and protein expression remains unaffected by the addition of the gl hcv infection is a serious global health problem necessitating effective treatment currently there is no vaccine available for prevention of hcv infection due to high degree of strain variation the current treatment of care pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin is costly has significant side effects and fails to cure about half of all infections [12 13] hence there is a need to develop antihcv agents both from...

Title: Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against
Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Ashfaq, Usman A. Masoud, Muhammad S...
Journal: J Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 293
ID: 89ac1ba1b647165fe0cf9cefd3dc65df8c162749
Number of matches: 13

...bile into the intestines gl and glycyrrhetinic acid have both been tested against hepatitis a b cwith some interesting results [20] [21] [22] previous studies report that gl has antiviral activity against hiv by inhibiting virus replication interfering with virustocell binding and celltocell infection and inducing ifn activity [23 24] gl has reported antiviral effect against herpesviridae family viruses vzv hsv1 ebs cmv and flaviviruses by inhibiting the replication of virus [7 25] gl has also antiviral effect against some emerging viruses such as sars by inhibiting the...

Title: Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against
Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Ashfaq, Usman A. Masoud, Muhammad S...
Journal: J Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 293
ID: 89ac1ba1b647165fe0cf9cefd3dc65df8c162749
Number of matches: 13

...further verified by microscopic examination of cells and mtt cell proliferation assay [27] guha et al [28] reported that in vitro cell culture models can at best demonstrate the infectivity of the virus and used in evaluating drugs for antiviral activity or inhibition of hcv infection most of the studies all over the world are conducted in huh7 derived cell lines and with replicons supporting hcv rna transcription and protein synthesis recently different groups have studied the hcv replication in serum infected liver cell lines for the study of different hcv genotypes which mimics the naturally...

Title: Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against
Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Ashfaq, Usman A. Masoud, Muhammad S...
Journal: J Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 293
ID: 89ac1ba1b647165fe0cf9cefd3dc65df8c162749
Number of matches: 13

...are conducted in huh7 derived cell lines and with replicons supporting hcv rna transcription and protein synthesis recently different groups have studied the hcv replication in serum infected liver cell lines for the study of different hcv genotypes which mimics the naturally occurring hcv virions biology and kinetics of hcv infection in humans [29 30] we infected huh7 cells with native viral particles from hcv 3a positive serum the most prevalent type in pakistan using the same protocol as established [29] the results of our data demonstrate that gl has antiviral effect against hcv in...

Title: Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against
Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Ashfaq, Usman A. Masoud, Muhammad S...
Journal: J Transl Med
Item: Infection
Index: 293
ID: 89ac1ba1b647165fe0cf9cefd3dc65df8c162749
Number of matches: 13

...and hcv core gene expression both at rna and protein level and had synergistic effect with interferon therefore it can also be speculated from our pilot study that therapeutic induction of gl either alone or in combination with ifn treatment might represent an alternative approach for future treatment of chronic infection hcv hepatitis c virus gl glycyrrhizin huh7 human hepatoma cell line...

Title: Treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome
with a combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and
interferon-β1b (MIRACLE trial): statistical analysis plan
for a recursive two-stage group sequential
randomized controlled trial
Authors: Arabi, Yaseen M.. Asiri, Ayed Y....
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 294
ID: 5f1578a62c27bf79646c2ef894cc185b322c8b4f
Number of matches: 4

...a viral respiratory disease caused by the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus merscov mers cases continue to occur and are often associated with respiratory and multiorgan failure [1] there is no antiviral treatment with proven efficacy at present [1 2] the miracle trial merscov infection treated with a combination of lopinavirritonavir and interferon1b is the first randomized controlled trial for mers treatment the study protocol has been previously published [3] there are several challenges in a trial for treatment of a disease like mers 1 there is not enough information on the...

Title: Treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome
with a combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and
interferon-β1b (MIRACLE trial): statistical analysis plan
for a recursive two-stage group sequential
randomized controlled trial
Authors: Arabi, Yaseen M.. Asiri, Ayed Y....
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 294
ID: 5f1578a62c27bf79646c2ef894cc185b322c8b4f
Number of matches: 4

...will be conducted for patients who received the allocated interventions defined by any dose of the study intervention baseline characteristics will be presented for the two study groups additional file 1 table s1 including age sex and body mass index the presence of coinfections nosocomial versus communityacquired mers infection acute physiology and chronic health evaluation apache ii scores sequential organ failure assessment scores and the karnofsky performance status scale score [3] we will report comorbidities and the interventions received before randomization for the patients in each group we will report baseline laboratory values international normalization ratio...

Title: Treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome
with a combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and
interferon-β1b (MIRACLE trial): statistical analysis plan
for a recursive two-stage group sequential
randomized controlled trial
Authors: Arabi, Yaseen M.. Asiri, Ayed Y....
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 294
ID: 5f1578a62c27bf79646c2ef894cc185b322c8b4f
Number of matches: 4

...logistic regression analysis in which death within 90 days will be modeled as the dependent variable and a set of baseline variables that are strongly believed to affect the outcome of mers will be included as independent variables those variables will include at minimum the following age communityacquired versus hospitalacquired infection mechanical ventilation center and sequential organ failure assessment score ninetyday median survival time will be summarized and reported using kaplanmeier curves and will be compared between the study groups using the logrank test additional file 1 figure s1 analysis of secondary outcomes will be compared in the intentiontotreat cohort...

Title: Treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome
with a combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and
interferon-β1b (MIRACLE trial): statistical analysis plan
for a recursive two-stage group sequential
randomized controlled trial
Authors: Arabi, Yaseen M.. Asiri, Ayed Y....
Journal: Trials
Item: Infection
Index: 294
ID: 5f1578a62c27bf79646c2ef894cc185b322c8b4f
Number of matches: 4

... additional file 1 table s1 baseline characteristics of intentiontotreat itt population table s2 summary of interventions and cointerventions table s3 primary outcome 90day mortality table s4 secondary outcomes table s5 subgroup analyses table s6 classification of adverse events in the miracle trial merscov infection treated with a combination of lopinavirritonavir and interferon1b using the nih common terminology criteria for adverse events ctcae version 40 table s7 summary of adverse events by severity table s8 summary of protocol violations...

Title: Network theory may explain the vulnerability
of medieval human settlements to the Black Death
pandemic
Authors: Gómez, José M.. Verdú, Miguel
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 295
ID: bede1530aa4f5b0fdc57cd2d582bc7e4f153c1e6
Number of matches: 6

...would otherwise be sparsely or not connected at all consequently this correlation indicates that the importance of a given city for the disease transmission in the medieval network appears both at local and global scales the observed high transitivity in the medieval networks suggests that the dynamics of the infection was predominantly a local process 9 under these circumstances the probability of infection of a given city probably depended more on the transmission from the surrounding cities than from distant cities 9 despite of this infection spreading tends to be fast in networks bearing high transitivity 28 ...

Title: Network theory may explain the vulnerability
of medieval human settlements to the Black Death
pandemic
Authors: Gómez, José M.. Verdú, Miguel
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 295
ID: bede1530aa4f5b0fdc57cd2d582bc7e4f153c1e6
Number of matches: 6

...the importance of a given city for the disease transmission in the medieval network appears both at local and global scales the observed high transitivity in the medieval networks suggests that the dynamics of the infection was predominantly a local process 9 under these circumstances the probability of infection of a given city probably depended more on the transmission from the surrounding cities than from distant cities 9 despite of this infection spreading tends to be fast in networks bearing high transitivity 28 the correlations between both centrality metrics and between clustering coefficient and closeness insinuate that...

Title: Network theory may explain the vulnerability
of medieval human settlements to the Black Death
pandemic
Authors: Gómez, José M.. Verdú, Miguel
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 295
ID: bede1530aa4f5b0fdc57cd2d582bc7e4f153c1e6
Number of matches: 6

...high transitivity in the medieval networks suggests that the dynamics of the infection was predominantly a local process 9 under these circumstances the probability of infection of a given city probably depended more on the transmission from the surrounding cities than from distant cities 9 despite of this infection spreading tends to be fast in networks bearing high transitivity 28 the correlations between both centrality metrics and between clustering coefficient and closeness insinuate that the infection probably arrived sooner to those cities located in dense and highly interconnected subsets of cities all these features may explain why the...

Title: Network theory may explain the vulnerability
of medieval human settlements to the Black Death
pandemic
Authors: Gómez, José M.. Verdú, Miguel
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 295
ID: bede1530aa4f5b0fdc57cd2d582bc7e4f153c1e6
Number of matches: 6

...a given city probably depended more on the transmission from the surrounding cities than from distant cities 9 despite of this infection spreading tends to be fast in networks bearing high transitivity 28 the correlations between both centrality metrics and between clustering coefficient and closeness insinuate that the infection probably arrived sooner to those cities located in dense and highly interconnected subsets of cities all these features may explain why the black death invaded so easily and fast most places from china to iberian peninsula and british islands in less than a decade 2 relationship between city centrality...

Title: Network theory may explain the vulnerability
of medieval human settlements to the Black Death
pandemic
Authors: Gómez, José M.. Verdú, Miguel
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 295
ID: bede1530aa4f5b0fdc57cd2d582bc7e4f153c1e6
Number of matches: 6

...bacterial strains invaded london a central city in our network during the black death pandemic 31 when a city is recurrently invaded the overall mortality will be higher due to several nonexclusive reasons a first factor increasing the mortality rate in a given city could be due to different infection waves affecting different parts of the city in this case the overall mortality rate will be the cumulative outcome of partial mortalities caused by each infection wave in addition a city invaded multiple times could receive different pathogen strains theoretical models suggest that multiple infections with different strains generally lead...

Title: Network theory may explain the vulnerability
of medieval human settlements to the Black Death
pandemic
Authors: Gómez, José M.. Verdú, Miguel
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 295
ID: bede1530aa4f5b0fdc57cd2d582bc7e4f153c1e6
Number of matches: 6

...will be higher due to several nonexclusive reasons a first factor increasing the mortality rate in a given city could be due to different infection waves affecting different parts of the city in this case the overall mortality rate will be the cumulative outcome of partial mortalities caused by each infection wave in addition a city invaded multiple times could receive different pathogen strains theoretical models suggest that multiple infections with different strains generally lead to the evolution of populationwide increased virulence 45 magnifying even more the devastating effects of the epidemic in that city our findings may have...

Title: XB130 deficiency enhances
lipopolysaccharide-induced septic response and acute lung injury
Authors: Toba, Hiroaki. Tomankova, Tereza...
Journal: Oncotarget
Item: Infection
Index: 296
ID: 50ad279de0a3f825b6280e07afc79439f59ecc3a
Number of matches: 3

...and its severe form acute respiratory distress syndrome ards are critical and leading cause of mortality in the intensive care units in united states there were approximately 190000 patients of aliards each year with approximately 40 mortality [18] aliards can be caused by intrapulmonary insults such as infection acid aspiration ventilatorinduced lung injury ischemiareperfusion and etc as well as by extrapulmonary insults such as sepsis hemorrhagic shock trauma burn and etc [19] lipopolysaccharide lps binds to tolllike receptor 4 and induces the production of various proinflammatory cytokines and development of ali [20] ...

Title: XB130 deficiency enhances
lipopolysaccharide-induced septic response and acute lung injury
Authors: Toba, Hiroaki. Tomankova, Tereza...
Journal: Oncotarget
Item: Infection
Index: 296
ID: 50ad279de0a3f825b6280e07afc79439f59ecc3a
Number of matches: 3

...weight loss and composite disease score after lps treatment moreover the serum levels of several cytokines at day 2 of lps treatment were significantly higher in xb130 ko mice mcp1 is a cc chemokine for the recruitment of monocytes and other inflammatory cells to the sites of tissue injury and infection [23 24] the proinflammatory cytokines tnf and il6 can activate neutrophils which adhere to the affected capillary endothelium and migrate into air spaces leading to severe lung injury [25 26] il10 is an antiinflammatory cytokine and plays protective roles in controlling immunopathology during ali...

Title: Structural basis of sialidase in complex with
geranylated flavonoids as potent natural inhibitors
Authors: Lee, Youngjin. Ryu, Young Bae...
Journal: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr
Item: Infection
Index: 297
ID: 051cf89045450e5eff3fc9ba4fdc518fe1d623b8
Number of matches: 1

...et al 2011 the latest studies on sequelae of sepsis and septic shock have focused on understanding the roles of bacterial pathogenic factors rittirsch et al 2008 moreover studies using a sialidase deletion mutant from p aeruginosa showed that bacterial sialidase acts in the initial stages of pulmonary infection by targeting glycoconjugates and biofilm production soong et al 2006 since sialidase inhibitors are substrate analogues and typically exhibit competitive kinetics it is interesting to explore natural nonsubstrate mimics such as flavonoids oligostilbenes coumarins and diarylheptanoids grienke et al 2012 flavonoids which are polyphenolic compounds are widespread in...

Title: In Vitro Activity of Sodium New Houttuyfonate
Alone and in Combination with Oxacillin or
Netilmicin against Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Lu, Xi. Yang, Xinyi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 298
ID: f1541ead6bf6988b4d08b12873806a89a4b7ff1b
Number of matches: 4

...positive cocci including mrsa doesnt seem feasible it might be interesting to test this combination on mdr gram negative bacteria considering that oxacillin can combine with other antimicrobial agents to restore its utility against staphylococci [31] while netilmicin was also reported to be effective on mrsa infection when used in a drug combination [32 33] the findings reported here suggest that in vitro combinations of subinhibitory concentrations of snhoxa and snhnet could be beneficial inhibiting mrsa however further investigations including pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic studies need to be conducted to determine if the in vivo activity of...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...pa is also capable of causing serious infections in plants and insects with significant correlation to virulence across the species [4 5] among patients those with cystic fibrosis cf chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd and on mechanical ventilation are particularly prone to develop pneumonia caused by pa infection [6] in fact pa plays a major role in deterioration of lung function in cf patients a highly virulent organism that can even grow in water pa has of late been recognized to be capable of altering the host genome it infects in order to facilitate its...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...while deletion of sphk2 but not sphk1 ameliorated painduced lung inflammation and injury in mice [11] using sphk2 knockout ko mice we decided to unravel the key pathways selectively associated with sphk2 signaling that play a role in painduced pathogenesis using differential gene expression analysis the infection of a host by a pathogenic microorganism initiates complex cascades of events that influence both immediate and longterm outcomes in this study we identified a set of pa responsive genes activated in the wt mice in comparison with sphk2 our results show that sphk2s1p signaling cascade mediating painduced pneumonia...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...comparison with sphk2 our results show that sphk2s1p signaling cascade mediating painduced pneumonia modulates signaling events related to extracellular matrix remodeling interleukin il signaling and complement cascade in the host lung in addition we also noted that genetic deletion of sphk2 resisted alteration of host pulmonary genome by pa infection by promoting its own virulence the objective of this study is to identify novel pathways related to sphk2s1p signaling that could contribute to the pathology as well as protection of painduced pneumonia all experiments using animals were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the university...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...of speciesspecific housekeeping genes relative signal intensities of labeling controls absolute signal intensities of hybridization controls and acrossarray signal distribution plots [22] all hybridizations passed quality control according to indicated labeling and hybridization controls in order to identify the subset of genes modulated specifically to the infection of wt and sphk2 mice we performed a twoway anova using the status of pa infection and sphk2 expression as comparison factors we compared the following groups sphk2 pa infected sphk2 pa sphk2 control sphk2 ctrl wild type pa infected wt pa and wild type...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...acrossarray signal distribution plots [22] all hybridizations passed quality control according to indicated labeling and hybridization controls in order to identify the subset of genes modulated specifically to the infection of wt and sphk2 mice we performed a twoway anova using the status of pa infection and sphk2 expression as comparison factors we compared the following groups sphk2 pa infected sphk2 pa sphk2 control sphk2 ctrl wild type pa infected wt pa and wild type control wt ctrl anova model was based on method of moments [23] in combination with...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...were aligned to reference genome using burroughswheeler aligner maximal exact matches bwamem [24] gene expression was quantified using featurecounts [25] differential expression statistics foldchange and pvalue were computed using edger [26 27] generalized linear models to model the effect of genotype infection and their interaction we used globus genomics [28] for these analyses calculated raw pvalues were adjusted for false discovery rate fdr according to benjaminihochberg bh correction procedure [29 30] significant genes were determined based on an fdr threshold of 5 005 and plotted in a...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...are independent of human error pathway enrichment analysis on differentially expressed genes was performed using the pathway maps database in metacore the top 35 genes based on the interaction term fdr were plotted in a heatmap additionally we compared the significantly differentially expressed fdr 005 genes based on genotype infection or their interaction in a venn diagram the rnaseq datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the national center for biotechnology information gene expression omnibus repository with unique persistent identifier of ncbi tracking system accession number the accession number is gse12359 the hyperlink to the datasets...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...gse12359 the hyperlink to the datasets is given below httpswwwncbinlmnihgovgeoqueryacccgiacc gse121359 we performed pathway enrichment analyses ea in order to identify the biological factors driving the protective effect observed in sphk2 mice with pa pneumonia transcripts identified as differentially expressed in ko animals in response to pa infection in twoway anova test fdr cut off of 005 were imported into metacore genomic analyses tool release 622 thomson reuters for analyses differentially expressed genes were analyzed using the pathway maps ontology and the top 50 most enriched pathways pw were identified the output of analyses using the tool...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...was used fig 1 the number of genes differentially regulated in the wt and sphk2 mice exposed to pa shown as a venn diagram data was analyzed using twoway anova twoway anova represents the analyses performed to ascertain the impact of three factors such as 1 sphk2 gene ko 2pa infection 3 interaction of the gene ko and infection there are three circles representing the data derived from the twoway anova circle labelled genotype shows genes affected by knockout of sphk2 gene sphk2 shows only 2 genes differentially regulated when the corresponding gene was knocked out circle labelled infection shows...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...differentially regulated in the wt and sphk2 mice exposed to pa shown as a venn diagram data was analyzed using twoway anova twoway anova represents the analyses performed to ascertain the impact of three factors such as 1 sphk2 gene ko 2pa infection 3 interaction of the gene ko and infection there are three circles representing the data derived from the twoway anova circle labelled genotype shows genes affected by knockout of sphk2 gene sphk2 shows only 2 genes differentially regulated when the corresponding gene was knocked out circle labelled infection shows genes affected by pa 375 genes differentially regulated...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...2pa infection 3 interaction of the gene ko and infection there are three circles representing the data derived from the twoway anova circle labelled genotype shows genes affected by knockout of sphk2 gene sphk2 shows only 2 genes differentially regulated when the corresponding gene was knocked out circle labelled infection shows genes affected by pa 375 genes differentially regulated by pa group compared to the corresponding control unaffected by other factors the third circle shows genes affected by the interaction between the two factors ie sphk2 and pa 1496 genes were solely affected by the interaction between sphk2 ...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...and grouped by similar functions thus highlighting biological motifs most prevalent in our model are shown in here shared and differentially expressed genes in wild type and sphk2 mouse lungs with or without pa exposure analysis of gene expression showed that 375 genes were differentially regulated by pa infection of mouse lungs compared to the corresponding uninfected control mice venn diagram showing the number of genes differentially regulated in the wt and sphk2 mice exposed to pa based on twoway anova analysis is shown in fig 1 under three different categories viz pathway maps ontology was...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...variables only 2 of the 375 differentially expressed genes degs could be strictly characterized as those affected solely due to the impact of genetic deletion of sphk2 fig 1 it is also interesting to note that 1496 genes were affected by the interaction between deletion of sphk2 and pa infection of the mouse lung genes differentially regulated in the immune response following pa infection cluster 1 and nfb this heat map shows the biological nodal pathway related to immune response showing differential regulation of genes among the 4 different groups as described key genes seen in the heat map are...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...as those affected solely due to the impact of genetic deletion of sphk2 fig 1 it is also interesting to note that 1496 genes were affected by the interaction between deletion of sphk2 and pa infection of the mouse lung genes differentially regulated in the immune response following pa infection cluster 1 and nfb this heat map shows the biological nodal pathway related to immune response showing differential regulation of genes among the 4 different groups as described key genes seen in the heat map are described here a significant upregulation of genes such as rela tlr4 traf6 nfkbib nfkb2...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...and differentiation [32] recently a novel role of protein kinase c pkc in painduced phosphorylation of sphk2 and histone acetylation was demonstrated in lung epithelial cells [11] in this context we noted that genes in the pkc pathway have undergone significant differential regulation following infection with pa of both wt and sphk2 groups pkc family of proteins activate target proteins by promoting phosphorylation at serine and threonine amino acid residues [33] in the wt pa group upregulation of virulence promoting members of the fig 7 genes that are differentially regulated in...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...subunit 14a is an inhibitor of smooth muscle myosin phosphatase plcb3 encodes phospholipase c beta 3 that catalyzes the production of the second messengers such as dag and inositol 145triphosphate from phosphatidylinositol via gproteinlinked receptormediated signal transduction genes affecting epigenetic pathways were also noted to be differentially regulated pa infection causes downregulation of hist1h2bc and runx1t1 genes while the former gene represents the histone cluster 1 h2bc the latter represents runx1 translocation partner 1 this gene encodes a member of the myeloid translocation gene family that interacts with dnabound transcription factors leading to recruitment of a range of corepressors thus...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...with dnabound transcription factors leading to recruitment of a range of corepressors thus causing transcriptional repression [39] further we noted differential regulation of genes coding epithelial sodium channels enac in vertebrates scnn1g fig 9 genes that are differentially regulated in the nodal pathway related to bacterial infection cluster 12 the following genes related to bacterial infection were downregulated in wt pa nos2 rel myd88 nfkb1 nfkb2 relb fas and tlr4 an overlap with nfb pathway is noted here down regulated genes include stat1 and sftpa1 gene coding for the subunit of the enac was significantly downregulated...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...range of corepressors thus causing transcriptional repression [39] further we noted differential regulation of genes coding epithelial sodium channels enac in vertebrates scnn1g fig 9 genes that are differentially regulated in the nodal pathway related to bacterial infection cluster 12 the following genes related to bacterial infection were downregulated in wt pa nos2 rel myd88 nfkb1 nfkb2 relb fas and tlr4 an overlap with nfb pathway is noted here down regulated genes include stat1 and sftpa1 gene coding for the subunit of the enac was significantly downregulated in wt pa but remained upregulated in the rest...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

... subunit of the enac was significantly downregulated in wt pa but remained upregulated in the rest of groups wt pa was associated with upregulation of furin gene that was not clearly observed in sphk2 mouse lungs furin is a host cell factor that significantly enhances virulence of viral infection in cultured cells [40] in the mucin expression pathway erbb2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 gene encodes a member of the epidermal growth factor egf receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases which was downregulated in the wt pa group following identification of the pws we validated differential expression...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...downregulated in the wt pa group following identification of the pws we validated differential expression of specific genes by their biological impact and further validated using real time rtpcr we would like to describe the two genes that were changed between the ko and the wt in absence of infection the genes were frs3 fibroblast growth factor frs3 gene encodes a substrate for the fibroblast growth factor receptor [41] the encoded protein is present in the plasma membrane and links fibroblast growth factor receptor stimulation to activators of ras [42] this follows downregulation of...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...of sphk2 in the ensuing pathogenesis that is relevant to pneumonia and sepsis our gene expression analysis clearly revealed a link between sphk2 and several key downstream pathways that play a role either directly or indirectly in pa pathogenesis one of the earliest attempts to study transcriptional changes following pa infection was carried out in a549 cells [49] wherein interferon regulatory factor 1 irf1 was noted to be activated in the same study genes encoding transcription factors such as ikbnfkb inhibitor validation was done using the most differentially expressed genes from the gene pool identified by the microarray...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...ear epithelial cells hmeec was associated with actin condensation and blocking the pkc pathway attenuated the ability of bacteria to invade hmeecs and subsequent actin condensation in our study we noted significant differential regulation of genes in the pkc pathway a similarity between the two studies was noted in that infection by pa in wt mouse caused upregulation of genes promoting inflammation and apoptosis pkc prkcd was significantly upregulated in wt pa compared to the rest of the group also upregulation of other members of the pkc pathway such as sele which promotes adhesion of leucocytes [34] ...

Title: Genetic deletion of Sphk2 confers protection
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated
differential expression of genes related to virulent
infection and inflammation in mouse lung
Authors: Ebenezer, David L.. Fu, Panfeng...
Journal: BMC Genomics
Item: Infection
Index: 299
ID: 52e083e335c8c29b8867ac67d5090b71348f2eac
Number of matches: 37

...the pkc pathway such as sele which promotes adhesion of leucocytes [34] lcp2 the product of which mediates tcell receptor mediated signal transduction [52] nr4a1 the product of which upon translocation from nucleus to mitochondria causes apoptosis [35] was observed however pa infection leads to significant downregulation of genes in the pkc pathway including gna11 encoding the protein belonging to the family of guanine nucleotidebinding proteins g proteins which function as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems and prkcz encoding protein kinase c a member of the pkc family of...

Title: The Evolution of Poxvirus Vaccines
Authors: Sánchez-Sampedro, Lucas. Perdiguero, Beatriz...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2026
ID: 902ec7158906ac390bdc04cd55350a12c8a39281
Number of matches: 13

...fwpv share 5571 amino acid identity significant genesequence rearrangements deletions and insertions [101] cnpv exhibits a broader tissue tropism in the permissive avian hosts than fwpv generally associated with higher mortality rates [102] both viruses have been described as unable to replicate and disseminate infection in nonhuman primates and humans [103] but some studies have shown replication of fwpv in nonpermissive mammalian cell cultures by the presence of infectious viral particles [104] or the occasionalpresence of immature forms and mature intracellular virus in infected cells [105] however...

Title: The Evolution of Poxvirus Vaccines
Authors: Sánchez-Sampedro, Lucas. Perdiguero, Beatriz...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2026
ID: 902ec7158906ac390bdc04cd55350a12c8a39281
Number of matches: 13

...530] [531] [532] and nonhuman primates [533 534] and the overall results showed that they induced an enhancement in the hiv1specific cellular and humoral immune responses thus the removal of vacv immunomodulatory genes that block the host immune responses to the infection is a useful method to enhance the antigenspecific immune responses induced by different poxvirusbased vaccine candidates dissection of the immune profile induced by these novel poxvirus vectors with deletions in single genes or in gene families is necessary to find an optimized poxvirus vector that could enter into future human...

Title: The Evolution of Poxvirus Vaccines
Authors: Sánchez-Sampedro, Lucas. Perdiguero, Beatriz...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2026
ID: 902ec7158906ac390bdc04cd55350a12c8a39281
Number of matches: 13

...induced by different poxvirusbased vaccine candidates dissection of the immune profile induced by these novel poxvirus vectors with deletions in single genes or in gene families is necessary to find an optimized poxvirus vector that could enter into future human clinical trials to test whether it can provide protection against infection in fact system biology profiles of nyvac vectors expressing hiv1 antigens and lacking the ifn inhibitors b8 and b19 revealed in human macrophages distinct gene signatures that can be correlated with immune parameters relevant in protection [535] gene signatures have also been defined for the hiv vaccine...

Title: The Evolution of Poxvirus Vaccines
Authors: Sánchez-Sampedro, Lucas. Perdiguero, Beatriz...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2026
ID: 902ec7158906ac390bdc04cd55350a12c8a39281
Number of matches: 13

...vaccine vectors against different infectious diseases is shown in table 9 one of the advantages of replicationdeficient viruses is their safety profile however it has been postulated that the efficacy of these viruses is restricted due to the failure to replicate and the limitation in antigen accumulation during virus infection for this reason the restoration of replication competence in human cells together or not with the deletion of specific immunomodulatory vacv genes can be a strategy to improve the efficacy of poxvirusbased vectors in the case of the nyvac vector the restoration of replication capacity is obtained by the...

Title: The Evolution of Poxvirus Vaccines
Authors: Sánchez-Sampedro, Lucas. Perdiguero, Beatriz...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2026
ID: 902ec7158906ac390bdc04cd55350a12c8a39281
Number of matches: 13

...and the regulation of gene expression under the bacteriophage t7 promoter [561] the vaccinia modified h5 mh5 [366] and the vaccinia short synthetic earlylate ps [562] promoters have been used as alternatives to p75 to increase the quantity of heterologous antigen expressed during infection recently it has been demonstrated that the efficiency with which an antigen is processed and presented on the surface of infected cells influences its recognition [563] in fact in vacv 90 of the antigens most recognized by cd8 t cells were ranked among the top 50...

Title: The Evolution of Poxvirus Vaccines
Authors: Sánchez-Sampedro, Lucas. Perdiguero, Beatriz...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2026
ID: 902ec7158906ac390bdc04cd55350a12c8a39281
Number of matches: 13

...574] all these features could be a potential solution to a range of issues that characterize cancer low immune response generated by tumorassociated antigens taa strong immunesuppressor tumor environment antiviral immune response elicited by the vector and concerns regarding the safety of the vaccine used sites of virus infection andor replication toxicity of the transgene expressed or other vaccineassociated side effects [575 576] in 1963 for the first time a poxvirus was assayed as a potential vector to treat tumors in this case purified vaccine lymph was used to treat various skin cancers by local injection...

Title: The Evolution of Poxvirus Vaccines
Authors: Sánchez-Sampedro, Lucas. Perdiguero, Beatriz...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2026
ID: 902ec7158906ac390bdc04cd55350a12c8a39281
Number of matches: 13

...free of smallpox along the way many studies aimed to understand the biology of this group of animal viruses and major scientific discoveries emerged that had a profound effect on biology as a whole in fact scientific concepts as relevant as the basis of immunology and antibody responses to virus infection the components of a virus particle dna protein lipids the presence of a dnadependent rna polymerase the virion machinery for mrna synthesis and modifications at the 3end and 5end the formation of two forms of infectious virus particles the existence of multiple viral genes with the capacity to counteract host...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...of severe respiratory disease in the elderly [1] [2] [3] despite the major clinical impact of rsv on human health worldwide no approved vaccine or effective antiviral therapy is available although rsv infections do evoke humoral and cellular immune responses required to clear infection these responses do not provide strong protection against a subsequent infection with rsv early during infection viral replication is sensed by the hosts innate immune system which leads to the production of type i and iii interferons ifns which is followed by the induction of an array of genes that...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...2] [3] despite the major clinical impact of rsv on human health worldwide no approved vaccine or effective antiviral therapy is available although rsv infections do evoke humoral and cellular immune responses required to clear infection these responses do not provide strong protection against a subsequent infection with rsv early during infection viral replication is sensed by the hosts innate immune system which leads to the production of type i and iii interferons ifns which is followed by the induction of an array of genes that code for antiviral proteins in addition ifn will recruit and activate...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

... despite the major clinical impact of rsv on human health worldwide no approved vaccine or effective antiviral therapy is available although rsv infections do evoke humoral and cellular immune responses required to clear infection these responses do not provide strong protection against a subsequent infection with rsv early during infection viral replication is sensed by the hosts innate immune system which leads to the production of type i and iii interferons ifns which is followed by the induction of an array of genes that code for antiviral proteins in addition ifn will recruit and activate innate leukocytes including antiviral monocytes...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...is an important early line of defense against pathogens this system comprises pattern recognition receptors prrs that can recognize pathogenassociated molecular patterns pamps activated prrs can induce the expression of cytokines eg type i and iii ifns which mount an antiviral state in an autocrine and paracrine fashion upon rsv infection airway epithelial cells macrophages and dendritic cells dcs are the main inducers of innate immune responses several tolllike receptors tlrs have been identified that can act as prrs for rsvderived pamps fig 1 tlr2 3 and 6 for example have been implicated in the induction of cytokines and chemokines...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...cells macrophages and dendritic cells dcs are the main inducers of innate immune responses several tolllike receptors tlrs have been identified that can act as prrs for rsvderived pamps fig 1 tlr2 3 and 6 for example have been implicated in the induction of cytokines and chemokines upon rsv infection [5 6] a role for tlr4 which is well known to respond to lipopolysaccharide as a prr for rsv is currently debated although some groups reported an impaired innate immune response in tlr4deficient mice [79] ehl and colleagues could not confirm a role for a...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...a role for tlr4 which is well known to respond to lipopolysaccharide as a prr for rsv is currently debated although some groups reported an impaired innate immune response in tlr4deficient mice [79] ehl and colleagues could not confirm a role for a tlr4mediated immune response upon rsv infection [10] in addition tlr7 might even play a role in tempering immune responses upon rsv infection [11] moreover type i ifn production by macrophages and dcs from wildtype and tlr1 2 4 6 and 7 knockout mice is very similar following rsv infection [...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...debated although some groups reported an impaired innate immune response in tlr4deficient mice [79] ehl and colleagues could not confirm a role for a tlr4mediated immune response upon rsv infection [10] in addition tlr7 might even play a role in tempering immune responses upon rsv infection [11] moreover type i ifn production by macrophages and dcs from wildtype and tlr1 2 4 6 and 7 knockout mice is very similar following rsv infection [5 11] finally alveolar macrophages are the primary source of type i ifn in rsvinfected mice and...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...rsv infection [10] in addition tlr7 might even play a role in tempering immune responses upon rsv infection [11] moreover type i ifn production by macrophages and dcs from wildtype and tlr1 2 4 6 and 7 knockout mice is very similar following rsv infection [5 11] finally alveolar macrophages are the primary source of type i ifn in rsvinfected mice and tlrs do not play a crucial role in this response [4 12] in contrast retinoicacidinducible genei rigilike receptors rlrs are important for the induction of type i...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...yet been reported in contrast to other respiratory viruses ie influenza virus and human respirovirus 1 formerly named human parainfluenza virus 1 nasal washes from rsvinfected infants hardly firstly tlr2 3 4 6 and 7 marked in green are involved in the production of cytokines and chemokines upon rsv infection secondly rigi and possibly mda5 rlrs marked in red are important in the induction of type i ifns thirdly nod2 marked in dark blue also induces type i ifns upon rsv infection currently there is no evidence for a role of the cdss marked in purple which signal through the...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...4 6 and 7 marked in green are involved in the production of cytokines and chemokines upon rsv infection secondly rigi and possibly mda5 rlrs marked in red are important in the induction of type i ifns thirdly nod2 marked in dark blue also induces type i ifns upon rsv infection currently there is no evidence for a role of the cdss marked in purple which signal through the erassociated sting protein as prrs during rsv infection activation of the rlrs or nod2 induces their association with the mitochondrialassociated mavs which recruits the adaptor proteins traf3 or traf6 via the traf3...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...in red are important in the induction of type i ifns thirdly nod2 marked in dark blue also induces type i ifns upon rsv infection currently there is no evidence for a role of the cdss marked in purple which signal through the erassociated sting protein as prrs during rsv infection activation of the rlrs or nod2 induces their association with the mitochondrialassociated mavs which recruits the adaptor proteins traf3 or traf6 via the traf3 adaptor the kinases ikk and tbk1 are subsequently activated which phosphorylate and activate the transcription factors irf3 and irf7 via the traf6 adaptor 3 kinases are...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...to outsmart the canonical mammalian antiviral response two unique viral proteins ns1 and ns2 are responsible for the suppression of ifn induction and signaling human and bovine rsv strains that lack ns1 andor ns2 have been explored as liveattenuated vaccine candidates such viruses are strongly attenuated in in vivo rsv infection models cotton rats calves and chimpanzees as well as in human but at least in calves and chimpanzees retain their ability to induce antibody responses [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...flanked by 3 helices [37] interestingly the 3d structure of ns1 is very similar to the nterminal domain of rsv m despite the complete absence of any primary sequence homology both ns1 and ns2 strongly reduce the induction of type i and iii ifns upon rsv infection [32 [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] infection with recombinant viruses lacking ns1 or ns2 separately or combined suggests that these proteins function individually and cooperatively to suppress ifn induction they do so by targeting multiple proteins of the...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...nterminal domain of rsv m despite the complete absence of any primary sequence homology both ns1 and ns2 strongly reduce the induction of type i and iii ifns upon rsv infection [32 [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] infection with recombinant viruses lacking ns1 or ns2 separately or combined suggests that these proteins function individually and cooperatively to suppress ifn induction they do so by targeting multiple proteins of the signaling cascade that starts with the recognition of pamps by prrs and ends with the induction of ifn gene...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...pryspry domain of trim25 the ns1 protein of influenza a virus and the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus also counteract trim25mediated rigi ubiquitination [48 49] ns2 can interact with the nterminal domain of rigi both upon overexpression in hek293t cells and during rsv infection in a549 cells fig 2 [50] as such overexpressed ns2 disrupts the binding of rigi with mavs however this has not yet been confirmed for endogenous ns2 expressed during an rsv infection in addition to counteracting the interaction between rigi and mavs ns1 may also influence rigi...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...the nterminal domain of rigi both upon overexpression in hek293t cells and during rsv infection in a549 cells fig 2 [50] as such overexpressed ns2 disrupts the binding of rigi with mavs however this has not yet been confirmed for endogenous ns2 expressed during an rsv infection in addition to counteracting the interaction between rigi and mavs ns1 may also influence rigi expression although the reported findings seem conflicting rigi expression in a549 cells is strongly reduced in the presence of rsv ns1 either expressed separately or in the context of an rsv infection [51]...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...during an rsv infection in addition to counteracting the interaction between rigi and mavs ns1 may also influence rigi expression although the reported findings seem conflicting rigi expression in a549 cells is strongly reduced in the presence of rsv ns1 either expressed separately or in the context of an rsv infection [51] boyapalle and colleagues however reported that rigi expression in a549 cells is reduced following infection with an ns1deficient rsv [46] this is surprising because rigi is itself an isg possibly this discrepancy is caused by the different multiplicity of infection moi used by...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...expression although the reported findings seem conflicting rigi expression in a549 cells is strongly reduced in the presence of rsv ns1 either expressed separately or in the context of an rsv infection [51] boyapalle and colleagues however reported that rigi expression in a549 cells is reduced following infection with an ns1deficient rsv [46] this is surprising because rigi is itself an isg possibly this discrepancy is caused by the different multiplicity of infection moi used by these 2 groups moi 3 and 1 respectively in contrast to rigi mavs appears to be resistant to ns1andor...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...of an rsv infection [51] boyapalle and colleagues however reported that rigi expression in a549 cells is reduced following infection with an ns1deficient rsv [46] this is surprising because rigi is itself an isg possibly this discrepancy is caused by the different multiplicity of infection moi used by these 2 groups moi 3 and 1 respectively in contrast to rigi mavs appears to be resistant to ns1andor ns2mediated downregulation [51] all together these results highlight that the interaction of rigi with mavs is suppressed by both ns1 and ns2 and that rigi...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...binding kinase 1 tbk1 traf6 activates the downstream kinases ikk cjun nterminal kinase jnk and p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase p38 mapk fig 1 the effect of ns1 and ns2 on traf3 ikk and tbk1 is currently inconclusive some groups reported that ns1 either overexpressed or expressed during an rsv infection in a549 cells reduces the expression levels of both traf3 and ikk fig 2 [51 52] ren and colleagues however observed no difference in endogenous and recombinant traf3 and ikk expression in a549 cells in the presence or absence of ns1 [39] possibly the...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...effect of ns2 [52] these results suggest that ns1 suppresses traf3 and ikk expression although more evidence is needed to confirm this hypothesis ectopic expression of ns2 slightly suppresses traf3 expression and enhances ikk and tbk1 expression although these effects need to be confirmed during an rsv infection whether ns1 andor ns2 affect the traf6 adaptor has not been investigated yet some evidence indicates that rsv may indeed affect traf6 expression in different models traf6 expression has been shown to be downregulated by the microrna mirna mir146a [53 54] interestingly eilamfrenkel and colleagues found...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...1 several observations highlight that ns1 and ns2 can impair the activation and effector functions of irf transcription factors initial work with recombinant rsv strains lacking one or both ns proteins in a549 cells highlighted that ns1 and ns2 prevent nuclear translocation of irf3 especially late 9 hours post infection in the rsv replication cycle [40 50 56] this might in part be explained by the ability of ns1 to directly reduce the recombinant expression of irf3 and irf7 fig 2 [51] in addition by preventing the formation of the irf3creb binding protein cbp...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...in the nucleus ns1 may also inhibit irf3dependent gene expression downstream of the nuclear translocation of irf3 fig 2 [37 39] it is important to note that this ns1 effector function has only been demonstrated upon overexpression in hek293t cells so additional confirmation in an rsv infection is necessary in a549 and vero cells nfb activation and nuclear translocation occur early after rsv infection and are clearly enhanced by ns2 and to some extent by ns1 fig 2 [56 57] in addition to the canonical ib phosphorylation and subsequent degradation rsvinduced nfb activation...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...2 [37 39] it is important to note that this ns1 effector function has only been demonstrated upon overexpression in hek293t cells so additional confirmation in an rsv infection is necessary in a549 and vero cells nfb activation and nuclear translocation occur early after rsv infection and are clearly enhanced by ns2 and to some extent by ns1 fig 2 [56 57] in addition to the canonical ib phosphorylation and subsequent degradation rsvinduced nfb activation involves p65ser536 phosphorylation via the rigimavstraf6ikk signaling pathway [16] although nfb contributes to the induction...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...to the canonical ib phosphorylation and subsequent degradation rsvinduced nfb activation involves p65ser536 phosphorylation via the rigimavstraf6ikk signaling pathway [16] although nfb contributes to the induction of type i and iii ifns nfb also strongly induces the expression of antiapoptotic genes in the context of an rsv infection the induction of an antiapoptotic cellular environment by nfb likely dominates the contribution of nfb over the induction of ifn which is primarily controlled by irf37 activation taken together ns1 and ns2 suppress the induction of type i and iii ifns by targeting multiple proteins of the signaling cascade...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...levels and activation status of these 2 kinases several groups reported that the phosphorylation and total protein levels of tyk2 are not altered by the expression of ns1 andor ns2 [60] [61] [62] whether this also accounts for jak1 is currently not clear infection of airway epithelial cell lines with human metapneumovirus a respiratory virus closely related to rsv does reduce both jak1 and tyk2 protein levels [63] additionally jak kinase activity is regulated by a negative feedback loop that consists of the suppressor of cytokine signaling socs family with socs1...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...stat12 heterodimer formation nipah and hendra virus nucleoprotein by suppressing stat12 nuclear translocation ebolavirus vp24 or by degrading stat1 andor 2 paramyxovirus v protein [68] [69] [70] both stat1 and 2 are targets for rsv in human tracheobronchial epithelial cells and a549 cells infection with rsv slightly increases total stat1 protein levels likely because stat proteins are themselves isg products [6062 71 72] stat1 phosphorylation induced by exogenous type i ifn however is clearly reduced by ns2 but not by ns1 fig 2 [ [60] [61] [...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...isg products [6062 71 72] stat1 phosphorylation induced by exogenous type i ifn however is clearly reduced by ns2 but not by ns1 fig 2 [ [60] [61] [62] 73] whether ns2 also reduces stat1 phosphorylation during an rsv infection has not been reported yet in contrast to stat1 both phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated stat2 protein levels are clearly reduced by rsv infection [60 62 73] whether ns1 ns2 or both reduce stat2 levels is currently debated based on overexpression experiments and infections with rsv strains lacking ns1...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...but not by ns1 fig 2 [ [60] [61] [62] 73] whether ns2 also reduces stat1 phosphorylation during an rsv infection has not been reported yet in contrast to stat1 both phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated stat2 protein levels are clearly reduced by rsv infection [60 62 73] whether ns1 ns2 or both reduce stat2 levels is currently debated based on overexpression experiments and infections with rsv strains lacking ns1 andor ns2 several groups reported that ns2 but not ns1 reduces stat2 levels in vitro fig 2 [51 52 61 62...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...2 0 5 0 oligoadenylate synthetaselike protein oasl interferoninduced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 ifit1 interferoninduced transmembrane protein 3 ifitm3 and mapk8 in a selective manner fig 2 [75 76] an important remark however is that these effector functions have not yet been validated during an rsv infection as stated by ribaudo and barik a comprehensive screen of all known isgs will likely unravel additional substrates of ns1 andor ns2 [76] ns1 and ns2 affect the induction of apoptosis and cell shedding ns1 and ns2 individually and cooperatively delay apoptosis in rsvinfected cells with ns2...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...ns1 andor ns2 [76] ns1 and ns2 affect the induction of apoptosis and cell shedding ns1 and ns2 individually and cooperatively delay apoptosis in rsvinfected cells with ns2 being stronger than ns1 in doing so [57] the early expression of ns1 and ns2 after infection activates the antiapoptotic 3phophoinositidedependent protein kinase pdkrac serinethreonineprotein kinase aktglycogen synthase kinase gsk pathway [56 57 77] later in infection 24 hours activation of this pathway drops and the incidence of apoptosis increases [57] by delaying apoptosis ns1 and ns2 may facilitate prolonged rsv...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...cooperatively delay apoptosis in rsvinfected cells with ns2 being stronger than ns1 in doing so [57] the early expression of ns1 and ns2 after infection activates the antiapoptotic 3phophoinositidedependent protein kinase pdkrac serinethreonineprotein kinase aktglycogen synthase kinase gsk pathway [56 57 77] later in infection 24 hours activation of this pathway drops and the incidence of apoptosis increases [57] by delaying apoptosis ns1 and ns2 may facilitate prolonged rsv replication with increased viral yields a typical hallmark of severe disease following rsv infection is the obstruction of the smaller airways by...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...[56 57 77] later in infection 24 hours activation of this pathway drops and the incidence of apoptosis increases [57] by delaying apoptosis ns1 and ns2 may facilitate prolonged rsv replication with increased viral yields a typical hallmark of severe disease following rsv infection is the obstruction of the smaller airways by plugs consisting of infiltrating immune cells mucus and shed infected epithelial cells in primary human airway epithelial cells and in an in vivo hamster model it has been shown by experiments with a set of elegant recombinant virus constructs that rsv ns2...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...interestingly cell death associated with nuclear changes that are indicative of apoptosis of infected epithelial cells only occurred after these cells were detached from the epithelial layer moreover shedding of infected epithelial cells coincided with reducing viral titers all together these results suggest that expression of ns2 early after infection delays apoptosis and induces changes in cell morphology that ultimately result in shedding of infected cells in the airway lumen these shed and detached infected epithelial cells die as shedding and ultimately clearance by mucociliary transport of infected epithelial cells reduces rsv viral titers it seems that the bulk of...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...nuclear translocation [83 84 86] interestingly knockdown of mavs in a549 cells lowered dexamethasoneinduced transforming growth factor tgfstimulated clone 22 tsc22 domain family member 3 also known as glucocorticoidinduced leucine zipper protein [gilz] mrna expression to a level similar to that of an rsv infection [86] these results suggest that mavs plays a role in glucocorticoidinduced gr activation in a549 cells and that ns1 and ns2 may indirectly suppress gr activation through inhibition of mavs see ns1 and ns2 interfere with rigi xia and colleagues used beas2b and primary differentiated human...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...ns2 interfere with rigi xia and colleagues used beas2b and primary differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells grown at an airliquid interface to demonstrate that rsv suppresses glucocorticoidinduced gr activation by a mechanism that involves upregulation of tgf expression [87] a model was proposed in which viral infection is sensed by tlr3 which induces tgf that subsequently activates the type i tgf receptor activin receptorlike kinase 5 alk5 alk5 activation subsequently counteracts glucocorticoid activity through an unknown mechanism in accordance with the aforementioned study no difference in total gr protein levels or nuclear translocation were observed upon rsv...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...is sensed by tlr3 which induces tgf that subsequently activates the type i tgf receptor activin receptorlike kinase 5 alk5 alk5 activation subsequently counteracts glucocorticoid activity through an unknown mechanism in accordance with the aforementioned study no difference in total gr protein levels or nuclear translocation were observed upon rsv infection interestingly blocking alk5 with the selective inhibitor sb431542 and reducing tgf activity by tranilast a compound used to manage a wide variety of diseases including inflammatory diseases could subvert the rsvmediated suppression of glucocorticoid activity although xia and colleagues did not investigate the role of ns1 or ns2 ns1 may...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...but also analysis of nasopharyngeal aspirates from rsvinfected infants moreover expression of gr and importin13 which is important for gr nuclear entry was reduced at the mrna and protein level in mouse lungs whereas gr and ipo13 expression at the mrna level were reduced in the nasopharyngeal aspirates upon rsv infection mechanistically ns1 was found to directly interact with ipo13 and can thus compete with gr for ipo13 binding the capacity of rsv to suppress the antiinflammatory effect of glucocorticoids through ns1 and ns2 are in line with the ineffectiveness of glucocorticoid treatments off severely ill rsv patients in...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...expression by upregulating the transcription factor kruppellike factor 6 which drives the expression of tgf [89] remarkably inhibition of mir24 was shown to actually repress rsv replication in a549 cells [91] this apparent discrepancy could be explained by the difference in time points after infection that were analyzed 1 day versus 3 days post infection possibly ns1 suppresses the rsvinduced upregulation of mir24 within 24 hours post infection whereas later on mir24 expression may be upregulated to enhance viral replication investigating mir24 expression levels beyond 24 hours post infection and the impact of ns1 on...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...drives the expression of tgf [89] remarkably inhibition of mir24 was shown to actually repress rsv replication in a549 cells [91] this apparent discrepancy could be explained by the difference in time points after infection that were analyzed 1 day versus 3 days post infection possibly ns1 suppresses the rsvinduced upregulation of mir24 within 24 hours post infection whereas later on mir24 expression may be upregulated to enhance viral replication investigating mir24 expression levels beyond 24 hours post infection and the impact of ns1 on these levels may result in a better understanding of the...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...was shown to actually repress rsv replication in a549 cells [91] this apparent discrepancy could be explained by the difference in time points after infection that were analyzed 1 day versus 3 days post infection possibly ns1 suppresses the rsvinduced upregulation of mir24 within 24 hours post infection whereas later on mir24 expression may be upregulated to enhance viral replication investigating mir24 expression levels beyond 24 hours post infection and the impact of ns1 on these levels may result in a better understanding of the role of mir24 in rsv replication in normal human bronchial epithelial cells let7i...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...the difference in time points after infection that were analyzed 1 day versus 3 days post infection possibly ns1 suppresses the rsvinduced upregulation of mir24 within 24 hours post infection whereas later on mir24 expression may be upregulated to enhance viral replication investigating mir24 expression levels beyond 24 hours post infection and the impact of ns1 on these levels may result in a better understanding of the role of mir24 in rsv replication in normal human bronchial epithelial cells let7i and mir30b expression is upregulated during an rsv infection by a type i ifn and nfbdependent mechanism respectively and further increased...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...to enhance viral replication investigating mir24 expression levels beyond 24 hours post infection and the impact of ns1 on these levels may result in a better understanding of the role of mir24 in rsv replication in normal human bronchial epithelial cells let7i and mir30b expression is upregulated during an rsv infection by a type i ifn and nfbdependent mechanism respectively and further increased in the absence of ns1 or ns2 [90] this can be expected for let7i as the ns proteins suppress the type i ifn response moreover the mir30b promoter can be activated by the nfb family...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...respectively and further increased in the absence of ns1 or ns2 [90] this can be expected for let7i as the ns proteins suppress the type i ifn response moreover the mir30b promoter can be activated by the nfb family member p65 which is activated during an rsv infection through a rigimavstraf6ikk signaling pathway [16 92] by counteracting the interaction between rigi and mavs see ns1 and ns2 interfere with rigi the ns proteins may dampen this pathway leading to reduced activation of p65 and subsequent expression of mir30b to our knowledge the effect of ns1...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...with wildtype rsv and ns deletion strains whether the ns proteinmediated suppression of let7i and mir30b favors or counteracts rsv replication is currently unclear ns1 and ns2 interfere with the adaptive immune response the ns proteins also play a role in the development of adaptive immune responses during rsv infection partly as a consequence of their capacity to suppress type i and iii ifn levels in addition to airway epithelial cells rsv can infect dcs and activate prrs by pamps [93] munir and colleagues investigated the activation status of isolated human monocytederived myeloid dcs upon rsv infection...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...infection partly as a consequence of their capacity to suppress type i and iii ifn levels in addition to airway epithelial cells rsv can infect dcs and activate prrs by pamps [93] munir and colleagues investigated the activation status of isolated human monocytederived myeloid dcs upon rsv infection by quantifying several maturation markers including cluster of differentiation cd38 54 80 83 and 86 [41] infection with wildtype and nsdeficient rsv strains highlighted that ns1 and to a lesser extent ns2 suppress the maturation of human dcs by using an ifnar2blocking antibody this suppression was shown...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...epithelial cells rsv can infect dcs and activate prrs by pamps [93] munir and colleagues investigated the activation status of isolated human monocytederived myeloid dcs upon rsv infection by quantifying several maturation markers including cluster of differentiation cd38 54 80 83 and 86 [41] infection with wildtype and nsdeficient rsv strains highlighted that ns1 and to a lesser extent ns2 suppress the maturation of human dcs by using an ifnar2blocking antibody this suppression was shown to partially depend on the capacity of the ns proteins to counteract the production of type i ifns moreover in...

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural
proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate
immune responses
Authors: Sedeyn, Koen. Schepens, Bert...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2027
ID: 712c86986815982dc6d918b660f70f5e05616643
Number of matches: 48

...likely help to explain the remarkable diverse effector functions of ns1 and ns2 some effector functions however have so far only been identified in artificial cell systems and should be interpreted carefully largescale proteinprotein interaction screens preferentially performed using multiple complementary proteinprotein interaction techniques in the context of an rsv infection will generate a more comprehensive list of host proteins that interact with ns1 andor ns2 such new knowledge combined with cocrystal structure analysis of rsv ns1 and ns2 in complex with host protein factors will be instrumental to design antiviral drugs that impact on the rsvhost interface and thereby complement...

Title: Receptor Binding Domain Based HIV Vaccines
Authors: Liu, Huan. Bi, Wenwen...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2028
ID: 9bad9c5864165815b35dd2c78cd0ed7b285f0517
Number of matches: 10

...5] [6] although this vaccine could elicit strong immune response and showed protection in animal models the clinical trial for v520 step was discontinued in 2007 because this vaccine did not provide protection in vaccinated human subjects and was even associated with increased risk of hiv infection in some recipients [7] [8] [9] the third wave of candidate vaccines was aimed at induction of both humeral and cellmediated immune responses with heterogonous primingbooster strategies [3 10] one representative vaccine is the combination of aidsvax as noted above...

Title: Receptor Binding Domain Based HIV Vaccines
Authors: Liu, Huan. Bi, Wenwen...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2028
ID: 9bad9c5864165815b35dd2c78cd0ed7b285f0517
Number of matches: 10

...both humeral and cellmediated immune responses with heterogonous primingbooster strategies [3 10] one representative vaccine is the combination of aidsvax as noted above and sanofi pasteurs vectorbased vaccine alvac the results from the phase iii clinical trial rv144 for alvacaidsvax showed modest efficacy 312 reduction of hiv infection rates compared with those in the placebo group [11] further analysis of the clinical samples 2 biomed research international revealed that induction of antibodies against gp120 by the vaccine may contribute to the protection of the participants from hiv1 infection for example some study in order to...

Title: Receptor Binding Domain Based HIV Vaccines
Authors: Liu, Huan. Bi, Wenwen...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2028
ID: 9bad9c5864165815b35dd2c78cd0ed7b285f0517
Number of matches: 10

...showed modest efficacy 312 reduction of hiv infection rates compared with those in the placebo group [11] further analysis of the clinical samples 2 biomed research international revealed that induction of antibodies against gp120 by the vaccine may contribute to the protection of the participants from hiv1 infection for example some study in order to identify the risk of hiv1 infection in rv144 two sequential sets of analyses of plasma specimens shown that the levels of igg antibodies abs specific for gp120 v2 were correlated with decreased the risk of infection the level of iga abs reactive with...

Title: Receptor Binding Domain Based HIV Vaccines
Authors: Liu, Huan. Bi, Wenwen...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2028
ID: 9bad9c5864165815b35dd2c78cd0ed7b285f0517
Number of matches: 10

...the placebo group [11] further analysis of the clinical samples 2 biomed research international revealed that induction of antibodies against gp120 by the vaccine may contribute to the protection of the participants from hiv1 infection for example some study in order to identify the risk of hiv1 infection in rv144 two sequential sets of analyses of plasma specimens shown that the levels of igg antibodies abs specific for gp120 v2 were correlated with decreased the risk of infection the level of iga abs reactive with envelope glycoproteins correlated with decreased vaccine efficacy [12] and four...

Title: Receptor Binding Domain Based HIV Vaccines
Authors: Liu, Huan. Bi, Wenwen...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2028
ID: 9bad9c5864165815b35dd2c78cd0ed7b285f0517
Number of matches: 10

...the protection of the participants from hiv1 infection for example some study in order to identify the risk of hiv1 infection in rv144 two sequential sets of analyses of plasma specimens shown that the levels of igg antibodies abs specific for gp120 v2 were correlated with decreased the risk of infection the level of iga abs reactive with envelope glycoproteins correlated with decreased vaccine efficacy [12] and four monoclonal antibodies ch58 ch59 hg107 and hg120 from rv144 vaccines have been described [13] ch58 and ch59 could bind to gp120 vaccine antigen and also to a...

Title: Receptor Binding Domain Based HIV Vaccines
Authors: Liu, Huan. Bi, Wenwen...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2028
ID: 9bad9c5864165815b35dd2c78cd0ed7b285f0517
Number of matches: 10

...vaccine [22] the same strategy may also be suitable for hiv vaccine design especially after the finding of hiv rbd neutralizing antibody vrc01 vrcpg04 3bnc60 and the hj16 the conservative area of rbd was confirmed once again to play an important role in the process of virus infection they can induce highly effective broad spectrum neutralizing antibodies therefore the conservative area of rbd is still a very important target and rv144 vaccines clinical trial also suggested that the levels of igg specific for hiv1 env were inversely correlated with vaccine protective effect thus there may be some areas...

Title: Receptor Binding Domain Based HIV Vaccines
Authors: Liu, Huan. Bi, Wenwen...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2028
ID: 9bad9c5864165815b35dd2c78cd0ed7b285f0517
Number of matches: 10

...effective broad spectrum neutralizing antibodies therefore the conservative area of rbd is still a very important target and rv144 vaccines clinical trial also suggested that the levels of igg specific for hiv1 env were inversely correlated with vaccine protective effect thus there may be some areas which could increase the infection on the fulllength env of hiv1 and shorter gp120 rbd may reduce this effect of course there are some differences in rbd between hiv and merscov sars and influenza making it much harder to design of its vaccine based on this strategy in this review we will focus on the...

Title: Receptor Binding Domain Based HIV Vaccines
Authors: Liu, Huan. Bi, Wenwen...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2028
ID: 9bad9c5864165815b35dd2c78cd0ed7b285f0517
Number of matches: 10

...may play a significant role in hiv1 disease it is now widely accepted that nonneutralizing antibodies nonnabs as well as neutralizing antibodies nabs display inhibitory activities against hiv1 replication in vitro based on different mechanisms [78] in the rv144 thai phase iii trial a reduced risk of infection in vaccinated individuals did not correlate with serum neutralizing activities but with high concentrations of antiv1v2 nonnabs [79] providing additional support for a possible contribution of nonnab functions to protection [80] thus we conclude that some nonneutralizing antibodies for v2 may also have effect...

Title: Receptor Binding Domain Based HIV Vaccines
Authors: Liu, Huan. Bi, Wenwen...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2028
ID: 9bad9c5864165815b35dd2c78cd0ed7b285f0517
Number of matches: 10

...did not correlate with serum neutralizing activities but with high concentrations of antiv1v2 nonnabs [79] providing additional support for a possible contribution of nonnab functions to protection [80] thus we conclude that some nonneutralizing antibodies for v2 may also have effect to prevent hiv1 infection most recently a number of cd4i antibodies including 17b x5 e51 48d and 412d recognize highly conserved cd4i epitopes were reported that overlap to various extents with the coreceptor binding site table 1 the epitopes of 17b and x5 are known after the determination of the gp120...

Title: Receptor Binding Domain Based HIV Vaccines
Authors: Liu, Huan. Bi, Wenwen...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2028
ID: 9bad9c5864165815b35dd2c78cd0ed7b285f0517
Number of matches: 10

...study showed that 2g12 binds to hiv1 envelope glycans [81] whereas b12 blocks the binding site to cd4 [85] the main receptor for hiv on the surface of immune t cells however these coreceptor binding epitopes in gp120 on the virions during the natural infection process are unlikely to elicit immune responses based on steric hindrance and time limitation because exposure of these epitopes from gp120binding to cd4 to gp120binding to a coreceptor to the immune system is very limited therefore the design of an immunogen containing the cd4i epitopes that stably maintain the native...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

......

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...fraction of these injections where enough of a viral load renders the host infected is and so the total rate of new host infections due to infected needles is given by s ni ninu for simplicity in our model we set for b the rate of new infection of clean needles via infected hosts we suppose that the rate at which needles are infected is proportional to the number of infected individuals and is scaled by the daily rate of injections per capita the product i e i l represents the average number of injections...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...hcv system one finds the following from this one can calculate the maximum eigenvalue of t 1 one finds the reproductive ratio is generally interpreted as the average number of secondary infections per capita caused by infected hosts in the time that these hosts have the infection when the system is near the diseasefree equilibrium dfe in the context of the wait modelling scheme the interpretation of the reproductive ratio may be modified somewhat as the spread of infection is mediated through interactions between living hosts and an environmental intermediate in this framework does the r 0...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...number of secondary infections per capita caused by infected hosts in the time that these hosts have the infection when the system is near the diseasefree equilibrium dfe in the context of the wait modelling scheme the interpretation of the reproductive ratio may be modified somewhat as the spread of infection is mediated through interactions between living hosts and an environmental intermediate in this framework does the r 0 value represent the number of new infections within the environment or within the population of living hosts it will turn out that the r 0 value in the wait framework represents a...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...a kind of average of both of these interpretations or more precisely a geometric mean of the two to put this concretely we look at the hcv r 0 formula from a perspective that illuminates its nature as a geometric mean there are two modes of transmission of new infection in the hcv model one is the infection of clean needles due to injection by infected hosts and the other is the infection of susceptible hosts due to injection by infected needles these two modes of transmission each have a reproductive ratio associated with them the first would be the...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...interpretations or more precisely a geometric mean of the two to put this concretely we look at the hcv r 0 formula from a perspective that illuminates its nature as a geometric mean there are two modes of transmission of new infection in the hcv model one is the infection of clean needles due to injection by infected hosts and the other is the infection of susceptible hosts due to injection by infected needles these two modes of transmission each have a reproductive ratio associated with them the first would be the number of new infected needles caused by a...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...look at the hcv r 0 formula from a perspective that illuminates its nature as a geometric mean there are two modes of transmission of new infection in the hcv model one is the infection of clean needles due to injection by infected hosts and the other is the infection of susceptible hosts due to injection by infected needles these two modes of transmission each have a reproductive ratio associated with them the first would be the number of new infected needles caused by a single infected host in a fully susceptible population of needles in the average amount of...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...be the number of new infections of susceptible hosts caused by a single infected needle in fully susceptible population of hosts in the time that the needle is infected the first of these two which we will denote by x can be derived by considering the rate of transmission of infection to clean needles per infected host in the dynamical equations the total rate of the infection of needles is given by i e i l nu ninu hence the rate per infected host is simply nu ninu at the diseasefree equilibrium the fraction nu ninu...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...fully susceptible population of hosts in the time that the needle is infected the first of these two which we will denote by x can be derived by considering the rate of transmission of infection to clean needles per infected host in the dynamical equations the total rate of the infection of needles is given by i e i l nu ninu hence the rate per infected host is simply nu ninu at the diseasefree equilibrium the fraction nu ninu is unity since there are no infected needles in the population this leaves as the...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...i e i l nu ninu hence the rate per infected host is simply nu ninu at the diseasefree equilibrium the fraction nu ninu is unity since there are no infected needles in the population this leaves as the per capita rate of new infection of needles there are two infected compartments that can contribute to new infection of needles i e and i l and a host enters the earlystage compartment first before potentially progressing with rate to the latestage the number of new infections will be therefore be the sum of...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...infected host is simply nu ninu at the diseasefree equilibrium the fraction nu ninu is unity since there are no infected needles in the population this leaves as the per capita rate of new infection of needles there are two infected compartments that can contribute to new infection of needles i e and i l and a host enters the earlystage compartment first before potentially progressing with rate to the latestage the number of new infections will be therefore be the sum of the infections of needles caused by a host moving through both infected stages...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...time that a host spends in the i e compartment is 1 ie the reciprocal of the exit rate of that compartment the average amount of s2 time a host spends in the i l compartment is 1 thus since represents the per capita rate of new infection of needles by infected hosts then 1 is the average number of new infections of needles by hosts in the i e compartment whereas 1 is the number of new infections of needles caused by hosts in the i l compartment the fraction of the time...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...be a discernible distinction between k u and k i in which case these rates are effectively equalwe will denote this universal discard rate by k k u k i our model presents a somewhat counterintuitive dynamic when k u k i since the infection rate of needles relies on the proportion of uninfected needles in a population reducing the proportion of clean needles in the population can actually exacerbate an infection namely increasing the discard rate of all needles will in particular reduce the number of uninfected needles in the population anddue to asymmetries...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

... k u k i our model presents a somewhat counterintuitive dynamic when k u k i since the infection rate of needles relies on the proportion of uninfected needles in a population reducing the proportion of clean needles in the population can actually exacerbate an infection namely increasing the discard rate of all needles will in particular reduce the number of uninfected needles in the population anddue to asymmetries in how infected and uninfected needles are treated in the modelcan actually lead to an increase in the proportion of infected needles in the population increasing the...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...shows the fraction of infected needles in the population across the fractional discard rate k ie it shows the value of n i n u n i at equilibrium as a function of k note that these are endemic equilibria whereas the diseasefree equilibrium will occur when the infection fully clears from the population of pwid and the population of infected needles goes to zero accordingly by setting the model equations to zero one can determine the equilibrium or steady state values of the agents as a function of the parameters in the model in doing so we can...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...result is counterintuitive but it can be understood by considering the fact that increasing k means that more needles of all types are removed from the system in a given amount of time in particular if this leads to a sufficient reduction of the uninfected needles in circulation then since infection rates depend on the fraction of both types of needles in the model it is possible to reduce the fraction of uninfected needles in the population thereby increasing the fraction of infected needles and increasing the infection rates among hosts this would in turn lead to a higher total number...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...leads to a sufficient reduction of the uninfected needles in circulation then since infection rates depend on the fraction of both types of needles in the model it is possible to reduce the fraction of uninfected needles in the population thereby increasing the fraction of infected needles and increasing the infection rates among hosts this would in turn lead to a higher total number of infected needles in equilibrium we also find that for the parameters chosen the fraction of infected needles at equilibrium is monotonically increasing with k at least for the range of k considered in this paper ...

Title: Hepatitis C virus modelled as an indirectly
transmitted infection highlights the centrality of
injection drug equipment in disease dynamics
Authors: Miller-Dickson, Miles D.. Meszaros, Victor A....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2031
ID: 63d069bab41ecd46a0c6462f46f27844322cad61
Number of matches: 18

...dynamics do not rely on the particular values of any one parameter and ii that the sensitivity of the dynamics is shared fairly evenly among the parameters this is an indication that when the phenomena of interest are modelled in this manner one can expect that the dynamics of the infection are also shared fairly evenly among the parameters fig s2 demonstrates how the value of r 0 shares its dependence evenly among most of the parameters we calculated the partial rank correlation coefficient prcc with respect to the value of r 0 for each of the parameters in the...

Title: Inhibition of RNA Helicases of ssRNA(+) Virus
Belonging to Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae and
Picornaviridae Families
Authors: Briguglio, Irene. Piras, Sandra...
Journal: Int J Med Chem
Item: Infection
Index: 2032
ID: fc151568de57c0456578757131c3b49b86286b3c
Number of matches: 4

...issue being a major cause of human hepatitis [15] actually with the exception of yfv no vaccine exists against the various flaviviridae members therefore new therapies and preventative agents are strongly needed viruses belonging to picornaviridae family cause a variety of illnesses including meningitis cold heart infection conjunctivitis and hepatitis [16] this family includes nine genera some of which comprise major human pathogens namely enterovirus including poliovirus coxsackievirus echovirus rhinovirus approximately 105 serotypes and hepatovirus hepatitis a virus at present no specific antiviral therapy is available for the treatment of picornaviridae infections finally...

Title: Inhibition of RNA Helicases of ssRNA(+) Virus
Belonging to Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae and
Picornaviridae Families
Authors: Briguglio, Irene. Piras, Sandra...
Journal: Int J Med Chem
Item: Infection
Index: 2032
ID: fc151568de57c0456578757131c3b49b86286b3c
Number of matches: 4

...virus hcv an important human pathogen hcv identified in 1989 [36] is a major cause of human hepatitis globally and infects about 3 of the worlds population [37] hepacivirus is spread primarily by direct contact with human blood hence the major causes of infection are use of unscreened blood transfusions and reuse of needles and syringes that have not been adequately sterilised the world health organization who estimates that over 170 million people worldwide are presently infected with this virus [38] most infections become persistent and about 60 of cases progress...

Title: Inhibition of RNA Helicases of ssRNA(+) Virus
Belonging to Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae and
Picornaviridae Families
Authors: Briguglio, Irene. Piras, Sandra...
Journal: Int J Med Chem
Item: Infection
Index: 2032
ID: fc151568de57c0456578757131c3b49b86286b3c
Number of matches: 4

...rate is of 4050 in genotype hcv1 infected patients and of 80 in those infected with genotypes 2 and 3 [41 42] 3 deaecellulose chromatography using triethylammonium bicarbonate teab buffer 4 nai acetone this emphasizes that new therapies are clearly needed since for the treatment of this infection and generally for diseases caused by viruses belonging to the flaviviridae family therapeutic strategies really effective and selective are not available all of the 12 hcv genotypes which have nucleotide sequences that differ by as much as 30 produce a single polyprotein of about 3000 amino acids which is...

Title: Inhibition of RNA Helicases of ssRNA(+) Virus
Belonging to Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae and
Picornaviridae Families
Authors: Briguglio, Irene. Piras, Sandra...
Journal: Int J Med Chem
Item: Infection
Index: 2032
ID: fc151568de57c0456578757131c3b49b86286b3c
Number of matches: 4

...lectins [92] which most probably interfere with the glycans on the spike protein during virus entry and virus release phenanthroindolizines and phenanthroquinolizidines [93] tetrahydroquinoline oxocarbazate derivatives as inhibitor of human cathepsin l and as entry blockers [94] including meningitis colds heart infection conjunctivitis and hepatitis recently carta and coworkers reported the synthesis and antiviral screening of a series of n[41h2hbenzotriazol12ylphenyl]alkylcarboxamides 861yl 872yl [95] and nn bis[41h2hbenzotriazol12ylphenyl]alkyldicarboxamides 881yl 892yl [78] see figure 26 compounds were evaluated in vitro for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against a wide spectrum...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...genes related to the specific process in mammalian cells such as cell differentiation cell migration cell signaling various pathologies and apoptosis bartel 2004 krol loedige filipowicz 2010 some particular mirnas may have a universal function during virus establishment and infections understanding the involvement of host factors in virus infection modulated by mirnas may facilitate the discovery of potential intervention candidates that is therapeutic silencing of mir122 in chronic hepatitis c virus infection henke et al 2008 the potential targets of conserved and novel mirnas could be predicted using sequence homology algorithms across different mammalian species the deregulation of...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...krol loedige filipowicz 2010 some particular mirnas may have a universal function during virus establishment and infections understanding the involvement of host factors in virus infection modulated by mirnas may facilitate the discovery of potential intervention candidates that is therapeutic silencing of mir122 in chronic hepatitis c virus infection henke et al 2008 the potential targets of conserved and novel mirnas could be predicted using sequence homology algorithms across different mammalian species the deregulation of mirna can involve in tumorigenesis and some mirnas are known to behave as an oncogene or tumor suppressor genes bartel 2004 furthermore...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...however the change of mirna expression profiles in cpv in tissue culture systems has not been fully elucidated recently a few researchers have studied the mirna repertoire using domestic cats felis catus or cell culture originated from feline kidney cells as a basis to study cpvmink enteritis virus mev infection model sun et al 2014 zhou et al 2017 in the present study we performed and utilized high throughput approach via mirnaseq experiments to identify the altered mirna profiling in mirna libraries of uninfected and cpv2c infected crandell reese feline kidney crfk cells among mirna repertoire retrieved from sequencing...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...cpv or other viruses in this report we have identified the targets of mir12473p along with other mirnas mir2225p mir36525p mir3225p and mir3613p in crfk cell infected with cpv2c we also analyze and report on relevant data between mir12473p and its essential target genes representing biological pathways associated with cpv infection rectal swab samples of four dogs with clinical signs of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and suspected of cpv infection were analyzed samples were collected when the outbreak of cpv had occurred in vientiane laos during februaryapril 2016 vannamahaxay et al 2017 monolayer before further experiments crandell fabricant nelsonrees 1973...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...mir2225p mir36525p mir3225p and mir3613p in crfk cell infected with cpv2c we also analyze and report on relevant data between mir12473p and its essential target genes representing biological pathways associated with cpv infection rectal swab samples of four dogs with clinical signs of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and suspected of cpv infection were analyzed samples were collected when the outbreak of cpv had occurred in vientiane laos during februaryapril 2016 vannamahaxay et al 2017 monolayer before further experiments crandell fabricant nelsonrees 1973 luo et al 2016 fecal samples containing defined cpv2c strains accession kx601665 to kx60168 were thawed...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...earlier after adsorbed for 1 h at 37 c the inoculum was removed and dmem with 5 fbs was added then the cells were again incubated at 37 c cell cultures were observed daily during 35 days to monitor the appearance of cytopathic effects cpe sample exhibited cpe in the infection conditions with some forms of rounding and clumping within 48 h and detachment within 72 h of incubation the infected crfks were subjected to three rounds of freezing and thawing cycles the supernatants were collected tested for genomic dna of cpv stored at 80 c until further use viral...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...of known mirna and novel mirna families identified from the sample in human other animal species worm fly fish amphibian and plant from our data the member numbers of different mirna families were 177 families listed in table s6 differentially expressed known and novel mirnas between control and cpv infection srnaseq correlation and characteristics of srnaseq data biological replicates are necessary for any biological experiment including those involving rnaseq technology hansen et al 2011 in rnaseq replicates have two main advantages first they demonstrate whether the experiment is repeatable and secondly they can reveal differences in gene expression...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...the first and second principal components is shown in fig 3b there was a clear difference between the cpvinfected and the control samples along the first two principal components that explain 776 of the variance the mixed gene expression pattern in exploratory mirna species heterogeneity in control and cpv infection was retrieved from srnaseq to reduce the complexity of data for interpretation n 420 mapped mature mirnas we have performed and used the dimension reduction algorithm tdistributed stochastic neighbor embedding tsne to review our mirna expression data fig 3c because of highdimensional datasets this technique can be implemented...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...knownnovel mirnas that passed the filtering process of differential expression mirna degs in either group the 57 mirnas were only uniquely found in the cpv and 28 were only found in control with 430 being commonly expressed in both of the libraries fig 4a to specify mirnas in cpv infection the normalized tpms between the control and cpv infected cells were wholly compared the level of mirna expression was differently changed the abundance ranged from 01 tpm to 468769 tpm in the control and from 01 tpm to 474115 tpm in the cpv group gse135948 after data normalization eleven mirnas...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...005 horizontal dotted line volcano plot of gene expression in cpvinfected cells showed fold change vertical dotted lines in gene expression regulated genes fc 2 red or 2 green fdr 005 are highlighted fig 5 the volcano plot the ma and scatter plot show that cpv infection lead to a considerably minimal mirna transcriptomic response a quick scan at the top genes ranked by the absolute values of foldchange fcs told us that cpv induced mir2225p mir12473p and mir36525p whereas suppressed mir3613p mir3225p novel 102 141 and 137 based on fdr 005 the sequence complementarity...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...on the hypergeometric distribution the go biological process terms bp enriched in degs are shown in fig 7a and table 1 upregulated mirna gene mir12473p was related to regulation of cytokine and immune response cell signaling and cell death fdr 005 this is perhaps the cells response to infection of this particular virus by mirna choosing go biological process we found that mirna12473p modulated at least 28 genes fig 7b that coded for proteins engaged in lymphocyte activation and differentiation cytokine production cell signaling and communication antibody production and cell death as cpv infected stimulated the presence...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...significant in go terms that could be emphasized here were cell death process and cell signaling since those biological processes were found to be enriched in the target genes of mir12473p these two terms suggested that mirnas are tightly involved in activation and signaling at the early phase of viral infection at the advanced stage the mirnas are highly regulated with their targets in the process of the regulation of programed cell death at the end fig 8a table 1 the other upor downregulated mirnas in the current study possessed several hundred to many thousand target genes no matter...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...end fig 8a table 1 the other upor downregulated mirnas in the current study possessed several hundred to many thousand target genes no matter how many of the target genes it may involve there were no significant biological processes that may have been highlighted the relevance in viral infection dataset s1 of particular interest novel mirna namely novel 137 may have been playing a pivotal role in the defense response to external stimuli since the intracellular receptor signaling pathway and histone h4 acetylation were two enrichment groups of genes that were highly correlated fig s2 furthermore a gene...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...mirna milieu in crfk cells infected with cpv2c laotian isolates puentes et al 2012 we have identified 515 degs using srna libraries in either uninfected control or cpvinfection in the literatures crfk cell line has been extensively characterized for its use as a standard model system to investigate cpv infection raj et al 2010 yi et al 2016 yoshikawa et al 2010 but mirna sequencing platform in crfk cells had not been previously reported or studied in genomics era we have a chance to execute our aims to analyze large datasets from crfk samples from cpv individuals using...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...in crfk cells had not been previously reported or studied in genomics era we have a chance to execute our aims to analyze large datasets from crfk samples from cpv individuals using srnaseq data to enumerate quantify assess and comprehend the heterogeneity of degs during in vitro experimental cpv infection compared to recent evidence reported by sun and coworkers sun et al 2014 they extensively analyzed the degs from mirnaseq data of the mev in feline kidney f81 cell line they have identified 196 known mammalian mirnas in their report similar to our findings we have found more known...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...more known mirnas in cpvinfected crfk cells 420 of known mirnas additionally in mevinfected cells they found a minimal number of mirnas that significantly downregulated mir181b mir181d and mir301 and upregulated mir29b mir125b and mir320a consistent with our results we pinpointed of about three mirnas that significantly upregulated in cpv infection mir2225p mir12473p and mir3655p whereas many more mirnas were significantly downregulated mir3225p and mir3613p including novel 137 novel 141 and novel 102 mirnas the differences in mirna species found by two studies reflect the effects of various factors for example the virus and cell line used in the studies which...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...light on the role of the manipulating of several go pathways the mir12473p accompanying by other significant degs as earlier discussed can be linked to further experimental observations leading directions for further work and implication for clinical use we have identified the degs in the mirna repertoire during cpv2c infection of crfk cells our work revealed that the mirna12473p and its cognate target genes in biological pathways highlight their great potential as novel therapeutic targets or diagnostic biomarkers of cpv infection this study was financially supported by an internal research grant from the faculty of veterinary medicine chiang mai...

Title: Detection and characterization of microRNA
expression profiling and its target genes in response to
canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney
cells
Authors: Chuammitri, Phongsakorn. Vannamahaxay, Soulasack...
Journal: PeerJ
Item: Infection
Index: 2033
ID: f287cdbc6b706443ee5c1a1e50050515d8a613c7
Number of matches: 19

...further work and implication for clinical use we have identified the degs in the mirna repertoire during cpv2c infection of crfk cells our work revealed that the mirna12473p and its cognate target genes in biological pathways highlight their great potential as novel therapeutic targets or diagnostic biomarkers of cpv infection this study was financially supported by an internal research grant from the faculty of veterinary medicine chiang mai university grant no r000017857 to phongsakorn chuammitri and by center of excellence in veterinary biosciences cevb grant no r000020850 chiang mai university chiang mai thailand to phongsakorn chuammitri the funders had...

Title: Phylogenetic nomenclature and evolution of
mannose-binding lectin (MBL2) haplotypes
Authors: Boldt, Angelica BW. Messias-Reason, Iara J...
Journal: BMC Genet
Item: Infection
Index: 2034
ID: dbe74afc075c179f7c6298934ce53e6e6bdae4ea
Number of matches: 1

...south brazil sampled for different association studies all approved by the ethics committee of research in humans of the clinical hospital federal university of paran brazil [16 34 35] the gabonese individuals took part in a large epidemiologic survey to detect the prevalence of asymptomatic plasmodium falciparum infection in the villages around lambarn gabon a study approved by the ethics committee of the international foundation albert schweitzer hospital [36] all individuals signed an informed consent form prior to their inclusion in these studies dna was collected with anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and extracted from peripheral...

Title: In Silico Prediction and Experimental
Confirmation of HA Residues Conferring Enhanced Human
Receptor Specificity of H5N1 Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Schmier, Sonja. Mostafa, Ahmed...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2036
ID: d44ccd4da37549d25e916096ebd616c982af0422
Number of matches: 6

...other iavs such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza a viruses hpaiv of the h5n1 subtype are transmitted less efficiently in humans but feature extremely high casefatality ratios of close to 60 these viruses were first detected in humans in 1997 in hong kong where six fatalities occurred due to infection with avian h5n1type iav 14 15 after several years with sporadic outbreaks a second and main wave of infections with h5n1 viruses started in 2003 in some asian countries which then spread to europe the middle east and africa 16 17 in 2006 first human infections occurred in...

Title: In Silico Prediction and Experimental
Confirmation of HA Residues Conferring Enhanced Human
Receptor Specificity of H5N1 Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Schmier, Sonja. Mostafa, Ahmed...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2036
ID: d44ccd4da37549d25e916096ebd616c982af0422
Number of matches: 6

...xmai into a phcmvbased vector as previously described 29 resulting in m288h5ha single amino acid changes were introduced into m288h5ha by sitedirected mutagenesis quick change kit from agilent technologies double and triple mutations were introduced consecutively and all mutations were confirmed by sequencing haprp for singleround infection assays we cloned in addition to our ha constructs the na and m genes of kan1 into the m288 vector resulting in m288h5na and m288h5m primers for na were xmanau 5 tattcccgggagcaaaagcaggagt3 and xmanal 5 atatcccgggagtagaaacaaggagttttt3 and for m xmamu 5 tattcccgg gagcaaaagcaggtag3 and xmaml...

Title: In Silico Prediction and Experimental
Confirmation of HA Residues Conferring Enhanced Human
Receptor Specificity of H5N1 Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Schmier, Sonja. Mostafa, Ahmed...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2036
ID: d44ccd4da37549d25e916096ebd616c982af0422
Number of matches: 6

...the transfection mixture was then diluted to 1 ml using optimem and transferred to an 8090 confluent cell monolayer to allow transfection the cells were then incubated for 8 h at 37 c in the presence of 5 co 2 the transfection medium was replaced with 1 ml of infection medium optimem containing 100 iuml penicillin 100 gml streptomycin and 02 bsa paa germany and cell cultures were incubated for another 12 h then an additional 1 ml of infection medium containing 2 gml tpcktreated trypsin was added sigmaaldrich usa the cell culture supernatant was harvested 48 h...

Title: In Silico Prediction and Experimental
Confirmation of HA Residues Conferring Enhanced Human
Receptor Specificity of H5N1 Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Schmier, Sonja. Mostafa, Ahmed...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2036
ID: d44ccd4da37549d25e916096ebd616c982af0422
Number of matches: 6

...37 c in the presence of 5 co 2 the transfection medium was replaced with 1 ml of infection medium optimem containing 100 iuml penicillin 100 gml streptomycin and 02 bsa paa germany and cell cultures were incubated for another 12 h then an additional 1 ml of infection medium containing 2 gml tpcktreated trypsin was added sigmaaldrich usa the cell culture supernatant was harvested 48 h after addition of the tpcktreated trypsin and cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 5 min at 4 c an aliquot of 500 l of each supernatant...

Title: In Silico Prediction and Experimental
Confirmation of HA Residues Conferring Enhanced Human
Receptor Specificity of H5N1 Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Schmier, Sonja. Mostafa, Ahmed...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2036
ID: d44ccd4da37549d25e916096ebd616c982af0422
Number of matches: 6

...in mdckii cells 40 to determine multistep growth curves confluent monolayers of a549 qt6 and mdcksiat1 cells respectively were each infected in triplicate with kan1 wtlp and its mutant derivatives respectively at an moi of 0001 ffucell after 1 h of incubation at rt the medium was replaced with infection medium minimal essential medium with 100 iuml penicillin 100 gml streptomycin 02 bsa and 1 gml tpcktreated trypsin and the cells were incubated at 37 c supernatants were collected at 1 24 36 and 48 h postinfection and stored at 70 c virus titers were determined by...

Title: Pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the
intravascular coagulation in the lungs of BVDV-infected
calves challenged with BHV-1
Authors: Risalde, María A. Molina, Verónica...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2038
ID: c296f6a98b4eb94a69e4caef2df38ccf6e498511
Number of matches: 11

......

Title: Pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the
intravascular coagulation in the lungs of BVDV-infected
calves challenged with BHV-1
Authors: Risalde, María A. Molina, Verónica...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2038
ID: c296f6a98b4eb94a69e4caef2df38ccf6e498511
Number of matches: 11

......

Title: Pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the
intravascular coagulation in the lungs of BVDV-infected
calves challenged with BHV-1
Authors: Risalde, María A. Molina, Verónica...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2038
ID: c296f6a98b4eb94a69e4caef2df38ccf6e498511
Number of matches: 11

......

Title: Pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the
intravascular coagulation in the lungs of BVDV-infected
calves challenged with BHV-1
Authors: Risalde, María A. Molina, Verónica...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2038
ID: c296f6a98b4eb94a69e4caef2df38ccf6e498511
Number of matches: 11

...have also evolved sophisticated strategies to evade the host immune responses including among others an altered pulmonary macrophages ms function or the induction of profound inflammatory responses that cause lung injury and sepsis [6] the inflammatory process is a protective mechanism that occurs in response to trauma infection or tissue injury [7 8] increased blood supply enhanced vascular permeability and migration of immune cells occur at damaged sites in this process ms play a central role in managing different immunopathological phenomena through the secretion of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide no prostaglandins and the...

Title: Pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the
intravascular coagulation in the lungs of BVDV-infected
calves challenged with BHV-1
Authors: Risalde, María A. Molina, Verónica...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2038
ID: c296f6a98b4eb94a69e4caef2df38ccf6e498511
Number of matches: 11

...hannover germany twelve days later when the calves showed neither clinical signs nor bvdv viraemia they were challenged with 2 ml of bhv11 strain iowa containing 10 7 tcid 50 ml courtesy of the hipra laboratories girona spain bvdvbhv1 group two calves of this group bhv11free were used as bvdv infection controls at the same time ten calves were inoculated only with bhv11 bhv1 group two uninfected ui animals were used as negative controls and received intranasally 2 ml of tissue culture fluid free of viruses the time point of bhv11 inoculation was defined as day 0 after virus inoculation...

Title: Pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the
intravascular coagulation in the lungs of BVDV-infected
calves challenged with BHV-1
Authors: Risalde, María A. Molina, Verónica...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2038
ID: c296f6a98b4eb94a69e4caef2df38ccf6e498511
Number of matches: 11

...bayer healthcare kiel germany and euthanized by overdosing with thiopentalsodium thiovet w vet limited leyland lancashire uk in batches of two at 1 2 4 7 and 14 dpi two animals of the bvdvbhv1 group were killed at 0 dpi just before bhv11 inoculation bhv11ui being used as bvdv infection controls for this group on the contrary the two negative control animals were euthanized at the end of the study being used as ui controls for the bhv1 group the experimental procedure was carried out in accordance with the code of practice for housing and care of animals used in...

Title: Pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the
intravascular coagulation in the lungs of BVDV-infected
calves challenged with BHV-1
Authors: Risalde, María A. Molina, Verónica...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2038
ID: c296f6a98b4eb94a69e4caef2df38ccf6e498511
Number of matches: 11

...samples were collected from the lungs and immediately frozen at 80c for virological study likewise they were fixed in 10 buffered formalin solution for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies as well as in 25 glutaraldehyde in 01 m pbs for ultrastructural analysis lung tissue samples were analyzed to discard any infection with secondary bacterial pathogens being subjected to microbiological routine cultures xylose lysine deoxycholate agar macconkey agar and blood agar by using standard procedures no bacteria were isolated from these samples rneasy lipid tissue kit qiagen was used to extract bvdv ribonucleic acid rna from lung samples according to the...

Title: Pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the
intravascular coagulation in the lungs of BVDV-infected
calves challenged with BHV-1
Authors: Risalde, María A. Molina, Verónica...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2038
ID: c296f6a98b4eb94a69e4caef2df38ccf6e498511
Number of matches: 11

...mediumsized blood vessels from an early stage of the disease three mechanisms jointly known as virchows triad can induce thrombosis [43] 1 endothelial wall injury 2 abnormalities of blood constituents platelets coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways and 3 abnormalities of blood flow with regard to endothelial damage infection by human herpes simplex virusbelonging to the same subfamily that bhv1 [44] has been shown to cause endothelial injury favoring the exposure of subendothelial tissue and the release of procoagulant mediators [45 46] here however neither histopathological nor ultrastructural examination disclosed any morphological evidence of...

Title: Pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the
intravascular coagulation in the lungs of BVDV-infected
calves challenged with BHV-1
Authors: Risalde, María A. Molina, Verónica...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2038
ID: c296f6a98b4eb94a69e4caef2df38ccf6e498511
Number of matches: 11

...modulated by inflammatory mediators released by pulmonary ms in this respect further research is required into the possible involvement of this concomitance through the use of live bvdv and bhv1 vaccines in the triggering of an impaired pulmonary immune response on the contrary animals preinoculated with bvdvdespite suffering a transient infection exhibit an alteration in the response of proinflammatory cytokines which play a key role in activating the immune response...

Title: Generation of Human Antigen-Specific
Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune
System” Mice
Authors: Becker, Pablo D.. Legrand, Nicolas...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2041
ID: 69a50ad03d5fb9a5129663062a9b718217b62665
Number of matches: 3

...these problems however the methods to achieve this goal have showed low efficiencies although some progress has recently been reported [8 9] nevertheless the major disadvantage of human b cells immortalization is the need for cells from either vaccinated individuals or patients who had recovered from an infection thus to fully exploit the ig repertoire of human b cells in an in vivo setting we explored the possibility to raise mabs following de novo induction of human b cell responses in mice carrying elements of the human immune system his his mice are generated by engrafting immunodeficient mice...

Title: Generation of Human Antigen-Specific
Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune
System” Mice
Authors: Becker, Pablo D.. Legrand, Nicolas...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2041
ID: 69a50ad03d5fb9a5129663062a9b718217b62665
Number of matches: 3

...these limitations and immunization strategies result in the limited generation of classswitched antigenspecific b cell responses [14 31 32] similar patterns are observed in human hsctransplanted immunodeficient mice infected with lymphotropic pathogens such as hiv [33] or ebv [34] although dengue virus infection in his mice was reported to induce an igg response in a majority of the responder animals [35] it is not clear why igg antigenspecific responses are limited while serum igg can accumulate efficiently considering the low frequency of igg b cells in his mice it...

Title: Generation of Human Antigen-Specific
Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune
System” Mice
Authors: Becker, Pablo D.. Legrand, Nicolas...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2041
ID: 69a50ad03d5fb9a5129663062a9b718217b62665
Number of matches: 3

...human b cells overcoming the potential limitations of conventional humanized murine mabs such as laboriousness or impaired biological properties synthetic antibody libraries that require a known target antigen and transgenic mice bearing the human ig locus that have limited b cell repertoires in addition our method enables to exploit experimental infection models and immunization regimes that would be unethical or untenable in humans considering the upcoming advances in his mice models [37] this new approach will provide a powerful tool to generate human mabs for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes figure s1 iggiga b cell repertoire in nave...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...replication is an independent risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma hcc [1 2] antiviral therapy based on current options recombinant interferon ifn and nucleotidenucleoside analogs has markedly reduced the incidence of liver cirrhosis and hcc [3 4] however it hardly eliminates hbv infection and the suppression of viral replication below the limit of detection does not completely prevent hcc development although liver fibrosis can be stopped [4 5] for examples during nucleoside analog lamivudine treatment the cumulative hcc rate at 5 years is 3 in patients with chronic hepatitis b...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...cumulative hcc rates at 10 years the situation is even worse no matter etv or lamivudine is used such rates are up to 296 and 534 in patients with chb and liver cirrhosis respectively [8] thus it remains imperative to search for new therapeutic targets against hbv infection or hcc development hbv is a hepatotropic enveloped virus with 32kb partially doublestranded circular viral genome the viral genome is packaged inside the capsid that is assembled by viral core protein hepatitis b core antigen hbcag to generate nucleocapsid in cytosol the viral envelope mainly consists of smallsurface...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...the er by translocating newly synthesized polypeptides across the er membrane facilitating the folding and secretion of proteins targeting misfolded or unnecessary proteins for erassociated protein degradation and serving as the er stress sensor to release cells from the stress conditions [20 21] with regard to hbv infection grp78 is at least involved in four important processes viral replication viral secretion hbeag secretion and hbvrelated hepatocellular carcinogenesis grp78 has been reported to inhibit hbv replication by facilitating hbv transcript degradation via activation of ifn125oligoadenylate synthetasernase l pathway [22] to promote virion secretion via guiding posttranslational...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...facilitate the migration and invasion of hcc via reduction of er stressinduced apoptosis expression on cellsurface or conferring drug resistance [25] [26] [27] [28] the effect of hbv replication inhibition suggest that grp78 upregulation is of therapeutic potential for chronic hbv infection but the rest effects on promoting virion secretion and hcc invasion argue against the above potential those contradictory effects let us not know the overall effect of grp78 on hbv production and how to make a choice to utilize the antihbv effect of upregulation or the cancerpreventing effect of downregulation...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...24] though both reports used sirna to downregulate grp78 the decrease and increase in supernatant hbv particles were observed respectively this discordance may result from the difference in cell models compared with hepad38 cells hepg2215 cells produce hbv particles in a continuous manner which better mimics the persistent infection state of patients for this reason hepg2215 cells were used in this study to clarify the overall effect of grp78 on hbv production grp78 was successfully upregulated and downregulated by transfections of the recombinant expression plasmid and the sirna of grp78 respectively fig 1a grp78 overexpression reduced supernatant and...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...supernatant level of hbv particles furthermore grp78 was found to inhibit hbv production slightly 48 h and significantly 96 h after transfections the above results suggest that the hbv replicationinhibiting effect of grp78 timedependently overwhelmed its viral secretionpromoting effect and that grp78 mainly inhibits hbv production in patients with persistent infection grp78 may not inhibit hbv replication by the ifn1dependent pathway in hepg2215 cells grp78 reduced hbv production by inhibiting viral dna replication fig 1 however the underlying mechanism in hepg2215 cells is unclear yet based on the findings in hepg2 cells parent cells of hepg2215 grp78 has...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...the possible effect of grp78 on cell proliferation since the proliferation statuses of those cells with and without grp78 overexpression were similar fig 4c grp78 knockdown enhances hbv replication and hbeag secretion but which are abolished by etv and d6r hcc is a fatal complication of chronic hbv infection and its prophylaxis of current antiviral options is far from satisfaction [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] based on its characteristics to inhibit hbv secretion and cancer invasion grp78 downregulation may be a promising supplement for current antiviral options however...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...study the overall effect of grp78 was found to decrease hbv production due to its hbv replicationinhibitory effect timedependently overwhelming virion secretionpromoting effect in hepg2215 cells probably due to hbv replication is an upstream event in viral life cycle implying that grp78 mainly inhibits hbv replication in patients with persistent infection indeed grp78 overexpression showed antihbv effects decreases in hbv dna replication and hbeag secretion implying to be favorable for common antiviral goals undetectable hbv dna and hbeag seroconversion in clinical practice however grp78 overexpression increased the mobility of hepg2215 cells based on wound healing tests which implies the involvement in...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...cell and grp78 inhibits hbv replication by promoting retrotransportation of hbeag precursor from the er to the cytosol to restore the vigor of the ifn1dependent pathway may be a new strategy to treat chb in the future immune tolerance is a major factor underlying the maintenance of chronic hbv infection hbeag as an immunotolerance inducer plays key roles in the maintenance of immune tolerance as shown by the facts that hbeagdefective variants rarely cause a de novo chronic infection and that hbeag modulates host immune responses to hbcag [14] [15] [16] in this...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...new strategy to treat chb in the future immune tolerance is a major factor underlying the maintenance of chronic hbv infection hbeag as an immunotolerance inducer plays key roles in the maintenance of immune tolerance as shown by the facts that hbeagdefective variants rarely cause a de novo chronic infection and that hbeag modulates host immune responses to hbcag [14] [15] [16] in this study grp78 was found to inhibit hbeag secretion via enhancement of the retrotransportation of hbeag precursor which is meaningful for hbeag seroconversion an important treatment endpoint in clinical practice...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...the er stress mediating by loss of the tumor suppressor pten and enhancing the activation and activity of fak [35] [36] [37] thus it is ascertained that grp78 is substantially involved in hcc tumorigenesis because hcc is a fatal complication of chronic hbv infection the possibility of grp78 upregulation as an antihbv strategy seems to be dismissed unless grp78 upregulation can lead to the rapid elimination of chronic hbv infection in early stage unfortunately it is well known that the elimination of chronic hbv infection is an ambitious expectation currently the hcc prevention...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...37] thus it is ascertained that grp78 is substantially involved in hcc tumorigenesis because hcc is a fatal complication of chronic hbv infection the possibility of grp78 upregulation as an antihbv strategy seems to be dismissed unless grp78 upregulation can lead to the rapid elimination of chronic hbv infection in early stage unfortunately it is well known that the elimination of chronic hbv infection is an ambitious expectation currently the hcc prevention efficacy of current antiviral options is urged to improve especially for patients with liver cirrhosis [4] [5] [6] [7...

Title: Glucose-regulated protein 78 demonstrates
antiviral effects but is more suitable for
hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in hepatitis B
Authors: Zheng, Nai Q.. Zheng, Zi H....
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2043
ID: 4fa344b02899cb75cb81db82d2cee5f624343c54
Number of matches: 13

...because hcc is a fatal complication of chronic hbv infection the possibility of grp78 upregulation as an antihbv strategy seems to be dismissed unless grp78 upregulation can lead to the rapid elimination of chronic hbv infection in early stage unfortunately it is well known that the elimination of chronic hbv infection is an ambitious expectation currently the hcc prevention efficacy of current antiviral options is urged to improve especially for patients with liver cirrhosis [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] the ontreatment cumulative hcc rate at 5 years is about...

Title: Brain on FIRES: Super Refractory Seizure in a 7
yr Old Boy
Authors: Tavasoli, Alireza. GHARIB, Behdad...
Journal: Iran J Child Neurol
Item: Infection
Index: 2044
ID: 73c97b301049429f21da128565e117ee1d368046
Number of matches: 6

...times a day for neuropathic pain of the left hand thiamine 100 mg and pyridoxine 40 mg twice a week when status epilepticus continues or recurs in spite of 24 hours of general anesthesia it is defined as superrefractory status epilepticus 8 encephalopathies or another central nervous cns infection should be considered when the patient has a group of symptoms of recent febrile illness with behavior cognition consciousness and personality changes or new focal neurological signs 6 the differential diagnosis of encephalopathy in children includes a wide range of etiologies such as metabolic genetic traumatic infectious parainfectious toxic...

Title: Brain on FIRES: Super Refractory Seizure in a 7
yr Old Boy
Authors: Tavasoli, Alireza. GHARIB, Behdad...
Journal: Iran J Child Neurol
Item: Infection
Index: 2044
ID: 73c97b301049429f21da128565e117ee1d368046
Number of matches: 6

...encephalopathy and new onset refractory status epilepticus norse severe refractory status epilepticus due to presumed encephalitis genetic susceptibility and inflammation have been proposed as the etiologies 3 in fires children develop seizure that rapidly turns into se this situation occurs a few days to one week after a nonspecific febrile infection the chronic phase continues after the acute phase characterized by pharmacoresistent epilepsy seizures are usually generalized with focal onset weeks or during his long stay he sustained the problems of prolonged hospitalization such as nosocomial blood stream infection gastric content pulmonary aspiration drug induced neutropenia tracheal tube dislocation and...

Title: Brain on FIRES: Super Refractory Seizure in a 7
yr Old Boy
Authors: Tavasoli, Alireza. GHARIB, Behdad...
Journal: Iran J Child Neurol
Item: Infection
Index: 2044
ID: 73c97b301049429f21da128565e117ee1d368046
Number of matches: 6

...occurs a few days to one week after a nonspecific febrile infection the chronic phase continues after the acute phase characterized by pharmacoresistent epilepsy seizures are usually generalized with focal onset weeks or during his long stay he sustained the problems of prolonged hospitalization such as nosocomial blood stream infection gastric content pulmonary aspiration drug induced neutropenia tracheal tube dislocation and intubation and extubation procedures tracheostomy and low blood pressure as the side effect of antiepileptic medications managed accordingly he also afflicted by left wrist flexion deformity and spasm that continued after discharge the long list of antiepileptic medications prescribed...

Title: Brain on FIRES: Super Refractory Seizure in a 7
yr Old Boy
Authors: Tavasoli, Alireza. GHARIB, Behdad...
Journal: Iran J Child Neurol
Item: Infection
Index: 2044
ID: 73c97b301049429f21da128565e117ee1d368046
Number of matches: 6

...since the latter episode he has had several episodes 23 times per month and all of the seizures were associated with loss of consciousness inflammatory cytokines and hypercytokinemia 1 human herpes virus type 6 which is a common viral illness in childhood may invade cns at the time of primary infection and rarely cause a clinical neurologic disease but longterm latent infection may occur and in case of immunosuppression acute limbic encephalitis probably due to reactivation of the virus can occur 1 the patients problem presented first with an infectious disease upper respiratory tract infection and fever that proceeded to vomiting...

Title: Brain on FIRES: Super Refractory Seizure in a 7
yr Old Boy
Authors: Tavasoli, Alireza. GHARIB, Behdad...
Journal: Iran J Child Neurol
Item: Infection
Index: 2044
ID: 73c97b301049429f21da128565e117ee1d368046
Number of matches: 6

...per month and all of the seizures were associated with loss of consciousness inflammatory cytokines and hypercytokinemia 1 human herpes virus type 6 which is a common viral illness in childhood may invade cns at the time of primary infection and rarely cause a clinical neurologic disease but longterm latent infection may occur and in case of immunosuppression acute limbic encephalitis probably due to reactivation of the virus can occur 1 the patients problem presented first with an infectious disease upper respiratory tract infection and fever that proceeded to vomiting decreased level of consciousness and refractory seizure with lateralized features he...

Title: Brain on FIRES: Super Refractory Seizure in a 7
yr Old Boy
Authors: Tavasoli, Alireza. GHARIB, Behdad...
Journal: Iran J Child Neurol
Item: Infection
Index: 2044
ID: 73c97b301049429f21da128565e117ee1d368046
Number of matches: 6

...cns at the time of primary infection and rarely cause a clinical neurologic disease but longterm latent infection may occur and in case of immunosuppression acute limbic encephalitis probably due to reactivation of the virus can occur 1 the patients problem presented first with an infectious disease upper respiratory tract infection and fever that proceeded to vomiting decreased level of consciousness and refractory seizure with lateralized features he responded poorly to antiepileptic drugs and sustained a long course of hospitalization and complications of high doses of medications and longstanding stay in hospital the neurologist consultant even tried ketamine which has had...

Title: Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus from
Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gaynor, Anne M. Nissen, Michael D...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2045
ID: dc7809e3cbcc5bb53b481641f6796891f4ecedc4
Number of matches: 11

...adult populations seroprevalence rates approaching 75 and 100 respectively have been reported [10] although human polyomaviruses have been suggested to utilize a respiratory route of transmission detection of bk and jc polyomavirus nucleic acids in the respiratory tract has rarely been reported [11 12] infection with these two viruses is predominantly asymptomatic although in the context of immunosuppression a number of syndromes have been clearly linked to these viruses jc virus causes primary multifocal leukoencephalopathy while bk virus has been associated with a variety of renal and urinary tract disorders most importantly tubular nephritis which...

Title: Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus from
Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gaynor, Anne M. Nissen, Michael D...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2045
ID: dc7809e3cbcc5bb53b481641f6796891f4ecedc4
Number of matches: 11

...yet been established in addition in the late 1950s 100 million people in the united states and many more worldwide may have been exposed to sv40 a polyomavirus that naturally infects rhesus monkeys via contaminated polio vaccines leading to widespread debate about whether or not sv40 is capable of sustained infection and replication cycles in humans [16] much of the interest in polyomaviruses and sv40 in particular derives from the transforming properties carried by the early transcriptional region of the viral genome that encodes for the small t antigen stag and and large t antigen ltag t antigen...

Title: Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus from
Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gaynor, Anne M. Nissen, Michael D...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2045
ID: dc7809e3cbcc5bb53b481641f6796891f4ecedc4
Number of matches: 11

...with their tumor suppressor functions the early region alone is sufficient to transform established primary rodent cell lines [17] and in concert with telomerase and ras transforms primary human cells [18] this has lead to controversy over whether any human tumors are associated with sv40 infection [19] we describe the identification and characterization of a novel polyomavirus initially detected by high throughput sequencing of respiratory secretions from a patient suffering acute respiratory disease of unknown etiology the virus was detected in the respiratory secretions from an additional 43 patients in two continents and...

Title: Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus from
Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gaynor, Anne M. Nissen, Michael D...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2045
ID: dc7809e3cbcc5bb53b481641f6796891f4ecedc4
Number of matches: 11

...relative tissue tropism suggesting that it is likely to have unique biological properties this discovery raises many questions for further investigation such as is wu virus a human pathogen if so what kind of disease does it cause where in the body does wu virus reside at what age does infection typically occur perhaps most importantly there are likely to be many more as of yet unidentified viruses infecting the human body stop codon splicing to a downstream putative splice acceptor site would excise an intron of 70 nucleotides and generate a slightly larger stag of 217 amino acids ...

Title: Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus from
Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gaynor, Anne M. Nissen, Michael D...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2045
ID: dc7809e3cbcc5bb53b481641f6796891f4ecedc4
Number of matches: 11

...1245 30 samples tested were positive for the virus table 2 in this cohort patients that tested positive ranged in age from 4 months to 53 years the vast majority of the patients 3337 were age 3 and under in 12 patients with clear clinical evidence of respiratory tract infection wu was the sole virus detected strikingly in 25 of the 37 positive samples one or more additional respiratory viruses were also detected the most common coinfections were with rhinovirus 15 cases and human bocavirus ten cases furthermore in one sample a total of four viruses wu bocavirus rhinovirus and...

Title: Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus from
Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gaynor, Anne M. Nissen, Michael D...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2045
ID: dc7809e3cbcc5bb53b481641f6796891f4ecedc4
Number of matches: 11

...has been reported in initial studies of ki virus [8] future experiments will aim to determine the tissue tropism of wu and whether any tissue reservoirs for wu virus exist in the literature there is one animal polyomavirus that has been found extensively in lung tissue infection of suckling mice with the mouse pneumotropic polyomavirus mppv causes interstitial pneumonia and significant mortality mppv also differs from other polyomaviruses in that besides the kidneys it can also be detected in the lungs liver spleen and blood of suckling mice [27] thus there is precedence for...

Title: Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus from
Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gaynor, Anne M. Nissen, Michael D...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2045
ID: dc7809e3cbcc5bb53b481641f6796891f4ecedc4
Number of matches: 11

...detected in the respiratory secretions 72 overall 100 in the st louis cohort and 68 in the brisbane cohort although more extensive studies are necessary to confirm the generality of this observation this raises several intriguing nonmutually exclusive possibilities to consider 1 wu may be an opportunistic pathogen 2 wu infection may predispose or facilitate secondary infection by other respiratory viruses and 3 wu may be a part of the endogenous viral flora that is reactivated by inflammation or some other aspect of viral infection recent studies of the prevalence of the newly identified human bocavirus have also reported higher levels...

Title: Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus from
Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gaynor, Anne M. Nissen, Michael D...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2045
ID: dc7809e3cbcc5bb53b481641f6796891f4ecedc4
Number of matches: 11

...overall 100 in the st louis cohort and 68 in the brisbane cohort although more extensive studies are necessary to confirm the generality of this observation this raises several intriguing nonmutually exclusive possibilities to consider 1 wu may be an opportunistic pathogen 2 wu infection may predispose or facilitate secondary infection by other respiratory viruses and 3 wu may be a part of the endogenous viral flora that is reactivated by inflammation or some other aspect of viral infection recent studies of the prevalence of the newly identified human bocavirus have also reported higher levels of coinfection than previously described for...

Title: Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus from
Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gaynor, Anne M. Nissen, Michael D...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2045
ID: dc7809e3cbcc5bb53b481641f6796891f4ecedc4
Number of matches: 11

...several intriguing nonmutually exclusive possibilities to consider 1 wu may be an opportunistic pathogen 2 wu infection may predispose or facilitate secondary infection by other respiratory viruses and 3 wu may be a part of the endogenous viral flora that is reactivated by inflammation or some other aspect of viral infection recent studies of the prevalence of the newly identified human bocavirus have also reported higher levels of coinfection than previously described for other viruses found in the respiratory tract with coinfection rates as high as 50 reported [28 29] in addition five of six samples positive for...

Title: Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus from
Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gaynor, Anne M. Nissen, Michael D...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2045
ID: dc7809e3cbcc5bb53b481641f6796891f4ecedc4
Number of matches: 11

...physiological and environmental conditions this may partially explain the observed sequence divergence in the capsid proteins another question raised by this study relates to the potential antigenic cross reactivity of the wu capsid proteins in terms of establishing the seroprevalence of wu itself and determining whether seroconversion accompanies acute infection with wu it will be essential to conduct these studies with consideration for potential cross reactivity to ki bk jc and sv40 antibodies in addition it is tantalizing to speculate whether serum antibodies to wu have the potential to cross react to sv40derived antigens and if so whether they may...

Title: Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus from
Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gaynor, Anne M. Nissen, Michael D...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2045
ID: dc7809e3cbcc5bb53b481641f6796891f4ecedc4
Number of matches: 11

...human tumors may be associated with wu clinical specimensrespiratory secretions brisbane cohort a total of 1245 specimens predominantly npas were collected between january 1 2003 and december 22 2003 from patients presenting to the royal childrens hospital in brisbane queensland australia with symptoms consistent with acute lower respiratory tract infection st louis cohort 1 a total of 480 bal specimens were tested these included samples from a retrospective and a prospective collection the retrospective specimens were from a sequential collection of bal specimens submitted routinely to the virology laboratory at st louis childrens hospital between december 2002 and august...

Title: Fiat Luc: Bioluminescence Imaging Reveals In
Vivo Viral Replication Dynamics
Authors: Mehle, Andrew
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2046
ID: 154eae1741c2ed718dec40b25f60eca4b56e0a74
Number of matches: 7

......

Title: Fiat Luc: Bioluminescence Imaging Reveals In
Vivo Viral Replication Dynamics
Authors: Mehle, Andrew
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2046
ID: 154eae1741c2ed718dec40b25f60eca4b56e0a74
Number of matches: 7

...optimized to use furimazine as a substrate which was also engineered as a coelenterazine analogue [10] infections more closely mimics the course of disease in humans and may more faithfully recapitulate the therapeutic benefits of antiviral treatment almost all luciferasesubstrate pairings have been used to track viral infection in vivo each possessing unique advantages depending on the virus and the desired imaging outcome table 1 fluc is most commonly used given the relative ease of imaging longlived signal due to glowtype kinetics low cost and favorable emission properties substrate is administered via the intraperitoneal route with peak...

Title: Fiat Luc: Bioluminescence Imaging Reveals In
Vivo Viral Replication Dynamics
Authors: Mehle, Andrew
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2046
ID: 154eae1741c2ed718dec40b25f60eca4b56e0a74
Number of matches: 7

...can be tracked over time in the same animal fig 1a this is exemplified in studies with vaccinia virus expressing fluc bli reported on viral load and tissue distribution in mice [11] bli of infected knockout mice highlighted the important role of interferon responses in controlling infection [12] analysis of longitudinal measures revealed that bioluminesence signal intensity was a very early and strong predictor of lethality in mice [13] and bli quickly detected reductions in replication due to vaccination or passive immunization [13] bli has been used with...

Title: Fiat Luc: Bioluminescence Imaging Reveals In
Vivo Viral Replication Dynamics
Authors: Mehle, Andrew
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2046
ID: 154eae1741c2ed718dec40b25f60eca4b56e0a74
Number of matches: 7

...can further delineate activity from different enzymes several of these new substrates have redshifted emission spectra dramatically increasing detection and sensitivity at deep tissue sites [16] multiplexing could be used to track individual clones within a population or the growth of two different viruses in a mixed infection the same strategy can be applied to studying secondary bacterial infections using bacteria expressing the lux operon [17] bioluminescent bacteria paired with reporter viruses could establish the interplay between virus and bacteria and their cumulative contributions to the morbidity and mortality of infection host responses during...

Title: Fiat Luc: Bioluminescence Imaging Reveals In
Vivo Viral Replication Dynamics
Authors: Mehle, Andrew
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2046
ID: 154eae1741c2ed718dec40b25f60eca4b56e0a74
Number of matches: 7

...viruses in a mixed infection the same strategy can be applied to studying secondary bacterial infections using bacteria expressing the lux operon [17] bioluminescent bacteria paired with reporter viruses could establish the interplay between virus and bacteria and their cumulative contributions to the morbidity and mortality of infection host responses during infection can be monitored by multiplexing bli transgenic reporter mice have been developed that express fluc in response to immune stimulation sequential imaging of gluc or nluc from a reporter virus followed by fluc from the host reporter could correlate viral load with host immune responses...

Title: Fiat Luc: Bioluminescence Imaging Reveals In
Vivo Viral Replication Dynamics
Authors: Mehle, Andrew
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2046
ID: 154eae1741c2ed718dec40b25f60eca4b56e0a74
Number of matches: 7

...the same strategy can be applied to studying secondary bacterial infections using bacteria expressing the lux operon [17] bioluminescent bacteria paired with reporter viruses could establish the interplay between virus and bacteria and their cumulative contributions to the morbidity and mortality of infection host responses during infection can be monitored by multiplexing bli transgenic reporter mice have been developed that express fluc in response to immune stimulation sequential imaging of gluc or nluc from a reporter virus followed by fluc from the host reporter could correlate viral load with host immune responses multimodal imaging of bli with...

Title: Fiat Luc: Bioluminescence Imaging Reveals In
Vivo Viral Replication Dynamics
Authors: Mehle, Andrew
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2046
ID: 154eae1741c2ed718dec40b25f60eca4b56e0a74
Number of matches: 7

...a viral enzyme uncages one precursor and activated caspases uncage the other precursor adding these advanced approaches to the existing benefits of bli will open new areas studying the virushost interface moving from our current stopmotion snapshots towards a dynamic understanding of how this interplay changes throughout the course of infection and in response to therapeutic treatment...

Title: Chikungunya virus infectivity, RNA
replication and non-structural polyprotein processing
depend on the nsP2 protease’s active site cysteine
residue
Authors: Rausalu, Kai. Utt, Age...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2047
ID: 79b67a52cb7757c9fae9636913c30b5ee39e68af
Number of matches: 6

... our analysis carried out using recombinant proteins and different types of substrates shows that unlike reported recently 33 cys478 residue is indispensable and irreplaceable for the ability of chikv nsp2 to process any substrate corresponding to 12 and 34 sites however the used systems are artificial in alphavirus infection the polyprotein context may affect both the activity of the enzyme and the presentation of its substrates 11 to analyse the effects of mutations in the nsp2 active site region on the processing of chikv p1234 polyprotein c478a w479a s482a and c478a s482a substitutions were introduced into t7p1234...

Title: Chikungunya virus infectivity, RNA
replication and non-structural polyprotein processing
depend on the nsP2 protease’s active site cysteine
residue
Authors: Rausalu, Kai. Utt, Age...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2047
ID: 79b67a52cb7757c9fae9636913c30b5ee39e68af
Number of matches: 6

...no infectious virus was detected in the other three samples taken together this data unequivocally demonstrates that mutations c478a and w479a not only abolish ns polyprotein processing but are also lethal for chikv to analyse the effect of s482a mutation on ns polyprotein processing in the context of chikv infection a pulsechase experiment was performed for wt chikv infected cells all ns proteins p1234 precursor and p123 p12 andor p34 processing intermediates were detected in pulsed samples fig 7c in samples chased for 15 min the amounts of p1234 were reduced after 60 min chase all ns polyproteins were...

Title: Chikungunya virus infectivity, RNA
replication and non-structural polyprotein processing
depend on the nsP2 protease’s active site cysteine
residue
Authors: Rausalu, Kai. Utt, Age...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2047
ID: 79b67a52cb7757c9fae9636913c30b5ee39e68af
Number of matches: 6

...chikv s482a revealed no detectable differences in the formation of any of these virusspecific structures fig 8 confirming that ser482 residue is dispensable for the chikv infectious cycle thus far the data regarding the properties of chikv nsp2 protease has been controversial as this enzyme is central for chikv infection and represents a favoured target for antichikv inhibitor development revealing the processing requirements of the enzyme and the significance of residues located in its active site region was essential scientific reports 637124 doi 101038srep37124 the easiest way to study protease activities is to use a purified...

Title: Chikungunya virus infectivity, RNA
replication and non-structural polyprotein processing
depend on the nsP2 protease’s active site cysteine
residue
Authors: Rausalu, Kai. Utt, Age...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2047
ID: 79b67a52cb7757c9fae9636913c30b5ee39e68af
Number of matches: 6

...development revealing the processing requirements of the enzyme and the significance of residues located in its active site region was essential scientific reports 637124 doi 101038srep37124 the easiest way to study protease activities is to use a purified enzyme and corresponding substrates however as during the infection process the enzymatic activities of viral enzymes are affected by multiple factors using a single type of assay provides poor grounds to draw conclusions about the properties of nsp2 including quantitative efficacy furthermore cellfree assay does not provide information about the biological relevance of the observed effects here it...

Title: Chikungunya virus infectivity, RNA
replication and non-structural polyprotein processing
depend on the nsP2 protease’s active site cysteine
residue
Authors: Rausalu, Kai. Utt, Age...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2047
ID: 79b67a52cb7757c9fae9636913c30b5ee39e68af
Number of matches: 6

...from the active site motif of chikv nsp2 cannot to any extent compensate for the loss of the catalytic cys478 residue the conserved nature of chikv nsp2 with its counterparts from different alphaviruses indicates that similar approaches can be used to study these enzymes and their roles in virus infection as well as develop and select for inhibitors of different alphavirus proteases this opens the possibility that one compound could inhibit nsp2 proteases from different alphaviruses cells and media all cells were grown at 37 c in 5 co 2 atmosphere 10 fetal bovine serum 100 uml penicillin and...

Title: Chikungunya virus infectivity, RNA
replication and non-structural polyprotein processing
depend on the nsP2 protease’s active site cysteine
residue
Authors: Rausalu, Kai. Utt, Age...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2047
ID: 79b67a52cb7757c9fae9636913c30b5ee39e68af
Number of matches: 6

...nsp3 and nsp2 nsp4 separated by sdspage and visualized using a typhoon imager ge healthcare electron microscopy bhk21 cells were seeded onto 35 mm glassbottom dishes p35g1514c mattek the next day cells were infected with wt chikv or chikv s482a at moi 10 pfucell 8 h post infection the supernatant was discarded and cells were fixed with 2 glutaraldehyde in 01 m sodium cacodylate buffer for 30 min at room temperature and washed in the same buffer sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy was done as described earlier 48 sections were imaged in jeol jem1400 electron microscope...

Title: Predictors of Initial Smear-Negative Active
Pulmonary Tuberculosis with Acute Early Stage Lung
Injury by High-Resolution Computed Tomography and
Clinical Manifestations: An Auxiliary Model in
Critical Patients
Authors: Yeh, Jun-Jun
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2048
ID: 4032ba4bcf75cb306c06c5f2e9ba6b8580781a8f
Number of matches: 5

...scoring of the present study is simpler and easier to use and was not confounded by the use of bronchiectasis as a predictor which may be due to the artifact of pseudobronchiectasis moreover in the present study owing to that fact that icu is a critical source for severe nosocomial infection we enrolled patients with with an ideal cutoff point score of 2 the sensitivity and specificity for identifying [isnaptb] by [cxr hypoalbuminemia] was 423 and 914 respectively in the derivation cohort table 4 and was 258 and 894 in the validation cohort table 5...

Title: Predictors of Initial Smear-Negative Active
Pulmonary Tuberculosis with Acute Early Stage Lung
Injury by High-Resolution Computed Tomography and
Clinical Manifestations: An Auxiliary Model in
Critical Patients
Authors: Yeh, Jun-Jun
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2048
ID: 4032ba4bcf75cb306c06c5f2e9ba6b8580781a8f
Number of matches: 5

...during the isp phase these 10 patients received antibiotics prior to receiving afb results after the afb results were known the patients were treated with antitb and antibiotics if a bacterial aptb was present patients in the derivation n 120 or validation n 241 cohort with a bacterial infection were treated with antibiotics the ct angiogram sign of consolidation 24 may help to differentiate malignant lesions from benign lesions however in the present study enhancement of the consolidation lesion with contrast medium was not routinely owing to the poor renal function typical of ali table 1 even...

Title: Predictors of Initial Smear-Negative Active
Pulmonary Tuberculosis with Acute Early Stage Lung
Injury by High-Resolution Computed Tomography and
Clinical Manifestations: An Auxiliary Model in
Critical Patients
Authors: Yeh, Jun-Jun
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2048
ID: 4032ba4bcf75cb306c06c5f2e9ba6b8580781a8f
Number of matches: 5

...rullul of cluster nodulesmass with s6 consolidation of rlllll were used with the idea of attenuating the confounding factors of cardiacrespiratory artifacts however whether or not to use the image quality score in the ali patients warrants further investigation severe aptb in icu is a critical source of nosocomial infection ct chest scans may help in gathering diagnostic information of the ali patients in whom tb are suspected but not confirmed and will also allow for targeting using bronchoscopy or ctguided biopsy 28 29 through 2012 january to 2012 july the new validation model [isnaptb with concomitant bacteria]...

Title: Predictors of Initial Smear-Negative Active
Pulmonary Tuberculosis with Acute Early Stage Lung
Injury by High-Resolution Computed Tomography and
Clinical Manifestations: An Auxiliary Model in
Critical Patients
Authors: Yeh, Jun-Jun
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2048
ID: 4032ba4bcf75cb306c06c5f2e9ba6b8580781a8f
Number of matches: 5

...and patient population this retrospective study enrolled 333 patients with pulmonary diseases having ali and receiving cxr examination from march 2005 to december 2008 at pingtung christian hospital and its branches all patients were admitted to the intensive care unit icu where ptb is at high risk of hospital nosocomial infection all 333 patients had 1 immune impairment associated with immunocompromising factors eg age 65 years copd dm uremia liver cirrhosis steroid use lymphopenia neutropenia lower table 5 sensitivity specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of hrct and cxr plus hypoalbuminemia models in the validation cohort n...

Title: Predictors of Initial Smear-Negative Active
Pulmonary Tuberculosis with Acute Early Stage Lung
Injury by High-Resolution Computed Tomography and
Clinical Manifestations: An Auxiliary Model in
Critical Patients
Authors: Yeh, Jun-Jun
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2048
ID: 4032ba4bcf75cb306c06c5f2e9ba6b8580781a8f
Number of matches: 5

...if the spontaneous sputum was unavailable after 3 days the sputum was obtained during bronchoscopy or from the invasive airway eg intubation airway time to the results of pcr or tb culture are revealed in table 1 hematological and biochemical data blood cultures and appropriate culture specimens from the infection were obtained hematological and biochemical data also were collected systematically on the day of er admission the white blood count lymphocyte count neutrophil count and hemoglobin were measured using standard commercial kits sysmex xe5000 sysmex corporation japan and performed using sysmex 2100 ante cibum ac blood urea nitrogen bun creatinine...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...the human host the spread of the virus can be greatly reduced by controlling the vector much effort has been placed in understanding the dynamics of virus transmission and replication in the mosquito vector including identification of host proteins in the midgut and salivary glands that are regulated by denv infection [15] [16] [17] less is known about the global impact of denv on host metabolic pathways previous electron microscopy studies on denv infected mosquito cells have shown that virusinduced membrane structures similar to those observed in human cells are prevalent [18...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...19] this extensive requirement in both host and vector for intracellular membranes that support viral rna replication and assembly suggest that quantifiable changes may exist in the lipid repertoire of the infected cell to assist in the formation of these membranes identifying these lipid changes that occur during infection is a necessary first step to discovering how denv and its constituent proteins modify the lipid metabolism of cells the reasons for such modifications has yet to be described but can be pursued with a knowledge of which lipid changes occur furthermore novel therapeutics that modify or inhibit these lipid...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...therapeutics that modify or inhibit these lipid changes and lipidprotein interactions could conceivably result in inhibition of virus replication to investigate these possibilities we used highresolution mass spectrometry methods to profile the lipidome of denv infected mosquito cells we have identified several lipid classes that are regulated by denv infection many of these lipids have characteristic roles in influencing membrane architecture as well as functioning in cellular signal transduction pathways specifically we have identified differences induced in the lipid profile upon virus binding and entry alone compared to those induced by viral rna replication assembly and egress we have also...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...cell survival but is yet inhibitory to denv replication we had previously shown that fatty acid biosynthesis was a key target of denv in human cells and that the rate limiting enzyme fatty acid synthase fas was both required and relocalized to sites of viral rna replication during denv infection [20] in this study using an inhibitor of fas c75 we determined that this requirement for fatty acid biosynthesis was conserved between the host and its vector during denv infection in the presence of c75 denv replication was significantly reduced in c636 mosquito cells indicating that fatty...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...fatty acid synthase fas was both required and relocalized to sites of viral rna replication during denv infection [20] in this study using an inhibitor of fas c75 we determined that this requirement for fatty acid biosynthesis was conserved between the host and its vector during denv infection in the presence of c75 denv replication was significantly reduced in c636 mosquito cells indicating that fatty acid biosynthesis is important for virus viability figure 1a furthermore a time course of addition of c75 figure 1b indicated that while pretreatment or treatment of cells with c75...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

... based on the observation that denv induces significant rearrangements in the membrane architecture of infected cells together with its distinct susceptibility to inhibitors of fas it was our hypothesis that lipid biosynthesis was important to denv replication therefore to investigate whether the intracellular lipid composition was altered during denv infection we carried out lcmsbased analyses of the global lipidome of mosquito cells infected with denv to differentiate between changes to the lipid profile that occurred upon exposure to infectious virus versus that induced by virus entry alone we included uvinactivated denv uvdenv in the studies this inactivated virus is only...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...however the overall intensities of the expressed lipids was lower contributing to a low signal to noise ratio furthermore the number of species expressed at significant levels p005 were limited therefore we chose to pursue the later time points under conditions that ensured that all cells were infected multiplicity of infection of 20 optimal viral rna synthesis occurred between 2436 hr post infection data not shown a total of 7217 features observed in the lcms analyses were included in the pca analyses the plot shows specific segregation of lipid profiles between denv and uvdenv exposed cells compared to uninfected cells mock...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...a low signal to noise ratio furthermore the number of species expressed at significant levels p005 were limited therefore we chose to pursue the later time points under conditions that ensured that all cells were infected multiplicity of infection of 20 optimal viral rna synthesis occurred between 2436 hr post infection data not shown a total of 7217 features observed in the lcms analyses were included in the pca analyses the plot shows specific segregation of lipid profiles between denv and uvdenv exposed cells compared to uninfected cells mock a temporal regulation of the lipid profile was also observed however this...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...lipid classes such as phosphatidylglycerol pg phosphatidylinositol pi and cardiolipin were absent from this list these lipids have previously been reported to account for 613 of the lipidome of mosquito cells [25 26] however in this whole cell analysis these lipids were not significantly regulated during virus infection a comparative analysis of the overall abundance of lipid species relative to the mock control in denv and uvdenv exposed cells is shown in figure 3a and b in all of the lipid classes with significantly regulated lipids anova p005 denvinfected cells have a unique expression pattern expressed lipid...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...up regulation of lpls containing c18 acyl chains only at the early time point figure 3h the c16 lpls have been implicated in proapoptotic signaling pathways this observation of selected lpl expression presents an attractive hypothesis that chain length differences may dictate specific roles for lpls during virus infection since lpls result from the activity of pla 2 type enzymes we investigated whether denv infected cells displayed a higher activity of pla 2 compared to uninfected cells utilizing a fluorescent pc substrate bodipypc we used mass spectrometry to monitor the hydrolysis of pc to lpc by intracellular pla...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...pla 2 compared to uninfected cells utilizing a fluorescent pc substrate bodipypc we used mass spectrometry to monitor the hydrolysis of pc to lpc by intracellular pla 2 essentially we monitored the production of bodipylpc resulting from pla 2 mediated metabolism of pc during a time course of denv infection figure s1 method from [31] the assay indicated that following 24 hr of infection and longer pla 2 activity was elevated in denvinfected cells compared to the controls with the highest activity occurring at 48 and 72 hr postinfection therefore the elevated levels of pla...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...hydrolysis of pc to lpc by intracellular pla 2 essentially we monitored the production of bodipylpc resulting from pla 2 mediated metabolism of pc during a time course of denv infection figure s1 method from [31] the assay indicated that following 24 hr of infection and longer pla 2 activity was elevated in denvinfected cells compared to the controls with the highest activity occurring at 48 and 72 hr postinfection therefore the elevated levels of pla 2 could be the source of the lpl detected in denvinfected cells sphingolipids although originally known as vital...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...could be the source of the lpl detected in denvinfected cells sphingolipids although originally known as vital components of barrier membranes sphingolipids are also potent bioactive molecules that regulate cell death growth differentiation and intracellular trafficking [32] [33] the primary sphingolipids regulated during denv infection were sphingomyelin sm and ceramide cer in denv infected cells sm was up regulated by 2fold compared to the controls uvdenv and mock and remained elevated at both 36 hr and 60 hr time points figure 3a and b furthermore this temporal expression varied depending on the specific molecular...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...hr similar to other lipid species cer also showed temporal regulation depending on the molecular species expressed figure 3f an overall comparison of the pls regulated at the 36 and 60 hr time points indicated that in all lipid classes that were significantly regulated anova p005 during denv infection selected molecular species were regulated only at the 36 hr time point while others were regulated at both time points representative examples for each lipid class are shown figure 3c h these observations may represent lipidome differences in cells sustaining early but active denv replication 36 hr compared to...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...planar membranes unsaturated pc induces membrane curvature which may be important for maintaining the highly curved membranes observed in denvinfected cells [40] pc enriched membranes are also more fluidic compared to the rigid membranes enriched in sm and cholesterol which may be a feature attractive to denv infection [41] bioactive sphingolipids such as sm and cer are also key lipids that were up regulated during denv infection in cells exposed to replication competent virus cer was up regulated in both the whole cell lipidome as well as replication complex membranes this is either a cellular...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...40] pc enriched membranes are also more fluidic compared to the rigid membranes enriched in sm and cholesterol which may be a feature attractive to denv infection [41] bioactive sphingolipids such as sm and cer are also key lipids that were up regulated during denv infection in cells exposed to replication competent virus cer was up regulated in both the whole cell lipidome as well as replication complex membranes this is either a cellular response to virus infection or a direct need for cer in the virus replication cycle the latter hypothesis is particularly attractive considering...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

... bioactive sphingolipids such as sm and cer are also key lipids that were up regulated during denv infection in cells exposed to replication competent virus cer was up regulated in both the whole cell lipidome as well as replication complex membranes this is either a cellular response to virus infection or a direct need for cer in the virus replication cycle the latter hypothesis is particularly attractive considering the enrichment of specific molecular species of cer in the 16k pellet cer is a coneshaped figure 6 bioactive sphingolipid species are differentially regulated in replication complex membranes isolated from denvinfected...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...42] some denvinduced membranes show a double membrane morphology indicating that negative curvature modifying lipids such as cer may be active in their formation as a second messenger cer can also induce apoptosis and autophagy [34] however in mosquito cells denv maintains a persistent infection and antagonizes apoptotic pathways [19 43] therefore cer up regulation may not be due to the prevalence of an apoptotic response but may be utilized to up regulate autophagy during denv infection it has been shown in mammalian cells that autophagy is up regulated and necessary for...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...apoptosis and autophagy [34] however in mosquito cells denv maintains a persistent infection and antagonizes apoptotic pathways [19 43] therefore cer up regulation may not be due to the prevalence of an apoptotic response but may be utilized to up regulate autophagy during denv infection it has been shown in mammalian cells that autophagy is up regulated and necessary for denv replication the prevalence of several intermediates in cer biogenesis including npalmitoylsphingosine and diacylglycerol suggest that the observed cer could result from either de [20] 2 inhibition of this process with c75...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...c75 disrupts the cellular lipid repertoire in mosquito cells to be unfavorable for virus replication 3 the lipidomic analyses reveal an up regulation of fatty acids such as palmitic c16 and stearic c18 acid these fatty acids are intermediates in the biosynthesis of phospholipids which is up regulated during denv infection interestingly in denv infected cells the prevalent phospholipids primarily consist of c16 and c18 unsaturated acyl chains very long chain fatty acids are not significantly up regulated during infection 4 fas activity also stimulates de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis in the lipidomic analyses the up regulation of intermediates such as npalmitoylesphingosine...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...c16 and stearic c18 acid these fatty acids are intermediates in the biosynthesis of phospholipids which is up regulated during denv infection interestingly in denv infected cells the prevalent phospholipids primarily consist of c16 and c18 unsaturated acyl chains very long chain fatty acids are not significantly up regulated during infection 4 fas activity also stimulates de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis in the lipidomic analyses the up regulation of intermediates such as npalmitoylesphingosine suggests sphingolipid biosynthesis is activated during denv infection specifically sm and cer are enriched in denv infected cells alternately the up regulation in cer and dg during infection could...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...phospholipids primarily consist of c16 and c18 unsaturated acyl chains very long chain fatty acids are not significantly up regulated during infection 4 fas activity also stimulates de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis in the lipidomic analyses the up regulation of intermediates such as npalmitoylesphingosine suggests sphingolipid biosynthesis is activated during denv infection specifically sm and cer are enriched in denv infected cells alternately the up regulation in cer and dg during infection could result from the degradation of sm through the activity of sphingomyelinases smase the resulting cer and dg could be redirected into several signaling pathways or be utilized for de...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...during infection 4 fas activity also stimulates de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis in the lipidomic analyses the up regulation of intermediates such as npalmitoylesphingosine suggests sphingolipid biosynthesis is activated during denv infection specifically sm and cer are enriched in denv infected cells alternately the up regulation in cer and dg during infection could result from the degradation of sm through the activity of sphingomyelinases smase the resulting cer and dg could be redirected into several signaling pathways or be utilized for de novo phospholipid biosynthesis the glycopshingolipids glccer and galcer are down regulated during denv infection which suggest that they are catabolized...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...regulation in cer and dg during infection could result from the degradation of sm through the activity of sphingomyelinases smase the resulting cer and dg could be redirected into several signaling pathways or be utilized for de novo phospholipid biosynthesis the glycopshingolipids glccer and galcer are down regulated during denv infection which suggest that they are catabolized to produce cer 5 lipidomic analyses also suggest the up regulation of triacylglycerol catabolism lipolysis in denv infected cells this pathway results in the generation of mg dg and palmitic acid these intermediates are all up regulated in denv infected cells and could be...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...cells this pathway results in the generation of mg dg and palmitic acid these intermediates are all up regulated in denv infected cells and could be utilized for downstream signaling or de novo phospholipid biosynthesis it has also been shown that tg catabolism is necessary for mitochondrial boxidation during denv infection [50] 6 elevated levels of lpc in denv infected cells also suggest activation of pc hydrolysis by pla 2 this enzyme is activated during denv infection the elevated levels of other phospholipids such as pa pi pe pg as well as pc suggest that the cdgdg...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...or de novo phospholipid biosynthesis it has also been shown that tg catabolism is necessary for mitochondrial boxidation during denv infection [50] 6 elevated levels of lpc in denv infected cells also suggest activation of pc hydrolysis by pla 2 this enzyme is activated during denv infection the elevated levels of other phospholipids such as pa pi pe pg as well as pc suggest that the cdgdg pathway for phospholipid biosynthesis could also be activated fas fatty acid synthase denv dengue virus c75 inhibitor of fas sm sphingomyelin cer ceramide mg monoacylglycerol dg diacylglycerol tg triacylglycerol lpc...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...by sphingomyelinases smases at the plasma membrane [44] the lipidomic analyses also indicated a down regulation of glccer which may suggest that a salvage pathway that metabolizes glccer to cer may also be active inverted coneshaped lipids such as lpls were also up regulated during denv infection primarily lpc was up regulated in the whole cell analysis it results from the hydrolysis of pc by pla 2 [45] we have shown that this enzyme is activated during denv infection many other viruses have also shown a dependency for pla 2 in their life cycle...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...be active inverted coneshaped lipids such as lpls were also up regulated during denv infection primarily lpc was up regulated in the whole cell analysis it results from the hydrolysis of pc by pla 2 [45] we have shown that this enzyme is activated during denv infection many other viruses have also shown a dependency for pla 2 in their life cycle [31 46] due to its inverted coneshaped structure asymmetric incorporation of lpc into membranes causes positive curvature and induces vesicle fission and budding [47] structural analyses of denvinduced membrane...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...is synergistically enhanced in the presence of palmitic acid which is also up regulated in denvinfected cells as a signaling molecule lpc is both a prosurvival as well as an inflammatory molecule [46] therefore its expression in denv infected cells could be a cellular response to viral infection it has been previously reported that de novo lipid biosynthesis was up regulated during denv infection [20] consistent with these observations several primary fatty acids palmitic stearic and oleic acid involved in the biosynthesis of higher order pls were detected in our lipidomic analyses palmitic acid...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...as a signaling molecule lpc is both a prosurvival as well as an inflammatory molecule [46] therefore its expression in denv infected cells could be a cellular response to viral infection it has been previously reported that de novo lipid biosynthesis was up regulated during denv infection [20] consistent with these observations several primary fatty acids palmitic stearic and oleic acid involved in the biosynthesis of higher order pls were detected in our lipidomic analyses palmitic acid is the first fatty acid of the lipogenesis pathway and stearic acid c180 is immediately downstream of...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...acid may be stimulating long chain fa biosynthesis however a majority of the pls expressed in denv infected cells have c16or c18acyl chains with varying degrees of unsaturation therefore it seems that desaturation of palmitic and stearic acid rather than elongation may be the chosen pathway for lipogenesis during denv infection several intermediates in lipid catabolism were also detected in the replication complex membranes palmitic acid mg and dg analysis of these intermediates suggested the up regulation of pathways for pc hydrolysis and triacylglycerol tg metabolism the latter pathway is responsible for regulating lipid homeostasis and energy production in the...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...substrates for mitochondrial boxidation as well as intermediates fatty acids in the synthesis of new lipids denv infected cells show a high prevalence of these species compared to mock infected cells while several acidic phospholipid species were detected in the 16k membrane fraction very few were significantly regulated during infection previous studies in mammalian cells have indicated the importance of acidic lipids in denv infection [46 50] these negatively charged lipids are also implicated in influencing membrane structure the most striking results were obtained by the comparison of denv infected cells in the presence and absence...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...lipids denv infected cells show a high prevalence of these species compared to mock infected cells while several acidic phospholipid species were detected in the 16k membrane fraction very few were significantly regulated during infection previous studies in mammalian cells have indicated the importance of acidic lipids in denv infection [46 50] these negatively charged lipids are also implicated in influencing membrane structure the most striking results were obtained by the comparison of denv infected cells in the presence and absence of the fas inhibitor c75 it is well established that treatment of cells with this...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...compared to cells treated with c75 were similar to those previously observed when infected cells were compared to mock uninfected controls therefore comparison of denv infected cells to two different controls uninfected cells and c75 treated infected cells highlighted the same lipids as being up regulated during an active denv infection in these studies we utilized uvdenv as a control to identify lipid metabolic changes that occurred upon virus binding and entry alone this virus is incapable of replication but immunofluorescence microscopy with antins3 antibodies have indicated that there is a very low level of translation that occurs within the...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...these studies have shown that uvdenv could be a versatile tool to pursue mechanistic studies on the metabolic pertabations that occur upon virus binding membrane fusion and entry in summary using highresolution mass spectrometry we have determined that denv drastically alters the lipid profile of infected cells specifically denv infection elevates the expression of lipids that have the capacity to change the physical properties of the bilayer such as bilayer curvature permeability and the recruitment and assembly of protein complexes in the membrane several of the identified molecules also function as bioactive messengers that control signaling and membrane trafficking pathways...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...hepes and 10 heat inactivated fetal calf serum dengue virus 2 strain 16681 obtained from richard kinney cdc ft collins stocks were amplified in c636 cells in mem supplemented as above and 2 heat inactivated fetal calf serum uvinactivated denv was obtained by exposing the same virus stock used for infection to uvlight for 3 hr and then conformation of inactivation by two blind passages of the virus on cells for 60 hr per passage lack of infectivity was confirmed by plaque assay and immunofluorescence assay sample preparation for infection 5610 8 c636 cells were infected with denv at a...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...was obtained by exposing the same virus stock used for infection to uvlight for 3 hr and then conformation of inactivation by two blind passages of the virus on cells for 60 hr per passage lack of infectivity was confirmed by plaque assay and immunofluorescence assay sample preparation for infection 5610 8 c636 cells were infected with denv at a moi of 20 at 30uc infection of all cells required for lipidomic analyses was confirmed by immunofluorescence analyses each experiment included three biological replicates following infection cells were harvested at 36 and 60 hr postinfection pelleted and resuspended in 100...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...and then conformation of inactivation by two blind passages of the virus on cells for 60 hr per passage lack of infectivity was confirmed by plaque assay and immunofluorescence assay sample preparation for infection 5610 8 c636 cells were infected with denv at a moi of 20 at 30uc infection of all cells required for lipidomic analyses was confirmed by immunofluorescence analyses each experiment included three biological replicates following infection cells were harvested at 36 and 60 hr postinfection pelleted and resuspended in 100 ml of 100 mm ammonium bicarbonate lipids were extracted from an equal number of cells using...

Title: Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid
Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells
Authors: Perera, Rushika. Riley, Catherine...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2049
ID: 5fa62370245d4ad73220d6f42f8cb66064627aaa
Number of matches: 41

...of infectivity was confirmed by plaque assay and immunofluorescence assay sample preparation for infection 5610 8 c636 cells were infected with denv at a moi of 20 at 30uc infection of all cells required for lipidomic analyses was confirmed by immunofluorescence analyses each experiment included three biological replicates following infection cells were harvested at 36 and 60 hr postinfection pelleted and resuspended in 100 ml of 100 mm ammonium bicarbonate lipids were extracted from an equal number of cells using a modified bligh and dyer protocol briefly a mixture of 21 chloroformmethanol 01 acetic acid and 001 butylated hydroxy toluene...

Title: Detection and full genome characterization of
two beta CoV viruses related to Middle East
respiratory syndrome from bats in Italy
Authors: Moreno, Ana. Lelli, Davide...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2051
ID: a36b65d00944ef78c5bc2b7bf759122c2ac4eaf1
Number of matches: 1

...covs in bats exceeds that known for other hosts which is compatible with bats being the major reservoir of mammalian covs [4] the evolutionary origin of sarscov which was first detected in 2002 involved bat hosts possibly with civets as intermediate host and the source of human infection [4] the origin of merscov is not well known but more recent studies point to camels as possible reservoirs or intermediate hosts bats have also been suspected as the evolutionary source of merscov due to the genetic similarities between beta covs found in bats and the merscov...

Title: Serotype and genetic diversity of human
rhinovirus strains that circulated in Kenya in 2008
Authors: Milanoi, Sylvia. Ongus, Juliette R....
Journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2053
ID: 8233e375e79b4e93b9d9a614d44762dba52b342f
Number of matches: 2

...found that in 2008 all the three species of hrvs were detected in patients who presented with ili symptoms in hospitals across kenya whereas symptoms data for all patients were available no clinical diagnosis data were provided by the attending clinicians and therefore it was not possible to associate hrv infection with disease severity however detection of hrv in symptomatic patients enrolled in this study suggests that in kenya hrvs contribute to diseases that manifest as ili indeed some studies have reported more frequent hrv detection in symptomatic than asymptomatic cases 19 20 in 2008 hrva was the predominant strain circulating...

Title: Serotype and genetic diversity of human
rhinovirus strains that circulated in Kenya in 2008
Authors: Milanoi, Sylvia. Ongus, Juliette R....
Journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2053
ID: 8233e375e79b4e93b9d9a614d44762dba52b342f
Number of matches: 2

...secondly the sampling period was only limited to 1 year which could have lead to underestimation of the type diversity overall a longer study observation period may have revealed a different picture finally the lack of clinical diagnosis data for patients enrolled in this study hampered efforts to link hrv infection to disease severity notwithstanding these limitations this is the first study cataloging a yearlong countrywide circulation of hrv species and serotypes in kenya in conclusion we have for the first time confirmed that hrvs are associated with ili across kenya and demonstrated the broad range of hrv serotypes in...

Title: Continuous Invasion by Respiratory Viruses
Observed in Rural Households During a Respiratory
Syncytial Virus Seasonal Outbreak in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Munywoki, Patrick K. Koech, Dorothy C...
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2055
ID: 356381d431c775e013710e6bff7ab89a507eb013
Number of matches: 8

...involved respiratory virus screen of 16 000 respiratory specimens that were collected from members of a rural coastal community in kenya the specimens were collected through householdbased active surveillance for 6 months deep nasopharyngeal swabs npss were collected from all household members irrespective of symptoms the intensive surveillance provided detailed infection data that allowed comprehensive investigation of the circulation of the respiratory viruses in the community previous reports have described the data on respiratory syncytial virus rsv in detail [4] [5] [6] [7] and here we present data on a wide range...

Title: Continuous Invasion by Respiratory Viruses
Observed in Rural Households During a Respiratory
Syncytial Virus Seasonal Outbreak in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Munywoki, Patrick K. Koech, Dorothy C...
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2055
ID: 356381d431c775e013710e6bff7ab89a507eb013
Number of matches: 8

...weekdelimited data on virus detections were plotted to show the temporal distributions and cocirculation at sampling individual and household level overall prevalence of the detected respiratory pathogens in households individuals and samples is also shown the crude household and individual attack rates defined as the household and individual risk of infection over the 6 months respectively were stratified by age symptom status household size and gender an informed written consent was obtained from all the study participants or their parentsguardian ethical approval for the study was provided by the kenya medical research institute scientific and ethical review committee in kenya...

Title: Continuous Invasion by Respiratory Viruses
Observed in Rural Households During a Respiratory
Syncytial Virus Seasonal Outbreak in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Munywoki, Patrick K. Koech, Dorothy C...
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2055
ID: 356381d431c775e013710e6bff7ab89a507eb013
Number of matches: 8

...11 04 for influenza of the virus positives the corresponding number of samples collected from individuals with symptoms by pathogen were 103 341 93 344 68 313 50 331 18 286 2 155 and 6 545 over the 6month study period the number of individuals with at least 1 infection of any of the target viruses rv adv hcov rsv piv hmpv and influenza were 75 938 62 775 57 713 58 725 52 650 37 463 11 138 and 8 100 respectively the corresponding number of symptomatic infections of those ever infected by pathogen was 46 613 33 532...

Title: Continuous Invasion by Respiratory Viruses
Observed in Rural Households During a Respiratory
Syncytial Virus Seasonal Outbreak in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Munywoki, Patrick K. Koech, Dorothy C...
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2055
ID: 356381d431c775e013710e6bff7ab89a507eb013
Number of matches: 8

...and 4 500 respectively rv adv hcov and rsv were the most prevalent respiratory viruses they were each found in all the 6 households infecting at least 1 member and were taken forward as the prevalent targets for screening of the nps collection from the remaining 41 households the temporal infection profile for the 6 households showing positive samples for each member is shown in figure 1 the frequency distribution of the viruses circulating in the community during the study period are shown for the 6 households with full respiratory virus screen vs the 47 households with select respiratory screen...

Title: Continuous Invasion by Respiratory Viruses
Observed in Rural Households During a Respiratory
Syncytial Virus Seasonal Outbreak in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Munywoki, Patrick K. Koech, Dorothy C...
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2055
ID: 356381d431c775e013710e6bff7ab89a507eb013
Number of matches: 8

...households with fewer household members 47 individuals had higher attack rates than larger households that were statistically significant for rv hcov and rsv irrespective of symptoms for symptomatic infections only rsv showed a significant association by household size supplementary table 1 this is the first study to provide detailed infection patterns of respiratory viruses derived from a householdbased active surveillance applying molecular techniques in lowincome settings applying intensive sampling regardless of symptoms together with multiple virus diagnostics our household study reveals a remarkably high prevalence of respiratory viruses in the rural setting of coastal kenya this demonstrates the extraordinarily enabling...

Title: Continuous Invasion by Respiratory Viruses
Observed in Rural Households During a Respiratory
Syncytial Virus Seasonal Outbreak in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Munywoki, Patrick K. Koech, Dorothy C...
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2055
ID: 356381d431c775e013710e6bff7ab89a507eb013
Number of matches: 8

...units and larger occupancy would tend to have more building units between which there may be less interaction than in a singlebuilding household the frequency distribution of viruses in the community does not reflect that in the hospital which provides a reminder that hospital data do not well describe infection transmission in the community but rather the disease that arises and this is clearly virus specificthat is very much higher prevalence of rsv hmpv piv3 and interestingly rhinoviruses among hospital cases than in the community the study has some limitations first the study was designed with a focus on...

Title: Continuous Invasion by Respiratory Viruses
Observed in Rural Households During a Respiratory
Syncytial Virus Seasonal Outbreak in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Munywoki, Patrick K. Koech, Dorothy C...
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2055
ID: 356381d431c775e013710e6bff7ab89a507eb013
Number of matches: 8

...clustering of respiratory infections by households it is possible that a different set of households might have resulted in an additional choice of targets for screening however the similarities in circulation of the respiratory viruses in the community study and the hospital surveillance do not support this view last virus infection was deduced from molecular diagnostics which do not necessarily equate with the presence of potentially infectious virus leading to overestimation of infectiousness each multiplex in the molecular screen may have reduced sensitivity for detecting coinfections as compared to singletarget assays in conclusion respiratory virus infections and associated illness in...

Title: Continuous Invasion by Respiratory Viruses
Observed in Rural Households During a Respiratory
Syncytial Virus Seasonal Outbreak in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Munywoki, Patrick K. Koech, Dorothy C...
Journal: Clin Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2055
ID: 356381d431c775e013710e6bff7ab89a507eb013
Number of matches: 8

...of infectiousness each multiplex in the molecular screen may have reduced sensitivity for detecting coinfections as compared to singletarget assays in conclusion respiratory virus infections and associated illness in this setting are ubiquitous in households the molecular screen of these specimens revealed continuous and considerable respiratory virus circulation and infection frequency in this population that varied with virus species and subject age the study here unveils previously unknown patterns of respiratory pathogen circulation in a rural lowincome population the remarkable frequency of virus infections of multiple species and strains lends itself to an ecological analysis of interactions that may be...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

......

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...the nucleus was further confirmed by the identification of several endosomal and cytosolic dna sensors [reviewed in ref 6 ] in contrast to cytosolic dna rna sensing in the cytoplasm raises many questions on the mechanisms used by the innate system to specifically distinguish nonselfrna from selfrna during infection microbial rnas share the cytosolic cellular compartment with several host rna species including messenger rna mrna transfer rna trna ribosomal rna rrna microrna and other small regulatory rnas as a consequence cytosolic sensors must display a high affinity for specific microbial features to avoid activation by host molecules that would...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...rna in the cytosol is essential for innate immunity during certain viral infections rna may be the only microbial pamp produced throughout most of the replication cycle additionally our laboratory previously showed that recognition of bacterial mrna in the cytosol was critical to elicit a robust innate response against bacterial infection 7 finally cytosolic sensing of pathogen invasion by nonimmune infected cells provides the very first steps of innate response against infection before phagocytosiscompetent immune cells are recruited to the site of infection in this review we summarize the current understanding of cytosolic rna sensing we describe instances in...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...most of the replication cycle additionally our laboratory previously showed that recognition of bacterial mrna in the cytosol was critical to elicit a robust innate response against bacterial infection 7 finally cytosolic sensing of pathogen invasion by nonimmune infected cells provides the very first steps of innate response against infection before phagocytosiscompetent immune cells are recruited to the site of infection in this review we summarize the current understanding of cytosolic rna sensing we describe instances in which microbial rnas gain access to the cytosol the prrs they activate their corresponding ligands and strategies developed by microorganisms to conceal...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...recognition of bacterial mrna in the cytosol was critical to elicit a robust innate response against bacterial infection 7 finally cytosolic sensing of pathogen invasion by nonimmune infected cells provides the very first steps of innate response against infection before phagocytosiscompetent immune cells are recruited to the site of infection in this review we summarize the current understanding of cytosolic rna sensing we describe instances in which microbial rnas gain access to the cytosol the prrs they activate their corresponding ligands and strategies developed by microorganisms to conceal their rnas rna entry into host cells generally takes place...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...current understanding of cytosolic rna sensing we describe instances in which microbial rnas gain access to the cytosol the prrs they activate their corresponding ligands and strategies developed by microorganisms to conceal their rnas rna entry into host cells generally takes place during the first steps of a microbial infection we distinguish four processes leading to the presence of microbial rna in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells where it can engage host prrs figure 1 figure 1 cytosolic recognition of microbial rna genomic rna from rna viruses access the cytosol immediately after the cell entry step of the...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...it has been estimated that approximately 40 of rna oligonucleotides in e coli have a 5 ppp 45 reports in the literature describe sensing of l monocytogenes secreted rna 15 16 or purified legionella 17 and helicobacter pylori rna 46 by rigi finally rigi can also sense shigella flexneri infection in macrophages through the rna polymerase iii pathway 47 melanoma differentiation factor 5 ligand is less characterized than rigi using polyic as a synthetic dsrna mimic studies have shown that mda5 binds long but not short dsrna 35 40 48 structural analyses have demonstrated that mda5 specifically recognizes...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...analyses have demonstrated that mda5 specifically recognizes the internal duplex structure of dsrna and uses it as a platform to stack along dsrna in a headtotail arrangement this mechanism promotes stochastic assembly of the tandem card oligomers that activates the signaling adaptor mavs 49 melanoma differentiation factor 5 detects infection by viral families known to produce long dsrna structures during their replication cycle including ssrna viruses like picornaviruses dsrna viruses like reoviruses or dna viruses like poxviruses 35 50 51 52 53 in the case of ssrna virus infection fluorescent imaging studies have confirmed that mda5 recognizes preferentially the...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...signaling adaptor mavs 49 melanoma differentiation factor 5 detects infection by viral families known to produce long dsrna structures during their replication cycle including ssrna viruses like picornaviruses dsrna viruses like reoviruses or dna viruses like poxviruses 35 50 51 52 53 in the case of ssrna virus infection fluorescent imaging studies have confirmed that mda5 recognizes preferentially the dsrna generated during the replication of these viruses but not the genomic ssrna 54 prior to the structural study mentioned above multiple observations raised the possibility that there may exist additional mda5 ligands different from the consensus long dsrna...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...into small rna products with shorter length than the current mda5 wwwfrontiersinorg ligand definition 56 another work published the same year has shown that mrna lacking 2omethylation at their 5 cap structure induces production of ifni through mda5 activation 57 however the data published which focus on coronavirus infection did not elucidate whether the absence of methylation was directly recognized by mda5 or via another intermediate 57 after binding to their specific ligands both rigi and mda5 activate mavs to trigger a common signaling pathway the majority of mavs is localized on the mitochondrial membrane and its engagement...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

... the third member of rlrs lgp2 is able to bind dsrna 63 64 however its role in immune activation is poorly understood lgp2 was proposed to be a modulator of rlr signaling studies showed that lgp2 was required for rigi and mda5 activity in particular during picornaviral infection 65 66 67 another work proposed that lgp2 would inhibit rigi through competition with its ligand 64 it is however unclear whether lgp2 binds microbial rna in an infectious context and what specific features of the rna it would recognize further studies will be required to clarify the...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...dexdhbox helicases contain auxiliary nand cterminal domains that confer on them functional specificities such as an ability to induce downstream signaling or to bind specific rna targets 69 ddx3 ddx3x can bind polyic or vesicular stomatitis virus vsv rna and was shown to enhance the ifni response to vsv infection by interaction with the rlrmavs complex overexpression assays suggest that ddx3 precipitates with rigi and mda5 70 since ddx3 is easily detected in resting cells the authors propose a sentinel role for this helicase the activity of which would be required during the initial steps of viral infection another...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...vsv infection by interaction with the rlrmavs complex overexpression assays suggest that ddx3 precipitates with rigi and mda5 70 since ddx3 is easily detected in resting cells the authors propose a sentinel role for this helicase the activity of which would be required during the initial steps of viral infection another study showed that upon sev infection ddx3 interacts with ikk an essential component of the irf3 signaling pathway increasing the induction of the ifn promoter 71 moreover ddx3 is targeted by vaccinia virus protein k7 71 an inhibitor of ifn production and by hcv core protein which...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...complex overexpression assays suggest that ddx3 precipitates with rigi and mda5 70 since ddx3 is easily detected in resting cells the authors propose a sentinel role for this helicase the activity of which would be required during the initial steps of viral infection another study showed that upon sev infection ddx3 interacts with ikk an essential component of the irf3 signaling pathway increasing the induction of the ifn promoter 71 moreover ddx3 is targeted by vaccinia virus protein k7 71 an inhibitor of ifn production and by hcv core protein which can disrupt its interaction with mavs 72...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...dependent of the adapter molecule tirdomain containing adapterinducing interferon trif ddx1 binds to polyic via its helicase a domain while dhx36 and ddx21 bind the tir domain of trif via their ha2duf and prk domains respectively this complex seems to be required for the innate response against influenza or reovirus infection 74 notably a separate study also characterized dhx36 and dhx9 as a sensor for the dsdna species cpga and b respectively in this case both dhx36 and dhx9 activate the cytosolic adapter protein myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 myd88 by binding to its tir domain 75 another...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...the ifni response to rna and dna stimulation through formation of complexes with frontiers in immunology molecular innate immunity rigi mda5 and lgp2 but not with mavs this complex formation has been deciphered with overexpression assays in the case of mda5 and lgp2 and with endogenous rigi during vsv infection ddx60 expression is induced by viral infection and its helicase domain can bind dsor ssvsv rna generated in vitro independently of the 5 ppp 78 interestingly ddx60 can also bind dsdna and was shown to play role in ifni expression after infection with herpes simplex virus1 a dna virus...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...stimulation through formation of complexes with frontiers in immunology molecular innate immunity rigi mda5 and lgp2 but not with mavs this complex formation has been deciphered with overexpression assays in the case of mda5 and lgp2 and with endogenous rigi during vsv infection ddx60 expression is induced by viral infection and its helicase domain can bind dsor ssvsv rna generated in vitro independently of the 5 ppp 78 interestingly ddx60 can also bind dsdna and was shown to play role in ifni expression after infection with herpes simplex virus1 a dna virus this ability to bind both dsrna and...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...lgp2 and with endogenous rigi during vsv infection ddx60 expression is induced by viral infection and its helicase domain can bind dsor ssvsv rna generated in vitro independently of the 5 ppp 78 interestingly ddx60 can also bind dsdna and was shown to play role in ifni expression after infection with herpes simplex virus1 a dna virus this ability to bind both dsrna and dna raises the question of the feature ddx60 recognizes it should be finally noted that the role of ddx60 in the ifni pathway has been questioned 79 several other cytoplasmic receptors have been shown to...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...encodes a protein with two card domains and six leucinerich repeats lrrs nod2 is primarily known for its ability to recognize bacterial peptidoglycan but it also plays a role in the antiviral response nod2 has been shown to activate mavs after stimulation with viral ssrna or human respiratory syncytial virus infection 88 nlrp3 is involved in cytosolic rna sensing caspase1 cleavage triggered by influenza virus sev or bacterial mrna is dependent on nlrp3 inflammasome activation 7 89 90 however direct binding of nod2 or nlrp3 to microbial rna has not been established leucinerich repeat flightlessinteracting protein 1 lrrfip1...

Title: Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol
Authors: Vabret, Nicolas. Blander, J. Magarian
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2056
ID: 575aa2758f4a3c952d7cd9ab031eb42b25a87a96
Number of matches: 20

...virus uses the 35 exonuclease activity of its nucleoprotein np to degrade stimulatory dsrna 113 this activity seems to be shared by other arenaviruses 114 finally the protein c from human parainfluenza virus type 1 hpiv1 a paramyxoviridae has been shown to limit the accumulation of dsrna cell infection by a virus mutant defective for the c protein displays higher accumulation of several viral rnas including viral genome antigenome and mrna eventually leading to the accumulation of dsrna thus by limiting intracytosolic quantities of viral dsrna the c protein of hpiv1 avoids dsrna triggering of mda5 and pkr in...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...lncrnas and they are now considered important physiological regulators of cell homeostasis growth and differentiation wapinski and chang 2011 hu et al 2012 fatica and bozzoni 2014 emerging data have also identified the important roles of lncrnas in regulating antiviral responses this review highlights specific lncrnas associated with viral infection specifically focusing on their expression and function lncrnas regulate numerous cellular processes such as gene imprinting regulation of the p53 pathway stem cell selfrenewal and differentiation and dna damage response latos et al 2012 liu et al 2013 yang et al 2014 sharma et al 2015 mirnas about...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...and morris 2016 next we will discuss the cellular lncrnas in virusinfected cells virusencoded lncrnas and chimeric lncrnas formed by viral and cellular sequences respectively table 1 using next generation sequencing ngs differential expression of approximately 500 annotated lncrnas and 1000 nonannotated genomic regions after sars coronavirus infection were identified in mice peng et al 2010 this research represented the first discovery of the widespread differential expression of lncrnas in response to virus infection and suggested that lncrnas may be involved in regulating the antiviral host response recently qi zhang et al found 646 lncrnas were upregulated...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...table 1 using next generation sequencing ngs differential expression of approximately 500 annotated lncrnas and 1000 nonannotated genomic regions after sars coronavirus infection were identified in mice peng et al 2010 this research represented the first discovery of the widespread differential expression of lncrnas in response to virus infection and suggested that lncrnas may be involved in regulating the antiviral host response recently qi zhang et al found 646 lncrnas were upregulated and 424 lncrnas were downregulated in latent human cytomegalovirus cmv infection on thp1 cells using rnaseq analysis however the critical lncrna in latent human cmv infection...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...research represented the first discovery of the widespread differential expression of lncrnas in response to virus infection and suggested that lncrnas may be involved in regulating the antiviral host response recently qi zhang et al found 646 lncrnas were upregulated and 424 lncrnas were downregulated in latent human cytomegalovirus cmv infection on thp1 cells using rnaseq analysis however the critical lncrna in latent human cmv infection has not been identified and its role has not been elucidated yet moreover additional lncrnas associated with the virus infection in the host have been identified significant differential expression of lncrnas is induced by...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...infection and suggested that lncrnas may be involved in regulating the antiviral host response recently qi zhang et al found 646 lncrnas were upregulated and 424 lncrnas were downregulated in latent human cytomegalovirus cmv infection on thp1 cells using rnaseq analysis however the critical lncrna in latent human cmv infection has not been identified and its role has not been elucidated yet moreover additional lncrnas associated with the virus infection in the host have been identified significant differential expression of lncrnas is induced by virus and regulated by rna virus or dna virus infection in turn these lncrnas regulate the...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...646 lncrnas were upregulated and 424 lncrnas were downregulated in latent human cytomegalovirus cmv infection on thp1 cells using rnaseq analysis however the critical lncrna in latent human cmv infection has not been identified and its role has not been elucidated yet moreover additional lncrnas associated with the virus infection in the host have been identified significant differential expression of lncrnas is induced by virus and regulated by rna virus or dna virus infection in turn these lncrnas regulate the host innate immune response including the pathogen recognition receptor prrrelated signaling the production of ifns and cytokines carpenter 2016 ouyang...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...critical lncrna in latent human cmv infection has not been identified and its role has not been elucidated yet moreover additional lncrnas associated with the virus infection in the host have been identified significant differential expression of lncrnas is induced by virus and regulated by rna virus or dna virus infection in turn these lncrnas regulate the host innate immune response including the pathogen recognition receptor prrrelated signaling the production of ifns and cytokines carpenter 2016 ouyang et al 2016 for example in hcv infection lncrnacmpk2 promotes hcv replication and lncrnacmpk2 is significantly upregulated in the primary human hepatocytes after...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...expression of lncrnas is induced by virus and regulated by rna virus or dna virus infection in turn these lncrnas regulate the host innate immune response including the pathogen recognition receptor prrrelated signaling the production of ifns and cytokines carpenter 2016 ouyang et al 2016 for example in hcv infection lncrnacmpk2 promotes hcv replication and lncrnacmpk2 is significantly upregulated in the primary human hepatocytes after treatment with ifn and knockdown of lncrnacmpk2 exhibited a negative regulatory role in the modulation of the ifn response with the increase in the expression of several isgs such as mx1 isg15 and cxcl10 kambara...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...the primary human hepatocytes after treatment with ifn and knockdown of lncrnacmpk2 exhibited a negative regulatory role in the modulation of the ifn response with the increase in the expression of several isgs such as mx1 isg15 and cxcl10 kambara et al 2014 recently carnero et al found hcv infection increased the expression of lncrna egot an event that was induced by the nfb activated retinoic acidinducible gene 1rigi and the rnaactivated kinase pkr moreover egot expression was also increased after infection with influenza or semliki forest virus sfv carnero et al 2016 although lncrna egot was found to...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...isgs such as mx1 isg15 and cxcl10 kambara et al 2014 recently carnero et al found hcv infection increased the expression of lncrna egot an event that was induced by the nfb activated retinoic acidinducible gene 1rigi and the rnaactivated kinase pkr moreover egot expression was also increased after infection with influenza or semliki forest virus sfv carnero et al 2016 although lncrna egot was found to involve in the nfb activated rigi and pkr pathway the specific mechanisms in this pathway and antiviral response remain unclear additionally lncrna gas5 was found to be upregulated during hcv infection in...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...after infection with influenza or semliki forest virus sfv carnero et al 2016 although lncrna egot was found to involve in the nfb activated rigi and pkr pathway the specific mechanisms in this pathway and antiviral response remain unclear additionally lncrna gas5 was found to be upregulated during hcv infection in huh7 cells and lncrna gas5 inhibited hcv replication by binding viral ns3 protein but the innate immune response remains low qian et al 2016 in influenza virus infection ouyang et al found the expression of the lncrna nrav was down regulated after infection with a dna virus hsv...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...specific mechanisms in this pathway and antiviral response remain unclear additionally lncrna gas5 was found to be upregulated during hcv infection in huh7 cells and lncrna gas5 inhibited hcv replication by binding viral ns3 protein but the innate immune response remains low qian et al 2016 in influenza virus infection ouyang et al found the expression of the lncrna nrav was down regulated after infection with a dna virus hsv and with rna viruses sev and mdrv ouyang et al 2014 nrav promotes influenza a virus iav replication and virulence and negatively regulates the expression of several critical ifnstimulated...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...to be upregulated during hcv infection in huh7 cells and lncrna gas5 inhibited hcv replication by binding viral ns3 protein but the innate immune response remains low qian et al 2016 in influenza virus infection ouyang et al found the expression of the lncrna nrav was down regulated after infection with a dna virus hsv and with rna viruses sev and mdrv ouyang et al 2014 nrav promotes influenza a virus iav replication and virulence and negatively regulates the expression of several critical ifnstimulated genes isgs including ifit2 ifit3 ifitm3 oasl and mxa among these isgs the level of...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...specific mechanisms of how they regulate isg expression have not been elucidated lncrna32 is 2946 nt in length and was identified after poly i c stimulation the silencing of lncrna32 remarkably reduced the level of isg expression such as irf7 and oasl resulting in sensitivity to encephalomyocarditis virus emcv infection in contrast overexpression of lncrna32 significantly inhibited emcv replication lncrna32 interacts with hnrnpu and atf2 to regulate isg expression nishitsuji et al 2016 these results suggested that lncrna32 was involved in antiviral responses by controlling isg expression in addition to the roles in the antiviral response lncrna neat1...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...stimuli clemson et al 2009 sasaki et al 2009 sunwoo et al 2009 naganuma and hirose 2013 neat1 also known as virusinducible ncrna vinc was first reported in japanese encephalitis and rabies virus infections of mice saha et al 2006 the expression of neat1 was changed by hiv1 infection and knockdown of neat1 enhanced virus production through increased nuclear to cytoplasmic export of revdependent inscontaining hiv1 mrnas in addition neat1 was also induced by influenza virus and hsv infection and the expression of antiviral genes including cytokines such as il8 was facilitated by cooperative action of neat1 and...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...and rabies virus infections of mice saha et al 2006 the expression of neat1 was changed by hiv1 infection and knockdown of neat1 enhanced virus production through increased nuclear to cytoplasmic export of revdependent inscontaining hiv1 mrnas in addition neat1 was also induced by influenza virus and hsv infection and the expression of antiviral genes including cytokines such as il8 was facilitated by cooperative action of neat1 and sfpq splicing factor proline and glutamine rich a neat1binding paraspeckle protein imamura et al 2014 theilers picornavirus is a natural pathogen of mice a mouse lncrna nest nettoie salmonella pas...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...and represses nfat nuclear trafficking when t cells are activated dephosphorylated nfat is released from the complex and enters the nucleus sharma et al 2011 this result suggests that lncrna exists as a scaffold for a latent transcription factor a recent study suggested that downregulation of nron by hiv infection enhanced nfat nuclear translocation and activity imam et al 2015 hiv also utilizes nron to control the balance between viral reproduction and cell death through the hiv early expressed protein nef and the late expressed protein vpu to decrease and increase nron expression at different infection stages respectively imam...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...nron by hiv infection enhanced nfat nuclear translocation and activity imam et al 2015 hiv also utilizes nron to control the balance between viral reproduction and cell death through the hiv early expressed protein nef and the late expressed protein vpu to decrease and increase nron expression at different infection stages respectively imam et al 2015 during virus infection the host cell generates various lncrnas to counteract infection similarly viruses themselves also express many lncrnas to resist cellular antiviral activity here we describe some virusencoded lncrnas that have been identified thus far polyadenylated nuclear rna pan is encoded...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...imam et al 2015 hiv also utilizes nron to control the balance between viral reproduction and cell death through the hiv early expressed protein nef and the late expressed protein vpu to decrease and increase nron expression at different infection stages respectively imam et al 2015 during virus infection the host cell generates various lncrnas to counteract infection similarly viruses themselves also express many lncrnas to resist cellular antiviral activity here we describe some virusencoded lncrnas that have been identified thus far polyadenylated nuclear rna pan is encoded by kaposi sarcomaassociated herpes virus kshv and was first identified...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...to control the balance between viral reproduction and cell death through the hiv early expressed protein nef and the late expressed protein vpu to decrease and increase nron expression at different infection stages respectively imam et al 2015 during virus infection the host cell generates various lncrnas to counteract infection similarly viruses themselves also express many lncrnas to resist cellular antiviral activity here we describe some virusencoded lncrnas that have been identified thus far polyadenylated nuclear rna pan is encoded by kaposi sarcomaassociated herpes virus kshv and was first identified as a novel abundant 12kb rna that is...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...encoded by kaposi sarcomaassociated herpes virus kshv and was first identified as a novel abundant 12kb rna that is transcribed by rna polymerase ii sun et al 1996 pan binds host poly abinding protein c1 pabpc1 after pabpc1 is translocated to the nucleus during the lytic phase of infection and is required for the late kshv gene expression such as vil6 and k81 borah et al 2011 pan also interacts with the orf50 promoter and can either repress gene expression by interacting with protein components of polycomb repression complex 2 prc2 to mediate the trimethylation of h3k27 or...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...these studies have revealed that pan as a major global regulator plays an important role in regulation of viral and host gene expression rossetto and pari 2014 recently transcriptome analysis lncrna alt identified lncrna alt as an early lytic transcript and a splice isoform of lana transcript in kshv infection chandriani et al 2010 schifano et al 2017 the size of lncrna alt is large approximately a 10000nucleotide transcript and its abundance is very low however the specific role of lncrna alt remains unclear 27 rna the most abundantly transcribed early gene from the hcmv genome in permissive cells...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...human pathogenic viruses such as yellow fever virus jev dengue viruses and west nile virus calisher and gould 2003 knipe and howley 2007 sfrna is a product of an incomplete degradation of genomic rna by the host 5 3 exoribonuclease xrn1 and sfrna is involved in viral infection and host cell response modulation roby et al 2014 clarke et al 2015 bavia et al 2016 charley and wilusz 2016 the rigid secondary structure stemloop ii located at the beginning of the 3 utr of the viral genome is resistant to nuclease xrn1 degradation and results in...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...xrn1 degradation and results in the production of sfrna funk et al 2010 the sfrna structure a ringlike conformation with the 5 end of the resistant structure passing through the ring from one side of the fold to the other is required for the formation sfrna during flaviviral infection chapman et al 2014 sfrna generated by the dengue virus ii infection can bind the host proteins g3bp1 g3bp2 and caprin1 and inhibit isg mrna translation bidet et al 2014 sfrna prevents tripartite motif 25 trim25 deubiquitylation which is critical for sustained and amplified rigiinduced type i ifn...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

... the sfrna structure a ringlike conformation with the 5 end of the resistant structure passing through the ring from one side of the fold to the other is required for the formation sfrna during flaviviral infection chapman et al 2014 sfrna generated by the dengue virus ii infection can bind the host proteins g3bp1 g3bp2 and caprin1 and inhibit isg mrna translation bidet et al 2014 sfrna prevents tripartite motif 25 trim25 deubiquitylation which is critical for sustained and amplified rigiinduced type i ifn expression manokaran et al 2015 production of sfrna increases the replication efficiency...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...of sfrna increases the replication efficiency of wnvs and is essential for virusinduced cytotoxicity in cell culture and for viral pathogenicity in mice pijlman et al 2008 however the mechanisms underlying how sfrna leads to increased virus replication and cell death remain unknown sfrna was also identified in jev infection and in an rna pseudoknot that is also necessary for production of yellow fever sfrna lin et al 2004 silva et al 2010 cmv is a ubiquitous herpes virus that persistently replicates in epithelial cells a 5kb immediateearly rna is a stable intron expressed by human cmv which...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...epithelial cells a 5kb immediateearly rna is a stable intron expressed by human cmv which is highly at rich in sequence and lacks open reading frames likely to be translated into protein and thus is not necessary for efficient replication of the virus in cultured cells after human hcmv infection kulesza and shenk 2004 a murine cmv 72kb ortholog of the human cmv 5kb rna was also identified as a stable intron that facilitates progression from the acute to persistent phase of infection kulesza and shenk 2006 this cmv lncrna accumulates in the nucleus of infected...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...not necessary for efficient replication of the virus in cultured cells after human hcmv infection kulesza and shenk 2004 a murine cmv 72kb ortholog of the human cmv 5kb rna was also identified as a stable intron that facilitates progression from the acute to persistent phase of infection kulesza and shenk 2006 this cmv lncrna accumulates in the nucleus of infected cells during infection and whose stability is a result of sustained lariat conformation schwarz et al 2013 schwarz and kulesza 2014 an hivencoded antisense lncrna without a poly a tail was recently discovered this lncrna...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...shenk 2004 a murine cmv 72kb ortholog of the human cmv 5kb rna was also identified as a stable intron that facilitates progression from the acute to persistent phase of infection kulesza and shenk 2006 this cmv lncrna accumulates in the nucleus of infected cells during infection and whose stability is a result of sustained lariat conformation schwarz et al 2013 schwarz and kulesza 2014 an hivencoded antisense lncrna without a poly a tail was recently discovered this lncrna guides a chromatinremodeling complex consisting of proteins such as dnmt3a ezh2 and hdac1 to the viral promoter...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...transformed t cells was up regulated by hsurs 1 and 2 cook et al 2005 hsur 1 directs degradation of host mature mir27 in a sequencespecific and bindingdependent manner in virally transformed t cells illustrating a ncrna to manipulate hostcell gene expression via the mirna pathway after viral infection two highly structured cytoplasmic rnas named va rna i and va rna ii 160170 nts are produced from rna polymerase iii pol iii mathews and shenk 1991 the va rnas bind dicer and function as competitive substrates suppressing dicer to inhibit the rnai andersson et al 2005 ...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...produced lau et al 2014 moyo et al 2016 hbxline functions as an lncrnalike rna in hbvpositive hcc cell lines which induces the wnt pathway by increasing the nuclear localization of catenin so far it remains unknown whether other chimeric lncrnas are identified and their roles in the virus infection although thousands of lncrnas are expressed after viral infection the specific lncrna with experimentally verified functions is limited thus the roles and functions of lncrnas in viral infection require further investigation a deeper understanding of how the lncrna transcriptome is altered in the infected cell and how these alterations...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...hbxline functions as an lncrnalike rna in hbvpositive hcc cell lines which induces the wnt pathway by increasing the nuclear localization of catenin so far it remains unknown whether other chimeric lncrnas are identified and their roles in the virus infection although thousands of lncrnas are expressed after viral infection the specific lncrna with experimentally verified functions is limited thus the roles and functions of lncrnas in viral infection require further investigation a deeper understanding of how the lncrna transcriptome is altered in the infected cell and how these alterations affect the interaction between the host and virus should also...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...nuclear localization of catenin so far it remains unknown whether other chimeric lncrnas are identified and their roles in the virus infection although thousands of lncrnas are expressed after viral infection the specific lncrna with experimentally verified functions is limited thus the roles and functions of lncrnas in viral infection require further investigation a deeper understanding of how the lncrna transcriptome is altered in the infected cell and how these alterations affect the interaction between the host and virus should also be explored such studies may help in the identification novel cellular pathways involved in the antivirus response in...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...the serum may serve as prognostic markers for example two serum lncrnas uc001ncr and ax800134 have potential as novel potential biomarkers to diagnose hbvpositive hcc especially in the early stage of disease the expression of lncrnauca1 and lncrnawrap53 were significantly higher in sera of hcc than in chronic hcv infection or healthy volunteers kamel et al 2016 this result suggests that lncrnauca1 and lncrnawrap53 upregulation may serve as novel serum biomarkers for hcc diagnosis and prognosis in conclusion lncrnas are key regulators of transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes thus their roles in virus infection and therapy necessitate intensive study in...

Title: Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections
Authors: Liu, Weiwei. Ding, Chan
Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2057
ID: 15253c08a446817c195eab73473fc2f215528705
Number of matches: 35

...of hcc than in chronic hcv infection or healthy volunteers kamel et al 2016 this result suggests that lncrnauca1 and lncrnawrap53 upregulation may serve as novel serum biomarkers for hcc diagnosis and prognosis in conclusion lncrnas are key regulators of transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes thus their roles in virus infection and therapy necessitate intensive study in the future wl wrote this manuscript and cd designed this project this study was supported by the agricultural science and technology innovation program astip of chinese academy of agricultural science we thank accdon for their linguistic assistance during the preparation of this...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...of approximately 10 7 focusforming units per ml ffuml at 48 hours postinfection hpi however at early times postinfection 12 and 24 hpi rzikvrgn had a significant delay in the replication kinetics compared to zikvparaiba in addition analysis of the plaque phenotype by immunostaining showed that at 3 days after infection rzikvrgn produced smaller plaques than those of zikvparaiba fig 1b to assess the pathogenicity in vivo of rzikvrgn and zikvparaiba groups of sixtosevenweekold female ifnar a129 mice n 4 were inoculated subcutaneously sc in the footpad with different doses 10 1 10 5 ffumouse of zikvparaiba or rzikvrgn...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...of zikvparaiba was sufficient to result in 100 of mortality mouse lethal dose 50 mld 50 10 ffu in contrast and as we previously described 49 only 75 of the mice infected with a high dose of 10 5 ffu of rzikvrgn lost weight and succumbed to viral infection resulting in a calculated mld 50 of 75 10 4 ffu fig 1c right panels remarkably mice that succumbed to rzikvrgn infection presented similar disease symptoms than those observed with zikvparaiba in the case of mice infected with 10 4 ffu of rzikvrgn some animals presented signs of...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...previously described 49 only 75 of the mice infected with a high dose of 10 5 ffu of rzikvrgn lost weight and succumbed to viral infection resulting in a calculated mld 50 of 75 10 4 ffu fig 1c right panels remarkably mice that succumbed to rzikvrgn infection presented similar disease symptoms than those observed with zikvparaiba in the case of mice infected with 10 4 ffu of rzikvrgn some animals presented signs of illness hunched posture and reduced movement and lost some weight between days 7 and 9 but all of them recovered the initial body weight...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...symptoms than those observed with zikvparaiba in the case of mice infected with 10 4 ffu of rzikvrgn some animals presented signs of illness hunched posture and reduced movement and lost some weight between days 7 and 9 but all of them recovered the initial body weight and survived viral infection fig 1c right panels mice infected with 10 1 10 3 ffu of rzikvrgn did not present clinical symptoms and all of them survived viral infection in agreement with these observations mice infected with zikvparaiba had significant higher viremia than mice infected with rzikvrgn on days 2 and 4...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...reduced movement and lost some weight between days 7 and 9 but all of them recovered the initial body weight and survived viral infection fig 1c right panels mice infected with 10 1 10 3 ffu of rzikvrgn did not present clinical symptoms and all of them survived viral infection in agreement with these observations mice infected with zikvparaiba had significant higher viremia than mice infected with rzikvrgn on days 2 and 4 after infection fig 1d correlating the differences observed in morbidity and mortality fig 1c with the ability of these viruses to replicate in vivo fig 1d...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...1c right panels mice infected with 10 1 10 3 ffu of rzikvrgn did not present clinical symptoms and all of them survived viral infection in agreement with these observations mice infected with zikvparaiba had significant higher viremia than mice infected with rzikvrgn on days 2 and 4 after infection fig 1d correlating the differences observed in morbidity and mortality fig 1c with the ability of these viruses to replicate in vivo fig 1d vero cells 12well plates 05 10 6 cellswell triplicates were infected with the zikvparaiba natural isolate white columns or with rzikvrgn black columns...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...of mice clinical signs were scored as described in the material and methods d viral titers sixtosevenweekold female ifnar a129 mice n 6 were infected with the indicated ffu of zikvparaiba left panel or rzikvrgn right panel as described above mice were sacrificed at days 2 and 4 after infection n 3time point and viral titers in sera were determined by immunofocus assay ffuml symbols represent data from individual mice and bars the geometric means of viral titers virus not detected in one mouse virus not detected in two mice nd virus not detected dotted black lines...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...isolate and monitored daily for morbidity body weight loss and clinical disease signs and mortality for 14 days fig 2d as previously showed mice infected with only 10 ffu of natural zikvparaiba began to lose weight at days 5 or 6 postinfection and all of them succumbed to viral infection between days 810 postinfection fig 2d right panels in contrast rzikvparaiba was highly attenuated as compared to the natural zikvparaiba isolate fig 2d left panels mice infected with 10 1 10 2 ffu of rzikvparaiba did not show any signs of disease in the case of animals infected...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...compared to the natural zikvparaiba isolate fig 2d left panels mice infected with 10 1 10 2 ffu of rzikvparaiba did not show any signs of disease in the case of animals infected with 10 3 ffu of rzikvparaiba only one mouse presented slightly weight loss and survived viral infection mice infected with 10 4 ffu of rzikvparaiba presented evident signs of infection and 3 of 4 mice showed weight loss between days 6 and 8 postinfection but only one of them succumbed to viral infection at day 9 postinfection mld 50 1 10 4 ffu fig 2d...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...with 10 1 10 2 ffu of rzikvparaiba did not show any signs of disease in the case of animals infected with 10 3 ffu of rzikvparaiba only one mouse presented slightly weight loss and survived viral infection mice infected with 10 4 ffu of rzikvparaiba presented evident signs of infection and 3 of 4 mice showed weight loss between days 6 and 8 postinfection but only one of them succumbed to viral infection at day 9 postinfection mld 50 1 10 4 ffu fig 2d left panels to analyze rzikvparaiba viremia groups of sixtosevenweekold female ifnar a129...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...3 ffu of rzikvparaiba only one mouse presented slightly weight loss and survived viral infection mice infected with 10 4 ffu of rzikvparaiba presented evident signs of infection and 3 of 4 mice showed weight loss between days 6 and 8 postinfection but only one of them succumbed to viral infection at day 9 postinfection mld 50 1 10 4 ffu fig 2d left panels to analyze rzikvparaiba viremia groups of sixtosevenweekold female ifnar a129 mice n 6 were infected with different doses 10 2 10 4 ffumouse of rzikvparaiba or the natural zikvparaiba isolate and viral...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...of rzikvparaiba fig 3bc importantly rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v grew similarly to rzikvparaiba in vero cells with no statistical differences in the viral growth kinetics at any of the time points analyzed fig 3b moreover rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v and rzikvparaiba produced plaques with similar size after 3 days of infection fig 3c to investigate whether rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v was virulent in vivo groups of sixtosevenweekold female ifnar a129 mice n 4 were inoculated sc footpad with different doses 10 1 10 4 ffumouse of rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v or rzikvparaiba fig 3d mice were monitored daily for 14...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...cmv promoter and at the 3end by the hepatitis delta virus hdv ribozyme rz followed by the bovine growth hormone termination and polyadenylation sequences bgh the coding region from the structural c prm and e and nonstructural wwwnaturecomscientificreports wwwnaturecomscientificreports wwwnaturecomscientificreports wwwnaturecomscientificreports weight in a dosedependence manner showing strong signs of infection necessitating euthanasia between days 710 postinfection with a calculated mld 50 10 ffu fig 3d left panels in contrast and as previously shown in fig 2d rzikvparaiba was highly attenuated with 100 of mice surviving the 10 1 to 10 3 ffu infectious doses and 50 of...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...710 postinfection with a calculated mld 50 10 ffu fig 3d left panels in contrast and as previously shown in fig 2d rzikvparaiba was highly attenuated with 100 of mice surviving the 10 1 to 10 3 ffu infectious doses and 50 of them succumbing to viral infection with 10 4 ffu mld 50 10 4 ffu fig 3d right panels to demonstrate that virulence correlates with viral replication sixtosevenweekold female mice were infected with 10 2 10 4 ffu of rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v or rzikvparaiba fig 3e in agreement with the morbidity and mortality results...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...3 4 and 6 were pathogenic in mice showing strong signs of neurological disease with hind limb paralysis data not shown and animals died or were euthanized between days 710 postinfection fig 4c in contrast mice inoculated with zikvparaiba plaquepurified clones 1 and 5 containing ns2a a117 survived viral infection without disease signs data not shown or body weight lost fig 4c demonstrating that zikv ns2a v117 is responsible at least in part for the in vivo pathogenicity of the natural zikvparaiba virulence of a rzikvrgn ns2a a117v next we evaluated whether the single ns2a substitution a117v could...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...were monitored for body weight loss fig 5c upper panels clinical signs fig 5c middle panels and survival fig 5c lower panels for 14 days mice infected with 10 2 to 10 4 of rzikvrgn ns2a a117v rapidly lost weight and all of them succumbed to viral infection by day 810 postinfection fig 5c left panels notably 2 of 4 mice infected with 10 ffu of rzikvrgn ns2a a117v showed clear signs of infection lost weight rapidly and died by day 1011 postinfection fig 5c left panels the remaining two mice displayed weight loss and lethargy...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...days mice infected with 10 2 to 10 4 of rzikvrgn ns2a a117v rapidly lost weight and all of them succumbed to viral infection by day 810 postinfection fig 5c left panels notably 2 of 4 mice infected with 10 ffu of rzikvrgn ns2a a117v showed clear signs of infection lost weight rapidly and died by day 1011 postinfection fig 5c left panels the remaining two mice displayed weight loss and lethargy although both survived viral infection fig 5c left panels based in this data the mld 50 determined for rzikvrgn ns2a a117v was 10 ffu as expected...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...fig 5c left panels notably 2 of 4 mice infected with 10 ffu of rzikvrgn ns2a a117v showed clear signs of infection lost weight rapidly and died by day 1011 postinfection fig 5c left panels the remaining two mice displayed weight loss and lethargy although both survived viral infection fig 5c left panels based in this data the mld 50 determined for rzikvrgn ns2a a117v was 10 ffu as expected mice infected with 10 4 ffumouse of rzikvrgn had reduced morbidity sings and all of them recovered and survived viral infection fig 5c right panels remarkably the...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...loss and lethargy although both survived viral infection fig 5c left panels based in this data the mld 50 determined for rzikvrgn ns2a a117v was 10 ffu as expected mice infected with 10 4 ffumouse of rzikvrgn had reduced morbidity sings and all of them recovered and survived viral infection fig 5c right panels remarkably the single substitution a117v in zikv ns2a results in a marked increase virulence with 3 to 4 logs of difference in the mld 50 between rzikvrgn mld 50 75 104 ffu figs 1 and 5 and rzikvrgn ns2a a117v 10 ffu fig 5...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...several isgs including myxovirus resistance protein 1 mx1 ifninduced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 ifit1 and dexdbox helicase 58 ddx58 and human tumor necrosis factor alpha tnf were evaluated by quantitative rtpcr rtqpcr at 24 hpi fig 6c in agreement with previous data in the literature 43 zikv infection resulted in the induction of ifn isgs mx1 ifit1 and ddx58 and tnf fig 6c however a significantly decreased in mrna expression levels of these genes were observed in cells infected with rzikvparaiba or rzikvrgn containing a v117 in ns2a rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v and rzikvrgn ns2a a117v compared with...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...the viruses containing a117 in ns2a rzikvparaiba and rzikvrgn fig 6c these results suggest that amino acid substitution a117v in zikv ns2a can modulate antiviral responses by negatively regulating the expression of innate immune genes systematically we observed an increase in the induction of cytopathic effect cpe during infection with rzikvparaiba or rzikvrgn as compared with rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v or rzikvrgn ns2a a117v data not shown in addition previous studies have shown that zikv infection can trigger apoptotic cell death in human neuronal progenitor 66 or in epithelial a549 43 cells to confirm this observation we evaluated whether the...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...responses by negatively regulating the expression of innate immune genes systematically we observed an increase in the induction of cytopathic effect cpe during infection with rzikvparaiba or rzikvrgn as compared with rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v or rzikvrgn ns2a a117v data not shown in addition previous studies have shown that zikv infection can trigger apoptotic cell death in human neuronal progenitor 66 or in epithelial a549 43 cells to confirm this observation we evaluated whether the amino acid substitution a117v in zikv ns2a was involved in the regulation of apoptosis during viral infection by measuring caspase 37 activity fig 6d to...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...shown in addition previous studies have shown that zikv infection can trigger apoptotic cell death in human neuronal progenitor 66 or in epithelial a549 43 cells to confirm this observation we evaluated whether the amino acid substitution a117v in zikv ns2a was involved in the regulation of apoptosis during viral infection by measuring caspase 37 activity fig 6d to that end a549 cells were mock infected or infected moi 01 with rzikvparaiba rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v rzikvrgn or rzikvrgn ns2a a117v and caspase 37 wwwnaturecomscientificreports wwwnaturecomscientificreports activity was analyzed at 24 36 48 and 72 hpi as expected zikv infection resulted...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...viral infection by measuring caspase 37 activity fig 6d to that end a549 cells were mock infected or infected moi 01 with rzikvparaiba rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v rzikvrgn or rzikvrgn ns2a a117v and caspase 37 wwwnaturecomscientificreports wwwnaturecomscientificreports activity was analyzed at 24 36 48 and 72 hpi as expected zikv infection resulted in activation of caspase 37 activity starting at 24 hpi fig 6d importantly we observed a significant increase in caspase 37 activity during infection with rzikvparaiba or rzikvrgn as compared with rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v or rzikvrgn wwwnaturecomscientificreports wwwnaturecomscientificreports ns2a a117v respectively at early times postinfection fig 6d ...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...a117v rzikvrgn or rzikvrgn ns2a a117v and caspase 37 wwwnaturecomscientificreports wwwnaturecomscientificreports activity was analyzed at 24 36 48 and 72 hpi as expected zikv infection resulted in activation of caspase 37 activity starting at 24 hpi fig 6d importantly we observed a significant increase in caspase 37 activity during infection with rzikvparaiba or rzikvrgn as compared with rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v or rzikvrgn wwwnaturecomscientificreports wwwnaturecomscientificreports ns2a a117v respectively at early times postinfection fig 6d however these differences were not significant at 72 hpi or even at 48 hpi for rzivkrgn fig 6d these results suggest that substitution a117v in...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...substitution a117v in zikv ns2a prevents or delays the induction of apoptosis which correlate with the differences observed in the levels of tnf induction fig 6c altogether these data indicated that in tissue culture cells zikv ns2a v117 modulates antivirals responses and delay the induction of apoptosis during viral infection determining the viral factors associated with zikv disease is critical to understand and combat zikv infection as well as to predict future potential viral outbreaks in this study we have compared the virulence of two closely related zikv strains rgn and paraiba from the recent outbreak in brazil in...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...observed in the levels of tnf induction fig 6c altogether these data indicated that in tissue culture cells zikv ns2a v117 modulates antivirals responses and delay the induction of apoptosis during viral infection determining the viral factors associated with zikv disease is critical to understand and combat zikv infection as well as to predict future potential viral outbreaks in this study we have compared the virulence of two closely related zikv strains rgn and paraiba from the recent outbreak in brazil in 2015 despite of both viruses being identified at the same time period and region significant differences in...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...two closely related zikv strains rgn and paraiba from the recent outbreak in brazil in 2015 despite of both viruses being identified at the same time period and region significant differences in viral replication and virulence were observed in vitro and in vivo using a validated mouse model of zikv infection fig 1 mice infected with only 10 ffu of zikvparaiba showed clear disease signs had a dramatic weight loss and all of them succumbed to viral infection with a calculated mld 50 10 ffu in contrast only mice infected with 10 5 ffu of rzikvrgn showed clear signs...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...region significant differences in viral replication and virulence were observed in vitro and in vivo using a validated mouse model of zikv infection fig 1 mice infected with only 10 ffu of zikvparaiba showed clear disease signs had a dramatic weight loss and all of them succumbed to viral infection with a calculated mld 50 10 ffu in contrast only mice infected with 10 5 ffu of rzikvrgn showed clear signs of infection loss significant body weight and succumbed to viral infection with a calculated mld 50 of 75 10 4 ffu fig 1 genome sequencing analysis...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...1 mice infected with only 10 ffu of zikvparaiba showed clear disease signs had a dramatic weight loss and all of them succumbed to viral infection with a calculated mld 50 10 ffu in contrast only mice infected with 10 5 ffu of rzikvrgn showed clear signs of infection loss significant body weight and succumbed to viral infection with a calculated mld 50 of 75 10 4 ffu fig 1 genome sequencing analysis of both viruses showed the presence of 9 amino acid changes in the coding region prm e21g t74a and s109p ns1 e146k and...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...zikvparaiba showed clear disease signs had a dramatic weight loss and all of them succumbed to viral infection with a calculated mld 50 10 ffu in contrast only mice infected with 10 5 ffu of rzikvrgn showed clear signs of infection loss significant body weight and succumbed to viral infection with a calculated mld 50 of 75 10 4 ffu fig 1 genome sequencing analysis of both viruses showed the presence of 9 amino acid changes in the coding region prm e21g t74a and s109p ns1 e146k and a233t ns2a a117v ns3 m334t and k587r...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...further evaluate this possibility in this andor future studies flavivirus ns2a protein is a multifunctional membraneassociated protein that has been involved in viral rna synthesis 73 74 virus assembly [75] [76] [77] and immunomodulation of innate immune responses 6164 during flavivirus infection to date the roles of zikv ns2a in viral infection and pathogenesis are not well understood although by homology with the rest of flaviviruses zikv ns2a could have similar functions recently zikv ns2a but not denv ns2a has been involved in the disruption of mammalian cortical neurogenesis by degrading adherents...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...flavivirus ns2a protein is a multifunctional membraneassociated protein that has been involved in viral rna synthesis 73 74 virus assembly [75] [76] [77] and immunomodulation of innate immune responses 6164 during flavivirus infection to date the roles of zikv ns2a in viral infection and pathogenesis are not well understood although by homology with the rest of flaviviruses zikv ns2a could have similar functions recently zikv ns2a but not denv ns2a has been involved in the disruption of mammalian cortical neurogenesis by degrading adherents junctions proteins 39 also we previously identified an alaninetovaline...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...ifn ifn responses 24 which are involved in the induction of innate immune responses and apoptosis in multiples cells lines and may contribute to the control of viral replication and spread 82 in fact several studies using ifnar a129 mice have described the role of ifn in viral infection 24 83 reporting that ifn contributes to the control of viral replication and spread in summary we have identified a single amino acid change a117v in zikv ns2a that dramatically increases virulence in vivo this as well as other amino acid changes in zikv ns2a protein 49 ...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...in zikv ns2a protein 49 open the possibility of targeting zikv ns2a for the rational design of life attenuated vaccines for the prophylactic treatment of zikv infections likewise these studies also open the feasibility of targeting zikv ns2a protein with small molecule compounds for the therapeutic treatment of zikv infection cells and viruses vero african green monkey kidney epithelial atcc ccl81 and human a549 atcc ccl185 cells were maintained at 37 c with 5 co 2 in dulbeccos modified eagles medium dmem supplemented with 5 fetal bovine serum fbs 2 mm lglutamine 100 unitsml penicillin and 100 gml streptomycin...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...and xylazine 20 g per gram of body weight and then infected sc in the footpad with the indicated doses of zikvparaiba rzikvparaiba rzikvparaiba ns2a a117v rzikvrgn or rzikvrgn ns2a a117v diluted in pbs in a final volume of 50 l mice were monitored daily for clinical signs of zikv infection lethargy disorientation hind limb weakness and severe paralysis body weight loss and mortality for 14 days clinical signs were scored as follows 0 healthy 1 lightly sick hunched back lethargy and disorientation 3 reduced mobility hind limb weakness and 4 severe paralysis and mortally mice showing more than 25 loss...

Title: A natural polymorphism in Zika virus NS2A
protein responsible of virulence in mice
Authors: Ávila-Pérez, Gines. Nogales, Aitor...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2059
ID: a72473db86f1e26d0d1e6db3e7078a3536b9ba65
Number of matches: 37

...presenting severe hind limb paralysis were considered to have reached the experimental endpoint and were humanely euthanized to correlate sings of disease with virus replication sixtosevenweekold female n 6 were infected as described above and bled at days 2 n 3 and 4 n 3 after viral infection blood was incubated a room temperature for 30 min clarified by centrifugation at 1500 g for 20 min and the supernatant was immediately stored at 80 c viral titers in serum were determined by immunofocus assay as previously described graphpad prism software was used to determine the geometric mean...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...that had been in close contact with the infected pigs suggesting pig to human transmission [4] since these pigs were coinfected with prrsv it was not clear whether the observed clinical signs were due to rebov or the co infecting virus subsequent experimental challenge suggested that rebov infection in pigs may be asymptomatic despite replication of the virus in the lungs and shedding in nasopharyngeal secretions [5] nevertheless the emergence of rebov in pigs had prompted our group to investigate whether the african ebov species could also infect pigs [6] using experimental...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...inhalation anaesthesia and then inoculated with 10 6 pfu of zebov in sterile pbs per pig via the intranasal intraocular and oral routes [6] two control pigs were mock inoculated with pbs and housed separately two zebovinfected pigs were euthanized at 3 5 and 7 days post infection dpi respectively and tissues collected mock infected pigs were also euthanized at dpi 7 lung sections for microarray were stored at 270uc and processed as described subsequently experiment 2 experiment 2 was a repeat of experiment 1 aimed at further investigating the findings in experiment 1 as well as the...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...collected mock infected pigs were also euthanized at dpi 7 lung sections for microarray were stored at 270uc and processed as described subsequently experiment 2 experiment 2 was a repeat of experiment 1 aimed at further investigating the findings in experiment 1 as well as the systemic effects of zebov infection in pigs six pigs of the same age group and source as in experiment 1 were acclimatized and inoculated with zebov as described above clinical signs were recorded daily in addition rectal temperatures were recorded and swabs oral rectal and nasal collected in pbs for each pig before inoculation and...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...roche and rna isolated according to the manufacturers protocol cytokine mrna transcription was measured by semi quantitative real time rtpcr using the porcine primers and probes from the taqman gene expression assay library abi with bactin as the housekeeping gene [6 10] differences in mrna transcription during infection were then expressed as fold change relative to preinfection levels [10] a fold change 2 was considered significant pbmcs were isolated from blood obtained from nave pigs as described above the cells were resuspended in rpmi supplemented with 10 fetal bovine serum 100 uml penicillin...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...control pigs were minimal at dpi 3 higher fold changes were observed at dpi 5 and 7 emphasis was placed on proinflammatory cytokines chemokines and associated genes to explain the inflammatory cell infiltrate into the lungs table 3 chemokine genes implicated in attraction of immune cells to site of infection including ccl2 ccl10 ccl19 ccl20 amcfii granulocytes ccl3l1 and ccl4 neutrophils were upregulated starting on dpi 3 table 4 the mrna for the acute phase protein saa was also upregulated in the lungs of zebovinfected pigs in addition the transcriptome for molecules involved in the apoptosis pathway the...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...lung table 5 transcription of genes for pattern recognition receptor prr transcription factors and interferonstimulated genes isg was upregulated in zebovinfected lungs from dpi 37 table 6 figure 2 shows a proposed model for the pathogenesis of pulmonary distress in zebovinfected pigs the effect of zebov infection of pigs in experiment 2 on pbmc subsets was analyzed by flow cytometry there was a decline in the proportion of cd172a monocytesdendritic cells in pbmcs reaching statistical significance on dpi 1 and 3 p005 followed by a rebound on dpi 6 figure 3a porcine dendritic cells identified...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...in frequency from dpi 16 figure 3c with statistical significance on dpi 1 5 and 6 p005 on the contrary there was no effect on cd3 t cell frequencies in pbmcs figure 3d to investigate if the observed decline in cell frequencies was due to direct infection of these cells by zebov sorted monocytes b cells and t cells from nave pigs were exposed to the virus in vitro approximately 711 of monocytes from 3 different pigs were positive for zebov by intracellular staining and flow cytometry figure 3e neither b nor t cells were...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...monocytes from 3 different pigs were positive for zebov by intracellular staining and flow cytometry figure 3e neither b nor t cells were infected data not shown systemic cytokine response in zebovinfected pigs in experiment 2 was measured by both elisa and qrtpcr pigs responded to zebov infection by secreting ifna and il6 in blood starting at dpi 3 figure 4 a b peak levels of ifna were attained on dpi 6 p005 relative to baseline levels however the il6 response did not reach statistical significance there was also induction of il12 tnfa and ifnc mrna...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...pigs in experiment 2 significant increase in igm antibody levels based on od 405 was observed on dpi 5 and 6 p005 figure 5 all but 1 pig had od 405 values above the cutoff at dpi 5 to further understand the pathogenesis of disease due to zebov infection in pigs we have analysed an array of proinflammatory cytokines chemokines acute phase proteins and other molecules that could mediate inflammation in the lungs in addition we also analysed possible systemic changes due to zebov infection in pigs the clinical course and pathology in 56 week old pigs confirmed that...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...at dpi 5 to further understand the pathogenesis of disease due to zebov infection in pigs we have analysed an array of proinflammatory cytokines chemokines acute phase proteins and other molecules that could mediate inflammation in the lungs in addition we also analysed possible systemic changes due to zebov infection in pigs the clinical course and pathology in 56 week old pigs confirmed that zebov causes a mainly respiratory syndrome in these animals which can be very severe in some cases [6] apparently rebov and zebov have the same predilection site in pigs but the former does...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...macrophages were the only infiltrating leukocyte subset in the lungs susceptible to zebov the susceptibility of humannhp macrophages to ebov is well documented [14] however to the best of our knowledge the presence of multinucleated cells within alveoli in the current report is a first in ebov infection of any species these cells could have possibly been in the lungs prior to zebov infection since these pigs were not specific pathogen free nevertheless the fact that the cells were positive for zebov antigen would suggest that these giant cells could be a consequence of zebov infection similar giant...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...humannhp macrophages to ebov is well documented [14] however to the best of our knowledge the presence of multinucleated cells within alveoli in the current report is a first in ebov infection of any species these cells could have possibly been in the lungs prior to zebov infection since these pigs were not specific pathogen free nevertheless the fact that the cells were positive for zebov antigen would suggest that these giant cells could be a consequence of zebov infection similar giant cells believed to be of macrophage lineage were present in human lungs in fatal cases of...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...in ebov infection of any species these cells could have possibly been in the lungs prior to zebov infection since these pigs were not specific pathogen free nevertheless the fact that the cells were positive for zebov antigen would suggest that these giant cells could be a consequence of zebov infection similar giant cells believed to be of macrophage lineage were present in human lungs in fatal cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome but absent in antemortem samples [15 16] interestingly fatal zebov infection in pigs manifests as a severe acute respiratory disease we have revealed the induction...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...zebov antigen would suggest that these giant cells could be a consequence of zebov infection similar giant cells believed to be of macrophage lineage were present in human lungs in fatal cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome but absent in antemortem samples [15 16] interestingly fatal zebov infection in pigs manifests as a severe acute respiratory disease we have revealed the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in lungs of zebovinfected pigs a network of cytokines chemokines and acute phase proteins possibly interacted in the lungs of these pigs culminating in severe inflammation as suggested in our model in figure...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...4] disintegrating cells were observed in bronchioles and alveolar septae of zebovinfected pigs in experiment 1 [6] considering the upregulation of caspases and related molecules the apoptosis pathway is apparently activated in these lungs although apoptosis is a programmed cell death designed to eliminate viral infection [26] the massive cell death would also compromise lung structure and function furthermore caspases mediate inflammation [27] on the other hand il10 which is a negative regulator of inflammation [21] was slightly upregulated in the lungs of zebovinfected pigs this would...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...[21] was slightly upregulated in the lungs of zebovinfected pigs this would suggest an attempt to regulate inflammation in the lungs furthermore genes involved in activation of transcription factors and isgs and subsequently innate immunity were upregulated indicating a potential antiviral state therefore pulmonary disease in zebov infection in pigs is most likely a consequence of a dysregulation andor overstimulation of proinflammatory immune response as shown in our model where the scale is tipped in favour of inflammation figure 2 how does the ebovinduced lung disease in pigs compare to primates including humans apparently the same...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...as shown in our model where the scale is tipped in favour of inflammation figure 2 how does the ebovinduced lung disease in pigs compare to primates including humans apparently the same cytokine profile including il6 il8 ifnc il10 and chemoattractants exists in both porcine and humannhp zebov infection in both cases disease is linked to dysregulation of the proinflammatory response [1 6 14 17 28] however a major difference between zebov in pigs and humansnhps is the site of the cytokine response in pigs the response is more localized in the lungs with very mild...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...with ebov by both parenteral or aerosol routes develop systemic disease involving numerous organs [32] this is clearly different in pigs in which induction of proinflammatory molecules and disease is mainly in the lungs with less pronounced systemic involvement nevertheless a mild systemic effect of zebov infection in pigs is supported by the depletion of blood monocytes dc and b cells the mechanism for this depletion is not entirely clear as in humannhp the direct infection of monocytes by ebov could lead to cell death [34 35] similar to the reports in humansnhps porcine...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...molecules and disease is mainly in the lungs with less pronounced systemic involvement nevertheless a mild systemic effect of zebov infection in pigs is supported by the depletion of blood monocytes dc and b cells the mechanism for this depletion is not entirely clear as in humannhp the direct infection of monocytes by ebov could lead to cell death [34 35] similar to the reports in humansnhps porcine b and t lymphocytes are not infected by zebov the apparent decline in b cells and no effect on t cells in peripheral blood of infected swine is contrary...

Title: Immunopathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Disease in Zaire ebolavirus-Infected Pigs
Authors: Nfon, Charles K.. Leung, Anders...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2060
ID: 1b3ea086b81a5e0c4dd22aa41653befc358d7163
Number of matches: 20

...in humannhps [1] the b cell depletion in infected pigs might also be due to bystander apoptosis however additional mechanisms such as migration into spleen and lymph nodes could be involved in conclusion this report sheds more light on the pathogenesis of disease caused by zebov infection in 56 weeks old pigs and shows that a series of proinflammatory events occurs culminating in the infiltration of immune cells into the lungs leading to severe respiratory distress clinically similar to highly pathogenic prrsv...

Title: Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of
Porcine kobuvirus and Its Coinfection Rate with PEDV
and SaV in Northwest China
Authors: Wang, Chen. Lan, Xi...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2062
ID: 6986e55cd9e5fd76339b6a6825b2c3069126555e
Number of matches: 5

...nterminus of the polyprotein and is followed by three structural capsid proteins vp0 vp3 and vp1 and seven nonstructural proteins 2a 2b 2c 3a 3b 3c and 3d [9] figure 1 pkv is a virus that may associate with acute viral gastroenteritis in pigs especially piglets its infection rate is relatively high especially in pigs that are housed pkv has been reported in many regions of china including shanghai city [10] jiangsu province [11] hebei province [3] jiangxi province [12] and sichuan province [13]...

Title: Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of
Porcine kobuvirus and Its Coinfection Rate with PEDV
and SaV in Northwest China
Authors: Wang, Chen. Lan, Xi...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2062
ID: 6986e55cd9e5fd76339b6a6825b2c3069126555e
Number of matches: 5

...prevalent in the piglets than in the adult pigs examined and similar results were observed for pedv and sav and the samples collected from piglets are all with symptoms of diarrhea samples collected from adults pigs are not so so kobuvirus is more prevalent in pigs with diarrhea besides pkv infection is often accompanied by pedv since most studies tend to concentrate on a single pathogen limited data are available on coinfections or mixed infections the finding that pkv occurs in mixed infections or coinfections with other viruses must be confirmed because we also detected pkv in pigs without clinical symptoms...

Title: Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of
Porcine kobuvirus and Its Coinfection Rate with PEDV
and SaV in Northwest China
Authors: Wang, Chen. Lan, Xi...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2062
ID: 6986e55cd9e5fd76339b6a6825b2c3069126555e
Number of matches: 5

...in mixed infections or coinfections with other viruses must be confirmed because we also detected pkv in pigs without clinical symptoms it is possible that this virus is one of the opportunistic pathogens of gastroenteritis in pigs when pigs are infected with viruses and their immunological resistance is reduced further infection with pkv will aggravate their condition hastening death in this study the infection rate of pkv was 621 for all the samples with diarrhea collected from gansu province biomed research international 5 which is higher than the rate of 301 in pigs with diarrhea in china [3] ...

Title: Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of
Porcine kobuvirus and Its Coinfection Rate with PEDV
and SaV in Northwest China
Authors: Wang, Chen. Lan, Xi...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2062
ID: 6986e55cd9e5fd76339b6a6825b2c3069126555e
Number of matches: 5

...also detected pkv in pigs without clinical symptoms it is possible that this virus is one of the opportunistic pathogens of gastroenteritis in pigs when pigs are infected with viruses and their immunological resistance is reduced further infection with pkv will aggravate their condition hastening death in this study the infection rate of pkv was 621 for all the samples with diarrhea collected from gansu province biomed research international 5 which is higher than the rate of 301 in pigs with diarrhea in china [3] the prevalence of pkv decreased significantly with age which is consistent with the...

Title: Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of
Porcine kobuvirus and Its Coinfection Rate with PEDV
and SaV in Northwest China
Authors: Wang, Chen. Lan, Xi...
Journal: Biomed Res Int
Item: Infection
Index: 2062
ID: 6986e55cd9e5fd76339b6a6825b2c3069126555e
Number of matches: 5

...infections in other provinces of china to avoid the bias caused by the limited numbers of samples or the comparison of sequences of insufficient length more fecal samples must be collected and their full genomes must be sequenced piglets especially those with diarrhea have a higher prevalence of pkv infection than pigs in all other age groups in gansu province pkv is often present as coinfections or mixed infections with other viruses including pedv and sav our findings reveal the high frequency of coinfections or mixed infections of pkv associated with porcine diarrheal diseases and support the need for a...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...interferon system [12] that include blocking ifn gene induction disrupting extracellular and intracellular signaling and slowing ifn induced gene pkr and 2959 oas activation treatment with exogenous rifn only compensates for host ifn gene suppression and swamping the ifn binding protein so it must begin early after infection before the virus suppresses activation of the antiviral state interferon has a short halflife of three hours [13] which requires frequent treatment with large bolus doses resulting in commensurate adverse effects often leading to patientinitiated cessation of treatment [14 15] pegylated rifn has improved...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...administration of def201 allows for the ad5 vector to infect respiratory cells and drives constitutive expression of the ifn transgene and secretion of fully glycosylated ifn ad5vectored mouse interferon mdef201 resulted in sustained ifn levels [16] that completely protected mice from a lethal western equine encephalitis virus infection when given intramuscularly at 10 7 plaque forming units pfu mouse up to 7 days prior to virus challenge [16] against venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection mdef201 prevented death when administered intramuscularly at 10 7 pfumouse 24 h prior to infection but not when given 6 h...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...mdef201 resulted in sustained ifn levels [16] that completely protected mice from a lethal western equine encephalitis virus infection when given intramuscularly at 10 7 plaque forming units pfu mouse up to 7 days prior to virus challenge [16] against venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection mdef201 prevented death when administered intramuscularly at 10 7 pfumouse 24 h prior to infection but not when given 6 h after infection [17] intranasallyadministered mdef201 was also used to treat mice infected intranasally with sars virus resulting in a lethal respiratory infection [18] ...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...a lethal western equine encephalitis virus infection when given intramuscularly at 10 7 plaque forming units pfu mouse up to 7 days prior to virus challenge [16] against venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection mdef201 prevented death when administered intramuscularly at 10 7 pfumouse 24 h prior to infection but not when given 6 h after infection [17] intranasallyadministered mdef201 was also used to treat mice infected intranasally with sars virus resulting in a lethal respiratory infection [18] it was 100 protective when administered prophylactically at 10 6 pfu mouse up to 14...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...given intramuscularly at 10 7 plaque forming units pfu mouse up to 7 days prior to virus challenge [16] against venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection mdef201 prevented death when administered intramuscularly at 10 7 pfumouse 24 h prior to infection but not when given 6 h after infection [17] intranasallyadministered mdef201 was also used to treat mice infected intranasally with sars virus resulting in a lethal respiratory infection [18] it was 100 protective when administered prophylactically at 10 6 pfu mouse up to 14 days previrus exposure with similar protection afforded by...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection mdef201 prevented death when administered intramuscularly at 10 7 pfumouse 24 h prior to infection but not when given 6 h after infection [17] intranasallyadministered mdef201 was also used to treat mice infected intranasally with sars virus resulting in a lethal respiratory infection [18] it was 100 protective when administered prophylactically at 10 6 pfu mouse up to 14 days previrus exposure with similar protection afforded by a 10 8 dose administered therapeutically at 12 h after infection [18] adenoviral vectored human consensus ifn def201 was recently...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...treat mice infected intranasally with sars virus resulting in a lethal respiratory infection [18] it was 100 protective when administered prophylactically at 10 6 pfu mouse up to 14 days previrus exposure with similar protection afforded by a 10 8 dose administered therapeutically at 12 h after infection [18] adenoviral vectored human consensus ifn def201 was recently used intranasally to treat hamsters infected intraperitoneally with yellow fever virus resulting in a lethal hepatic infection [19] protection from death was observed for single administrations of def201 at 10 75 pfuanimal given 7 days...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...up to 14 days previrus exposure with similar protection afforded by a 10 8 dose administered therapeutically at 12 h after infection [18] adenoviral vectored human consensus ifn def201 was recently used intranasally to treat hamsters infected intraperitoneally with yellow fever virus resulting in a lethal hepatic infection [19] protection from death was observed for single administrations of def201 at 10 75 pfuanimal given 7 days before to 2 days after virus challenge which demonstrated both prophylaxis and therapy in this model def201 treatment reduced yellow fever virus titers in liver and spleen and resulted...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...both prophylaxis and therapy in this model def201 treatment reduced yellow fever virus titers in liver and spleen and resulted in decreases in serum alanine transaminase levels herein mdef201 was evaluated for prophylaxis and therapy of vaccinia virus wr strain respiratory infections in mice in this model the virus infection spreads systemically to include other tissues besides the lungs particularly the liver and spleen [20] increases in lung weight and lung hemorrhage indicative of pneumonitis are hallmarks of vaccinia infection as is severe body weight loss the results show that a single intranasal dose of mdef201 produced...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...prophylaxis and therapy of vaccinia virus wr strain respiratory infections in mice in this model the virus infection spreads systemically to include other tissues besides the lungs particularly the liver and spleen [20] increases in lung weight and lung hemorrhage indicative of pneumonitis are hallmarks of vaccinia infection as is severe body weight loss the results show that a single intranasal dose of mdef201 produced a remarkably prolonged 8week prophylactic effect and was also active therapeutically the experiments were conducted in accordance with protocol 552 approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of utah state...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...strain was purchased from the american type culture collection atcc manassas va the virus was propagated in african green monkey kidney ma104 cells from ma bioproducts walkersville md for use in these studies mice were anesthetized with ketaminexylazine 505 mgkg by intraperitoneal ip injection for intranasal treatments and intranasal infection the animals were initially infected intranasally with approximately 12610 5 pfu of vaccinia virus in a 50ml volume mdef201 was administered intranasally 50ml either prior to or after vaccinia virus exposure according to the experimental schedule placebotreated mice were given saline in order to maintain consistency since intranasal treatment alters...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...initially infected intranasally with approximately 12610 5 pfu of vaccinia virus in a 50ml volume mdef201 was administered intranasally 50ml either prior to or after vaccinia virus exposure according to the experimental schedule placebotreated mice were given saline in order to maintain consistency since intranasal treatment alters the environment for infection all mice were given intranasal saline when the mdef201 treatments were given 1 day before or after virus infection or else additional placebo groups were used to accommodate delivery of intranasal liquid all animals were weighed every other day in some instances a normal control group untreated uninfected of 10...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...50ml either prior to or after vaccinia virus exposure according to the experimental schedule placebotreated mice were given saline in order to maintain consistency since intranasal treatment alters the environment for infection all mice were given intranasal saline when the mdef201 treatments were given 1 day before or after virus infection or else additional placebo groups were used to accommodate delivery of intranasal liquid all animals were weighed every other day in some instances a normal control group untreated uninfected of 10 mice was maintained throughout the study for certain studies the normal control group was infected with virus at the...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...some instances a normal control group untreated uninfected of 10 mice was maintained throughout the study for certain studies the normal control group was infected with virus at the end of the initial 21day antiviral study to serve as nave infected controls for the reinfection treated mice surviving the primary infection were reinfected on day 22 with approximately 5610 5 pfu units of vaccinia virus in a 50ml volume this dose was larger than for the primary infection to account for the increased age of the mice and older mice are less susceptible to vaccinia infection the agematched normal control nave...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...at the end of the initial 21day antiviral study to serve as nave infected controls for the reinfection treated mice surviving the primary infection were reinfected on day 22 with approximately 5610 5 pfu units of vaccinia virus in a 50ml volume this dose was larger than for the primary infection to account for the increased age of the mice and older mice are less susceptible to vaccinia infection the agematched normal control nave animals were infected for the first time with the same virus challenge survival and body weights in these groups were determined over a 21day period separate...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...treated mice surviving the primary infection were reinfected on day 22 with approximately 5610 5 pfu units of vaccinia virus in a 50ml volume this dose was larger than for the primary infection to account for the increased age of the mice and older mice are less susceptible to vaccinia infection the agematched normal control nave animals were infected for the first time with the same virus challenge survival and body weights in these groups were determined over a 21day period separate animals were maintained for determination of tissue virus titers lung hemorrhage scores and lung weights groups of 5...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...the empty adenovirus vector was not protective and produced similar complete mortality as the placebo control cidofovir positive control compound was also 100 protective at 100 mgkgday when administered by intraperitoneal route starting 1 day postinfection table 1 also shows the effects of treatment with mdef201 and cidofovir on lung infection parameters a doseresponsive effect on lung virus titer was seen with mdef201 treatments with the highest dose causing nearly an 800fold reduction in lung virus titer mdef201 doses of 10 5 and 10 6 pfumouse reduced virus titers 8and 125fold respectively all three mdef201 treatments significantly reduced lung weights and...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...lung hemorrhage scores in contrast cidofovir treatment caused a only a 40fold reduction in virus titer and protected lungs from virusinduced pathology lung virus titers and lung weights were also intermediate between the 10 5 and 10 6 mdef201 dosage groups neither the control nor adenovirus empty vector inhibited lung infection parameters to measure the window of prophylactic activity 10 7 pfumouse of mdef201 was administered at various times prior to virus infection table 2 in the first experiment a single dose of mdef201 was 100 protective when administered between 28 days and 1 day previrus exposure mean...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...virus titers and lung weights were also intermediate between the 10 5 and 10 6 mdef201 dosage groups neither the control nor adenovirus empty vector inhibited lung infection parameters to measure the window of prophylactic activity 10 7 pfumouse of mdef201 was administered at various times prior to virus infection table 2 in the first experiment a single dose of mdef201 was 100 protective when administered between 28 days and 1 day previrus exposure mean body weights during the course of the primary infection are presented in figure 1a all of the treatments with mdef201 largely protected...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...activity 10 7 pfumouse of mdef201 was administered at various times prior to virus infection table 2 in the first experiment a single dose of mdef201 was 100 protective when administered between 28 days and 1 day previrus exposure mean body weights during the course of the primary infection are presented in figure 1a all of the treatments with mdef201 largely protected the animals against weight loss a slight drop in weight occurred on day 1 following intranasal exposure to virus but the mice were back to the initial starting weight by day 3 seven placebotreated animals survived...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...presented in figure 1a all of the treatments with mdef201 largely protected the animals against weight loss a slight drop in weight occurred on day 1 following intranasal exposure to virus but the mice were back to the initial starting weight by day 3 seven placebotreated animals survived the infection differing from that of table 1 where no animals survived this likely occurred because the mice at the time of infection were 28 days older and susceptibility of the animals to infection diminishes with age severe weight loss in the placebo group persisted until day 11 of the infection after...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...in weight occurred on day 1 following intranasal exposure to virus but the mice were back to the initial starting weight by day 3 seven placebotreated animals survived the infection differing from that of table 1 where no animals survived this likely occurred because the mice at the time of infection were 28 days older and susceptibility of the animals to infection diminishes with age severe weight loss in the placebo group persisted until day 11 of the infection after that time the seven animals that survived the infection began to recover body weight the surviving mice from experiment 1 were...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...but the mice were back to the initial starting weight by day 3 seven placebotreated animals survived the infection differing from that of table 1 where no animals survived this likely occurred because the mice at the time of infection were 28 days older and susceptibility of the animals to infection diminishes with age severe weight loss in the placebo group persisted until day 11 of the infection after that time the seven animals that survived the infection began to recover body weight the surviving mice from experiment 1 were reinfected with a 5fold higher challenge of vaccinia virus than was...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...the infection differing from that of table 1 where no animals survived this likely occurred because the mice at the time of infection were 28 days older and susceptibility of the animals to infection diminishes with age severe weight loss in the placebo group persisted until day 11 of the infection after that time the seven animals that survived the infection began to recover body weight the surviving mice from experiment 1 were reinfected with a 5fold higher challenge of vaccinia virus than was originally given and all of these animals survived the rechallenge table 2 infection of agematched...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...animals survived this likely occurred because the mice at the time of infection were 28 days older and susceptibility of the animals to infection diminishes with age severe weight loss in the placebo group persisted until day 11 of the infection after that time the seven animals that survived the infection began to recover body weight the surviving mice from experiment 1 were reinfected with a 5fold higher challenge of vaccinia virus than was originally given and all of these animals survived the rechallenge table 2 infection of agematched nave mice resulted in expected 100 mortality weight loss occurred...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...of the infection after that time the seven animals that survived the infection began to recover body weight the surviving mice from experiment 1 were reinfected with a 5fold higher challenge of vaccinia virus than was originally given and all of these animals survived the rechallenge table 2 infection of agematched nave mice resulted in expected 100 mortality weight loss occurred in all mdef201 treated groups but was much less severe than in nave infected mice figure 1b rebound from weight loss during the reinfection was fastest in the placebo group this group contained the most seriously...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...in expected 100 mortality weight loss occurred in all mdef201 treated groups but was much less severe than in nave infected mice figure 1b rebound from weight loss during the reinfection was fastest in the placebo group this group contained the most seriously afflicted animals during the primary infection thus would be expected to have a more robust immune response than treated animals that did not get as sick based upon the successful extended prophylaxis up to 28 days preinfection a second experiment table 2 was initiated using starting times as early as 56 days before...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...administered at 56 days and 100 protective when given at all shorter time points 49 days because the virus challenge dose was higher than that given in experiment 1 see footnote b in table 2 the result was that all placebotreated animals in experiment 2 died from the primary infection minimal weight loss occurred in groups treated prophylactically with mdef201 figure 1c decreases in body weight in mdef201 groups were primarily seen on days 59 of the infection with the nadir being day 7 the surviving mice that were treated with mdef201 in the second experiment table...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...footnote b in table 2 the result was that all placebotreated animals in experiment 2 died from the primary infection minimal weight loss occurred in groups treated prophylactically with mdef201 figure 1c decreases in body weight in mdef201 groups were primarily seen on days 59 of the infection with the nadir being day 7 the surviving mice that were treated with mdef201 in the second experiment table 2 were reinfected with a 2fold higher challenge of vaccinia virus and all of these animals survived infection of agematched nave mice resulted in 100 mortality weight loss occurred in...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...weight in mdef201 groups were primarily seen on days 59 of the infection with the nadir being day 7 the surviving mice that were treated with mdef201 in the second experiment table 2 were reinfected with a 2fold higher challenge of vaccinia virus and all of these animals survived infection of agematched nave mice resulted in 100 mortality weight loss occurred in all mdef201 treated groups but was minimal and occurred on days 35 figure 1d this is in contrast to the rapid weight decline in nave infected mice body weights during the reinfection were similar for most...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...groups slightly less rapid recovery in body weight over 21 days was seen in the mdef201 group treated prophylactically at 56 days compared to the other treated groups viral titers in various tissues were determined from mice treated with mdef201 either at 28 days or 1 day prior to infection lung virus titers in mdef201 treated groups were at least 100fold less than in placebo treated mice figure 2a liver and spleen virus titers were below or near the level of detection in animals treated with mdef201 but increased over time in placebos figures 2b and 2d ...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...of lung intranasal treatments with mdef201 10 7 pfumouse were given one time only on the indicated day prior to virus exposure in experiment 1 the primary intranasal challenge was 1610 5 pfu of virus since this challenge dose failed to cause 100 mortality as mice age their susceptibility to infection wanes the primary virus challenge dose was increased to 25610 5 pfu of virus for experiment 2 reinfection of both sets of mice was performed intranasally with 5610 5 pfu of virus the data accompany those of table 2 thus the initial number of mice per group for each...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...the table doi101371journalpone0026330g001 disease in the 28 days mdef201 group was comparable to that seen in the 1 day mdef201 group the results from these experiments indicate that mdef201 has an extremely longacting prophylactic activity against vaccinia virus infections in mice only in animals treated 56 days prior to infection was there a hint of waning activity since one animal died from the infection in that group mdef201 at two different doses was administered after infection to combat a vaccinia virus infection preliminary studies with low dose mdef201 10 5 or 10 6 pfumouse given at 6 12 or...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...seen in the 1 day mdef201 group the results from these experiments indicate that mdef201 has an extremely longacting prophylactic activity against vaccinia virus infections in mice only in animals treated 56 days prior to infection was there a hint of waning activity since one animal died from the infection in that group mdef201 at two different doses was administered after infection to combat a vaccinia virus infection preliminary studies with low dose mdef201 10 5 or 10 6 pfumouse given at 6 12 or 24 h after infection provided no protection from the lethal infection data not shown...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...indicate that mdef201 has an extremely longacting prophylactic activity against vaccinia virus infections in mice only in animals treated 56 days prior to infection was there a hint of waning activity since one animal died from the infection in that group mdef201 at two different doses was administered after infection to combat a vaccinia virus infection preliminary studies with low dose mdef201 10 5 or 10 6 pfumouse given at 6 12 or 24 h after infection provided no protection from the lethal infection data not shown however higher doses of mdef201 10 8 pfumouse were 100 protective when administered...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...longacting prophylactic activity against vaccinia virus infections in mice only in animals treated 56 days prior to infection was there a hint of waning activity since one animal died from the infection in that group mdef201 at two different doses was administered after infection to combat a vaccinia virus infection preliminary studies with low dose mdef201 10 5 or 10 6 pfumouse given at 6 12 or 24 h after infection provided no protection from the lethal infection data not shown however higher doses of mdef201 10 8 pfumouse were 100 protective when administered either at 6 12 or 24...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...hint of waning activity since one animal died from the infection in that group mdef201 at two different doses was administered after infection to combat a vaccinia virus infection preliminary studies with low dose mdef201 10 5 or 10 6 pfumouse given at 6 12 or 24 h after infection provided no protection from the lethal infection data not shown however higher doses of mdef201 10 8 pfumouse were 100 protective when administered either at 6 12 or 24 h after infection table 3 a 10 7 pfumouse dose was 8090 protective when given at 6 and 12 hours...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...died from the infection in that group mdef201 at two different doses was administered after infection to combat a vaccinia virus infection preliminary studies with low dose mdef201 10 5 or 10 6 pfumouse given at 6 12 or 24 h after infection provided no protection from the lethal infection data not shown however higher doses of mdef201 10 8 pfumouse were 100 protective when administered either at 6 12 or 24 h after infection table 3 a 10 7 pfumouse dose was 8090 protective when given at 6 and 12 hours but only 30 protective when administered at...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...with low dose mdef201 10 5 or 10 6 pfumouse given at 6 12 or 24 h after infection provided no protection from the lethal infection data not shown however higher doses of mdef201 10 8 pfumouse were 100 protective when administered either at 6 12 or 24 h after infection table 3 a 10 7 pfumouse dose was 8090 protective when given at 6 and 12 hours but only 30 protective when administered at 24 hours survival time in the lower dosage group receiving treatment at 24 hours was significantly increased relative to the placebo control cidofovir was 100...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...survival time in the lower dosage group receiving treatment at 24 hours was significantly increased relative to the placebo control cidofovir was 100 protective when administered at 100 mgkgday for two days starting at 24 h body weight changes for treatments with 100 survival during the course of the infection are shown in figure 3 10 8 mdef201 and cidofovir weight loss in mdef201 treated mice increased with longer delay to commencement of treatment with all animals regaining their prechallenge weight by day 18 of the experiment given the weight loss in the 24h group further delays in treatment would...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...exposure 25610 5 pfu there were no survivors in the placebo group on day 7 for data determinations this experiment was conducted concurrently with the second experiment in table 2 each data point represents the mean for five animals per group doi101371journalpone0026330g002 and caused minimal weight loss during the infection indeed weight loss during infection for the 56 day treatment group was equivalent to the 1 day treatment group investigation of other parameters of infection tissue virus titers lung weights and lung hemorrhage scores revealed that the inhibition of these parameters with a 28 day mdef201 treatment was quite comparable...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...were no survivors in the placebo group on day 7 for data determinations this experiment was conducted concurrently with the second experiment in table 2 each data point represents the mean for five animals per group doi101371journalpone0026330g002 and caused minimal weight loss during the infection indeed weight loss during infection for the 56 day treatment group was equivalent to the 1 day treatment group investigation of other parameters of infection tissue virus titers lung weights and lung hemorrhage scores revealed that the inhibition of these parameters with a 28 day mdef201 treatment was quite comparable to that of a 1...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...second experiment in table 2 each data point represents the mean for five animals per group doi101371journalpone0026330g002 and caused minimal weight loss during the infection indeed weight loss during infection for the 56 day treatment group was equivalent to the 1 day treatment group investigation of other parameters of infection tissue virus titers lung weights and lung hemorrhage scores revealed that the inhibition of these parameters with a 28 day mdef201 treatment was quite comparable to that of a 1 day treatment prophylaxis starting a day before infection could effectively be achieved with doses of 10 5 through 10 7...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...equivalent to the 1 day treatment group investigation of other parameters of infection tissue virus titers lung weights and lung hemorrhage scores revealed that the inhibition of these parameters with a 28 day mdef201 treatment was quite comparable to that of a 1 day treatment prophylaxis starting a day before infection could effectively be achieved with doses of 10 5 through 10 7 pfumouse extended prophylaxis up to 56 days preinfection was only investigated at the 10 7 dose other investigators have shown that def201 in both mouse and human constructs are active prophylactically [16 17 18 19]...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...through 10 7 pfumouse extended prophylaxis up to 56 days preinfection was only investigated at the 10 7 dose other investigators have shown that def201 in both mouse and human constructs are active prophylactically [16 17 18 19] kumaki et al showed 100 protection against sars infection in mice by a 10 6 dose given only at 14 days other time points were not assessed [17] thus it is possible that prophylaxis earlier than 14 days would be protective against sars infection against yellow fever virus infections in hamsters def201 was effective when given...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...18 19] kumaki et al showed 100 protection against sars infection in mice by a 10 6 dose given only at 14 days other time points were not assessed [17] thus it is possible that prophylaxis earlier than 14 days would be protective against sars infection against yellow fever virus infections in hamsters def201 was effective when given 7 days prior to infection but not at 21 days [19] this breadth of viral efficacy indicates the potential of def201 to function as a truly broadspectrum antiviral remarkably mdef201 was effective in mice...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...10 6 dose given only at 14 days other time points were not assessed [17] thus it is possible that prophylaxis earlier than 14 days would be protective against sars infection against yellow fever virus infections in hamsters def201 was effective when given 7 days prior to infection but not at 21 days [19] this breadth of viral efficacy indicates the potential of def201 to function as a truly broadspectrum antiviral remarkably mdef201 was effective in mice against vaccinia virus infection when given nearly two months prior to virus exposure this indicates that ad5vectored...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...virus infections in hamsters def201 was effective when given 7 days prior to infection but not at 21 days [19] this breadth of viral efficacy indicates the potential of def201 to function as a truly broadspectrum antiviral remarkably mdef201 was effective in mice against vaccinia virus infection when given nearly two months prior to virus exposure this indicates that ad5vectored ifn induced a longterm antiviral state that was completely protective with a single dose this extended prophylaxis appears to exist in the absence of measurable serum ifn levels since wu et al [15] were only...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...only able to detect interferon alpha protein in mice treated intramuscularly with mdef201 at 24 and 48 h but not at 7 days times in between were not investigated this study raises a number of important questions relative to the long acting protective effect of mdef201 against vaccinia virus infection in mice questions such as how much interferon is produced how long is it produced and what cells are responsible for producing it are being asked and are currently under investigation it has already been shown that interferon is successfully produced by the vector when administered intramuscularly to mice and...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...will be delivered successfully to the lung and nostrils and have since confirmed this in a separate study unpublished given that the protection lasts longer than the previously measured levels of interferon protein persist we assume that the interferon is activating an immunological cascade that then protects the animal from infection by inducing an antiviral state thorough investigation of induced genes length of induction and localization of induction are planned but are beyond the scope of this study the choice of intranasal route of administration is important as this route has been demonstrated to bypass preexisting immunity to the adenovirus...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...study the choice of intranasal route of administration is important as this route has been demonstrated to bypass preexisting immunity to the adenovirus vector [21] intranasal delivery is also less invasive and easier to administer to large numbers of patients in the event of a mass infection due to a natural outbreak or intentional release adenovirus was selected to be the vector for interferon due to its rapid infectivity breadth of human safety data and facility of intranasal administration mdef201 administered by intranasal route has already been shown to be effective in the treatment of sars coronavirus...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...therapeutic window of time exists for treating vaccinia virus infections with interferonbased drugs like mdef201 and to achieve treatment higher doses of mdef201 are needed than for prophylaxis indeed low dose mdef201 10 5 10 6 pfumouse that were effective prophylactically were not effective when administered even 6 h after infection higher doses 10 8 pfu mouse were required for full protection from lethality when given at 24 h however considerable body weight loss resulted due to infection figure 3 the single 10 8 dose administered at 24 h was not as effective as daily doses of 100 mgkg of...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...prophylaxis indeed low dose mdef201 10 5 10 6 pfumouse that were effective prophylactically were not effective when administered even 6 h after infection higher doses 10 8 pfu mouse were required for full protection from lethality when given at 24 h however considerable body weight loss resulted due to infection figure 3 the single 10 8 dose administered at 24 h was not as effective as daily doses of 100 mgkg of cidofovir that acts directly on vaccinia to inhibit replication this may be due in part to the lag time between administration of mdef201 and the production of...

Title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia
Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an
Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201)
Authors: Smee, Donald F.. Wong, Min-Hui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2065
ID: 4296edbb527d1e55ad2079c76f619659e0b5720d
Number of matches: 54

...replication this may be due in part to the lag time between administration of mdef201 and the production of therapeutic levels of ifn within 6 h [15] secondly in situ produced ifn must overcome a high level of ifn system down regulation caused by the established vaccinia infection [12] it has been demonstrated by other investigators that both mdef201 and def201 are effective as a treatment only when given within 12 days after virus exposure [16 17 18 19] how well advectored ifn protects infected animals will depend upon each virus virulence...

Title: Arterivirus Nsp1 Modulates the Accumulation
of Minus-Strand Templates to Control the
Relative Abundance of Viral mRNAs
Authors: Nedialkova, Danny D.. Gorbalenya, Alexander E....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2066
ID: 3568da162b8d9f5356c9264193b6292efa3d9556
Number of matches: 10

... at the protein level however only a single nidovirus protein specifically involved in transcription was identified thus far eav nsp1 was found to be essential for sg mrna production while being dispensable for genome replication [13 14] remarkably nsp1 is also the first protein expressed during infection it is cotranslationally released from the nascent replicase polyproteins by a papainlike cysteine proteinase activity pcpb in its cterminal domain fig 2 comparative sequence analysis identified two additional conserved domains a second proteolytically silent pcp domain that is functional in other arteriviruses pcpa [15] and an...

Title: Arterivirus Nsp1 Modulates the Accumulation
of Minus-Strand Templates to Control the
Relative Abundance of Viral mRNAs
Authors: Nedialkova, Danny D.. Gorbalenya, Alexander E....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2066
ID: 3568da162b8d9f5356c9264193b6292efa3d9556
Number of matches: 10

...clearly implicate nsp1 in a regulatory step or steps that controls minusstrand rna accumulation and ultimately determines the levels to which both genomeand subgenomelength mrna species accumulate in eavinfected cells the relative abundance of nidovirus mrnas likely serves to regulate the relative concentration of their respective translation products during infection it was therefore important to determine whether viral protein levels indeed mirrored the specific changes in viral mrna levels caused by mutations in nsp1 to this end we examined the intracellular accumulation of the eav replicase subunit nsp3 and the structural proteins m and n in cell lysates harvested 11...

Title: Arterivirus Nsp1 Modulates the Accumulation
of Minus-Strand Templates to Control the
Relative Abundance of Viral mRNAs
Authors: Nedialkova, Danny D.. Gorbalenya, Alexander E....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2066
ID: 3568da162b8d9f5356c9264193b6292efa3d9556
Number of matches: 10

... the close correlation between mrna and corresponding protein levels argues against the possibility that the engineered nsp1 mutations might have caused a defect in viral mrna translation overall these data establish that even modest changes in viral mrna accumulation are directly translated into altered viral protein levels during eav infection we next examined whether the production of infectious virus particles was disturbed in the three nsp1 mutants with imbalanced mrna accumulation profiles eav assembly involves the coordinated interplay of the n protein and six envelope proteins all of which are required for virus infectivity [4 26] ...

Title: Arterivirus Nsp1 Modulates the Accumulation
of Minus-Strand Templates to Control the
Relative Abundance of Viral mRNAs
Authors: Nedialkova, Danny D.. Gorbalenya, Alexander E....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2066
ID: 3568da162b8d9f5356c9264193b6292efa3d9556
Number of matches: 10

...of compensatory secondsite mutations to the nsp1 gene itself implies that multiple physical interactions among nsp1 subdomains are essential for the proteins role in transcriptional control our findings constitute the first evidence for the involvement of a protein factor in regulating the relative abundance of individual mrna species during nidovirus infection previous reports have suggested that the multiple roles of nsp1 during eav infection can in part be functionally separated with the zf domain being essential for transcription and efficient virus production and the pcpb protease cleaving the nsp12 site irrespective of the zf integrity [14] this...

Title: Arterivirus Nsp1 Modulates the Accumulation
of Minus-Strand Templates to Control the
Relative Abundance of Viral mRNAs
Authors: Nedialkova, Danny D.. Gorbalenya, Alexander E....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2066
ID: 3568da162b8d9f5356c9264193b6292efa3d9556
Number of matches: 10

...among nsp1 subdomains are essential for the proteins role in transcriptional control our findings constitute the first evidence for the involvement of a protein factor in regulating the relative abundance of individual mrna species during nidovirus infection previous reports have suggested that the multiple roles of nsp1 during eav infection can in part be functionally separated with the zf domain being essential for transcription and efficient virus production and the pcpb protease cleaving the nsp12 site irrespective of the zf integrity [14] this study extended and refined the above concept showing first that the functional repertoire of...

Title: Arterivirus Nsp1 Modulates the Accumulation
of Minus-Strand Templates to Control the
Relative Abundance of Viral mRNAs
Authors: Nedialkova, Danny D.. Gorbalenya, Alexander E....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2066
ID: 3568da162b8d9f5356c9264193b6292efa3d9556
Number of matches: 10

...step of the eav replicative cycle downstream of viral rna synthesis fig 3 [14] nsp1 modulates a broad spectrum of successive stages in the nidovirus replicative cycle the onset of rna gene expression is marked by translation of the viral genome in subsequent stages of infection this molecule is utilized also as the template for replication and in some cases transcription as well as packaging into progeny virus particles virtually nothing is known about the temporal coordination of these distinct processes in the nidovirus replicative cycle nonstructural protein expression is extensively regulated at the translational and...

Title: Arterivirus Nsp1 Modulates the Accumulation
of Minus-Strand Templates to Control the
Relative Abundance of Viral mRNAs
Authors: Nedialkova, Danny D.. Gorbalenya, Alexander E....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2066
ID: 3568da162b8d9f5356c9264193b6292efa3d9556
Number of matches: 10

...cells bhk21 atcc ccl10 were used for all experiments the cells were maintained at 37uc in bhk21 medium glasgow mem invitrogen supplemented with 5 fetal calf serum fcs 10 tryptose phosphate broth 100 uml of penicillin 100 mgml of streptomycin and 10 mm hepes ph 74 upon transfection or infection with wt or mutant eav bhk21 cells were incubated at 395uc since this elevated temperature shortens the replication time of the virus substantially without any adverse side effects [45] the substitutions in the nsp1coding sequence listed in table 1 and table 3 were engineered using appropriate shuttle...

Title: Arterivirus Nsp1 Modulates the Accumulation
of Minus-Strand Templates to Control the
Relative Abundance of Viral mRNAs
Authors: Nedialkova, Danny D.. Gorbalenya, Alexander E....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2066
ID: 3568da162b8d9f5356c9264193b6292efa3d9556
Number of matches: 10

...kit t and the program t020 of the amaxa nucleofector lonza according to the manufacturers instructions cells were resuspended in bhk21 medium and subsequently seeded on coverslips for immunofluorescence analysis or in 6well clusters for analysis of intracellular protein and rna levels as well as virus production for eav infection subconfluent monolayers of bhk21 cells were inoculated with transfected cell culture supernatant diluted in pbsdeae2 fcs following incubation at 395uc for 1 h the inoculum was removed dmem2 fcs was added and the cells were incubated at 395uc for 1618 h for virus titration bhk21 cells seeded in 6well clusters...

Title: Multiplex Reverse-Transcription
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Coupled with
Cascade Invasive Reaction and Nanoparticle
Hybridization for Subtyping of Influenza A Virus
Authors: Chi, Ying. Ge, Yiyue...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2067
ID: 05e6e7a72d16a7294079af8e96f5d6b42d8ce51f
Number of matches: 5

...can detect three prominent subtypes of influenza viruses ah5 ah7 and 2009ah1 the advantages of costsaving and no requirement of any complicated instrument make this assay more suitable for lowequipment setting laboratory use and for onsite testing consequently this detection method constructed in this study would facilitate initial clinical treatment infection control as well as epidemiologic investigations of influenza infection ethics statement written informed consent for using the clinical specimens was obtained from all patients were designed using conserved regions of the ha gene for each influenza a subtype respectively primers were designed using the primerexplorer version 4 program...

Title: Multiplex Reverse-Transcription
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Coupled with
Cascade Invasive Reaction and Nanoparticle
Hybridization for Subtyping of Influenza A Virus
Authors: Chi, Ying. Ge, Yiyue...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 2067
ID: 05e6e7a72d16a7294079af8e96f5d6b42d8ce51f
Number of matches: 5

...ah7 and 2009ah1 the advantages of costsaving and no requirement of any complicated instrument make this assay more suitable for lowequipment setting laboratory use and for onsite testing consequently this detection method constructed in this study would facilitate initial clinical treatment infection control as well as epidemiologic investigations of influenza infection ethics statement written informed consent for using the clinical specimens was obtained from all patients were designed using conserved regions of the ha gene for each influenza a subtype respectively primers were designed using the primerexplorer version 4 program eiken chemical co tokyo japan the feasibility and specificity...

Title: Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat
SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the
origin of SARS coronavirus
Authors: Hu, Ben. Zeng, Lei-Ping...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2068
ID: 1a2c3991a18171055b98f12c29a2c1f5d5fef1bd
Number of matches: 6

...nearest village to the bat cave we surveyed is only 11 km away which indicates a potential risk of exposure to bats for the local residents thus we propose that monitoring of sarsrcov evolution at this and other sites should continue as well as examination of human behavioral risk for infection and serological surveys of people to determine if spillover is already occurring at these sites and to design intervention strategies to avoid future disease emergence all sampling procedures were performed by veterinarians with approval from animal ethics committee of the wuhan institute of virology wivh05210201 the study was conducted...

Title: Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat
SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the
origin of SARS coronavirus
Authors: Hu, Ben. Zeng, Lei-Ping...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2068
ID: 1a2c3991a18171055b98f12c29a2c1f5d5fef1bd
Number of matches: 6

...animal health laboratory csiro geelong australia hela cells expressing human ace2 were constructed as described previously [17] hela cells expressing human ace2 and vero e6 cells were cultured on coverslips in 24well plates corning incubated with the newly isolated or recombinant bat sarsrcovs at a multiplicity of infection moi 10 for 1h the inoculum was removed and the cells were washed twice with pbs and supplemented with medium vero e6 cells without virus inoculation and hela cells without ace2 were used as negative control twentyfour hours after infection cells were rinsed with pbs and fixed with 4...

Title: Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat
SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the
origin of SARS coronavirus
Authors: Hu, Ben. Zeng, Lei-Ping...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2068
ID: 1a2c3991a18171055b98f12c29a2c1f5d5fef1bd
Number of matches: 6

...isolated or recombinant bat sarsrcovs at a multiplicity of infection moi 10 for 1h the inoculum was removed and the cells were washed twice with pbs and supplemented with medium vero e6 cells without virus inoculation and hela cells without ace2 were used as negative control twentyfour hours after infection cells were rinsed with pbs and fixed with 4 formaldehyde in pbs ph74 at 4c for 20 min ace2 expression was detected by using goat antihuman ace2 immunoglobulin followed by fitclabelled donkey antigoat immunoglobulin ptglab virus replication was detected by using rabbit antibody against the nucleocapsid protein of bat sarsrcov...

Title: Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat
SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the
origin of SARS coronavirus
Authors: Hu, Ben. Zeng, Lei-Ping...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2068
ID: 1a2c3991a18171055b98f12c29a2c1f5d5fef1bd
Number of matches: 6

...vero e6 cells were infected with wiv1 rs4874 wiv1rs4231s and wiv1rs7327s at an moi of 10 and 001 after incubation for an hour the cells were washed with dhanks for three times and supplied with dmem containing 2 fcs samples were collected at 0 10 27 and 48 h post infection the viral titers were determined by plaque assay hela cells expressing human ace2 were inoculated with wiv1 rs4874 wiv1rs4231s and wiv1rs7327s at an moi of 10 and were incubated for 1h at 37c after the inoculum was removed the cells were supplemented with medium containing 1 fbs supernatants were...

Title: A case-crossover analysis of the impact of
weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory
syndrome
Authors: Gardner, Emma G.. Kelton, David...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2069
ID: 4e69eb0c40279678624a4085b3544199d0f5b712
Number of matches: 12

...to humans has been documented in the arabian peninsula [7] subsequent secondary cases can occur after unprotected contact with family members and within healthcare facilities once the primary case seeks medical assistance [8] while the sizes of merscov outbreaks have decreased thanks to improved infection control in healthcare settings in affected countries cases continue to be reported regularly especially in saudi arabia where surveillance is strong [9] in order to further reduce cases and prevent human outbreaks a better understanding of zoonotic transmission of merscov is needed a deeper understanding of the...

Title: A case-crossover analysis of the impact of
weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory
syndrome
Authors: Gardner, Emma G.. Kelton, David...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2069
ID: 4e69eb0c40279678624a4085b3544199d0f5b712
Number of matches: 12

...transmission of merscov is needed a deeper understanding of the epidemiology of primary human cases can inform evidencebased interventions at the level of the community at the animalhuman interface zoonotic modes of merscov transmission have not yet been definitively determined merscov in dromedary camels causes a mild upper respiratory infection with no documented viremia [10] and therefore droplet or aerosol transmission by close camel contact is most likely however transmission through contaminated milk meat and urine is possible although the contribution of camel products cannot currently be estimated due to a lack of scientific evidence ...

Title: A case-crossover analysis of the impact of
weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory
syndrome
Authors: Gardner, Emma G.. Kelton, David...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2069
ID: 4e69eb0c40279678624a4085b3544199d0f5b712
Number of matches: 12

...12] air quality is also associated with respiratory infections air pollution has been linked to pneumonia and acute lower respiratory infections [13 14] while dust storms are associated with infectious respiratory disease by acting both as a carrier of pathogens and increasing airway susceptibility to infection [15] the risk of acquiring primary mers may be influenced by changes in weather conditions in two ways first weather conditions may affect the viability and persistence of the virus in the environment and therefore its transmissibility [11 16] secondly weather influences behaviour and...

Title: A case-crossover analysis of the impact of
weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory
syndrome
Authors: Gardner, Emma G.. Kelton, David...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2069
ID: 4e69eb0c40279678624a4085b3544199d0f5b712
Number of matches: 12

...merscov publicly available case data from january 2015december 2017 were obtained case data prior to 2015 were excluded due to a lack of standardized data collection prior to 2015 [20] a mers case was defined throughout the study period as a person with laboratory confirmation of merscov infection irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms [21] of the 1191 confirmed cases with onset dates between january 2015 december 2017 298 cases were removed where exposure to camels and camel products were known not to have occurred geographically cases were restricted to those reported from saudi arabia...

Title: A case-crossover analysis of the impact of
weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory
syndrome
Authors: Gardner, Emma G.. Kelton, David...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2069
ID: 4e69eb0c40279678624a4085b3544199d0f5b712
Number of matches: 12

...is a global public health threat that causes severe respiratory disease with a high case fatality ratio identified by who as a priority pathogen for research and development in public health emergency contexts [29] it is primarily characterized by healthcareassociated outbreaks triggered by index cases who acquire infection from dromedary camels and possibly from unidentified asymptomatic human carriers improving our understanding of the epidemiology and risks of primary cases of mers is vital for designing effective interventions that aim to reduce these index cases and prevent subsequent outbreaks in humans the list of cases maintained by the who...

Title: A case-crossover analysis of the impact of
weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory
syndrome
Authors: Gardner, Emma G.. Kelton, David...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 2069
ID: 4e69eb0c40279678624a4085b3544199d0f5b712
Number of matches: 12

...that according to the measurements in [34] could indicate the presence of a sandstorm it was hypothesized that primary mers infections are more likely to increase following sandstorms or other severe events of air pollution that affect visibility however results indicate that the risk of primary mers infection increased following high visibility days and decreased following low visibility days this may be due to behaviour if people are more likely to stay inside during acute weather events and less likely to engage in activities such as interacting with camels it was further hypothesized that higher wind speeds would...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...individuals living in larger clans should be more likely to be infected than those in smaller clans however if an encounter reduction effect operates [48 49] then we expect the chance of susceptible individuals encountering an infected animal to decline with clan size in humans sapovirus infection is currently thought to provide immunological protection at least to antigenically homologous sapoviruses although specific immunological responses are still unknown [16] currently nothing is known about the immunological responses of spotted hyenas to sapovirus infection or the length of immunological protection following sapovirus infection even so if...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...an infected animal to decline with clan size in humans sapovirus infection is currently thought to provide immunological protection at least to antigenically homologous sapoviruses although specific immunological responses are still unknown [16] currently nothing is known about the immunological responses of spotted hyenas to sapovirus infection or the length of immunological protection following sapovirus infection even so if sapovirus infection induces longterm immunity against reinfection regardless of straintype we would expect cubs ie nave animals to be more prone to infection than adults as is the case for coronavirus infection in this species [35]...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...in humans sapovirus infection is currently thought to provide immunological protection at least to antigenically homologous sapoviruses although specific immunological responses are still unknown [16] currently nothing is known about the immunological responses of spotted hyenas to sapovirus infection or the length of immunological protection following sapovirus infection even so if sapovirus infection induces longterm immunity against reinfection regardless of straintype we would expect cubs ie nave animals to be more prone to infection than adults as is the case for coronavirus infection in this species [35] however if sapovirus infection provides only shortterm immunity...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...currently thought to provide immunological protection at least to antigenically homologous sapoviruses although specific immunological responses are still unknown [16] currently nothing is known about the immunological responses of spotted hyenas to sapovirus infection or the length of immunological protection following sapovirus infection even so if sapovirus infection induces longterm immunity against reinfection regardless of straintype we would expect cubs ie nave animals to be more prone to infection than adults as is the case for coronavirus infection in this species [35] however if sapovirus infection provides only shortterm immunity we would expect reinfections among...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...] currently nothing is known about the immunological responses of spotted hyenas to sapovirus infection or the length of immunological protection following sapovirus infection even so if sapovirus infection induces longterm immunity against reinfection regardless of straintype we would expect cubs ie nave animals to be more prone to infection than adults as is the case for coronavirus infection in this species [35] however if sapovirus infection provides only shortterm immunity we would expect reinfections among animals of all ages if immune responses are strainspecific reinfection would also be expected in animals of all ages following the...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...responses of spotted hyenas to sapovirus infection or the length of immunological protection following sapovirus infection even so if sapovirus infection induces longterm immunity against reinfection regardless of straintype we would expect cubs ie nave animals to be more prone to infection than adults as is the case for coronavirus infection in this species [35] however if sapovirus infection provides only shortterm immunity we would expect reinfections among animals of all ages if immune responses are strainspecific reinfection would also be expected in animals of all ages following the appearance of a divergent strain this study aims...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...immunological protection following sapovirus infection even so if sapovirus infection induces longterm immunity against reinfection regardless of straintype we would expect cubs ie nave animals to be more prone to infection than adults as is the case for coronavirus infection in this species [35] however if sapovirus infection provides only shortterm immunity we would expect reinfections among animals of all ages if immune responses are strainspecific reinfection would also be expected in animals of all ages following the appearance of a divergent strain this study aims to advance knowledge of sapovirus infection in wild carnivore communities in...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...] however if sapovirus infection provides only shortterm immunity we would expect reinfections among animals of all ages if immune responses are strainspecific reinfection would also be expected in animals of all ages following the appearance of a divergent strain this study aims to advance knowledge of sapovirus infection in wild carnivore communities in africa we report the identification of sapoviruses in wild carnivores in africa and investigate the genetic diversity of strains infecting sympatric carnivore species in the serengeti ecosystem we assess temporal changes in sapovirus infection in a large population of individually known spotted hyenas during a...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...divergent strain this study aims to advance knowledge of sapovirus infection in wild carnivore communities in africa we report the identification of sapoviruses in wild carnivores in africa and investigate the genetic diversity of strains infecting sympatric carnivore species in the serengeti ecosystem we assess temporal changes in sapovirus infection in a large population of individually known spotted hyenas during a period spanning more than a decade and investigate whether sapovirus infection provides longterm immunity against future infection furthermore we test three mechanisms likely to affect the fecaloral spread of sapovirus infection in spotted hyenas this study was conducted...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...of sapoviruses in wild carnivores in africa and investigate the genetic diversity of strains infecting sympatric carnivore species in the serengeti ecosystem we assess temporal changes in sapovirus infection in a large population of individually known spotted hyenas during a period spanning more than a decade and investigate whether sapovirus infection provides longterm immunity against future infection furthermore we test three mechanisms likely to affect the fecaloral spread of sapovirus infection in spotted hyenas this study was conducted in the serengeti np from february 2001 to march 2012 fresh fecal samples n 514 were collected shortly after deposition from...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...africa and investigate the genetic diversity of strains infecting sympatric carnivore species in the serengeti ecosystem we assess temporal changes in sapovirus infection in a large population of individually known spotted hyenas during a period spanning more than a decade and investigate whether sapovirus infection provides longterm immunity against future infection furthermore we test three mechanisms likely to affect the fecaloral spread of sapovirus infection in spotted hyenas this study was conducted in the serengeti np from february 2001 to march 2012 fresh fecal samples n 514 were collected shortly after deposition from individually known spotted hyenas including 146...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...serengeti ecosystem we assess temporal changes in sapovirus infection in a large population of individually known spotted hyenas during a period spanning more than a decade and investigate whether sapovirus infection provides longterm immunity against future infection furthermore we test three mechanisms likely to affect the fecaloral spread of sapovirus infection in spotted hyenas this study was conducted in the serengeti np from february 2001 to march 2012 fresh fecal samples n 514 were collected shortly after deposition from individually known spotted hyenas including 146 samples from adults females n 93 males n 53 41 samples from...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...model used in the ml analysis was obtained using modeltest 37 [58] and for the bayesian analysis using mrmodeltest 23 [59] for both cases the akaike information criterion aic was used to select the bestfitting model to determine factors influencing the likelihood of sapovirus infection and changes in longterm infection prevalence we screened feces from individually recognized spotted hyenas in three study clans imp age was estimated when individuals were first sighted as cubs to an accuracy of 7 days [60] using pelage characteristics whether their ears were flattened or upright and...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...analysis was obtained using modeltest 37 [58] and for the bayesian analysis using mrmodeltest 23 [59] for both cases the akaike information criterion aic was used to select the bestfitting model to determine factors influencing the likelihood of sapovirus infection and changes in longterm infection prevalence we screened feces from individually recognized spotted hyenas in three study clans imp age was estimated when individuals were first sighted as cubs to an accuracy of 7 days [60] using pelage characteristics whether their ears were flattened or upright and their coordination during locomotion [...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...holding high social status those with standardized ranks below 0 as low social status [43] cubs and subadults were assigned the social status of their mother [60] all immigrant males held a social status below adult clan females [63] if sapovirus infection depends on intraspecific contact rates we would expect the dynamics of social interactions within each clan to determine exposure to pathogens for this purpose we constructed an index of social anogenital during greeting ceremonies contact rates in spotted hyenas as follows we combined social status and sex in that high...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...outside the clan territory [46 47] cubs were classified as denbound ie with a small range restricted to the vicinity of the communal den inside the clan territory for the purpose of considering the effect of basic population parameters such as population density on incidence of infection we used total clan size on the date each animal was sampled to investigate whether sapovirus infection provided immunity against reinfections we genetically screened feces from 91 individually known spotted hyenas from which fecal samples were obtained on at least two different dates of these 76 individuals were screened...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...small range restricted to the vicinity of the communal den inside the clan territory for the purpose of considering the effect of basic population parameters such as population density on incidence of infection we used total clan size on the date each animal was sampled to investigate whether sapovirus infection provided immunity against reinfections we genetically screened feces from 91 individually known spotted hyenas from which fecal samples were obtained on at least two different dates of these 76 individuals were screened on two different dates 10 individuals on three different dates and 5 individuals on four different dates using...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...average interval duration between two successive sampling dates we used nonparametric models including the mannwhitney utest and the kruskalwallis test to compare medians [67] and the kaplanmeier survivorship and the logrank test in survival analyses to compare the survivorship curves of intervals between different combinations of incidences of infection [68] to investigate differences in the prevalence of sapovirus in the spotted hyena population studied between 2001 and 2012 we first tested for differences in the prevalence of infection across years using a loglikelihood ratiotest for this test we only considered years with a sample size of...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...logrank test in survival analyses to compare the survivorship curves of intervals between different combinations of incidences of infection [68] to investigate differences in the prevalence of sapovirus in the spotted hyena population studied between 2001 and 2012 we first tested for differences in the prevalence of infection across years using a loglikelihood ratiotest for this test we only considered years with a sample size of at least 20 individuals thus years 2001 2002 and 2012 were excluded where sample sizes were 17 11 and 5 respectively we also checked for possible differences between age categories using the...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...17 11 and 5 respectively we also checked for possible differences between age categories using the same statistical test these analyses were run in systat version 13 systat software inc richmond va usa we then ran models to assess which of three possible mechanisms influenced the likelihood of sapovirus infection in our study population for this purpose we used binary logistic regression models [69] with predictor variables contact rate lifetime range and clan size and ran these as mixed models with animal identity as a random variable to account for the fact that some individuals contributed more...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...from the full model the loglikelihood ratio of a second model with each variable removed and testing the difference against a chisquare distribution with the appropriate degrees of freedoms see discussions in [69 71] in order to illustrate the effect of clan size on the chance of infection we proceeded as follows we calculated covariate adjusted estimates of the logits for each record over the observed range of values by adjusting them to the median of the remaining covariates contact rate lifetime range of their logodds logit for being infected [69] p80 and then...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...to the median of the remaining covariates contact rate lifetime range of their logodds logit for being infected [69] p80 and then converted the resulting estimates into probabilities using the logistic equation this permitted us to show the effect of clan size on the likelihood of infection whilst controlling for the covariates contact rate and lifetime range at their middle values the significance threshold for all tests was fixed at 5 and all tests were twotailed the data used for the statistical analyses is contained in s1 table ethics statement the study was approved by...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...sequences from african lions and bateared foxes was 992 09 with differences at two amino acid positions the average nucleotide and amino acid similarity between the spotted hyena strains and those from african lions and bateared foxes was 851 10 and 996 07 respectively overall sapovirus infection prevalence combining results from fecal and tissue samples in spotted hyenas was 348 180517 samples table 1 infection prevalence between 2001 and 2012 fig 3 fluctuated substantially between years log likelihood ratio 69157 df 11 p 000001 we considered infection prevalence in any given year equal...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...average nucleotide and amino acid similarity between the spotted hyena strains and those from african lions and bateared foxes was 851 10 and 996 07 respectively overall sapovirus infection prevalence combining results from fecal and tissue samples in spotted hyenas was 348 180517 samples table 1 infection prevalence between 2001 and 2012 fig 3 fluctuated substantially between years log likelihood ratio 69157 df 11 p 000001 we considered infection prevalence in any given year equal to or above 40 as indicative of an outbreak of sapovirus infection in that year by this definition 2003...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

... 07 respectively overall sapovirus infection prevalence combining results from fecal and tissue samples in spotted hyenas was 348 180517 samples table 1 infection prevalence between 2001 and 2012 fig 3 fluctuated substantially between years log likelihood ratio 69157 df 11 p 000001 we considered infection prevalence in any given year equal to or above 40 as indicative of an outbreak of sapovirus infection in that year by this definition 2003 2004 2006 2007 2010 were considered outbreak years and 2005 2008 2009 2011 were considered nonoutbreak years in which infection prevalence was below 40...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...was 348 180517 samples table 1 infection prevalence between 2001 and 2012 fig 3 fluctuated substantially between years log likelihood ratio 69157 df 11 p 000001 we considered infection prevalence in any given year equal to or above 40 as indicative of an outbreak of sapovirus infection in that year by this definition 2003 2004 2006 2007 2010 were considered outbreak years and 2005 2008 2009 2011 were considered nonoutbreak years in which infection prevalence was below 40 of the 16 partial rdrp gene sequences obtained from spotted hyenas 11 of these were from outbreak years...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

... 000001 we considered infection prevalence in any given year equal to or above 40 as indicative of an outbreak of sapovirus infection in that year by this definition 2003 2004 2006 2007 2010 were considered outbreak years and 2005 2008 2009 2011 were considered nonoutbreak years in which infection prevalence was below 40 of the 16 partial rdrp gene sequences obtained from spotted hyenas 11 of these were from outbreak years three were from nonoutbreak years and two were from years that could not be classified 2002 in the phylogenetic tree strains from nonoutbreak years clustered with those from...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...from spotted hyenas 11 of these were from outbreak years three were from nonoutbreak years and two were from years that could not be classified 2002 in the phylogenetic tree strains from nonoutbreak years clustered with those from outbreak years fig 2 to determine whether the prevalence of sapovirus infection was affected by age we screened feces from animals in different age categories ie cubs subadults and adults we found no significant differences in infection prevalence between different age categories across all years chi square test likelihood ratio 2045 df 2 p 036 in nonoutbreak years likelihood...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...2002 in the phylogenetic tree strains from nonoutbreak years clustered with those from outbreak years fig 2 to determine whether the prevalence of sapovirus infection was affected by age we screened feces from animals in different age categories ie cubs subadults and adults we found no significant differences in infection prevalence between different age categories across all years chi square test likelihood ratio 2045 df 2 p 036 in nonoutbreak years likelihood ratio 3860 df 2 p 015 or outbreak years likelihood ratio 3331 df 2 p 019 we screened...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...of these 15 individuals were sampled on at least three separate occasions and from five of these animals on a fourth occasion table 2 results revealed 32 transitions of an individual from sapovirus rna negative to positive and 15 transitions from positive to negative in many cases the infection status did not change between sampling dates for both initially negative negative to negative 53 cases and initially positive individuals positive to positive 11 cases we found no cases of transitions from positive to negative to positive table 2 transition intervals were similar between first and second second...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...positive table 2 transition intervals were similar between first and second second and third and third and fourth sampling date kruskalwallis test h 2567 df 2 p 028 we therefore analyzed the relationship between the duration of time intervals between successive samples and changes in infection status without regard to the number sampling repeats per individual the duration significantly varied between different categories of changes of infection status survival analysis logrank test loglikelihood ratio 10114 df 3 p 0018 similar intervals were observed for changes in infection status from negative to positive mean...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...date kruskalwallis test h 2567 df 2 p 028 we therefore analyzed the relationship between the duration of time intervals between successive samples and changes in infection status without regard to the number sampling repeats per individual the duration significantly varied between different categories of changes of infection status survival analysis logrank test loglikelihood ratio 10114 df 3 p 0018 similar intervals were observed for changes in infection status from negative to positive mean 4666 days 95 ci 28556476 days median 158 days n 32 and from positive to negative mean 6028 days 95...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...between successive samples and changes in infection status without regard to the number sampling repeats per individual the duration significantly varied between different categories of changes of infection status survival analysis logrank test loglikelihood ratio 10114 df 3 p 0018 similar intervals were observed for changes in infection status from negative to positive mean 4666 days 95 ci 28556476 days median 158 days n 32 and from positive to negative mean 6028 days 95 ci 185810198 days median 180 days n 15 the shortest and longest intervals were observed when there was no change in status...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...negative to negative mean 2411 days 95 ci 13253497 days median 82 days n 53 and positive to positive mean 7690 days 95 ci 412511255 days median 715 days n 11 respectively we used a mixedeffects binary logistic regression model to test factors influencing the likelihood of infection in spotted hyenas loglikelihood ratio 16717 df 4 p 00022 n 484 samples from 380 individuals with complete information the results revealed that infection was not significantly altered by either contact rates or the extent of an individuals range table 3 the likelihood of...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...715 days n 11 respectively we used a mixedeffects binary logistic regression model to test factors influencing the likelihood of infection in spotted hyenas loglikelihood ratio 16717 df 4 p 00022 n 484 samples from 380 individuals with complete information the results revealed that infection was not significantly altered by either contact rates or the extent of an individuals range table 3 the likelihood of infection significantly declined as clan size increased with every additional individual in the clan clan members were 102 times less likely to be infected with sapovirus table...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...in spotted hyenas loglikelihood ratio 16717 df 4 p 00022 n 484 samples from 380 individuals with complete information the results revealed that infection was not significantly altered by either contact rates or the extent of an individuals range table 3 the likelihood of infection significantly declined as clan size increased with every additional individual in the clan clan members were 102 times less likely to be infected with sapovirus table 3 as the actual clan sizes ranged from 65 to 145 individuals this implied a more than twofold change in the likelihood...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...declined as clan size increased with every additional individual in the clan clan members were 102 times less likely to be infected with sapovirus table 3 as the actual clan sizes ranged from 65 to 145 individuals this implied a more than twofold change in the likelihood of infection across the observed range of clan sizes fig 4 correspondingly median clan sizes were significantly lower during outbreak median 77 mean 836 with 95 ci 814859 than nonoutbreak median 89 table 2 rtpcr fecal screening results for known spotted hyenas sampled at least three dates...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...4 correspondingly median clan sizes were significantly lower during outbreak median 77 mean 836 with 95 ci 814859 than nonoutbreak median 89 table 2 rtpcr fecal screening results for known spotted hyenas sampled at least three dates this is the first report of sapovirus infection in wildlife species in africa our results extend the host species range for this genus to include the spotted hyena african lion and bateared fox prior to our study sapovirus infection in carnivores worldwide was not known from any species belonging to the felidae including the domestic cat [72...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...screening results for known spotted hyenas sampled at least three dates this is the first report of sapovirus infection in wildlife species in africa our results extend the host species range for this genus to include the spotted hyena african lion and bateared fox prior to our study sapovirus infection in carnivores worldwide was not known from any species belonging to the felidae including the domestic cat [72] or hyaenidae but was reported only for species in the families otariidae californian sea lion [23] mustelidae mink [25] and canidae domestic dog [...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...clearly we would have detected far less genetic diversity in our partial rdrp gene sequence data had our sampling of spotted hyenas been limited to a time frame of one or two years fig 2 and particularly if sampling was by chance only undertaken during nonoutbreak years when infection prevalence was low fig 3 samples obtained during outbreak years revealed considerable genetic diversity for example from 2006 to 2007 we obtained sequence data from five different variants including the distinct 2007 variant kt777556 which was the least similar to all others from this host species as we were...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...diversity among spotted hyena strains was higher than our results indicate even so in line with a previous study [74] our result show that sequence data from the nonstructural rdrp gene yields useful information on the genetic diversity of circulating sapovirus strains some outbreaks of sapovirus infection in humans can be linked to the emergence of specific genotypes [18 75 76] suggesting that herd immunity against prevailing genotypes may be evaded by the emergence of genetically novel strains our longterm monitoring of sapovirus infection in spotted hyenas revealed significant changes in yearly prevalence during...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...diversity of circulating sapovirus strains some outbreaks of sapovirus infection in humans can be linked to the emergence of specific genotypes [18 75 76] suggesting that herd immunity against prevailing genotypes may be evaded by the emergence of genetically novel strains our longterm monitoring of sapovirus infection in spotted hyenas revealed significant changes in yearly prevalence during the study fig 3 and the occurrence of three outbreaks of infection the highest infection prevalence above 724 occurred during an outbreak from 2002 to 2004 whereas infection prevalence in two later outbreaks from 2006 to 2007 and in 2010...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...[18 75 76] suggesting that herd immunity against prevailing genotypes may be evaded by the emergence of genetically novel strains our longterm monitoring of sapovirus infection in spotted hyenas revealed significant changes in yearly prevalence during the study fig 3 and the occurrence of three outbreaks of infection the highest infection prevalence above 724 occurred during an outbreak from 2002 to 2004 whereas infection prevalence in two later outbreaks from 2006 to 2007 and in 2010 was considerably lower presumably the 20022004 sapovirus outbreak induced herd immunity to the genetic strains that circulated in spotted hyenas during this...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...76] suggesting that herd immunity against prevailing genotypes may be evaded by the emergence of genetically novel strains our longterm monitoring of sapovirus infection in spotted hyenas revealed significant changes in yearly prevalence during the study fig 3 and the occurrence of three outbreaks of infection the highest infection prevalence above 724 occurred during an outbreak from 2002 to 2004 whereas infection prevalence in two later outbreaks from 2006 to 2007 and in 2010 was considerably lower presumably the 20022004 sapovirus outbreak induced herd immunity to the genetic strains that circulated in spotted hyenas during this period but our...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...by the emergence of genetically novel strains our longterm monitoring of sapovirus infection in spotted hyenas revealed significant changes in yearly prevalence during the study fig 3 and the occurrence of three outbreaks of infection the highest infection prevalence above 724 occurred during an outbreak from 2002 to 2004 whereas infection prevalence in two later outbreaks from 2006 to 2007 and in 2010 was considerably lower presumably the 20022004 sapovirus outbreak induced herd immunity to the genetic strains that circulated in spotted hyenas during this period but our phylogenetic analysis fig 2 did not reveal the emergence of genetically distinct strains...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...sapovirus rdrp gene sequence data are insufficient to draw strong conclusions for this a more extensive genetic investigation is needed particularly using the vp1 gene used to place sapoviruses in genogroups [16 21] that may reflect the antigenic relationships between sapovirus [77] overall sapovirus infection prevalence in spotted hyenas 348 in the serengeti np was several magnitudes higher than the prevalence reported for the domestic dog 2 [26 72] and the bat h pomona 16 [28] moreover our longterm monitoring reveals that infection prevalence in spotted hyenas was typically...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...[77] overall sapovirus infection prevalence in spotted hyenas 348 in the serengeti np was several magnitudes higher than the prevalence reported for the domestic dog 2 [26 72] and the bat h pomona 16 [28] moreover our longterm monitoring reveals that infection prevalence in spotted hyenas was typically high being above 20 in most years fig 3 there has been much discussion about the effect of human age on sapovirus infection reviewed by [16] mostly based on studies on individuals with gastrointestinal infections however there is growing evidence...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...[26 72] and the bat h pomona 16 [28] moreover our longterm monitoring reveals that infection prevalence in spotted hyenas was typically high being above 20 in most years fig 3 there has been much discussion about the effect of human age on sapovirus infection reviewed by [16] mostly based on studies on individuals with gastrointestinal infections however there is growing evidence from research on humans with and without clinical symptoms which demonstrates sapovirus infection across a wide range of ages [76] including elderly people [78] ...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...years fig 3 there has been much discussion about the effect of human age on sapovirus infection reviewed by [16] mostly based on studies on individuals with gastrointestinal infections however there is growing evidence from research on humans with and without clinical symptoms which demonstrates sapovirus infection across a wide range of ages [76] including elderly people [78] our results on sapovirus infection across different age categories indicate that the likelihood of infections in spotted hyenas was not significantly influenced by age table 1 the longterm perspective of our...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...] mostly based on studies on individuals with gastrointestinal infections however there is growing evidence from research on humans with and without clinical symptoms which demonstrates sapovirus infection across a wide range of ages [76] including elderly people [78] our results on sapovirus infection across different age categories indicate that the likelihood of infections in spotted hyenas was not significantly influenced by age table 1 the longterm perspective of our study allowed us to assess the sapovirus infection status of several individually known spotted hyenas on different sampling dates several animals transitioned...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...76] including elderly people [78] our results on sapovirus infection across different age categories indicate that the likelihood of infections in spotted hyenas was not significantly influenced by age table 1 the longterm perspective of our study allowed us to assess the sapovirus infection status of several individually known spotted hyenas on different sampling dates several animals transitioned from positive to negative and we interpret this to indicate that they successfully cleared the virus following infection if following an initial infection spotted hyenas gained longterm immunity against further infection infection prevalence should decline with...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...by age table 1 the longterm perspective of our study allowed us to assess the sapovirus infection status of several individually known spotted hyenas on different sampling dates several animals transitioned from positive to negative and we interpret this to indicate that they successfully cleared the virus following infection if following an initial infection spotted hyenas gained longterm immunity against further infection infection prevalence should decline with age as prevalence amongst adults reached almost 50 during outbreak years our results do not provide strong evidence for longterm immunity in this species table 1 even so we found no...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

... the longterm perspective of our study allowed us to assess the sapovirus infection status of several individually known spotted hyenas on different sampling dates several animals transitioned from positive to negative and we interpret this to indicate that they successfully cleared the virus following infection if following an initial infection spotted hyenas gained longterm immunity against further infection infection prevalence should decline with age as prevalence amongst adults reached almost 50 during outbreak years our results do not provide strong evidence for longterm immunity in this species table 1 even so we found no individual that changed from rtpcr...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...us to assess the sapovirus infection status of several individually known spotted hyenas on different sampling dates several animals transitioned from positive to negative and we interpret this to indicate that they successfully cleared the virus following infection if following an initial infection spotted hyenas gained longterm immunity against further infection infection prevalence should decline with age as prevalence amongst adults reached almost 50 during outbreak years our results do not provide strong evidence for longterm immunity in this species table 1 even so we found no individual that changed from rtpcr positive to negative to positive table 2 which...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...to assess the sapovirus infection status of several individually known spotted hyenas on different sampling dates several animals transitioned from positive to negative and we interpret this to indicate that they successfully cleared the virus following infection if following an initial infection spotted hyenas gained longterm immunity against further infection infection prevalence should decline with age as prevalence amongst adults reached almost 50 during outbreak years our results do not provide strong evidence for longterm immunity in this species table 1 even so we found no individual that changed from rtpcr positive to negative to positive table 2 which would...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...strains from the same sapovirus genogroup 2 genogroupspecific immunity in which reinfection would involve strains from different genogroups or 3 possibly a complex interplay between the two as hypothesized for the genetically and antigenically diverse norovirus which is closely related to the sapovirus genus [81 82] interestingly infection status depended on the length of time between repeated samples animals that were negative on two separate dates table 2 had the shortest median period between sampling dates 82 days those that changed from negative to positive 158 days and from positive to negative 180 days had an intermediate...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...that changed from negative to positive 158 days and from positive to negative 180 days had an intermediate median number of days whereas animals that were positive on both sampling days 715 days had the longest median period taken together these results suggest that when a spotted hyena is infected infection is cleared and reinfection is unlikely within a period of several months which is consistent with the idea that exposure to sapovirus does not provide longterm immunity against further infection in humans sapovirus shedding often subsided 14 days after the onset of illness [83] but can persist...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...days 715 days had the longest median period taken together these results suggest that when a spotted hyena is infected infection is cleared and reinfection is unlikely within a period of several months which is consistent with the idea that exposure to sapovirus does not provide longterm immunity against further infection in humans sapovirus shedding often subsided 14 days after the onset of illness [83] but can persist for up to 38 days [74] hence we speculate that the spotted hyenas which were positive on two sampling dates several months apart were animals that were...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...that were reinfected rather than individuals with persistent longterm infections however currently we cannot exclude the possibility that there may be spotted hyenas that shed sapoviruses for periods spanning several months spotted hyena social and ranging behavior has been shown to structure transmission routes and the likelihood of infection by a broad range of pathogens [35 [41] [42] [43] [44] ] yet when we tested whether these two factors influenced sapovirus infection in this species neither the predicted effect of contact rates based on known patterns of greeting ceremonies nor...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

... spotted hyena social and ranging behavior has been shown to structure transmission routes and the likelihood of infection by a broad range of pathogens [35 [41] [42] [43] [44] ] yet when we tested whether these two factors influenced sapovirus infection in this species neither the predicted effect of contact rates based on known patterns of greeting ceremonies nor the extent of an individuals range significantly influenced the likelihood of infection in our study population table 3 clan size was a significant factor but contrary to our expectation the likelihood...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...[42] [43] [44] ] yet when we tested whether these two factors influenced sapovirus infection in this species neither the predicted effect of contact rates based on known patterns of greeting ceremonies nor the extent of an individuals range significantly influenced the likelihood of infection in our study population table 3 clan size was a significant factor but contrary to our expectation the likelihood of infection declined with increasing clan size this phenomenon is known in the behavioral literature as the attackabatement effect [84] or as the encounterreduction effect [48 85...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...this species neither the predicted effect of contact rates based on known patterns of greeting ceremonies nor the extent of an individuals range significantly influenced the likelihood of infection in our study population table 3 clan size was a significant factor but contrary to our expectation the likelihood of infection declined with increasing clan size this phenomenon is known in the behavioral literature as the attackabatement effect [84] or as the encounterreduction effect [48 85 86] in multispecies host assemblages the same phenomenon in the ecological literature is termed a dilution effect at least five...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...the attackabatement effect [84] or as the encounterreduction effect [48 85 86] in multispecies host assemblages the same phenomenon in the ecological literature is termed a dilution effect at least five nonexclusive mechanisms have been identified [49] that can cause a reduction in infection incidence as the number of host species increases but not all of them are relevant to intraspecific sapovirus infections in spotted hyenas we have no evidence that sapovirus infection increases the death rate of infected individuals mechanism 1 as no obvious clinical signs are associated with sapovirus infection in most...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...termed a dilution effect at least five nonexclusive mechanisms have been identified [49] that can cause a reduction in infection incidence as the number of host species increases but not all of them are relevant to intraspecific sapovirus infections in spotted hyenas we have no evidence that sapovirus infection increases the death rate of infected individuals mechanism 1 as no obvious clinical signs are associated with sapovirus infection in most spotted hyenas although we lack a precise measure of the recovery rate mechanism 2 the general absence of obvious clinical signs of sapovirus infection suggest that the recovery rate...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...reduction in infection incidence as the number of host species increases but not all of them are relevant to intraspecific sapovirus infections in spotted hyenas we have no evidence that sapovirus infection increases the death rate of infected individuals mechanism 1 as no obvious clinical signs are associated with sapovirus infection in most spotted hyenas although we lack a precise measure of the recovery rate mechanism 2 the general absence of obvious clinical signs of sapovirus infection suggest that the recovery rate is already very high so that a change in this factor is likely to be modest a decrease in...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...have no evidence that sapovirus infection increases the death rate of infected individuals mechanism 1 as no obvious clinical signs are associated with sapovirus infection in most spotted hyenas although we lack a precise measure of the recovery rate mechanism 2 the general absence of obvious clinical signs of sapovirus infection suggest that the recovery rate is already very high so that a change in this factor is likely to be modest a decrease in the density of susceptible individuals mechanism 3 is unlikely unless this results from a substantial increase in the proportion of clan members immune to sapovirus infection...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...infection suggest that the recovery rate is already very high so that a change in this factor is likely to be modest a decrease in the density of susceptible individuals mechanism 3 is unlikely unless this results from a substantial increase in the proportion of clan members immune to sapovirus infection even if immunity is relatively transient a substantial increase in the prevalence of immune clan members would result in far fewer sapovirus susceptible individuals moreover such an increase in herd immunity would probably also lead to a decrease in the prevalence of sapovirus excreting clan members thereby reducing the probability...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...reducing the probability of 1 sapovirus transmission per encounter mechanism 4 between clan members and 2 the encounter rate between susceptible and infectious individuals mechanism 5 in a clan further research and more detailed modeling of the interplay between clan size and the prevalence of clan members in different sapovirus infection states susceptible infectedexcreting virus and immune is required to test this idea in the context of our study mechanism 5 encounter rate between susceptible and infectious individuals is similar to mechanism 3 decrease in the density of susceptible individuals because a reduced density of susceptible clan members caused by...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...a rise in the prevalence of transient immunity would also curb the number of infected animals in a clan and may prevent their number growing in proportion to increasing clan size and possibly holding them at or below a fixed number threshold an increase in the risk of internal pathogen infection with a decrease in a group size component has been reported by other studies [3 42] as sapoviruses cannot be cultured with the exception of the strain pec cowden [50 51] knowledge of viral tropism and the receptor use for entry to host...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...and subsequently identified in domestic dogs and domestic cats [93 94] combining these findings with our results suggests that the spotted hyena and african lion can be infected by viruses belonging to three different genera of the family caliciviridae we provide the first report of sapovirus infection in wild carnivore species in africa including the spotted hyena african lion and bateared fox longterm monitoring revealed considerable genetic diversity of variants from these species which were phylogenetically distinct from previously reported sapovirus strains from other geographical areas worldwide sapovirus prevalence in the spotted hyenas varied between years and...

Title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection
Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem:
A Long-Term Study
Authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.. Hofer, Heribert...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2070
ID: 42e321eedba25d380ae44d16cdf0bbdeab83d665
Number of matches: 71

...hyena african lion and bateared fox longterm monitoring revealed considerable genetic diversity of variants from these species which were phylogenetically distinct from previously reported sapovirus strains from other geographical areas worldwide sapovirus prevalence in the spotted hyenas varied between years and was not influenced by age an individuals likelihood of infection significantly declined with increasing group size consistent with an encounter reduction effect our results reinforce the importance of longterm studies in viral epidemiology of wild species supporting information s1...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...organ that continually challenged with diverse microbial particles derived from intestine through the portal circulation during this process a large number of cytosolic pathogens can be sensed by inflammasomes which are pivotal in evoking adaptive immunity for complete clearance 8 9 10 in addition hepatocytes are susceptible to the infection of various livertropic viruses that leads to the pathogenesis of virusrelated liver diseases the emerging importance of inflammasomes in response to viral infection points to another area for the involvement of inflammasomes 11 paradoxically inflammasomes are essential for liver defense against pathogens and danger signals but excessive activation of...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...pathogens can be sensed by inflammasomes which are pivotal in evoking adaptive immunity for complete clearance 8 9 10 in addition hepatocytes are susceptible to the infection of various livertropic viruses that leads to the pathogenesis of virusrelated liver diseases the emerging importance of inflammasomes in response to viral infection points to another area for the involvement of inflammasomes 11 paradoxically inflammasomes are essential for liver defense against pathogens and danger signals but excessive activation of inflammasomes promotes the pathogenesis of various liver diseases table 1 thus a definitive understanding of the roles of inflammasomes in the liver...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...detect cytosolic contaminations or perturbations 36 37 nlrc4 is demonstrated to defense against bacterial infections through detecting bacterial flagellin or two bacterial type iii secretion systems t3sss 38 39 40 41 42 studies on the livertropic pathogen chromobacterium violaceum have shown that nlrc4deficient mice are more susceptible to infection 27 activated nlrc4 inflammasome processes the production of il18 which primes nk cell cytotoxicity to clear hepatocyte replication niches 27 additionally exogenous administration of il18 is protective against the infection of c violaceum and another livertropic bacteria listeria monocytogenes 27 although il18 therapy does not fully reduce...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...42 studies on the livertropic pathogen chromobacterium violaceum have shown that nlrc4deficient mice are more susceptible to infection 27 activated nlrc4 inflammasome processes the production of il18 which primes nk cell cytotoxicity to clear hepatocyte replication niches 27 additionally exogenous administration of il18 is protective against the infection of c violaceum and another livertropic bacteria listeria monocytogenes 27 although il18 therapy does not fully reduce bacterial burdens to the normal level considerable potential still exists in activating nlrc4il18 pathway as a combination therapy to counteract bacteria with t3sss or flagellin in addition to participating in liver...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...knocking out caspase111 leads to higher hepatic parasitic load and lower survival of mice in response to trypanosoma cruzi t cruzi 45 46 the activation of caspase1 is highly dependent on lysosomal cathepsin b as pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin b significantly reduces the production of il1 during t cruzi infection 45 furthermore the lack of il1 in caspase111deficient mice is accompanied by downregulated hepatic interleukin17cd8 and interferon ifncd8 t cells implying that inflammasomemediated il1 is involved in promoting liver adaptive immunity to control this parasitic infection 46 this finding is in line with previous studies showing the importance...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...inhibition of cathepsin b significantly reduces the production of il1 during t cruzi infection 45 furthermore the lack of il1 in caspase111deficient mice is accompanied by downregulated hepatic interleukin17cd8 and interferon ifncd8 t cells implying that inflammasomemediated il1 is involved in promoting liver adaptive immunity to control this parasitic infection 46 this finding is in line with previous studies showing the importance of il1 for the differentiation of th17 cells and antigendriven t cells 47 48 49 thus the interplay between inflammasomes and adaptive immune system in the defense against pathogen infection is an interesting aspect for future...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...adaptive immunity to control this parasitic infection 46 this finding is in line with previous studies showing the importance of il1 for the differentiation of th17 cells and antigendriven t cells 47 48 49 thus the interplay between inflammasomes and adaptive immune system in the defense against pathogen infection is an interesting aspect for future investigations viral infection typically initiates a cascade of innate immune responses which restrict viral spread and provoke adaptive immunity for complete removal of virus as innate immune sensors inflammasomes have a prominent role in defense against hepatitis virus infections 14 50 51 ...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...finding is in line with previous studies showing the importance of il1 for the differentiation of th17 cells and antigendriven t cells 47 48 49 thus the interplay between inflammasomes and adaptive immune system in the defense against pathogen infection is an interesting aspect for future investigations viral infection typically initiates a cascade of innate immune responses which restrict viral spread and provoke adaptive immunity for complete removal of virus as innate immune sensors inflammasomes have a prominent role in defense against hepatitis virus infections 14 50 51 mice deficient in caspase111 are more susceptible to mouse hepatitis...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...a cascade of innate immune responses which restrict viral spread and provoke adaptive immunity for complete removal of virus as innate immune sensors inflammasomes have a prominent role in defense against hepatitis virus infections 14 50 51 mice deficient in caspase111 are more susceptible to mouse hepatitis virus mhv infection suggesting that inflammasomes as a whole are protective 51 further explorations have identified that inflammasomedependent cytokine il18 is required for host defense against mhv as il18 receptor il18r deficiency reduces the production of ifn by activated t cells causing elevated viral replication and poor survival of mhvinfected mice 51...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...the production of ifn by activated t cells causing elevated viral replication and poor survival of mhvinfected mice 51 despite evidence for the involvement of il18 in mhv inhibition many unanswered questions remain including which inflammasome mediates the maturation of il18 and how this inflammasome is activated during mhv infection beyond t cells il18 is also involved in promoting the production of ifn by nk cells 14 studies performed on an in vitro model of hepatitis c virus hcv replication have shown that monocytes can detect hcvinfected hepatocytes and respond by secreting il18 in an nlrp3 inflammasomedependent manner...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...stimulates nk cellderived ifn causing suppression on hcv 14 this finding is supported by the observation of a higher expression of il18r on nk cells than other cell populations 27 however this protective effect seems to be specific for monocytes because macrophagederived il1 amplifies inflammatory responses during hcv infection 52 thus special consideration is required for inflammasomerelated inflammatory responses when applying inflammasomebased therapies for hepatitis virus infection oxidative stress induced by excessive reactive oxygen species ros has emerged as a hallmark of liver injury 53 during this process nuclear dna and mitochondrial dna mtdna are released...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...higher expression of il18r on nk cells than other cell populations 27 however this protective effect seems to be specific for monocytes because macrophagederived il1 amplifies inflammatory responses during hcv infection 52 thus special consideration is required for inflammasomerelated inflammatory responses when applying inflammasomebased therapies for hepatitis virus infection oxidative stress induced by excessive reactive oxygen species ros has emerged as a hallmark of liver injury 53 during this process nuclear dna and mitochondrial dna mtdna are released into the cytosol which act as damps to activate innate immunity 54 recent progress has been made in...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...bacteria 83 84 these observations suggest that liverspecific blockade of nlrp3 inflammasome is necessary to afford improvement in liver inflammation and steatosis but devoid of gut microbial dysbiosis hepatitis viruses preferentially infect hepatocytes and cause liver inflammation with high mortality among which approximately 90 are attributable to chronic infection induced by hepatitis b virus hbv and hcv 85 several studies suggest that nlrp3 inflammasome is the central player in the pathophysiology of viral hepatitis 22 86 87 the hepatic expression of nlrp3 caspase1 and il1 are significantly higher in patients with active untreated chronic hbv than those...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...untreated chronic hbv than those in chronic remission 86 in addition a strong correlation is demonstrated between levels of il1 and severity of liver inflammation in hbv patients implying that nlrp3mediated il1 is the potential driving force of hbvinduced viral hepatitis nlrp3 inflammasome is also identified in hcv infection by the observation of an upregulated expression of nlrp3 signaling pathway in monocytes and macrophages with hcv 87 during hcv infection nlrp3 inflammasome can serve as either a beneficial or a detrimental role on one hand kupffer cell has been identified as the primary cell source of il1 in...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...severity of liver inflammation in hbv patients implying that nlrp3mediated il1 is the potential driving force of hbvinduced viral hepatitis nlrp3 inflammasome is also identified in hcv infection by the observation of an upregulated expression of nlrp3 signaling pathway in monocytes and macrophages with hcv 87 during hcv infection nlrp3 inflammasome can serve as either a beneficial or a detrimental role on one hand kupffer cell has been identified as the primary cell source of il1 in chronic hcv patients and the production of il1 by kupffer cell is associated with amplified inflammatory responses 52 in addition nlrp3...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...responses 52 in addition nlrp3 inflammasome stimulates lipid droplet formation in hepatocytes which promotes the morphogenesis and replication of hcv thus contributing to the pathogenesis of liver diseases 22 on the other hand nlrp3mediated activation of il18 in monocytes stimulates the production of ifn to prime resistance to hcv infection 14 these observations suggest that nlrp3 inflammasome derived from macrophages hepatocytes and monocytes exerts different functions which requires indepth investigations for the potential link of nlrp3 inflammasome activation between these cells in hcv infection the optimal physicochemical properties of nanoparticles make them widely used for disease diagnosis imaging...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...activation of il18 in monocytes stimulates the production of ifn to prime resistance to hcv infection 14 these observations suggest that nlrp3 inflammasome derived from macrophages hepatocytes and monocytes exerts different functions which requires indepth investigations for the potential link of nlrp3 inflammasome activation between these cells in hcv infection the optimal physicochemical properties of nanoparticles make them widely used for disease diagnosis imaging and treatment but their clinical applications are greatly hampered by fulminant hepatitis and liver injury 88 tremendous efforts are being made to clarify the underling mechanisms and recent studies have identified that nlrp3mediated pyroptosis...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...the nlrp3 inflammasome in the liver is activated by serious danger signals such as cholesterol crystals ethanol and reo nanoparticles excessive alcohol consumption stimulates the generation of ros which facilitates the cleavage of txnip and contributes to assembly of nlrp3 inflammasome the activation of nlrp3 inflammasome in response to hcv infection requires the recognition by tolllike receptor7 tlr7 and clathrinmediated endocytosis pyroptosis features gsdmd pores on the membrane allowing the release of il1 and il18 into the extracellular space nlrp3 inflammasome cooperates with tnf and il17 contributing to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis frontiers in immunology wwwfrontiersinorg inflammation responses...

Title: Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver
Diseases
Authors: Luan, Jingyun. Ju, Dianwen
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2073
ID: b0ae17e124d5aff160a564dd700ff9d5ee31578a
Number of matches: 19

...driven by nlrp3 inflammasome activation 92 collectively nlrp3 inflammasome pathway appears to be central to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and this uncovered link may open avenues for novel therapeutics for liver fibrosis in summary inflammasomes are central components of innate immune system that protect liver from pathogen infection metabolism syndrome oxidative stress and tumor growth however excessive immune responses mediated by inflammasomes may promote the pathogenesis of various liver diseases the dual functions of inflammasomes pose a challenge in designing inflammasomebased therapies therefore it is important to better understand the precise mechanisms underlying the activation of inflammasomes to...

Title: Alphavirus Mutator Variants Present
Host-Specific Defects and Attenuation in Mammalian and
Insect Models
Authors: Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. Stapleford, Kenneth A....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2074
ID: 16c14c63746634d9cc1a2d4257b7d7560af187ba
Number of matches: 15

...error per 10 4 nucleotides copied giving rise to an immense population of genetically distinct but closely related variants [1 2 3 4] the genetic diversity of these mutant swarms is not detected by consensus sequencing which todate has been the basis for most studies of viral infection however this lack of information on genetic diversity has obscured crucial aspects of virus biology although rnadependent rna polymerases rdrp have a high intrinsic error rate their mutation rates can be altered to generate both higher and lower fidelity variants antimutators and mutators respectively [5 6 7 8 9...

Title: Alphavirus Mutator Variants Present
Host-Specific Defects and Attenuation in Mammalian and
Insect Models
Authors: Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. Stapleford, Kenneth A....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2074
ID: 16c14c63746634d9cc1a2d4257b7d7560af187ba
Number of matches: 15

...fidelity variants are not significantly different when grown in isolation in cell culture for mutators the negative effects of accumulating deleterious mutations are only noticeable after several rounds of replication [6 19] in recent works these variants have been useful in exploring how the course of viral infection is affected by either restricted or expanded population diversity [4 10] current evidence indicates that mutation frequencies of rna viruses have been optimized over time to be neither too accurate nor too erroneous [4 6 16 20 21 22 23] it is thought that...

Title: Alphavirus Mutator Variants Present
Host-Specific Defects and Attenuation in Mammalian and
Insect Models
Authors: Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. Stapleford, Kenneth A....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2074
ID: 16c14c63746634d9cc1a2d4257b7d7560af187ba
Number of matches: 15

...24 25] this restriction in tropism may be due to cooperative intervariant interactions or beneficial minority variants that are missing in a situation with restricted population diversity [19] it is also proposed that high mutation rates of influenza a may contribute to altered tropism allowing infection of new hosts [26] therefore it seems that the relatively high error rates of rna viruses generate a level of diversity that facilitates adaptive fitness advantages in contrast there is also an upper threshold to mutation frequencies if crossed extreme error rates lead to the accumulation...

Title: Alphavirus Mutator Variants Present
Host-Specific Defects and Attenuation in Mammalian and
Insect Models
Authors: Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. Stapleford, Kenneth A....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2074
ID: 16c14c63746634d9cc1a2d4257b7d7560af187ba
Number of matches: 15

...frequencies were determined as previously described [61] mutation frequencies in mosquito cells were obtained in the same fashion using the samples obtained from c636 growth curves we determined mutation frequency for a wildtype sample electroporated into c636 cells and there was no difference between samples generated by infection or electroporation the nonviability of mutators transfected into mosquito cells made it impossible to estimate mutation frequencies in c636 by electroporation we sequenced approximately 75 clones per viral population in c636 cells mutation frequencies from mouse muscle were determined using rna extracted from homogenized muscle samples from mice that most...

Title: Alphavirus Mutator Variants Present
Host-Specific Defects and Attenuation in Mammalian and
Insect Models
Authors: Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. Stapleford, Kenneth A....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2074
ID: 16c14c63746634d9cc1a2d4257b7d7560af187ba
Number of matches: 15

...and mutators were fed to both ae albopictus and ae aegypti and sinv wildtype and mutator 482g were fed to ae aegypti the blood meals were warmed to 37uc and presented to 10 dayold females in membrane feeders and engorged mosquitoes were incubated for 7 days seven days post infection mosquitoes were dissected to obtain legs and wings and saliva was obtained by in vitro transmission assay in brief mosquitoes were salivated for 3045 min by placing the proboscis in a pipette tip containing fbs following salivation bodies were frozen to confirm ingestion a sample of engorged mosquitoes was immediately...

Title: Alphavirus Mutator Variants Present
Host-Specific Defects and Attenuation in Mammalian and
Insect Models
Authors: Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. Stapleford, Kenneth A....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2074
ID: 16c14c63746634d9cc1a2d4257b7d7560af187ba
Number of matches: 15

...more lethally mutagenized rna [6 22 28 70] recently low fidelity polymerase mutators of coxsackie virus and exonuclease activity deficient mutators of coronaviruses were shown to be attenuated in mice [6 7] to determine whether this holds true for alphaviruses we administered a sublethal infection of either wildtype or 483a g and w viruses to 8day old c57bl 6 mice at 7 days of infection when titers peak and virus is rapidly cleared thereafter viral loads were determined in different compartments muscle blood brain liver viral loads were significantly lower for all three mutator strains...

Title: Alphavirus Mutator Variants Present
Host-Specific Defects and Attenuation in Mammalian and
Insect Models
Authors: Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. Stapleford, Kenneth A....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2074
ID: 16c14c63746634d9cc1a2d4257b7d7560af187ba
Number of matches: 15

...exonuclease activity deficient mutators of coronaviruses were shown to be attenuated in mice [6 7] to determine whether this holds true for alphaviruses we administered a sublethal infection of either wildtype or 483a g and w viruses to 8day old c57bl 6 mice at 7 days of infection when titers peak and virus is rapidly cleared thereafter viral loads were determined in different compartments muscle blood brain liver viral loads were significantly lower for all three mutator strains in each tissue figure 3a since the in vivo mutation frequencies of mutator strains had not been previously...

Title: Alphavirus Mutator Variants Present
Host-Specific Defects and Attenuation in Mammalian and
Insect Models
Authors: Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. Stapleford, Kenneth A....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2074
ID: 16c14c63746634d9cc1a2d4257b7d7560af187ba
Number of matches: 15

...483y strain figure 6b that correlated with the significant reduction in progeny p001 for all mutators oneway anova figure 6d similarly no detectable infectious progeny was produced following transfection of u44 cells with the mutator variants figure 6e further confirming the replication defect observed during infection of cells with virus stocks to exclude the possibility that this replication defect is the result of temperaturesensitivity rather than hostspecificity we performed infections in mammalian bhk21 cells at 28uc mosquito cell temperature we observed no difference in the growth of any variant compared to wildtype figure 6f...

Title: Alphavirus Mutator Variants Present
Host-Specific Defects and Attenuation in Mammalian and
Insect Models
Authors: Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. Stapleford, Kenneth A....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2074
ID: 16c14c63746634d9cc1a2d4257b7d7560af187ba
Number of matches: 15

...observed in mosquito cell culture we hypothesized that these variants would be even more attenuated in mosquitoes than in mice we orally infected both aedes species chikv hosts ae albopictus and ae aegypti with a blood meal containing either wildtype or the 483a g and w mutators seven days after infection when chikv has reached peak titers we quantified viral loads in bodies infection legs and wings dissemination and saliva transmission of individual mosquitoes figure 7 surprisingly no significant defect was observed in either aedes species for any of the variants to address the possibility that the fitness cost of...

Title: Alphavirus Mutator Variants Present
Host-Specific Defects and Attenuation in Mammalian and
Insect Models
Authors: Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. Stapleford, Kenneth A....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2074
ID: 16c14c63746634d9cc1a2d4257b7d7560af187ba
Number of matches: 15

...more attenuated in mosquitoes than in mice we orally infected both aedes species chikv hosts ae albopictus and ae aegypti with a blood meal containing either wildtype or the 483a g and w mutators seven days after infection when chikv has reached peak titers we quantified viral loads in bodies infection legs and wings dissemination and saliva transmission of individual mosquitoes figure 7 surprisingly no significant defect was observed in either aedes species for any of the variants to address the possibility that the fitness cost of defective replication observed in mosquito cell culture would favor the reversion of these...

Title: Alphavirus Mutator Variants Present
Host-Specific Defects and Attenuation in Mammalian and
Insect Models
Authors: Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. Stapleford, Kenneth A....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2074
ID: 16c14c63746634d9cc1a2d4257b7d7560af187ba
Number of matches: 15

...insects by infecting drosophila s2 cells interestingly the mutator strains were replication competent generating virus titers figure 10a and rna genome copies figure 10b at levels comparable to wildtype virus finally we injected drosophila with sinv wildtype and 482g mutator and followed the kinetics of infection by titering virus in flies for seven days postinfection in contrast to chikv and sinv mutators in mosquitoes when drosophila flies were infected with wildtype and mutator strains of sinv mutator 482g presented significantly lower titers than wildtype on day 3 and 5 p001 students ttest figure 10c ...

Title: All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present
in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During
Respiratory Infection
Authors: Savolainen-Kopra, Carita. Blomqvist, Soile...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2075
ID: ce07f8b5cfe254e66c5d9f174dd1f3208a459520
Number of matches: 8

......

Title: All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present
in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During
Respiratory Infection
Authors: Savolainen-Kopra, Carita. Blomqvist, Soile...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2075
ID: ce07f8b5cfe254e66c5d9f174dd1f3208a459520
Number of matches: 8

...studied and published elsewhere according to the results of hrv realtime rtpcr almost 40 of the specimens were hrvpositive this is in accordance with previous findings of hrv detection rate in adults in other geographical regions [15 16] it has also been shown earlier that hrv infection of lower airway tissues is a frequent finding during a cold [17] hrvs are also abundantly found in adult population during respiratory infections this fact is possibly emphasized in a semiclosed environment of a garrison where the infection pressure is great and infections are easily spread other...

Title: All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present
in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During
Respiratory Infection
Authors: Savolainen-Kopra, Carita. Blomqvist, Soile...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2075
ID: ce07f8b5cfe254e66c5d9f174dd1f3208a459520
Number of matches: 8

... it has also been shown earlier that hrv infection of lower airway tissues is a frequent finding during a cold [17] hrvs are also abundantly found in adult population during respiratory infections this fact is possibly emphasized in a semiclosed environment of a garrison where the infection pressure is great and infections are easily spread other respiratory pathogens of the specimens were tested and will be reported elsewhere hrvpositive specimens were subjected to genetic typing in the vp4vp2 genomic region according to a previously described method [18] from 146 hrvpositive specimens 55 gave...

Title: All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present
in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During
Respiratory Infection
Authors: Savolainen-Kopra, Carita. Blomqvist, Soile...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2075
ID: ce07f8b5cfe254e66c5d9f174dd1f3208a459520
Number of matches: 8

...[15 [22] [23] [24] this finding supports the assumption that there will be many sequence spaces to be filled once more hrvc strains are characterized the number of hrvc findings is too small to suggest conclusions about their association to lower respiratory infection in adults furthermore as mentioned above we did not analyse the severity of respiratory symptoms of military recruits in this study it is possible that hrvspecies differ in the severity of infections among asthmatics a hevd strain genetically most closely related to hev68hrv87 [25 26] was...

Title: All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present
in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During
Respiratory Infection
Authors: Savolainen-Kopra, Carita. Blomqvist, Soile...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2075
ID: ce07f8b5cfe254e66c5d9f174dd1f3208a459520
Number of matches: 8

...seroprevalence suggests a wide circulation of hev68 but it is likely that the virus strains do not end up being typed because of the mild symptoms no other hev strains were discovered among the sequenced strains the specimens of this study were sputa collected at times of any respiratory infection thus the sample collection does not provide a direct link to lower respiratory disease as specimens were also taken during upper respiratory infections it also has to be mentioned here that we cannot rule out the fact that the specimens may have been contaminated with pharyngeal hrv the sputum...

Title: All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present
in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During
Respiratory Infection
Authors: Savolainen-Kopra, Carita. Blomqvist, Soile...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2075
ID: ce07f8b5cfe254e66c5d9f174dd1f3208a459520
Number of matches: 8

...results of specimens with high c t values the method used for genetic typing is not sensitive enough to enable typing of all realtime rtpcrpositive hrv strains the number of hrv genomes present may just be too low these small numbers of genomes may also be remnants of a previous infection not necessarily related to the current symptoms moreover primer mismatch may explain negative results of the genetic typing method in cases when c t values have been low possibly the amplification of the rtpcr for genetic typing has been ineffective due to primer mismatch causing low amount of the pcr...

Title: All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present
in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During
Respiratory Infection
Authors: Savolainen-Kopra, Carita. Blomqvist, Soile...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2075
ID: ce07f8b5cfe254e66c5d9f174dd1f3208a459520
Number of matches: 8

...service time lasting 6 to 12 months according to military duties the protocol was accepted by the medical ethics committee of kainuu central hospital kajaani finland and all the participants signed a declaration of informed consent a sputum sample was taken in the acute phases of each episode of infection diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and clinical findings as described in detail previously [27] the military conscripts having at least one infection episode during military service were included in this analysis the specimen collection consisted of 386 sputum samples the specimens were stored at 70c prior...

Title: All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present
in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During
Respiratory Infection
Authors: Savolainen-Kopra, Carita. Blomqvist, Soile...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2075
ID: ce07f8b5cfe254e66c5d9f174dd1f3208a459520
Number of matches: 8

...and all the participants signed a declaration of informed consent a sputum sample was taken in the acute phases of each episode of infection diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and clinical findings as described in detail previously [27] the military conscripts having at least one infection episode during military service were included in this analysis the specimen collection consisted of 386 sputum samples the specimens were stored at 70c prior to virological analysis the viral rna was isolated from 100 l of sample with rnaeasy mini kit qiagen gmbh hilden germany using qiacube automatic nucleic acid...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

......

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...the virus itself and its replication mechanisms and thus risk selecting resistant variants although these treatments increase the lifespan of patients they also contribute to increased comorbidity [1] studies of a simian model and more recently of human hiv1 show that treatment during the acute phase of infection improves the immune response to the virus [2 3] it has been demonstrated that early events in hiv1 infection are highly determinant in the irreversible damage inflicted to key immune cells [3 4 5 6 7] to maintain vital immune competency it is crucial...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...also contribute to increased comorbidity [1] studies of a simian model and more recently of human hiv1 show that treatment during the acute phase of infection improves the immune response to the virus [2 3] it has been demonstrated that early events in hiv1 infection are highly determinant in the irreversible damage inflicted to key immune cells [3 4 5 6 7] to maintain vital immune competency it is crucial to find new targets involved in the first steps of viral transmission and prevent the devastating initial damage to the immune system...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...the first immune cells to establish contact with invading hiv1 are dendritic cells dcs which then communicate with cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems [8 9] dcs are intricately involved in the initial response to hiv1 [9 10 11] during primary infection hiv1 in mucosal tissue is first internalized by dcs which then migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where the virus is transferred to cd4 t lymphocytes cd4tl translocation of internalized virus appears to occur via a celltocell junction the socalled virological synapse created by simple physical contact between dc and cd4tl...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...cell types transfer of hiv1 from dcs to cd4tl occurs in two distinct phases [13 14 15] during the initial phase virus located within endosomal compartments of dcs is transported to the intercellular junction and then internalized by cd4tl a later second phase is dependent on productive infection of dcs and storage of viral progeny we have recently demonstrated that the ctype lectin receptor known as dendritic cell immunoreceptor or dcir [16] allows hiv1 to attach to dcs and enhances hiv1 infection in both phases [17] unlike dcsign dendritic cellspecific intercellular adhesion molecule3grabbing...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...junction and then internalized by cd4tl a later second phase is dependent on productive infection of dcs and storage of viral progeny we have recently demonstrated that the ctype lectin receptor known as dendritic cell immunoreceptor or dcir [16] allows hiv1 to attach to dcs and enhances hiv1 infection in both phases [17] unlike dcsign dendritic cellspecific intercellular adhesion molecule3grabbing non integrin which is only involved in the early phase [18 19] among the various hiv1 cell surface receptors expressed in dcs only dcir has been shown to play a key role in...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...17] unlike dcsign dendritic cellspecific intercellular adhesion molecule3grabbing non integrin which is only involved in the early phase [18 19] among the various hiv1 cell surface receptors expressed in dcs only dcir has been shown to play a key role in viral dissemination initiation of infection [17] and antiviral immunity [20] furthermore it is very likely that interaction between dcir and hiv1 is a major factor in hiv1 pathogenesis since dcir expression in cd4tl is induced by hiv1 or by apoptosis as we have previously shown [21] cd4tl...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...we have previously shown [21] cd4tl apoptosis is an indicator of hiv1 pathogenesis in both the early and later phases of aids in view of dcir expression on dcs and its role in hiv1 transmission in vitro this receptor holds promise as a target for preventing hiv1 infection and possibly decreasing hiv1 transmission during the chronic phase of the disease in which cd4tl apoptosis increases dcir is expressed primarily in cells of the myeloid lineage ie neutrophils dcs monocytes and macrophages as well as in b cells [16] in addition interaction between dcir and...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...a neck domain important for hiv1 binding that includes a carbohydrate recognition domain crd extracellular portion [26] and an eps motif gluproser that is a specific galactose recognition domain [25] we have determined that the itim motif is required for dcirmediated enhancement of hiv1 infection [27] furthermore we have shown using antibodies directed against the eps motif or crd domain or by deleting the neck domain that these extracellular portions are both involved in the binding of hiv1 and its subsequent transfer to cd4tl [17] given this potentiation of...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...27] furthermore we have shown using antibodies directed against the eps motif or crd domain or by deleting the neck domain that these extracellular portions are both involved in the binding of hiv1 and its subsequent transfer to cd4tl [17] given this potentiation of hiv infection through interaction with dcir our objective was to develop a molecule to inhibit hiv binding to dcir considering that the virusencoded viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 is one of the most heavily glycosylated proteins known in nature reviewed by vigerust and shepherd [28] and that dcsigndependent hiv1 capture...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...this manuscript were obtained using inhibitor at 10 mm and a final dmso concentration of 01 human embryonic kidney hek 293t cells were cultured in dmem supplemented with 10 fbs the rajicd4 cell line is a b cell line carrying the epsteinbarr virus and rendered susceptible to hiv1 infection by stable transfection with cdna encoding human cd4 [47] rajicd4 cells stably expressing dcir rajicd4dcir were obtained following retroviral transduction as described previously [48] in some experiments we also used rajidcsign that is raji cells stably transfected with a plasmid encoding dcsign [49...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...mm of different chemical inhibitors for 10 min and exposed to nl43balenv 30 ng of p24 for 60 min at 37uc after three washes with pbs cells were resuspended in pbs containing 1 bsa the hiv capsid particle p24 content was determined by elisa while susceptibility of imddcs to hiv1 infection was assessed by initially exposing 3610 5 cells to nl43balenv 30 ng at 37uc for 2 h after washes cells were maintained in complete rpmi 1640 supplemented with gmcsf and il4 in 96well plates in a final volume of 200 ml every three days over a nineday period half of...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...before performing the following experimental procedures to assay bindingentry cells 1610 6 were incubated for 60 min at 37uc with nl43 100 ng of p24 after three thorough washes with pbs to remove unadsorbed virus hiv1 binding was quantified by estimating p24 content for the transfer studies or trans infection h 2 o 2 treated cd4tl 1610 6 were incubated with nl43 100 ng of p24 for 2 h and after washes autologous phalil2activated cd4tl 1610 6 were added ratio 11 in complete rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with rhil2 30 uml every other day half of the conditioned...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...of hiv1 in rajicd4 cells highlighting the specificity and the potency of the dcir inhibitor these data show that reduced hiv1 attachment decreased viral infectivity measured after three days following preincubation with the drug candidates it should be noted that no significant inhibition was observed six or nine days post infection because the inhibitors were only added in a pretreatment after determining that the dcir inhibitors blocked the interaction of hiv1 with dcir in cell lines expressing dcir we validated the activity of the selected inhibitors under more physiological conditions the effects of the dcir inhibitors on the attachment of...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...correspond to the means 6 sem from 3 independent experiments performed with triplicate samples asterisks denote statistically significant values p005 p001 p0001 doi101371journalpone0067873g005 figure 6a shows that hiv1 binding to dcs preincubated with the four inhibitors was decreased significantly and that all four inhibitors also blocked productive infection at days 3 figure 6b as observed for rajicd4dcir figure 5b a new virions production at day 6 and 9 was not affected by pretreatment with inhibitors pretreatment of cd4tl with hydrogen peroxide h 2 o 2 mimics the apoptosis a hallmark of evolution of aids...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...5b a new virions production at day 6 and 9 was not affected by pretreatment with inhibitors pretreatment of cd4tl with hydrogen peroxide h 2 o 2 mimics the apoptosis a hallmark of evolution of aids expression of dcir is also associated with this state and promote trans infection as we have shown previously [21] we sought to confirm the role of dcir in hiv1 attachment figure 7a and transmission figure 7b via cd4tl by treating the cells with h 2 o 2 before preincubation with the selected dcir inhibitors hiv1 trans...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...as we have shown previously [21] we sought to confirm the role of dcir in hiv1 attachment figure 7a and transmission figure 7b via cd4tl by treating the cells with h 2 o 2 before preincubation with the selected dcir inhibitors hiv1 trans infection of phalil2activated cd4tl via apoptotic cd4tl figure 7a shows that a1 decreased hiv1 attachment to h 2 o 2 treated cells by about 50 while b1 did so by about 35 the inhibitors also lowered the propagation of hiv1 by h 2 o 2 treated cd4tl to phalil2 activated cd4tl...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...cell proliferation figure 4 the levels of inhibition obtained with the compounds described in this study are comparable to those observed in our previous studies using antibody sirna or intracellular inhibitors [17 48] dcir is not the only surface molecule involved in hiv1 attachment to and infection of dcs we therefore do not expect to observe complete inhibition of dc infection figure 8 shows the probable orientation of compounds docking on the surface of the model of the dcir molecule compound a1 figure 6 dcir inhibitors reduce hiv1 attachment and infection on primary dendritic cells a...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...in this study are comparable to those observed in our previous studies using antibody sirna or intracellular inhibitors [17 48] dcir is not the only surface molecule involved in hiv1 attachment to and infection of dcs we therefore do not expect to observe complete inhibition of dc infection figure 8 shows the probable orientation of compounds docking on the surface of the model of the dcir molecule compound a1 figure 6 dcir inhibitors reduce hiv1 attachment and infection on primary dendritic cells a immddcs were treated with four chemical inhibitors or dmso for 10 min at 37uc...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...in hiv1 attachment to and infection of dcs we therefore do not expect to observe complete inhibition of dc infection figure 8 shows the probable orientation of compounds docking on the surface of the model of the dcir molecule compound a1 figure 6 dcir inhibitors reduce hiv1 attachment and infection on primary dendritic cells a immddcs were treated with four chemical inhibitors or dmso for 10 min at 37uc next cells were pulsed with nl43balenv for 60 min at 37uc and rinsed thoroughly before measuring p24 content b in some experiments similarly treated immddcs were pulsed with nl43balenv for 2...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...pandemic keeps expanding while no effective cure appears likely to become available in the near future moreover the antihiv1 drugs developed so far promote the selection of resistant strains of the virus the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in the mid 1990s had a strong impact on the course of hiv1 infection throughout the world currently available treatments target different steps of the viral propagation cycle such as entry into the host cell reverse transcription integration and protein maturation these have led to significant reductions in hivrelated mortality [56] although combinations of antiretroviral drugs such as haart therapy first...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...such as haart therapy first met with resounding success their limitations soon became obvious patient morbidity is enhanced and drugresistant viruses have emerged while no current antiretroviral therapy actually eradicates the virus from the body [57 58] based on the major role played by dcir in hiv1 infection we provide novel strategies to block hiv1 transmission by dcs as well as by apoptotic or hiv1infected cd4tl in this study a detailed threedimensional structure of dcir has been proposed and four inhibitors directed against the crd domain and eps motif of dcir blocking hiv1 replication and propagation have been...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...and eps motif of dcir blocking hiv1 replication and propagation have been identified these results are clinically relevant since blocking hiv1 attachment to dcir may represent a novel strategy against hiv1 pathogenesis indeed preventing the virus from binding to dcir could lead to a significant decrease of transmission during primary infection a period during which the virus is disseminated by mucosal dcs expressing dcir and ultimately transferred to cd4tl in addition dcir inhibitors can reduce the production of hiv1 by the cd4tl therefore being useful in prophylaxisprimo infection and therapeutic stages of hiv1 infection the discovery of new therapeutic targets...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...binding to dcir could lead to a significant decrease of transmission during primary infection a period during which the virus is disseminated by mucosal dcs expressing dcir and ultimately transferred to cd4tl in addition dcir inhibitors can reduce the production of hiv1 by the cd4tl therefore being useful in prophylaxisprimo infection and therapeutic stages of hiv1 infection the discovery of new therapeutic targets and the development of new approaches to treatment are necessary in order to pursue the fight against hiv1 [59 60] new classes of inhibitors targeting cellular partners of hiv virions are being developed [...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...a significant decrease of transmission during primary infection a period during which the virus is disseminated by mucosal dcs expressing dcir and ultimately transferred to cd4tl in addition dcir inhibitors can reduce the production of hiv1 by the cd4tl therefore being useful in prophylaxisprimo infection and therapeutic stages of hiv1 infection the discovery of new therapeutic targets and the development of new approaches to treatment are necessary in order to pursue the fight against hiv1 [59 60] new classes of inhibitors targeting cellular partners of hiv virions are being developed [3 61] including integrase inhibitor...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...[62 63] molecules targeting dcsign interfere with hiv1 binding through interaction with viral gp120 [64 65] this mannosebinding lectin is expressed on cells in mucosal tissue and can thus facilitate hiv1 transmission inhibitors of gp120dcsign interaction should therefore be useful primarily for preventing hiv1 infection [66] since dcsign is known to be involved only in transinfection of dcs [18 19] the success of preexposure prophylaxis or prep [67] validates the importance of acting early as argued by haase [7] in spite of the intense...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...drug market kalorama 2008 hivaids markets the discovery of new targets and new molecules that do not select resistant forms of the virus and block x4 or r5 tropic virions continues to lag [68 69] molecules targeting dcir can be used to block the initial steps of infection and are effective against x4 or r5 as well in addition specific expression on infected cd4tl or apoptotic cd4tl makes dcir an interesting potential target for treatment of infection in vitro tests of molecules targeting dcir showed that four of five candidates selected by chemscore ranking were active inhibitors...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...virions continues to lag [68 69] molecules targeting dcir can be used to block the initial steps of infection and are effective against x4 or r5 as well in addition specific expression on infected cd4tl or apoptotic cd4tl makes dcir an interesting potential target for treatment of infection in vitro tests of molecules targeting dcir showed that four of five candidates selected by chemscore ranking were active inhibitors of hiv1 binding indicating that our dcir docking platform setting has interesting potential for improving the selection of inhibitors specific for the dcirhiv1 interaction our virtual model and screening...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...the current prescribed drugs these are confirmed at the cellular level by our toxicity test a physiologically relevant analysis of the activity of the inhibitors was carriedout using two major cell types involved in hiv1 pathogenesis dcs and cd4tl the inhibitors displayed specificity for inhibiting hiv1 attachment and subsequent infection in immature monocytederived dendritic cells imddcs we previously showed that some cd4tls express dcir in hiv1 patients [21] dcir expression increases during the infectious process and promotes transinfection and transmission of hiv1 to bystander cells dcir appears specifically linked to the infectious process and to cell apoptosis...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...cell apoptosis this is important since previous studies suggest a direct correlation between the degree of apoptosis among circulating cd4tls and pathogenesis [70 71] the results of the present study demonstrate that the selected dcirtargeting inhibitors are effective in this model resembling the chronic phase of hiv1 infection based on our preliminary observations we can predict that inhibitors designed to bind specifically to the crd domain and eps motif of dcir can decrease hiv1 attachment to dcs in primary infection and result in reduced dc infection in developing novel therapeutic drugs against hiv1 infection one must consider...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...study demonstrate that the selected dcirtargeting inhibitors are effective in this model resembling the chronic phase of hiv1 infection based on our preliminary observations we can predict that inhibitors designed to bind specifically to the crd domain and eps motif of dcir can decrease hiv1 attachment to dcs in primary infection and result in reduced dc infection in developing novel therapeutic drugs against hiv1 infection one must consider the mechanism of viral replication not only inside cd4tls but also inside dcs we agree with haase 3 and other that it is crucial to find appropriate ways and means to alleviate...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...inhibitors are effective in this model resembling the chronic phase of hiv1 infection based on our preliminary observations we can predict that inhibitors designed to bind specifically to the crd domain and eps motif of dcir can decrease hiv1 attachment to dcs in primary infection and result in reduced dc infection in developing novel therapeutic drugs against hiv1 infection one must consider the mechanism of viral replication not only inside cd4tls but also inside dcs we agree with haase 3 and other that it is crucial to find appropriate ways and means to alleviate viral load and allow the proper...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...phase of hiv1 infection based on our preliminary observations we can predict that inhibitors designed to bind specifically to the crd domain and eps motif of dcir can decrease hiv1 attachment to dcs in primary infection and result in reduced dc infection in developing novel therapeutic drugs against hiv1 infection one must consider the mechanism of viral replication not only inside cd4tls but also inside dcs we agree with haase 3 and other that it is crucial to find appropriate ways and means to alleviate viral load and allow the proper mounting of specific immune responses both in the crucial...

Title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target
for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification
of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors
Authors: Lambert, Alexandra A.. Azzi, Arezki...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2076
ID: b6682adfe5026c78e3d59b165126abfa8945eb5f
Number of matches: 34

...and means to alleviate viral load and allow the proper mounting of specific immune responses both in the crucial early phases to avoid irreversible damage to the immune system and during the chronic phase to allow the immune system to mount effective defences future design of new drugs against hiv1 infection should focus on preventing irreversible impairment of the immune system indeed currently used antihiv1 drugs block only the late stages of the viral life cycle and provide no protection against the earlier damage and resulting immunodeficiency that it causes by targeting the ctype dcir lectin found in dcs as well...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...segments segment 4 were incorporated into viruses with an isogenic pr8 backbone for all other segments fig 1 ha segment of h1 and h3 determines resistance phenotype in tmprss2 mice wt and tmprss2 knockout ko mice were infected with 210 5 ffu pr8 hk_hapr8 and pr8_hahk after infection with pr8 h1n1 wt mice lost body weight and all infected mice died whereas tmprss2 mice lost body weight only slightly and all infected mice survived fig 2a infection with hk_hapr8 resulted in body weight loss in wt similar to infections with pr8 whereas tmprss2 mice showed...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...mice wt and tmprss2 knockout ko mice were infected with 210 5 ffu pr8 hk_hapr8 and pr8_hahk after infection with pr8 h1n1 wt mice lost body weight and all infected mice died whereas tmprss2 mice lost body weight only slightly and all infected mice survived fig 2a infection with hk_hapr8 resulted in body weight loss in wt similar to infections with pr8 whereas tmprss2 mice showed a similar resistance phenotype as for infections with pr8 fig 2b these results demonstrate that the resistance phenotype to h1n1 virus in tmprss2 mice resides in the h1ha...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...tmprss2 mice showed a similar resistance phenotype as for infections with pr8 fig 2b these results demonstrate that the resistance phenotype to h1n1 virus in tmprss2 mice resides in the h1ha segment and that other proteins of the hk virus do not have a major impact infection of tmprss2 and wt mice with pr8_hahk led to body weight loss in both mouse strains and death of all infected mice fig 2c these results are consistent with our previous observations using the entire hk h3n2 virus [10] also fig 1 scheme of...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...in amino acid sequences between hahk and hapr8 are labelled red the arrow indicates where cleavage occurs pr8 apuerto rico834 h1n1 hk ahong kong0168 h3n2 results with the reassorted viruses hk_hapr8 and pr8_hahk were identical to the results from the parental viruses pr8 hk in previous studies when the same infection dose was used 210 3 ffu fig s1 available in the online version of this article together our results demonstrate that exchange of the ha segments leads to a phenotype that resembles that of the parental virus h1n1 or h3n2 respectively in tmprss2 and wt mice thus h3...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...not sufficient for tmprss2 escape next we sought to identify the specific amino acid sequences in the h3ha that are responsible for body weight loss and mortality in tmprss2 mice for this we exchanged the h3 sequence mrnvpekqtr for the haloop of h1 lrnipsiqsr resulting in virus pr8_hamvekt infection of wt mice showed that pr8_hamvekt was not as pathogenic as the parental pr8 virus only 50 of the infected wt mice died after infection with pr8_hamvekt compared to 100 lethality of wt mice after infection with pr8 or pr8_hahk fig 3a more importantly after infection with...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...and mortality in tmprss2 mice for this we exchanged the h3 sequence mrnvpekqtr for the haloop of h1 lrnipsiqsr resulting in virus pr8_hamvekt infection of wt mice showed that pr8_hamvekt was not as pathogenic as the parental pr8 virus only 50 of the infected wt mice died after infection with pr8_hamvekt compared to 100 lethality of wt mice after infection with pr8 or pr8_hahk fig 3a more importantly after infection with pr8_hamvekt virus tmprss2 mice only lost body weight slightly and all infected mice survived fig 3a these results demonstrate that the exchange of the...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...sequence mrnvpekqtr for the haloop of h1 lrnipsiqsr resulting in virus pr8_hamvekt infection of wt mice showed that pr8_hamvekt was not as pathogenic as the parental pr8 virus only 50 of the infected wt mice died after infection with pr8_hamvekt compared to 100 lethality of wt mice after infection with pr8 or pr8_hahk fig 3a more importantly after infection with pr8_hamvekt virus tmprss2 mice only lost body weight slightly and all infected mice survived fig 3a these results demonstrate that the exchange of the haloop alone from h1ha to h3ha is not sufficient to...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...pr8_hamvekt infection of wt mice showed that pr8_hamvekt was not as pathogenic as the parental pr8 virus only 50 of the infected wt mice died after infection with pr8_hamvekt compared to 100 lethality of wt mice after infection with pr8 or pr8_hahk fig 3a more importantly after infection with pr8_hamvekt virus tmprss2 mice only lost body weight slightly and all infected mice survived fig 3a these results demonstrate that the exchange of the haloop alone from h1ha to h3ha is not sufficient to cause strong body weight loss and mortality in tmprss2 mice...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...fig 1 of note pr8_hadmvekt could only be rescued after exchange of the codon gag encoding for glutamic acid nucleotide 144146 to gau but not gac both encoding for aspartic acid which might be due to a restriction in the cisacting specific packaging signal [17] after infection with pr8_hadmvekt tmprss2 mice showed strong body weight loss with a similar kinetic as wt mice fig 3b also all of the infected wt mice and 40 of infected tmprss2 mice died fig 3b thus pr8_hadmvekt is able to cause considerable body weight loss and...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...1 and s2 this virus exhibits slightly higher pathogenicity body weight loss similar one mouse died in tmprss2 mice than pr8 but was much less virulent than pr8_hadmvekt in conclusion these results demonstrate that both the loop and distant amino acids are necessary for causing severe symptoms upon infection in tmprss2 mice exchange of the haloop and a distant amino acid to h3 increases viral replication in tmprss2 mice next we investigated if the higher mortality in pr8_hadmvektinfected mice was due to increased viral replication wt and tmprss2 mice were infected with 210 5 ffu...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...4 pi viral loads were determined in infected lungs fig 5 anova of the viral load as the response variable revealed significant effects of virustype and mousestrain as well as their interaction pairwise comparisons showed that viral loads were significantly higher in wt compared to tmprss2 mice after infection with pr8 and pr8_hamvekt at 2 and 4 days pi demonstrating that viral replication is strongly reduced in the absence of tmprss2 fig 5 on the other hand no exchange of the cleavage site and one additional amino acid is required for body weight loss and mortality in tmprss2...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...test stars indicate adjusted pvalues p005 p0001 ns nonsignificant in addition to mice that were found dead animals with a body weight loss of more than 30 of the starting body weight were euthanized and recorded as dead significant difference was observed between wt and ko mice after infection with pr8_hahk and pr8_hadmvekt on day 2 suggesting that replacement of the haloop plus a distant amino acid allows efficient replication of pr8_hadmvekt in tmprss2 mice fig 5 at day 4 after infection with hk_hapr8 the viral load was lower than at day 2 but still the...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...recorded as dead significant difference was observed between wt and ko mice after infection with pr8_hahk and pr8_hadmvekt on day 2 suggesting that replacement of the haloop plus a distant amino acid allows efficient replication of pr8_hadmvekt in tmprss2 mice fig 5 at day 4 after infection with hk_hapr8 the viral load was lower than at day 2 but still the same for wt and tmprss2 fig 5 in contrast to this observation the viral load of pr8_hadmvekt at 4 days pi was lower in tmprss2 mice compared to the wt this is in...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...and mortality between pr8_hadmvekt and pr8_ha mvekt can be explained by differences in viral replication in infected lungs and thus increased tissue damage to investigate if increased viral replication of the pr8_ha dmvekt virus was associated with increased lung tissue damage we performed histopathological studies of infected lungs after infection with pr8_hamvekt and pr8 lungs showed significantly reduced bronchiolar epithelial damage in tmprss2 mice compared to wt mice fig 6a on the other hand epithelial damage scores were equally high no significant difference for tmprss2 mice and wt mice after infection with pr8_hahk and pr8_hadmvekt fig 6a...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...histopathological studies of infected lungs after infection with pr8_hamvekt and pr8 lungs showed significantly reduced bronchiolar epithelial damage in tmprss2 mice compared to wt mice fig 6a on the other hand epithelial damage scores were equally high no significant difference for tmprss2 mice and wt mice after infection with pr8_hahk and pr8_hadmvekt fig 6a by anova no significant differences were observed for inflammation scores fig 6b fig 7 shows representative sections after infection of wt or tmprss2 mice with pr8 pr8_hahk pr8_ha mvekt and pr8_hadmvekt in conclusion the difference in virulence body weight loss and...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...6a on the other hand epithelial damage scores were equally high no significant difference for tmprss2 mice and wt mice after infection with pr8_hahk and pr8_hadmvekt fig 6a by anova no significant differences were observed for inflammation scores fig 6b fig 7 shows representative sections after infection of wt or tmprss2 mice with pr8 pr8_hahk pr8_ha mvekt and pr8_hadmvekt in conclusion the difference in virulence body weight loss and mortality between pr8_hadmvekt and pr8_hamvekt is due to an increase in tissue damage resulting from higher levels of viral replication cleavage of ha is correlated with...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...virulence body weight loss and mortality between pr8_hadmvekt and pr8_hamvekt is due to an increase in tissue damage resulting from higher levels of viral replication cleavage of ha is correlated with exchange of the haloop finally we investigated cleavage of ha in lung homogenates on day 2 pi after infection with pr8 pr8_hahk pr8_hamvekt and pr8_hadmvekt fig 8 in line with our previous results ha of pr8 was cleaved in wt mice but only slightly in tmprss2 mice fig 8a the difference to previously published data is most likely due to a higher infection dose used in...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...2 pi after infection with pr8 pr8_hahk pr8_hamvekt and pr8_hadmvekt fig 8 in line with our previous results ha of pr8 was cleaved in wt mice but only slightly in tmprss2 mice fig 8a the difference to previously published data is most likely due to a higher infection dose used in this study [10] out of three blots of the same lung samples the ratio between ha 1 fig 4 threedimensional structure of the cleavage site environment of haemagglutinin h1 suggests interactions with distant amino acids details of the haemagglutinin crystal structure from the...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...for e31 and r321 nitrogen and oxygen atoms are coloured in blue and red respectively and the salt bridge is depicted as the dashed line the figure was generated with pymol [37] to ha 1 ha 0 was calculated and the mean depicted fig 8c after infection with pr8 22 of ha was cleaved in wt mice but only 7 in tmprss2 mice as described above ha of hk was cleaved in wt 31 and tmprss2 mice 15 fig 8b likewise the ha of pr8_hadmvekt was cleaved in both wt...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...body weight loss lung damage in infected tmprss2 mice exchange of the haloop and an additional amino acid is required for high level of replication and lung pathology in tmprss2 mice we and others have previously shown that deletion of tmprss2 in mice results in resistance to infection with h1n1 and monobasic h7n9 iav [10] [11] [12] yet two studies showed that replication of h3n2 was only marginally affected and caused pathology in tmprss2 mice [10 12] a third study described an h3n2 variant that was not...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...] however after serial passages in tmprss2 mice this virus acquired a mutation in the ha stalk which led to replication and pathology in tmprss2 mice [13] moreover we recently demonstrated that in tmprss2 tmprss4 double knockout mice replication and pathology after infection with our h3n2 isolate was strongly diminished and infected mice survived these observations suggest that h3 viruses are able to replicate in a tmprss2 background whereas h1 viruses cannot here we investigated in detail the differences in the ha sequence that are responsible for the different behaviour of...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...[12] the replacement of only the haloop was not sufficient to overcome the resistant phenotype of tmprss2 mice however replacement of the haloop and additional replacement of a distant amino acid e31 by aspartic acid from h3ha strongly increased mortality of tmprss2 mice after infection [virus pr8_hadmvekt] the increase in pathology was due to a higher viral replication and increased lung epithelial damage which was comparable to wt mice infected with this virus e31 is predicted to interact with r321 of the haloop in h1ha the exchange of e31 and accompanied changes...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...5 klk5 tryptase clara tpsb2 tmprss11e desc1 and tmprss13 mspl [6 29 30] for these studies additional mouse mutants with single and double ko will be required recently a klk5deficient knockout mouse was described that showed no difference in body weight loss compared to wt mice after infection with a h3n2 iav supporting again the hypothesis that more than one protease is responsible for cleavage of h3ha [31] to identify the third protease that cleaves h3ha in vivo additional mouse mutants with single double or even triple ko will be required in...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...matrixd tube mp biomedicals and homogenized for 30 s at 65 m s 1 cell debris was spun down for 10 min with 200 g at 4 c to obtain the supernatant containing virus virus titres were determined using ffu assay for this viruses were serially tenfold diluted in infection medium [mem containing 01 bsa 25 g ml 1 nat nacetylated trypsin sigmaaldrich and 1 ps] mdck ii cells 610 4 cellswell of a 96well plate grown for 24 h in mem supplemented with 1 ps were washed with infection medium afterwards cells were infected...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...were serially tenfold diluted in infection medium [mem containing 01 bsa 25 g ml 1 nat nacetylated trypsin sigmaaldrich and 1 ps] mdck ii cells 610 4 cellswell of a 96well plate grown for 24 h in mem supplemented with 1 ps were washed with infection medium afterwards cells were infected with 50 l of each virus dilution after 1 h of incubation at 37 c in 5 co 2 cells were overlayed with 100 l dmem containing 1 avicel 2 mm lglutamine 01 bsa and 25 g ml 1 nat and...

Title: Exchange of amino acids in the
H1-haemagglutinin to H3 residues is required for efficient
influenza A virus replication and pathology in Tmprss2
knock-out mice
Authors: Lambertz, Ruth L. O.. Pippel, Jan...
Journal: J Gen Virol
Item: Infection
Index: 2078
ID: f62e14e75bd446217bb09ec6824559f88116c366
Number of matches: 30

...determined by a multifactorial anova using statistical software r and the model mean_inflammation_scoreg roup and percent_damagegroup pvalues of 005 were considered significant graphpad prism was used to calculate statistical differences for survival curves with the logrank mantelcox test this work was supported by intramural grants from the helmholtzassociation program infection and immunity a startup grant from the university of memphis tennessee health science center and a research grant fluresearchnet no 01ki1006f from the german ministry of education and research the funders had no role in study design data collection and analysis decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript i...

Title: “Epidemiology and aetiology of
influenza-like illness among households in metropolitan
Vientiane, Lao PDR”: A prospective, community-based
cohort study
Authors: Rudge, James W.. Inthalaphone, Nui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2079
ID: d18a705998ad871dad46aeabeeed0a20909c10df
Number of matches: 7

...a cluster defined as two or more episodes of the same pathogen detected in the same household with onset of symptoms within 21 days of each other clusters involving streptococcus pneumoniae were included only if the same serotype was detected among all cases within the clusters clusters of staphylococcus aureus infection for which only one cluster was observed were excluded as typing of staphylococcus aureus isolates was not conducted overall 14 clusters were identified table 3 the interval period for the onset of secondary cases within each cluster was less than 10 days in all but one cluster...

Title: “Epidemiology and aetiology of
influenza-like illness among households in metropolitan
Vientiane, Lao PDR”: A prospective, community-based
cohort study
Authors: Rudge, James W.. Inthalaphone, Nui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2079
ID: d18a705998ad871dad46aeabeeed0a20909c10df
Number of matches: 7

...combination recently new evidence has emerged regarding an interaction between these two pathogens some authors believe that influenza induces susceptibility to secondary pneumococcal infections while others reject the unidirectional effect of the virus on streptococcus pneumoniae by arguing that asymptomatic pneumococcal carriage may be an indicator of subsequent influenza virus infection [38] and references therein it is also important to note that we did not detect a statistically significant association between streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza thus the relatively high frequency of these coinfections does not necessarily support hypotheses for influenzainduced susceptibility to pneumococcal infection or vice versa we...

Title: “Epidemiology and aetiology of
influenza-like illness among households in metropolitan
Vientiane, Lao PDR”: A prospective, community-based
cohort study
Authors: Rudge, James W.. Inthalaphone, Nui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2079
ID: d18a705998ad871dad46aeabeeed0a20909c10df
Number of matches: 7

...of subsequent influenza virus infection [38] and references therein it is also important to note that we did not detect a statistically significant association between streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza thus the relatively high frequency of these coinfections does not necessarily support hypotheses for influenzainduced susceptibility to pneumococcal infection or vice versa we did however observe a significant association between streptococcus pneumoniae and h influenzae infection a synergistic association between these agents has previously been observed in children [39] and also in an experimental study on chinchillas [40] with the latter suggesting that...

Title: “Epidemiology and aetiology of
influenza-like illness among households in metropolitan
Vientiane, Lao PDR”: A prospective, community-based
cohort study
Authors: Rudge, James W.. Inthalaphone, Nui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2079
ID: d18a705998ad871dad46aeabeeed0a20909c10df
Number of matches: 7

...note that we did not detect a statistically significant association between streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza thus the relatively high frequency of these coinfections does not necessarily support hypotheses for influenzainduced susceptibility to pneumococcal infection or vice versa we did however observe a significant association between streptococcus pneumoniae and h influenzae infection a synergistic association between these agents has previously been observed in children [39] and also in an experimental study on chinchillas [40] with the latter suggesting that h influenzae coinfection promotes pneumococcal biofilm formation and persistence interestingly we found that recent history of...

Title: “Epidemiology and aetiology of
influenza-like illness among households in metropolitan
Vientiane, Lao PDR”: A prospective, community-based
cohort study
Authors: Rudge, James W.. Inthalaphone, Nui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2079
ID: d18a705998ad871dad46aeabeeed0a20909c10df
Number of matches: 7

...swabs followed by rhinovirus and coronavirus incidence profiles by agegroup varied between pathogens influenza was the most commonly isolated virus in children 014 years old this is in contrast with hospitalbased studies in asia that reported rsv as the commonest viral pathogen detected among young children with acute respiratory infection [12 [47] [48] [49] this finding supports previous observations that etiological studies carried out in hospital settings may not accurately reflect the situation in the community as the former are skewed toward more severe cases we found the incidence of influenza b...

Title: “Epidemiology and aetiology of
influenza-like illness among households in metropolitan
Vientiane, Lao PDR”: A prospective, community-based
cohort study
Authors: Rudge, James W.. Inthalaphone, Nui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2079
ID: d18a705998ad871dad46aeabeeed0a20909c10df
Number of matches: 7

...51 52] and an inverse relationship has previously been observed between the carriage of streptococcus pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus [53] [54] [55] this finding together with the fact that nasal carriage of these pathogens is known to be the first step of infection [56 57] could explain the observed differences in the rates of streptococcus pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus detection in these age groups streptococcus pneumoniae was the principal bacterial pathogen in recent studies of pneumonia in children in nepal [58] in india [59] and in...

Title: “Epidemiology and aetiology of
influenza-like illness among households in metropolitan
Vientiane, Lao PDR”: A prospective, community-based
cohort study
Authors: Rudge, James W.. Inthalaphone, Nui...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2079
ID: d18a705998ad871dad46aeabeeed0a20909c10df
Number of matches: 7

...clusters longitudinal serological surveys are needed to more accurately infer household transmission risk although this requires considerable additional resources and to date such serological surveys have tended to focus on a single pathogen such as influenza [64] hemophilus influenzae is among the leading bacterial causes of respiratory infection except hemophilus influenza b our study did not include other serotypable hemophilus influenza strains due to limited available funds nasal samples are however stored in a biobank and will be the subject of further analyses another limitation of our study is that staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae are commensal...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...its workers [1] many people in the public were afraid of what would happen if infections like sars occurred on a pandemic scale after the sars crisis various studies were carried out in which hospital workers were asked how they would respond to a hypothetical pandemic infection in germany 28 of nurses doctors medical students and hospital officials answered that they might be absent from work during a pandemic to protect themselves and their families [2] in the united states 462 of local public health workers reported that they would probably not work during...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...would be unwilling to work during a sars pandemic [4] in singapore 277 of primary care physicians would not look after patients infected with avian influenza [5] in canada 21 of family physicians indicated that they would be unwilling to help in a pandemic infection if their help was requested by the public health department [6] overall around 20 or 30 of health carerelated workers showed a hesitation to work during a future infection pandemic regardless of their culture on june 11 2009 who declared the h1n1 influenza infection a...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

... in canada 21 of family physicians indicated that they would be unwilling to help in a pandemic infection if their help was requested by the public health department [6] overall around 20 or 30 of health carerelated workers showed a hesitation to work during a future infection pandemic regardless of their culture on june 11 2009 who declared the h1n1 influenza infection a pandemic on may 16 our hospital admitted the first patient that had been domestically infected with the h1n1 influenza virus in japan in the following two weeks 1687 people who suspected that...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...pandemic infection if their help was requested by the public health department [6] overall around 20 or 30 of health carerelated workers showed a hesitation to work during a future infection pandemic regardless of their culture on june 11 2009 who declared the h1n1 influenza infection a pandemic on may 16 our hospital admitted the first patient that had been domestically infected with the h1n1 influenza virus in japan in the following two weeks 1687 people who suspected that they had h1n1 influenza infection came to our hospitals and were released as outpatients and an additional...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...culture on june 11 2009 who declared the h1n1 influenza infection a pandemic on may 16 our hospital admitted the first patient that had been domestically infected with the h1n1 influenza virus in japan in the following two weeks 1687 people who suspected that they had h1n1 influenza infection came to our hospitals and were released as outpatients and an additional 144 patients who we suspected as having h1n1 were admitted of these 49 were diagnosed as having an h1n1 influenza infection after they were admitted kobe city medical center general hospital had 122 admissions who were suspected to...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...virus in japan in the following two weeks 1687 people who suspected that they had h1n1 influenza infection came to our hospitals and were released as outpatients and an additional 144 patients who we suspected as having h1n1 were admitted of these 49 were diagnosed as having an h1n1 influenza infection after they were admitted kobe city medical center general hospital had 122 admissions who were suspected to be h1n1positive including 31 patients who were subsequently diagnosed with h1n1 kobe city medical center west hospital had 22 admissions including 18 patients diagnosed with h1n1 afterward the peak was may 17 and...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...122 admissions who were suspected to be h1n1positive including 31 patients who were subsequently diagnosed with h1n1 kobe city medical center west hospital had 22 admissions including 18 patients diagnosed with h1n1 afterward the peak was may 17 and the number of patients coming to our outpatient unit for h1n1 infection on that day was 211 on may 27 the mayor of kobe city declared the emergency had subsided on june 3 the outpatient unit for h1n1 infection was closed to the best of our knowledge no studies have evaluated hospital workers willingness to work and the factors that influence...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...18 patients diagnosed with h1n1 afterward the peak was may 17 and the number of patients coming to our outpatient unit for h1n1 infection on that day was 211 on may 27 the mayor of kobe city declared the emergency had subsided on june 3 the outpatient unit for h1n1 infection was closed to the best of our knowledge no studies have evaluated hospital workers willingness to work and the factors that influence their decisions in a real pandemic individuals interacting within a social setting are known to be subject to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and are often manipulated...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...hospitals till july 31 2009 which is about one month after the peak of the h1n1 outbreak in kobe city when this survey was conducted the level of the pandemic was phase 6 in the world and the number of patients in japan was growing but the alert to the infection was downgraded as information accumulated that the virulence was not strong by june 8 2009 our hospitals returned to their normal practice the questionnaire explained its purpose and stated that the results would be published and respondents would remain anonymous the first item asked for approval to use the...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...mental exhaustion insomnia elevated mood feeling of being avoided by others feeling of being isolated feeling of having no choice but to work due to obligation burden of child care including lack of nursery these are the essential items from previous studies on sars [17 18] and hypothetical infection pandemics [2 3 5 19] and hypothetical symptoms during crises the respondents used a 4point likert scale 0 never 1 rarely 2 sometimes 3 always to respond to the questions about how often they felt about the 18 items the responses of how often they felt motivation and...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...nurses 2 clinical technicalsupport staff radiological technologists clinical laboratory technicians pharmacists dieticians social workers physical therapists occupational therapists and speech therapists and 3 nonclinical staff office workers clinical clerks guards janitors and others working places were categorised into the highrisk places the ward and the outpatient department for h1n1 influenza infection emergency outpatient unit and headquarter and the lowrisk places others we were unable to determine how many workers in high risk places actually came in contact with h1n1 patients but all such workers could have come in contact with h1n1 patients and they recognized this responses to the stressrelated...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...and hesitation were anxiety about being infected multivariate or motivation 13 ci 1 the percentage of workers that considered childcare to be a burden was significantly higher among females 432 than males 213 although some studies have examined professionalism or willingness to work in a hypothetical pandemic or highrisk infection and one study examined the hospital absentee rate during an actual h1n1 pandemic [20] as far as we know our survey is the only one that evaluated hospital workers willingness to work and the influencing factors following an actual pandemic infection our study was focused on...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...in a hypothetical pandemic or highrisk infection and one study examined the hospital absentee rate during an actual h1n1 pandemic [20] as far as we know our survey is the only one that evaluated hospital workers willingness to work and the influencing factors following an actual pandemic infection our study was focused on the factors associated with willingness the results show that willingness has conflicting aspects that is factors that raise motivation do not necessarily lower hesitation some factors raise both motivation and hesitation we found factors were categorised into four types according to their influence...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...they may cancel each other out in the present study many of the respondents had strong fears of being infected 579 of respondents infecting family 561 feeling of having no choice but to work due to obligation 639 and anxiety about compensation in case of being infected 535 during an infection pandemic it is to some degree inevitable to feel exhausted and isolated and to worry about becoming infected but a study said that mitigation strategies that include options for preferential access to either antiviral therapy protective equipment or both for the employee as well as his or her immediate family...

Title: Factors associated with motivation and
hesitation to work among health professionals during a
public crisis: a cross sectional study of hospital
workers in Japan during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Authors: Imai, Hissei. Matsuishi, Kunitaka...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2080
ID: a8a55f01d9e4a3e3b77512767ab78bb8d1d74a25
Number of matches: 15

...and local governments and by their hospital is especially valuable because it increases their motivation and lowers their hesitation to work this can be achieved by not only providing protective materials and compensation but also by frequently communicating with and encouraging workers we should prepare for severer and longer infection pandemic as soon as possible additional file 1 questionnaire...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...sustain transmission in humans and animals [2] in fact mers cov has been detected in camels dating back several decades and likely was endemic before it was detected by epidemiologists in 2012 as the majority of infected animals show mild or no symptoms [5] infection in dromedaries can result in either asymptomatic or symptomatic disease while bats carrying sarslike coronaviruses have historically been asymptomatic [4] asymptomatic hosts and reservoirs can spread disease at a rapid rate as lack of symptoms masks their viral potential as of september 2019 2468 laboratoryconfirmed cases with...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...sustain transmission in humans and animals [2] in fact mers cov has been detected in camels dating back several decades and likely was endemic before it was detected by epidemiologists in 2012 as the majority of infected animals show mild or no symptoms [5] infection in dromedaries can result in either asymptomatic or symptomatic disease while bats carrying sarslike coronaviruses have historically been asymptomatic [4] asymptomatic hosts and reservoirs can spread disease at a rapid rate as lack of symptoms masks their viral potential as of september 2019 2468 laboratoryconfirmed cases with...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...resulting in viral uptake [8] in most cases cov s proteins are cleaved by furinlike proteases of the host into active subunits [10] thus the merscov s protein is being investigated for the development of antivirals and therapeutics because of its vital role in infection and pathogenesis [13 14] attachment of the merscov virion to the target cell is initiated by the binding of the s1 subunit of the s protein to dpp4 which triggers conformational changes in the s2 subunit beginning the process of fusion to the target cell [10...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...target of prevention a combination of reducing transmission by reservoir hosts as well as controlling spread within a hospital or community environment transmission occurs primarily via dromedary camels a large source of interaction for middle eastern populations [21] [22] [23] in addition to infection of immunocompetent people immunocompromised populations have increased susceptibility to merscov infection begins with symptoms that are remarkably similar to a cold but may progress to gastrointestinal symptoms myalgia shortness of breath general malaise abdominal pain wheezing palpitations and confusion [20 [22] [23] [24]...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...as well as controlling spread within a hospital or community environment transmission occurs primarily via dromedary camels a large source of interaction for middle eastern populations [21] [22] [23] in addition to infection of immunocompetent people immunocompromised populations have increased susceptibility to merscov infection begins with symptoms that are remarkably similar to a cold but may progress to gastrointestinal symptoms myalgia shortness of breath general malaise abdominal pain wheezing palpitations and confusion [20 [22] [23] [24] severe disease can result in hospitalization and is associated with...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...of laboratoryconfirmed positive individuals have shown lung fibrosis and pleural thickening [26] blood tests of these patients also showed elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels after recovery once the patient has begun showing symptoms diagnosis presents several distinct challenges the gold standard for diagnosis of an active merscov infection is by real time polymerase chain reactions rtpcr confirming viral identity by using a wellannotated gene such as the nucleocapsid [27] while whole blood and plasma can also show active infection of merscov respiratory samples are typically used for nucleic acidbased tests and utilize rna extracted from...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...showing symptoms diagnosis presents several distinct challenges the gold standard for diagnosis of an active merscov infection is by real time polymerase chain reactions rtpcr confirming viral identity by using a wellannotated gene such as the nucleocapsid [27] while whole blood and plasma can also show active infection of merscov respiratory samples are typically used for nucleic acidbased tests and utilize rna extracted from nasopharyngeal swabs bronchoalveolar lavage and tracheal aspirates among others [27] after active infection individuals may be examined for seroconversion suggestive of merscov infection or exposure serology tests include enzymelinked immunosorbant assay...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...gene such as the nucleocapsid [27] while whole blood and plasma can also show active infection of merscov respiratory samples are typically used for nucleic acidbased tests and utilize rna extracted from nasopharyngeal swabs bronchoalveolar lavage and tracheal aspirates among others [27] after active infection individuals may be examined for seroconversion suggestive of merscov infection or exposure serology tests include enzymelinked immunosorbant assay ie elisa and whole virus indirect fluorescent antibody ifa testing [27] many of these isolation and identification methods begin with a viral culture grown from a clinical isolate ie...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...whole blood and plasma can also show active infection of merscov respiratory samples are typically used for nucleic acidbased tests and utilize rna extracted from nasopharyngeal swabs bronchoalveolar lavage and tracheal aspirates among others [27] after active infection individuals may be examined for seroconversion suggestive of merscov infection or exposure serology tests include enzymelinked immunosorbant assay ie elisa and whole virus indirect fluorescent antibody ifa testing [27] many of these isolation and identification methods begin with a viral culture grown from a clinical isolate ie sputum or respiratory samples isolated from the patient elongating the...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...this long wait period makes these current diagnostics laborious and timeconsuming precluding rapid turnaround of results which is more problematic for severely ill patients and poses further problems for nosocomial transmission serology tests can detect antibodies present due to previous infections but this is less useful to identify an active infection [27 28] patients who have been actively infected with merscov could be tested again postinfection and documented for seroconversion which would be helpful for contact tracing as well as future epidemiological tracking and surveillance pcr detection and serology testing are vital components to outbreak management and epidemiological...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...] patients who have been actively infected with merscov could be tested again postinfection and documented for seroconversion which would be helpful for contact tracing as well as future epidemiological tracking and surveillance pcr detection and serology testing are vital components to outbreak management and epidemiological tracking by showing infection patterns and identifying potential risk factors which can be used by health policy makers or for disease tracking during future outbreaks however concerns have been raised regarding the lack of standardization of sample collection analysis and data availability postoutbreak which contribute to the previously discussed information gap in mers epidemiological...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...virus in saudi arabia [30] while mers initially seemed to be extremely similar to its relative sars the condition showed a number of differences from the start of the outbreak two immediately noted differences were the incubation period and reservoir transmission the median incubation period of merscov infection is 5 days with the average time from onset of symptoms to hospitalization of approximately 4 days [18] however this number varies within the literature depending on the model utilized small samples size can also be a problem in this instance from lack of documentation or records...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...passages and have been suggested to also be capable of being potential reservoirs [33] this presents further problems for transmission as many potential reservoirs are in daily contact with middle eastern populations in addition to animalorigin transmission there are also many documented cases of nosocomial merscov infection and transmission occasionally as a result of overcrowding and inadequate infection control measures [21] given that this virus is most commonly spread by respiratory droplets from infected individuals this is not a surprising finding while the majority of participants in a recent saudi arabian study among medical...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...potential reservoirs [33] this presents further problems for transmission as many potential reservoirs are in daily contact with middle eastern populations in addition to animalorigin transmission there are also many documented cases of nosocomial merscov infection and transmission occasionally as a result of overcrowding and inadequate infection control measures [21] given that this virus is most commonly spread by respiratory droplets from infected individuals this is not a surprising finding while the majority of participants in a recent saudi arabian study among medical students were aware that infection prevention was ideally through wearing face...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...a result of overcrowding and inadequate infection control measures [21] given that this virus is most commonly spread by respiratory droplets from infected individuals this is not a surprising finding while the majority of participants in a recent saudi arabian study among medical students were aware that infection prevention was ideally through wearing face masks and public information 53 of participants were unaware of infection control isolation policies in their hospitals if an outbreak arose [34] furthermore nosocomial transmission is made worse by the presence of merscov superspreaders who transmit the disease at a significantly...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...is most commonly spread by respiratory droplets from infected individuals this is not a surprising finding while the majority of participants in a recent saudi arabian study among medical students were aware that infection prevention was ideally through wearing face masks and public information 53 of participants were unaware of infection control isolation policies in their hospitals if an outbreak arose [34] furthermore nosocomial transmission is made worse by the presence of merscov superspreaders who transmit the disease at a significantly higher rate than the average host [35] there are a number of factors that...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...hygiene in the environment in a recent study approximately 333 of laboratoryconfirmed positive hospital patients were found to be superspreaders [35] household transmission occurred in 1321 of cases making nosocomial transmission and communityreservoir infections the primary targets for prevention [2] while the studies of infection control and superspreaders are all relevant to the investigation of merscov outbreaks and how they occur there is little information available regarding pathogenesis and previous patient test results ranging from blood tests and cytokine studies to disease progression many of these barriers are linked to two problems the first being...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...publication of data and results from sample analysis of specimens from laboratoryconfirmed positive patients on a global scale the primary source of information regarding pathologies associated with merscov and disease progression come from medical imaging which are few and open to interpretation this gap in information makes current diagnostic trends infection patterns and transmission maps only partially complete making full interpretation difficult for future infectious disease outbreaks the s protein of merscov targets dpp4 to access human cells [10] dpp4 is plentiful in the respiratory tract of humans including the bronchial mucosa but is also expressed in...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...cells [10] dpp4 is plentiful in the respiratory tract of humans including the bronchial mucosa but is also expressed in a variety of tissues such as bronchial epithelial cells and kidney cells [36] this is why renal impairment is a common physiological symptom of infection in addition to lung pathologies [6 37] however comorbidities are extremely common in severe cases of merscov and documentation of timing of occurrences in the literature is unclear therefore more work in this area is needed before extrapulmonary symptoms are definitively linked to severe merscov several studies...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...are extremely common in severe cases of merscov and documentation of timing of occurrences in the literature is unclear therefore more work in this area is needed before extrapulmonary symptoms are definitively linked to severe merscov several studies have also shown downregulation causes severe lung pathologies in cov models of infection and impairment in cardiovascular health in general [38 39] further progression to ards and subsequent cytokine expansion including il8 and 6 cxcl10 and ccl2 and complications such as pulmonary fibrosis neovascularization and congestive heart failure due to bilateral pulmonary infiltrates have been noted for infections [2...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...the sars epidemic the quick end of the outbreak was partially attributed to efficient quarantine and isolation methods in addition to public awareness and information distribution to affected areas [41] this included where to seek medical attention and protective measures individuals could take to protect themselves from infection such as face masks in the case of mers there is a belief that lack of knowledge among medical staff and affected communities could be a risk factor for disease containment [34] with a combination of hospital and community outbreaks many have suggested that stronger implementation of...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...the south korean outbreak had stringent decontamination and isolation practices instilled in hospitals very soon after the onset of the outbreak such as intrahospital isolation mandatory masks gloves and gowns for workers and visitors and rapid laboratory assessments to confirm cases [43] by july 2015 the merscov infection prevention and control guideline development committee was assembled and gathered in south korea joined by the korean society of infectious diseases the korean society of healthcareassociated infection and the korean association of infection control nurses in a serious effort to stop nosocomial and community transmission through public information and proper...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...gloves and gowns for workers and visitors and rapid laboratory assessments to confirm cases [43] by july 2015 the merscov infection prevention and control guideline development committee was assembled and gathered in south korea joined by the korean society of infectious diseases the korean society of healthcareassociated infection and the korean association of infection control nurses in a serious effort to stop nosocomial and community transmission through public information and proper isolation and decontamination procedures in hospitals [43] [44] [45] this helped to regulate monitor and standardize the effort to reduce...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...visitors and rapid laboratory assessments to confirm cases [43] by july 2015 the merscov infection prevention and control guideline development committee was assembled and gathered in south korea joined by the korean society of infectious diseases the korean society of healthcareassociated infection and the korean association of infection control nurses in a serious effort to stop nosocomial and community transmission through public information and proper isolation and decontamination procedures in hospitals [43] [44] [45] this helped to regulate monitor and standardize the effort to reduce and eventually stop cases within hospitals...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...and cattle are used as well continual interaction with these reservoirs of merscov is the primary cited reason for the frequency and duration of the saudi arabian outbreak in comparison to the south korean outbreak in order to proceed forward regulatory boards such as the grouping of the merscov infection prevention and control guideline development committee among others during the time of an outbreak is essential to swift declaration and prevention of spread in performing this step as a unified group standardization of knowledge training and practices to be upheld during an outbreak are more effectively communicated and nosocomial transmission...

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing
Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea
Authors: Willman, Marnie. Kobasa, Darwyn...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2081
ID: 21823032c216c8f7e08c918373d49518c68aaab1
Number of matches: 32

...standardization of knowledge training and practices to be upheld during an outbreak are more effectively communicated and nosocomial transmission and infections of hospital staff can be reduced while the ultimate research goal remains finding a vaccine and antivirals or other therapies that improve mers outcome in the interim better infection control practices improved communication of protection knowledge to the general public and an open understanding relationship between healthcare providers and their patients are the primary ways to improve outbreak outcomes mers remains a complex virus and has proved difficult to sequester the future of mers outbreak prevention is in the...

Title: Aerosol Sampling in a Hospital Emergency Room
Setting: A Complementary Surveillance Method for the
Detection of Respiratory Viruses
Authors: Choi, Jessica Y.. Zemke, Juliana...
Journal: Front Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2082
ID: 2f2921851e825705103320bf3d61f9d76e4c6b45
Number of matches: 3

...noninvasive and relatively low in cost there are advantages to environmental sampling techniques in high density areas such as the emergency room where direct patient sampling is difficult or not possible additionally as this and other studies have demonstrated the ability to molecularly detect airborne viruses in hospital waiting room infection control procedures such as the use of n95 respirators for sick patients should be considered this information on the molecular detection of respiratory viruses in hospital aerosols can be used to inform hospital practice on prevention and spread of infection in waiting rooms further study on the transmission of viruses...

Title: Aerosol Sampling in a Hospital Emergency Room
Setting: A Complementary Surveillance Method for the
Detection of Respiratory Viruses
Authors: Choi, Jessica Y.. Zemke, Juliana...
Journal: Front Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2082
ID: 2f2921851e825705103320bf3d61f9d76e4c6b45
Number of matches: 3

...ability to molecularly detect airborne viruses in hospital waiting room infection control procedures such as the use of n95 respirators for sick patients should be considered this information on the molecular detection of respiratory viruses in hospital aerosols can be used to inform hospital practice on prevention and spread of infection in waiting rooms further study on the transmission of viruses in the air is needed to determine potential for infection with airborne particles in this type of setting jc jz sp and my collected and analyzed samples jc and jz wrote the introduction and materials and methods eb wrote...

Title: Aerosol Sampling in a Hospital Emergency Room
Setting: A Complementary Surveillance Method for the
Detection of Respiratory Viruses
Authors: Choi, Jessica Y.. Zemke, Juliana...
Journal: Front Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2082
ID: 2f2921851e825705103320bf3d61f9d76e4c6b45
Number of matches: 3

...for sick patients should be considered this information on the molecular detection of respiratory viruses in hospital aerosols can be used to inform hospital practice on prevention and spread of infection in waiting rooms further study on the transmission of viruses in the air is needed to determine potential for infection with airborne particles in this type of setting jc jz sp and my collected and analyzed samples jc and jz wrote the introduction and materials and methods eb wrote the results and discussion gg conceived of the idea of the study and helped revise the manuscript to add important...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...of nonpulmonary origins including african green monkey kidney cells vero cells human peripheral blood mononuclear cells pbmc intestinal epithelial caco2 cells hepatoma huh7 cells and embryonic kidney hek 293 cells [14 18 19 20 21] because type i ifns have been shown to be effective against sarscov infection both in vitro and in vivo [22 23 24 25 26] the deficient response of type i ifns in infected hosts has led to the hypothesis that sarscov has evolved strategies to evade this potent ifnrelated innate antiviral response indeed it was subsequently demonstrated that sarscovencoded orf3b...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...members of the group 2 covs such as mouse hepatitis virus mhv could effectively evade ifnrelated antiviral responses by actively avoiding the recognition of their replicative rnas by the host innate sensing mechanisms [33 34] human airway epithelium is likely one of the initial sites of sarscov infection [35] in addition to functioning as physical and mechanical barriers that separate and eliminate inhaled harmful infectious and noninfectious materials lung epithelial cells can directly respond to respiratory infections by secreting various molecules that serve to initiate amplify andor sustain host inflammatory responses [36 37]...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...recently shown that il6 andor il8 released by sarscovinfected human bronchoepithelial calu3 cells could exacerbate host innate inflammatory responses in part by modulating the intrinsic functions of macrophages mw and dendritic cells dc [38] thus a thorough understanding of how human lung epithelial cells respond to sarscov infection is crucial not only for advancing our knowledge of sars pathogenesis but also for identifying novel and highly valuable cellular targets for innovative interventions against sars the scarcity of and most importantly the highly heterogeneous nature of normal human bronchial epithelial nhbe cells with regard to their ace2 expression...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...advancing our knowledge of sars pathogenesis but also for identifying novel and highly valuable cellular targets for innovative interventions against sars the scarcity of and most importantly the highly heterogeneous nature of normal human bronchial epithelial nhbe cells with regard to their ace2 expression and thus permissiveness to sarscov infection [39 40] tseng ck et al unpublished observation greatly limits their use in exploring the genomewide responses to viral infections although human bronchial epithelial calu3 cells like nhbe cells are heterogeneous their availability and wellcharacterized interaction with sarscov [41] make them a better choice than nhbe...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...on their intense homogeneous and most importantly stable expression of ace2 over various passages we chose the 2b4 clone to explore the innate epithelial signaling pathways elicited by sarscov by microarraybased functional genomics here we have analyzed the global gene responses of 2b4 cells over time in response to sarscov infection in an attempt to clarify the characteristics of the innate antiviral responses triggered by sarscov we also simultaneously analyzed the gene expression profile of 2b4 cells infected by dhori virus dhov an orthomyxovirus known to productively infect 2b4 cells leading to profound production of ifns and other inflammatory cytokines hill...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...responses we find that 2b4 cells can mount an active response however irf37mediated ifnb and especially ifnl responses were delayed relative to those of nfkbandor ap1 atf2cjunmediated proinflammatory responses at both the transcriptional and translational levels the ability of 2b4 cells to activate ifnrelated signaling pathways in response to sarscov infection is further verified by the subsequent expression of many interferonstimulated genes isgs while sarscov infection was capable of activating the aforementioned genes related to innate antiviral responses the magnitude of their expression was noticeably not as high as those induced by dhov we also noticed that the translational machinery for...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...especially ifnl responses were delayed relative to those of nfkbandor ap1 atf2cjunmediated proinflammatory responses at both the transcriptional and translational levels the ability of 2b4 cells to activate ifnrelated signaling pathways in response to sarscov infection is further verified by the subsequent expression of many interferonstimulated genes isgs while sarscov infection was capable of activating the aforementioned genes related to innate antiviral responses the magnitude of their expression was noticeably not as high as those induced by dhov we also noticed that the translational machinery for ifnb and ifnl2 mrna transcripts in 2b4 cells was not as efficient as those of...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...epithelial cells are capable of promoting active but delayed ifnrelated antiviral responses thus providing new insight into sars pathogenesis we employed the standard limiting dilution technique to establish clonal derivatives of calu3 cells as described in materials and methods based on their ace2 expression and permissiveness to productive sarscov infection 18 out of a total of 26 clones established exhibited an array of varying intensities of ace2 expression and permissiveness to sarscov ranging from intermediatetolow levels whereas the remaining eight clones revealed increased ace2 expression and susceptibility to sarscov infection when compared to their parental calu3 cells data not shown...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...based on their ace2 expression and permissiveness to productive sarscov infection 18 out of a total of 26 clones established exhibited an array of varying intensities of ace2 expression and permissiveness to sarscov ranging from intermediatetolow levels whereas the remaining eight clones revealed increased ace2 expression and susceptibility to sarscov infection when compared to their parental calu3 cells data not shown among those clones that were highly permissive to sarscov we chose cells of the 2b4 clone for a detailed characterization with regard to the stability of ace2 expression over different passages and the susceptibility to productive sarscov infection as shown...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...to sarscov infection when compared to their parental calu3 cells data not shown among those clones that were highly permissive to sarscov we chose cells of the 2b4 clone for a detailed characterization with regard to the stability of ace2 expression over different passages and the susceptibility to productive sarscov infection as shown in figure 1a results of ihc staining revealed that the ace2 expression of 2b4 cells passage 6 was much more intense than that of the parental calu3 cells such an enhanced ace2 expression of 2b4 cells relative to calu3 cells was confirmed by western blot analysis ...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...was subsequently examined by tem as shown in figure 1c 2b4 cells like parental calu3 cells appeared to have a morphology resembling that of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells with the expression of microvilli on the apical surface and the formation of tj complexes the permissiveness to sarscov infection of 2b4 cells passages 6 and 12 and calu3 cells was investigated over time and the results depicted in figure 1d it became clear that infected 2b4 cells moi 01 of either passage were equally capable of promoting a strikingly more intense production of progeny viruses than their...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...72hrs pi accompanied by the appearance of rounded and enlarged cells cpe figure 1f some of which became detached from the culture vessel data not shown taken together these results indicated that 2b4 cells are homogeneous with regard to their stability of ace2 expression and permissiveness to sarscov infection thereby providing a sensitive pathologically relevant in vitro model for characterizing the host innate antiviral signaling pathways explicitly triggered by sarscov we employed a cdna microarray to analyze the patterns of the global gene expression of 2b4 cells in response to sarscov as the first step to explore the...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...highly intense secretion of type i ifn and other innate inflammatory mediators hill et al unpublished data we compared the global gene expression of 2b4 cells in response to sarscov versus dhov while the microarraybased analysis of the temporal gene expression of 2b4 cells in response to sarscov or dhov infection has been performed simultaneously within the same experimental setting most of the results relevant to dhov infection unless indicated otherwise are the subject of a separate manuscript hill et al in preparation more specifically we were particularly interested in comparing virally induced genes that are either encoding for or relevant...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...we compared the global gene expression of 2b4 cells in response to sarscov versus dhov while the microarraybased analysis of the temporal gene expression of 2b4 cells in response to sarscov or dhov infection has been performed simultaneously within the same experimental setting most of the results relevant to dhov infection unless indicated otherwise are the subject of a separate manuscript hill et al in preparation more specifically we were particularly interested in comparing virally induced genes that are either encoding for or relevant to the expression of ifn and other inflammatory cytokines as sars pathogenesis has been proposed to stem...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...particularly interested in comparing virally induced genes that are either encoding for or relevant to the expression of ifn and other inflammatory cytokines as sars pathogenesis has been proposed to stem from the combination of barely detectable if any ifn and exacerbated cytokine responses in patients severely affected by sarscov infection [14 47] the temporal expression of host genes was determined by comparing the relative abundance of specific mrna in mock versus sarscovinfected versus dhovinfected 2b4 cells moi 01 harvested at 12 24 and 48 hrs pi the microarraybased study of global gene responses was performed in...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...were significantly modulated ie 15fold and p005 when compared to those of mockinfected controls in all of the replicates n 3 analyzed at each time point were selected for further investigation the kinetics of viral replication was also determined at each time point to correlate the levels of viral infection to the extent of host gene responses we constructed a venn diagram based on the results of the stringent microarray analysis to roughly reflect the temporal changes in the gene expression of sarscovinfected 2b4 cells as shown in figure 2a b we identified a total of 178 and 239 genes...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...in figure 2a b we identified a total of 178 and 239 genes whose expression was significantly upor downregulated in infected 2b4 cells over time ie 1248 hrs respectively the capacity of sarscov to modulate gene expression of infected 2b4 cells was not as potent as that of dhov whose infection resulted in 684 and 246 genes being significantly upregulated and downregulated respectively data not shown among this total of sarscovregulated 417 genes ie 178 upand 239 downregulated genes only 8 upregulated genes were detected at the earliest time point ie 12 hrs the expression of these genes continued to...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...respectively tfs regulate gene transcription and play critical roles in various biological processes including host innate responses against invading pathogens the majority of tfs are also known to regulate the expression of multiple and often overlapping genes the inferred activation of key tfs during the early phase of sarscov infection ie 12 hrs table 1 prompted us to analyze the temporal activation of tfs by using the transcription factor database known as transfac among those tfs deduced to be activated at 12 hrs activation of nfkb stat and elk1 persisted throughout the entire course of infection ie 1248...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...of sarscov infection ie 12 hrs table 1 prompted us to analyze the temporal activation of tfs by using the transcription factor database known as transfac among those tfs deduced to be activated at 12 hrs activation of nfkb stat and elk1 persisted throughout the entire course of infection ie 1248 hrs thereby suggesting their close role in regulating epithelial responses to sarscov infection table 1 and figure 3 significant activation of other tfs belonging to either the ap1 family eg atf2 atf2cjun and atf3 or the crebatf family eg creb and crebatf were also detected at 24...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...temporal activation of tfs by using the transcription factor database known as transfac among those tfs deduced to be activated at 12 hrs activation of nfkb stat and elk1 persisted throughout the entire course of infection ie 1248 hrs thereby suggesting their close role in regulating epithelial responses to sarscov infection table 1 and figure 3 significant activation of other tfs belonging to either the ap1 family eg atf2 atf2cjun and atf3 or the crebatf family eg creb and crebatf were also detected at 24 hrs whereas activation of irf7 a molecule critically involved in the induction of type i...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...activities of peptidyldipeptidase a ie angiotensin converting enzyme ace and ace2 ie sarscov receptor of infected 2b4 cells were significantly reduced at 24 hrs figure 4b because ace2 has a protective function against acute lung injury [48] its reduced expression as the consequence of sarscov infection might worsen the pathogenesis resulting from sarscov infection while the expressions of genes functionally related to oxidoreductase were also reduced at 48 hrs their subsequent impact on the host responses andor sars pathogenesis remains currently unknown when these significantly modulated genes were analyzed according to the biological process we...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...ace and ace2 ie sarscov receptor of infected 2b4 cells were significantly reduced at 24 hrs figure 4b because ace2 has a protective function against acute lung injury [48] its reduced expression as the consequence of sarscov infection might worsen the pathogenesis resulting from sarscov infection while the expressions of genes functionally related to oxidoreductase were also reduced at 48 hrs their subsequent impact on the host responses andor sars pathogenesis remains currently unknown when these significantly modulated genes were analyzed according to the biological process we could not identify any enriched go terms for...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...highly elevated expressions of genes with the goannotated biological functions of response to virus and immune response were particularly prominent as supported by the extremely low p values it is thought that sars pathogenesis likely stems in part from illregulated and often excessive innate inflammatory responses against respiratory sarscov infection to more relevantly measure the possible impact that infected lung epithelial cells might have on temporal host immune responses in vivo we generated heat maps of two elevated gene sets of infected 2b4 cells representing immune responsesresponse to virus n 52 and cytokineschemokines n 26 respectively as shown...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...correlated poorly for ifnl2 il1a and ifnbencoding genes in that the levels of mrna transcripts were more readily detectable than those of the proteins to determine whether such poor efficiency in protein expression of il1a ifnl2 and particularly of ifnb by 2b4 cells was a unique consequence of sarscov infection we performed a parallel analysis of the mrna and protein expression profiles of those genes whose expressions were significantly activated in 2b4 cells upon infection with sarscov or dhov by comparing the expression levels of mrna and protein of the targeted genes briefly the relative mrna and protein expression efficacies...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...to determine whether such poor efficiency in protein expression of il1a ifnl2 and particularly of ifnb by 2b4 cells was a unique consequence of sarscov infection we performed a parallel analysis of the mrna and protein expression profiles of those genes whose expressions were significantly activated in 2b4 cells upon infection with sarscov or dhov by comparing the expression levels of mrna and protein of the targeted genes briefly the relative mrna and protein expression efficacies of genes elicited by differentially infected 2b4 cells were calculated by dividing the amounts of mrna or protein detected in sarscovinfected cultures by those expressed...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...particularly inefficient in the posttranscriptional expression of many antiviral genes especially those encoding for ifnb ifnl1 and ifnl2 when compared to dhovinfected cells taken together our results lead us to suggest that sarscov might have evolved strategies likely via preferentially targeting ifnrelated antiviral genes at posttranscription level to successfully establish infection in the immunecompetent 2b4 cells type i ifns ifnab rapidly produced by the infected host serves as the first line of defense against viral infections in part via triggering the expressions of many isgs to combat the invading pathogens the ability of sarscov to activate mxs oas rigi mda5...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...tlr3 stats and many other isgs without stimulating any significant responses of ifnb and especially of ifnas prompted us to investigate whether ifnls elicited by infected 2b4 cells could potentiate ifnablike activity against sarscov to evaluate the potential of ifnls alone or in combination with type i ifns against sarscov infection we pretreated 2b4 cells with ifnb ifnl1 and ifnl2 either individually or in combination at indicated concentrations prior to infection with sarscov moi 001 while ifnb at the concentration of 5 ng equivalent to 1000 iu alone had a significant antiviral effect we were unable to reveal any antiviral...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...investigate whether ifnls elicited by infected 2b4 cells could potentiate ifnablike activity against sarscov to evaluate the potential of ifnls alone or in combination with type i ifns against sarscov infection we pretreated 2b4 cells with ifnb ifnl1 and ifnl2 either individually or in combination at indicated concentrations prior to infection with sarscov moi 001 while ifnb at the concentration of 5 ng equivalent to 1000 iu alone had a significant antiviral effect we were unable to reveal any antiviral effect of either ifnl1 or l2 when used alone at a concentration as high as 1000 ng figure 9a...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...treatments of ifnl1ifnb ifnl2ifnb and ifnl1ifnl2 at the same concentrations while the mechanism of this interesting observation remains unknown our results showed that ifnls possess a previously unidentified type i ifnlike activity against sarscov intense acute inflammatory responses concomitant with extremely unremarkable ifnab secretion are the hallmark of sarscov infection however the molecular mechanisms attributed to such highly dysregulated innate antiviral responses in sarscovinfected cells especially those of pathologically relevant lung epithelial cells remain elusive we have reported that whereas human bronchial calu3 cells secreted high levels of biologically active il6 il8 and ip10 in response to sarscov infection they...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...sarscov infection however the molecular mechanisms attributed to such highly dysregulated innate antiviral responses in sarscovinfected cells especially those of pathologically relevant lung epithelial cells remain elusive we have reported that whereas human bronchial calu3 cells secreted high levels of biologically active il6 il8 and ip10 in response to sarscov infection they failed to mount any detectable ifnab response [38] because calu3 cells are highly heterogeneous with regard to the expression of the ace2 viral receptor [41] we strived and succeeded to establish various clones of calu3 cells which would be valuable for studying the...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...any detectable ifnab response [38] because calu3 cells are highly heterogeneous with regard to the expression of the ace2 viral receptor [41] we strived and succeeded to establish various clones of calu3 cells which would be valuable for studying the host response to sarscov infection the global host gene expression in response to sarscov infection has been previously reported in various cell types including the less permissive if any human pbmc [14 18] and primary mw [19] highly permissive but pathologically irrelevant caco2 cells [49] and huh7...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...are highly heterogeneous with regard to the expression of the ace2 viral receptor [41] we strived and succeeded to establish various clones of calu3 cells which would be valuable for studying the host response to sarscov infection the global host gene expression in response to sarscov infection has been previously reported in various cell types including the less permissive if any human pbmc [14 18] and primary mw [19] highly permissive but pathologically irrelevant caco2 cells [49] and huh7 cells [50] and even vero e6 cells [21...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...] highly permissive but pathologically irrelevant caco2 cells [49] and huh7 cells [50] and even vero e6 cells [21] in addition the elucidation of the host gene expression of most of these studies has been based on a single time point after infection ranging from 2 to 24 hrs pi with the study of huh7 cells being the only exception in which rna samples collected at both 2 and 4 hrs pi were analyzed based on their stable and intense ace expression and thus enhanced permissiveness to productive sarscov infection compared to that...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...time point after infection ranging from 2 to 24 hrs pi with the study of huh7 cells being the only exception in which rna samples collected at both 2 and 4 hrs pi were analyzed based on their stable and intense ace expression and thus enhanced permissiveness to productive sarscov infection compared to that of parental calu3 cells figure 1 we chose the cloned 2b4 cells for studying the temporal expression of airway epithelial genes related to the innate antiviral defense against sarscov infection by using microarraybased functional genomics it has been well documented that innate antiviral signaling is...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...analyzed based on their stable and intense ace expression and thus enhanced permissiveness to productive sarscov infection compared to that of parental calu3 cells figure 1 we chose the cloned 2b4 cells for studying the temporal expression of airway epithelial genes related to the innate antiviral defense against sarscov infection by using microarraybased functional genomics it has been well documented that innate antiviral signaling is initiated upon the recognition of conserved molecular structures shared by invading pathogens of various origin known as pathogenassociated molecular patterns pamps by specific pattern recognition receptor prr molecules expressed on host cells which ultimately...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...and nfkb for the induction of ifna b and other proinflammatory mediators [51 52 53] by using this in vitro system we demonstrated that nfkb and stat were among the earliest tfs activated at 12 hrs the fact that their activation persisted throughout the entire course of infection ie 12 to 48 hrs figure 3 strongly argues for their important role in regulating epithelial responses to sarscov the critical roles of nfkband statmediated signaling pathways in the activation of many isgs and genes coding for various proinflammatory mediators have been well characterized [54 55] ...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...56 57] although activation of nfkbandor ap1 cjunatf2mediated pathways could contribute to ifnb gene induction [58] studies with targeted gene knockout ko mice have clearly indicated that irf3 andor irf7 molecules play an indispensible but distinctive role in the induction of ifnab responses against viral infection [59] irf3 is constitutively expressed in many cells whereas the expression of irf7 is highly inducible by ifns [60 61] it has been demonstrated that activation of irf3 is primarily responsible for the early and limited induction of ifnab genes which in turn bind...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...activation of irf7 for furthering ifnab production [62] unfortunately the transfac database that we used in this study to identify enriched tfs did not contain data on irf3 or its regulatory binding sites preventing us from deducing whether irf3 activation was induced in 2b4 cells upon sarscov infection however the elevated transcriptional activation of genes coding for irf7 ifnb ifnls and many isgs detected at 48 hrs in infected 2b4 cells strongly argue for the activation of irf3 by sarscov in 2b4 cells however the impact of such a delay in the activation of the indispensible irf3 7...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...infected by dhov were quite capable of expressing transcripts and proteins of ifnl2 and ifnb in a highly correlated manner figure 8b and hill t et al in preparation taken together these results suggest that while the expressions of ifnl2 and especially of ifnb proteins were profoundly inhibited sarscov infection did not impose a generalized suppression of host posttranscriptional machinery in 2b4 cells an observation consistent with that reported for sarscov nsp1 protein [12 64] the failure of effectively translating ifnb transcripts has also been reported recently in mouse fibroblasts infected by mhv stain a59 interestingly such...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...mda5 tlr3 stats and isg20 were present at 48 hrs thereby strongly arguing for the likelihood of a minute but physiologically relevant amount of ifnb andor ifnl proteins which was otherwise undetectable by the bioplex elisa andor the standard plaque reduction assay being produced by sarscovinfected 2b4 cells early after infection similar to the induction of ifnab expression virally induced expression of ifnls also relies on the activation of the rigimavsips1tbk1ikkeirf3 signaling axis [70] despite such striking similarities between these two classes of ifns with regard to their patterns of activation expression and biological functions it was...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...pathogens infecting the lung but not the liver further emphasizing a tissuerestricted manner of ifnlmediated antiviral responses [72] thus the use of human bronchial epithelial 2b4 cells may be responsible for our success in identifying highly elevated expressions of ifnl genes as a novel biomarker of sarscov infection while the efficacy of ifnab in prophylaxis against sarscov infection has been well established the relative contribution of ifnls in the epithelial defense against sarscov infection has yet to be explored here we showed that sarscov replication could be drastically inhibited by ifnls ie ifnl1 and l2 when used...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...tissuerestricted manner of ifnlmediated antiviral responses [72] thus the use of human bronchial epithelial 2b4 cells may be responsible for our success in identifying highly elevated expressions of ifnl genes as a novel biomarker of sarscov infection while the efficacy of ifnab in prophylaxis against sarscov infection has been well established the relative contribution of ifnls in the epithelial defense against sarscov infection has yet to be explored here we showed that sarscov replication could be drastically inhibited by ifnls ie ifnl1 and l2 when used together even at a low dose 10 ng per each of...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...epithelial 2b4 cells may be responsible for our success in identifying highly elevated expressions of ifnl genes as a novel biomarker of sarscov infection while the efficacy of ifnab in prophylaxis against sarscov infection has been well established the relative contribution of ifnls in the epithelial defense against sarscov infection has yet to be explored here we showed that sarscov replication could be drastically inhibited by ifnls ie ifnl1 and l2 when used together even at a low dose 10 ng per each of l1 03 iu and l2 02 iu but not when either ifn was used alone even...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...ng ie 3 and 2 iu of l1 and l2 respectively but not at 10 ng when combined with an otherwise ineffective dose of ifnb ie 005 ng10 iu could highly potentiate antiviral responses resulting in the reduction of sarscov replication by a factor of 5075 at day 2 after infection figure 9 while the efficacy of ifnls against sarscov replication when used alone or in combination with ifnb has been consistently observed in our studies additional in vitro and animal studies are warranted to determine the mechanisms of protection and whether type i and type iii ifns exert...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...when used alone or in combination with ifnb has been consistently observed in our studies additional in vitro and animal studies are warranted to determine the mechanisms of protection and whether type i and type iii ifns exert a redundant complementary or synergistic role in the host defense against sarscov infection in summary we demonstrated that human bronchial epithelial 2b4 cells are capable of responding to sarscov infection by temporally activating latent nfkb 12hrs ap1 atf2jun 24hrs and irf37 48hrs all of which especially irf37 are critically involved in the induction of type i ifn gene expression and the subsequent...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...and animal studies are warranted to determine the mechanisms of protection and whether type i and type iii ifns exert a redundant complementary or synergistic role in the host defense against sarscov infection in summary we demonstrated that human bronchial epithelial 2b4 cells are capable of responding to sarscov infection by temporally activating latent nfkb 12hrs ap1 atf2jun 24hrs and irf37 48hrs all of which especially irf37 are critically involved in the induction of type i ifn gene expression and the subsequent activation of virusdependent andor ifndependent antiviral signaling pathways early activation of nfkb and ap1 in epithelial cells would...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...the infected host to keep early viral replication in check despite their delayed expressions we demonstrate for the first time that both ifnab and ifnls possess nonredundant and therefore complementary activities against sascov replication we also identify various isgs elicited by lung epithelial cells the primary target cells of sarscov infection which might be crucial targets for not only better understanding the initiation of innate and adaptive immunity but also for the future development of innovative therapeutics against sars the urbani strain of sarscov kindly provided to us by dr t g ksiazek at the center for disease control and...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...titer of 1610 7 50 tissue culture infectious doses tcid 50 ml was generated and stored at 280uc the prototype strain ig 611313 of dhori virus dhov an orthomyxovirus was also used in this study although dhov was originally isolated from hyalomma dromedarii ticks [73] intranasal infection of mice with this tickborne virus resulted in the onset of a fulminant and uniformly fatal illness with many of the clinical inflammatory and pathologic features highly resembling to those observed in mice infected with h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus ie h5n1 [45 46] the...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...with m20 medium followed by cultivation in 96well microtiter plates 1 cellwell without the addition of feeder cells confluent subcultures were transferred to 24 12 and 6well plates before further expansion into culture flasks individual clones were subjected to analyses for the expression of ace2 and their susceptibility to sarscov infection by immunohistochemistry ihc and vero e6based infectivity assays respectively the infectious center assay as described by dutta and myrup [74] was used to estimate the percentage of sarscovinfected 2b4 cells over time briefly sarscovinfected 2b4 cells moi 01 grown on the 24well plates were washed...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

... the infectious center assay as described by dutta and myrup [74] was used to estimate the percentage of sarscovinfected 2b4 cells over time briefly sarscovinfected 2b4 cells moi 01 grown on the 24well plates were washed with phosphatebuffered saline pbs at indicated time points after infection to remove the cellfree viruses the infected 2b4 cells were harvested by adding trypsinedta and next total cell recovery was counted cells were further washed 26 with m10 media and the final washing was saved for determining the titer of the residual cellfree viruses by the standard plaque forming assay...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...ultrathin sectioning by using a leicareichert ultracut s ultramicrotome after they were stained with 2 aqueous uranyl acetate and lead citrate the sections were examined under a philips 201 or cm100 electron microscope at 60 kv we employed the standard ihc for documenting the expression of ace2 and sarscov infection briefly sarscovinfected calu3 cultures grown on 24well plates were washed with phosphatebuffered saline pbs fixed in 4 paraformaldehyde overnight and rinsed 26 with pbs after blocking with pbs containing 5 bovine serum albumin for 30 min calu3 cells were incubated for 1 h at 37uc with rabbit antisarscov nucleocapsid protein...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...at least 50 this allowed for more accurate identification of those genes that increased or decreased in expression levels over time but that fell below the stringent statistical criteria at the lower transcriptional levels in order to ensure that results obtained from comparison of virally infected cells were specific to infection any probe set determined to be significantly different in hybridization signal based on the above criteria was further expected to have been detected as altered foldchange 15 and at least 50 greater in magnitude than any change observed between control samples p value 005 between mockinfected and virally infected cells...

Title: Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yoshikawa, Tomoki. Hill, Terence E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2083
ID: 0e23b62f7dca85c31f4f90603d2a28dfc7177947
Number of matches: 57

...bead array biorad hercules ca as we previously described [38] in which both the human group i 27plex and the group ii 8plex ie cxcl1groa cxcl9mig ifna2 il1a il12 p40 il18 tnfb tnfsf10trail were used evaluation of the protective efficacy of ifnb andor ifnls against sarscov infection confluent 2b4 cells were pretreated with rifnb pbl rifnl1 or ifnl2 peprotech inc rocky hill nj at indicated concentrations either alone or in combination for 24 hrs before challenging with sarscov moi 001 for 72 hrs the resulting supernatants were harvested for assessing the yields of the infectious progeny...

Title: Incorporating health workers’ perspectives
into a WHO guideline on personal protective
equipment developed during an Ebola virus disease
outbreak
Authors: Den Boon, Saskia. Vallenas, Constanza...
Journal: F1000Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2084
ID: 731076fd240ebb00a9faf96ca9cedd40fb5fa50c
Number of matches: 3

......

Title: Incorporating health workers’ perspectives
into a WHO guideline on personal protective
equipment developed during an Ebola virus disease
outbreak
Authors: Den Boon, Saskia. Vallenas, Constanza...
Journal: F1000Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2084
ID: 731076fd240ebb00a9faf96ca9cedd40fb5fa50c
Number of matches: 3

...infection and death of health workers particularly before the identification of ebola virus as responsible for the clinical presentation of one or a cluster of patients [1] [2] [3] contributing factors include nonspecific clinical presentation lack of local advanced diagnostic capabilities and suboptimal infection prevention and control ipc practices amplified by poor surveillance in struggling health systems the epidemiological pattern of the 20142016 evd outbreak in west africa revealed a similar story but this time with an unprecedented scale and geographic spread resulting in a record number of affected health workers with 881 cases...

Title: Incorporating health workers’ perspectives
into a WHO guideline on personal protective
equipment developed during an Ebola virus disease
outbreak
Authors: Den Boon, Saskia. Vallenas, Constanza...
Journal: F1000Res
Item: Infection
Index: 2084
ID: 731076fd240ebb00a9faf96ca9cedd40fb5fa50c
Number of matches: 3

...predefined sampling frame we excluded their responses from the analysis similarly our survey failed to take into account the fact that ppe consists of different components such as eye protection nose and mouth protection gloves and body coverings that work together to protect the health worker from the risk of infection in the first part of our questionnaire we asked how the survey participant experienced individual components of ppe eg goggles or face mask however it is difficult to review these components as isolated items separate from the rest of the ppe as one survey participant noted it is the combination...

Title: Arenavirus budding resulting from
viral-protein-associated cell membrane curvature
Authors: Schley, David. Whittaker, Robert J....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2085
ID: 0e5ca6286111f518f4d41267587324c92a902aa2
Number of matches: 2

......

Title: Arenavirus budding resulting from
viral-protein-associated cell membrane curvature
Authors: Schley, David. Whittaker, Robert J....
Journal: J R Soc Interface
Item: Infection
Index: 2085
ID: 0e5ca6286111f518f4d41267587324c92a902aa2
Number of matches: 2

...budding region this is equivalent to the order of 10 22 k cal mol 21 10 222 j for each embedded protein group which is well within the free energy of partitioning levels observed experimentally [58] the production of new virions is a critical stage in viral infection so a better understanding of how vesicle budding occurs could help in developing treatments to potentially interrupt this process in this paper a viable mechanism for viralproteindriven budding has been identified viral proteins do not just lie under the membrane but embed in it [45] here...

Title: Quantifying Type-Specific Reproduction
Numbers for Nosocomial Pathogens: Evidence for
Heightened Transmission of an Asian Sequence Type 239 MRSA
Clone
Authors: Cooper, Ben S.. Kypraios, Theodore...
Journal: PLoS Comput Biol
Item: Infection
Index: 2086
ID: de15170cb79d459586be28d687e7d68117990644
Number of matches: 1

...the axillae and perineum and from november 2004 also the rectum and throat patient isolate refers to any clinical isolate taken directly from a patient including blood sputum pus pleural fluid wound swab line tip swab drain fluid skin swab and screening swabs the above criteria were applied by the infection control team throughout the course of the study period and retrospectively checked for consistency by comparison with a database of all swabs and clinical isolates taken while patients were in one of the icus during the study period since the day but not the time of icu admission and of...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...8090 in europe and asia [3] [4] [5] fcov can also be divided into two biotypes feline infectious peritonitis virus fip virus fipv virulent fcov and feline enteric coronavirus fecv avirulent fcov according to its pathogenesis in animals [6] fipv infection typically causes a lethal disease in felidae known as fip [7] the hallmark pathological findings of fip in domestic cats are serous fluid in peritoneal and pleural cavities pyogranulomatous lesions in internal organs and disseminated fibrinous on the serosal and organ surfaces [6] the...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...endocytosis after attachment to the fapn [6] it is speculated that low endosomal ph triggers the conformation change of the spike protein of fcov that releases the virus from the endosome to the cytosol however the timing of cytosol entry of each serotype was unclear fcov infection is dependent on intracellular cholesterol [11] our previous study demonstrated that the triazole antifungal agent itraconazole blocks the intracellular trafficking of cholesterol and inhibits type i fcov infection in a feline cell line felis catus whole fetus4 cells fcwf4 cells [12] similar results were...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...from the endosome to the cytosol however the timing of cytosol entry of each serotype was unclear fcov infection is dependent on intracellular cholesterol [11] our previous study demonstrated that the triazole antifungal agent itraconazole blocks the intracellular trafficking of cholesterol and inhibits type i fcov infection in a feline cell line felis catus whole fetus4 cells fcwf4 cells [12] similar results were observed with u18666a the widely studied cholesterol transport inhibitor [11] other researchers reported that itraconazole and u18666a blocked cholesterol egress from late endosomes [13] [14...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...on fcov we assessed whether 25hc inhibits late endosome function using intracellular cholesterol accumulation as an index the 25hc affected cholesterol accumulation in a dosedependent manner figure 2a figure 2c suggesting that type i fcov enters via late endosomes to confirm this hypothesis we examined the effects of viral infection after 4bromobenzaldehyde n26dimethylphenyl semicarbazone ega treatment which specifically inhibits transport from early to late endosomes [20] ega significantly suppressed fcovi ku2 infection but not fcovii 791146 infection figure 3 based on the above results and our previous study [11 12] different fcov...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...manner figure 2a figure 2c suggesting that type i fcov enters via late endosomes to confirm this hypothesis we examined the effects of viral infection after 4bromobenzaldehyde n26dimethylphenyl semicarbazone ega treatment which specifically inhibits transport from early to late endosomes [20] ega significantly suppressed fcovi ku2 infection but not fcovii 791146 infection figure 3 based on the above results and our previous study [11 12] different fcov serotypes may enter feline cells through different endocytic routes fcovi ku2 is released from late endosomes into the cytosol whereas fcovii 791146 is released from...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

... suggesting that type i fcov enters via late endosomes to confirm this hypothesis we examined the effects of viral infection after 4bromobenzaldehyde n26dimethylphenyl semicarbazone ega treatment which specifically inhibits transport from early to late endosomes [20] ega significantly suppressed fcovi ku2 infection but not fcovii 791146 infection figure 3 based on the above results and our previous study [11 12] different fcov serotypes may enter feline cells through different endocytic routes fcovi ku2 is released from late endosomes into the cytosol whereas fcovii 791146 is released from early endosomes into the cytosol...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...with disrupted late endosome function in this experiment only type i fcov was used in consideration of the limited number of cats in addition no cytopathic effects are observed and no virus is produced in the culture supernatant in type i fcovinfected primary macrophages taking these conditions into consideration viral infection of macrophages was judged based on the detection of fcov n protein as a result n protein levels of fcovi ku2 were reduced by itraconazole and posaconazole but not by voriconazole or fluconazole in primary macrophages similar to in fcwf4 cells figure 8 viruses employ several entry strategies after...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...to in fcwf4 cells figure 8 viruses employ several entry strategies after endocytosis virus entry occurs at early or late endosomes [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] according to previous studies there are two cell entry types in coronavirus infection cytosol entry through early endosomes eg merscov infectious bronchitis virus and human coronavirus nl63 and late endosomes eg sarscov [26 27] burkard et al reported that fcov serotype is unclear enters the cytosol through late endosomes [26] we demonstrated that types i and ii...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

... although 25hydroxycholesterol inhibits several viral infections [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] many points remain unclear with regard to its antiviral activity civra et al reported that 25hydroxycholesterol accumulates cholesterol in late endosomes and inhibits rotavirus infection [19] based on their report 25hydroxycholesterol exhibits its antiviral activity through disrupting late endosome function we confirmed that 25hydroxycholesterol inhibits type i fcov infection at the cholesterolaccumulating concentration ie type i fcov infection was blocked by 25hydroxycholesterol through the same mechanism as that of rotavirus infection inhibition...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...points remain unclear with regard to its antiviral activity civra et al reported that 25hydroxycholesterol accumulates cholesterol in late endosomes and inhibits rotavirus infection [19] based on their report 25hydroxycholesterol exhibits its antiviral activity through disrupting late endosome function we confirmed that 25hydroxycholesterol inhibits type i fcov infection at the cholesterolaccumulating concentration ie type i fcov infection was blocked by 25hydroxycholesterol through the same mechanism as that of rotavirus infection inhibition based on this finding 25hydroxycholesterol can be applied as a potent antiviral agent for fcov however oxysterols such as 25hydroxycholesterol induce arteriosclerosis [42 43] ...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...civra et al reported that 25hydroxycholesterol accumulates cholesterol in late endosomes and inhibits rotavirus infection [19] based on their report 25hydroxycholesterol exhibits its antiviral activity through disrupting late endosome function we confirmed that 25hydroxycholesterol inhibits type i fcov infection at the cholesterolaccumulating concentration ie type i fcov infection was blocked by 25hydroxycholesterol through the same mechanism as that of rotavirus infection inhibition based on this finding 25hydroxycholesterol can be applied as a potent antiviral agent for fcov however oxysterols such as 25hydroxycholesterol induce arteriosclerosis [42 43] therefore further investigation is necessary to use 25hydroxycholesterol as...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...rotavirus infection [19] based on their report 25hydroxycholesterol exhibits its antiviral activity through disrupting late endosome function we confirmed that 25hydroxycholesterol inhibits type i fcov infection at the cholesterolaccumulating concentration ie type i fcov infection was blocked by 25hydroxycholesterol through the same mechanism as that of rotavirus infection inhibition based on this finding 25hydroxycholesterol can be applied as a potent antiviral agent for fcov however oxysterols such as 25hydroxycholesterol induce arteriosclerosis [42 43] therefore further investigation is necessary to use 25hydroxycholesterol as an antiviral agent for fip highconcentration 100 m 25hydroxycholesterol inhibited type ii fcov...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...inhibition based on this finding 25hydroxycholesterol can be applied as a potent antiviral agent for fcov however oxysterols such as 25hydroxycholesterol induce arteriosclerosis [42 43] therefore further investigation is necessary to use 25hydroxycholesterol as an antiviral agent for fip highconcentration 100 m 25hydroxycholesterol inhibited type ii fcov infection by 60 the reason for this is unclear but a large amount of 25hydroxycholesterol incorporated by endocytosis may have physically blocked type ii fcov release from early endosomes both fcov serotypes use the endosomal pathway for cell entry [11 44] however the timing of cytosol entry...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...type ii fcov release from early endosomes both fcov serotypes use the endosomal pathway for cell entry [11 44] however the timing of cytosol entry of each serotype was unclear ega prevents transport from early endosomes to late endosomes [20] type ii fcov infection was not inhibited by ega demonstrating that type ii fcov enters the cytosol before it reaches late endosomes in contrast ega inhibited type i fcov infection thus type i fcov requires late endosomes to enter the cytosol we tried to directly demonstrate that type i fcov reaches late endosomes ie...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...of cytosol entry of each serotype was unclear ega prevents transport from early endosomes to late endosomes [20] type ii fcov infection was not inhibited by ega demonstrating that type ii fcov enters the cytosol before it reaches late endosomes in contrast ega inhibited type i fcov infection thus type i fcov requires late endosomes to enter the cytosol we tried to directly demonstrate that type i fcov reaches late endosomes ie we investigated colocalization of a late endosome marker rab7 and the virion but we were unable to find a commercial antirab7 antibody that reacts with feline...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...unable to bind sdd on the other hand it was suggested that itraconazole posaconazole u18666a and 25hydroxycholesterol interfere with the binding of type i fcov to npc1 in addition to inducing cholesterol accumulation by binding sdd [48] however in cells treated with sddbinding cholesterol type i fcov infection increased thus inhibition of type i fcov infection by the above drugs is not related to binding of the virus to the sdd of npc1 fcovinfected macrophages play an important role in the development of fip [8] [9] [10] we previously analyzed...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...it was suggested that itraconazole posaconazole u18666a and 25hydroxycholesterol interfere with the binding of type i fcov to npc1 in addition to inducing cholesterol accumulation by binding sdd [48] however in cells treated with sddbinding cholesterol type i fcov infection increased thus inhibition of type i fcov infection by the above drugs is not related to binding of the virus to the sdd of npc1 fcovinfected macrophages play an important role in the development of fip [8] [9] [10] we previously analyzed the mechanism of fcov infection in feline primary...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...type i fcov infection by the above drugs is not related to binding of the virus to the sdd of npc1 fcovinfected macrophages play an important role in the development of fip [8] [9] [10] we previously analyzed the mechanism of fcov infection in feline primary macrophages [44] type i and type ii fcov are incorporated by endocytosis when they attach to the cell surface of macrophages but it is unclear why fcov that entered macrophages was not degraded considering these results fcov incorporated by macrophages may escape degradation by...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...in general the infectivity of type i fcov in feline cells is lower than that of type ii fcov recently obrien et al established fcwf4 cells fcwf4 cu that permit type i fcov replication [49] they noted lower interferon sensitivity as a factor enabling type i fcov infection of this cell line [49 50] as described above 25hydroxycholesterol inhibiting type i fcov infection is induced in cells by interferon suggesting that 25hydroxycholesterol is not induced in fcwf4 cu even though interferon is produced after infection if this hypothesis is correct the reason for increased infection...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...fcov recently obrien et al established fcwf4 cells fcwf4 cu that permit type i fcov replication [49] they noted lower interferon sensitivity as a factor enabling type i fcov infection of this cell line [49 50] as described above 25hydroxycholesterol inhibiting type i fcov infection is induced in cells by interferon suggesting that 25hydroxycholesterol is not induced in fcwf4 cu even though interferon is produced after infection if this hypothesis is correct the reason for increased infection by type i fcov of fcwf4 cu may be reduced 25hydroxycholesterol production in this study we indirectly...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...lower interferon sensitivity as a factor enabling type i fcov infection of this cell line [49 50] as described above 25hydroxycholesterol inhibiting type i fcov infection is induced in cells by interferon suggesting that 25hydroxycholesterol is not induced in fcwf4 cu even though interferon is produced after infection if this hypothesis is correct the reason for increased infection by type i fcov of fcwf4 cu may be reduced 25hydroxycholesterol production in this study we indirectly demonstrated that type i fcov cannot enter the cytosol unless it reaches late endosomes whereas type ii fcov can even though...

Title: Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for
Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent
Viral Entry Pathway
Authors: Takano, Tomomi. Wakayama, Yumeho...
Journal: Pathogens
Item: Infection
Index: 2087
ID: a912f654028e787673b235c9ba2eb2d161e372aa
Number of matches: 23

...infection of this cell line [49 50] as described above 25hydroxycholesterol inhibiting type i fcov infection is induced in cells by interferon suggesting that 25hydroxycholesterol is not induced in fcwf4 cu even though interferon is produced after infection if this hypothesis is correct the reason for increased infection by type i fcov of fcwf4 cu may be reduced 25hydroxycholesterol production in this study we indirectly demonstrated that type i fcov cannot enter the cytosol unless it reaches late endosomes whereas type ii fcov can even though it does not reach late endosomes our findings warrant further...

Title: Viral infection detection using metagenomics
technology in six poultry farms of eastern China
Authors: Qiu, Yuan. Wang, Suchun...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2089
ID: 97a0381dad9c04b6a53300885acd274d88d4f4d3
Number of matches: 3

...in this study have been evaluated previously [9 10] and viruses in clinical samples from single animal hosts have also been detected using the same standard ngs procedure in our laboratory [10] [11] [12] in this study we implemented viral infection surveillance in six poultry farms in two provinces of eastern china using short read sequencing with ion torrent and compared it with traditional viral infection surveillance methods this study was conducted according to the animal welfare guidelines of the world organization for animal health and approved by the animal...

Title: Viral infection detection using metagenomics
technology in six poultry farms of eastern China
Authors: Qiu, Yuan. Wang, Suchun...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2089
ID: 97a0381dad9c04b6a53300885acd274d88d4f4d3
Number of matches: 3

...using the same standard ngs procedure in our laboratory [10] [11] [12] in this study we implemented viral infection surveillance in six poultry farms in two provinces of eastern china using short read sequencing with ion torrent and compared it with traditional viral infection surveillance methods this study was conducted according to the animal welfare guidelines of the world organization for animal health and approved by the animal ethics committee of china animal health and epidemiology center cahec the ethical board was provided by the animal ethics committee of cahec no00501 samples were...

Title: Viral infection detection using metagenomics
technology in six poultry farms of eastern China
Authors: Qiu, Yuan. Wang, Suchun...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2089
ID: 97a0381dad9c04b6a53300885acd274d88d4f4d3
Number of matches: 3

...] using mega 60 [28] to construct a phylogenetic tree and analyze the ndv genotypes the phylogenetic tree was calculated using the maximum likelihood ml method with the gtri substitution model and 1000 bootstraps cleavage of the ndv f protein is known to be required for initiation of infection and is considered to be a major determinant of ndv virulence [35] a fragment including the altered fusion protein f cleavage site was amplified using the reported primers f1 and f2 [23] table 2 pcr products were purified and cloned into the pmd18...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

... figure 2c see section complement subversion by poxviruses and complement subversion by herpesviruses betaherpesviruses do not encode complement regulators yet cells infected by its family member hcmv was shown to persist in the presence of antibodies to the virus spiller et al 1996 thus hypothesized that hcmv infection may modulate the expression of cell surface complement regulators experimental verification of this premise by them indeed showed that complement regulators cd46 and cd55 are upregulated on the infected cells and are responsible for averting complement activation on these cells [ figure 2f b] viruses seem to have not...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...bound to igg fc sprague et al 2006 in addition in vitro studies showed that presence of fcr protects hsv1 from antibodydependent complementmediated neutralization and antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity frank and friedman 1989 dubin et al 1991 lubinski et al 2011 these results were also corroborated by in vivo infection studies lubinski et al 2011 together the aforementioned studies provided compelling evidence that immune evasion molecules such as gc and gegi play an essential role in hsv infection these results also prompted the formulation of a trivalent subunit antigen vaccine for genital herpes which contains gc2 and ge2 apart...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...frank and friedman 1989 dubin et al 1991 lubinski et al 2011 these results were also corroborated by in vivo infection studies lubinski et al 2011 together the aforementioned studies provided compelling evidence that immune evasion molecules such as gc and gegi play an essential role in hsv infection these results also prompted the formulation of a trivalent subunit antigen vaccine for genital herpes which contains gc2 and ge2 apart from gd2 that is essential for viral entry awasthi et al 2014 viruses belonging to this family have been shown to protect themselves from host complement by acquiring...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...mcmv also upregulates the expression of complement regulators such as cd55 and cd46 on the infected cells spiller et al 1996 nomura et al 2002 other than hcmv hhv7 was also demonstrated to upregulate the expression of cd59 and cd46 on the infected cells during the late stage of infection takemoto et al 2007 human herpesvirus6 is a collective term used for two ubiquitous human betaherpesviruses hhv6a and hhv6b though these viruses have a broad tropism for different human cell types only a restricted number of nonhuman primate species show susceptibility to hhv6 thus efforts were directed at identifying...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...1999 the hv68 rca was shown to inhibit c3b deposition on the complement activating particle zymosan kapadia et al 1999 suggesting that it acts at the c3 convertase level however the mechanistic details of its regulation are not clear the protein was also examined for its role during the infection which suggested that it is vital for viral pathogenesis kapadia et al 2002 specifically it was shown that the hv68 rcanull virus is attenuated in the wt mice but not in the c3 mice suggesting that its interaction with c3 is important for in vivo pathogenesis kapadia et...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...which human adv of the genus mastadenovirus have been widely studied and divided into seven species a to g which contain more than 50 serotypes certain serotypes of human adv have been shown to target cd46 for their cellular entry human advs primarily utilize car for their attachment and infection bergelson et al 1997 however group b serotypes adv11 and adv35 and group d serotype adv37 have been demonstrated to utilize cd46 as a cellular attachment receptor gaggar et al 2003 segerman et al 2003 wu et al 2004 it was also shown that the fiber knob protein...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...et al 2003 wu et al 2004 it was also shown that the fiber knob protein of these viruses helps them to interact with the extracellular domain of cd46 moreover the investigations also revealed that expression of cd46 on the nonpermissive cells renders them susceptible to viral attachment and infection segerman et al 2003 efforts to decipher the mechanism of molecular recognition between cd46 and fiber knob revealed that this interaction requires contact between two nterminal ccp domains of cd46 with two fiber knob monomers persson et al 2007 wang et al 2007 pache et al 2008 cd46...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...is largely expressed as four isoforms bc1 bc2 c1 and c2 owing to alternative splicing of the coding regions for serinethreonineproline stprich domains b and c and the cytoplasmic tails 1 and 2 consequently a study in particular with adv37 also looked at the utilization of various cd46 isoforms for infection by this serotype the data revealed that adv37 utilized the c2 isoform of cd46 as a cellular receptor wu et al 2004 flaviviruses members of the family flaviviridae are enveloped roughly spherical 50 nm singlestranded positivesense rna viruses with genome of 11 kb which codes for three structural [...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...of genomic rna of 710 kb coffin 1992 the family retroviridae is divided into subfamily orthoretrovirinae and spumaretrovirinae hiv1 which falls under the genus lentivirus of orthoretrovirinae subfamily has been wellstudied for its interaction with complement it maintains an intricate balance of complement activation and regulation to achieve maximum infection without undergoing lysis stoiber et al 2008 during hiv infection a significant number of free virions can be found in the plasma of infected person suggesting these virions must be resistant to complementmediated virolysis ho et al 1995 wei et al 1995 saifuddin et al 1995 therefore looked...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...retroviridae is divided into subfamily orthoretrovirinae and spumaretrovirinae hiv1 which falls under the genus lentivirus of orthoretrovirinae subfamily has been wellstudied for its interaction with complement it maintains an intricate balance of complement activation and regulation to achieve maximum infection without undergoing lysis stoiber et al 2008 during hiv infection a significant number of free virions can be found in the plasma of infected person suggesting these virions must be resistant to complementmediated virolysis ho et al 1995 wei et al 1995 saifuddin et al 1995 therefore looked for the incorporation of host complement regulators into the virions and...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...sera and antihiv antibody stoiber et al 1996 human immunodeficiency virus is wellknown to employ complement for its benefit the first observation was made by robinson et al 1988 robinson et al 1989 who demonstrated using patient serum that liaison between antibody and complement results in enhanced hiv infection this phenomenon was later dubbed as complementmediated antibodydependent enhancement of hiv infection cade robinson et al 1990 afterward multiple studies including experimental infection in rhesus macaques macaca mulatta with siv presented data supporting this thesis [reviewed in detail in stoiber et al 2008 ] the complement opsonized virions...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...is wellknown to employ complement for its benefit the first observation was made by robinson et al 1988 robinson et al 1989 who demonstrated using patient serum that liaison between antibody and complement results in enhanced hiv infection this phenomenon was later dubbed as complementmediated antibodydependent enhancement of hiv infection cade robinson et al 1990 afterward multiple studies including experimental infection in rhesus macaques macaca mulatta with siv presented data supporting this thesis [reviewed in detail in stoiber et al 2008 ] the complement opsonized virions bound to cd35 on erythrocytes are also liable for spread to antigenpresenting...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...made by robinson et al 1988 robinson et al 1989 who demonstrated using patient serum that liaison between antibody and complement results in enhanced hiv infection this phenomenon was later dubbed as complementmediated antibodydependent enhancement of hiv infection cade robinson et al 1990 afterward multiple studies including experimental infection in rhesus macaques macaca mulatta with siv presented data supporting this thesis [reviewed in detail in stoiber et al 2008 ] the complement opsonized virions bound to cd35 on erythrocytes are also liable for spread to antigenpresenting cells bearing cr2 3 and 4 hess et al 2002 specifically...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...cd35 on erythrocytes can support the cleavage of c3b attached to hiv with the help of factor i the cleaved c3b ic3b or c3dg has less affinity for cd35 and hence will be transferred to antigenpresenting cells decorated with receptors for inactivated c3b supporting this ic3b coated hiv display enhanced infection of monocytesmacrophages and dcs expressing cr3 and cr4 wherein the complementopsonized hiv efficiently bypasses the samhd1 restriction in dcs posch et al 2015 similarly c3d coated hiv were shown to be associated with b cells that express cd21 moir et al 2000 it is likely that these viruses...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...expressing cr3 and cr4 wherein the complementopsonized hiv efficiently bypasses the samhd1 restriction in dcs posch et al 2015 similarly c3d coated hiv were shown to be associated with b cells that express cd21 moir et al 2000 it is likely that these viruses carrying b cells disseminate infection systemically further in vitro experiments have also shown the cd21 dependent transfer of hiv from b cells to t cells jakubik et al 2000 moir et al 2000 in addition to b cells follicular dendritic cells also trap hiv which is maintained in the germinal centers joling et al...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...t cells jakubik et al 2000 moir et al 2000 in addition to b cells follicular dendritic cells also trap hiv which is maintained in the germinal centers joling et al 1993 kacani et al 2000 and it is believed that this is critical for the pathogenesis of hiv infection stoiber et al 2003 picornaviruses are small spherical 30 nm nonenveloped positivesense singlestranded rna viruses with a genome size of about 75 kb jiang et al 2014 the echoviruses coxsackieviruses and enteroviruses belonging to the genera enterovirus have been shown to employ cd55 as a cellular receptor or...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

... the echoviruses coxsackieviruses and enteroviruses belonging to the genera enterovirus have been shown to employ cd55 as a cellular receptor or as a binding protein for attachment the first observation that echoviruses namely echo6 7 11 12 20 and 21 use cd55 as a receptor for attachment and infection was made by bergelson et al 1994 the evidence provided include i loss of the capacity to bind to echo7 by hela cells after treatment with phosphatidylinositolspecific phospholipase c which removes gpianchored proteins from the cell surface ii binding of echo7 to cho cells transfected with cd55 iii prevention...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...by bergelson et al 1994 the evidence provided include i loss of the capacity to bind to echo7 by hela cells after treatment with phosphatidylinositolspecific phospholipase c which removes gpianchored proteins from the cell surface ii binding of echo7 to cho cells transfected with cd55 iii prevention of echovirus infection in hela cells by anticd55 antibody experimentations sought to determine cd55 domains critical for the echo7 binding established the requirement of ccps 24 clarkson et al 1995 in echo11 and 12 however ccp3 of cd55 was identified to be primarily important for the contact williams et al 2003 ...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...of cd55 was identified to be primarily important for the contact williams et al 2003 contrary to echoviruses in coxsackieviruses b1 b3 b5 and a21 in particular it was found that cd55 supports the binding of these viruses to the cell surface but does not facilitate entry and lytic infection shafren et al 1995 shafren et al 1997 the coxsackieviruses b3 and a21 exploit intercellular adhesion molecule 1 icam1 and car along with cd55 respectively for productive infection shafren et al 1997 milstone et al 2005 dissection of human specificity of coxsackievirus b3 depicted that s104 in...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...found that cd55 supports the binding of these viruses to the cell surface but does not facilitate entry and lytic infection shafren et al 1995 shafren et al 1997 the coxsackieviruses b3 and a21 exploit intercellular adhesion molecule 1 icam1 and car along with cd55 respectively for productive infection shafren et al 1997 milstone et al 2005 dissection of human specificity of coxsackievirus b3 depicted that s104 in the ccp2 domain of human cd55 is critical for imparting the specificity pan et al 2015 apart from the above viruses enterovirus 70 has also been documented to use...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...with a genome of 97118 kb fenner et al 1987 they are divided into two genera namely the alphavirus and rubivirus among these the members of the alphaviruses have been shown to interact with complement for example complement activation and complementmediated damage have been reported during ross river virus infection morrison et al 2007 morrison et al 2008 while resistance to complementmediated viral clearance has been reported during sindbis virus infection hirsch et al 1981 during the late 1970s and early 1980s when complement was discovered to play an important role during viral infection sindbis virus was...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...these the members of the alphaviruses have been shown to interact with complement for example complement activation and complementmediated damage have been reported during ross river virus infection morrison et al 2007 morrison et al 2008 while resistance to complementmediated viral clearance has been reported during sindbis virus infection hirsch et al 1981 during the late 1970s and early 1980s when complement was discovered to play an important role during viral infection sindbis virus was found to activate the ap hirsch et al 1980a by this time it was also known that membrane sialic acid favors interaction...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...ross river virus infection morrison et al 2007 morrison et al 2008 while resistance to complementmediated viral clearance has been reported during sindbis virus infection hirsch et al 1981 during the late 1970s and early 1980s when complement was discovered to play an important role during viral infection sindbis virus was found to activate the ap hirsch et al 1980a by this time it was also known that membrane sialic acid favors interaction with the ap regulator factor h which in turn prevents the activation of ap on the cell surface consequently it was examined whether sialic...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...al 1981 moreover the in vivo clearance rate of the virus with less sialic acid content was higher compared to the virus having more sialic acid content and this was dependent on complement hirsch et al 1981 this raised the question are individuals differentially susceptible to sindbis virus infection owing to their ability to modify the sialic acid content of the virus the answer came from the infection experiment performed in outbred swiss mice the results demonstrated that tissue sialic acid content of the host influences the ability to resist the infection hirsch et al 1983 thus these...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...compared to the virus having more sialic acid content and this was dependent on complement hirsch et al 1981 this raised the question are individuals differentially susceptible to sindbis virus infection owing to their ability to modify the sialic acid content of the virus the answer came from the infection experiment performed in outbred swiss mice the results demonstrated that tissue sialic acid content of the host influences the ability to resist the infection hirsch et al 1983 thus these data supported the proposition that host sialic acid content embodies a way of natural resistance to sindbis virus infection...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...are individuals differentially susceptible to sindbis virus infection owing to their ability to modify the sialic acid content of the virus the answer came from the infection experiment performed in outbred swiss mice the results demonstrated that tissue sialic acid content of the host influences the ability to resist the infection hirsch et al 1983 thus these data supported the proposition that host sialic acid content embodies a way of natural resistance to sindbis virus infection hirsch et al 1983 the members of the family orthomyxoviridae are helical to spherical enveloped particles ranging from 80 to 120 nm in...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...infection experiment performed in outbred swiss mice the results demonstrated that tissue sialic acid content of the host influences the ability to resist the infection hirsch et al 1983 thus these data supported the proposition that host sialic acid content embodies a way of natural resistance to sindbis virus infection hirsch et al 1983 the members of the family orthomyxoviridae are helical to spherical enveloped particles ranging from 80 to 120 nm in size hale et al 2010 they contain a negativesense singlestranded segmented rna genome and are divided into six genera inflv type a b and c...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...all the three major pathways of complement suggesting that all the pathways participate in controlling viral infections ii large dna viruses encode their own homologs of the cellular complement regulators this however is limited only to poxviruses and gamma herpesviruses whether this is related to their ability to establish latent infection as proposed chen et al 2016 however is not yet clear as other viruses which are capable of causing latent infection are not known to encode homologs of the cellular complement regulators iii cellular homologs encoded by viruses function at high nanomolar concentrations which are expected to be achieved...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...their own homologs of the cellular complement regulators this however is limited only to poxviruses and gamma herpesviruses whether this is related to their ability to establish latent infection as proposed chen et al 2016 however is not yet clear as other viruses which are capable of causing latent infection are not known to encode homologs of the cellular complement regulators iii cellular homologs encoded by viruses function at high nanomolar concentrations which are expected to be achieved only at the site of infection these data thus point out that local complement plays a critical role in containing viral infections...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...2016 however is not yet clear as other viruses which are capable of causing latent infection are not known to encode homologs of the cellular complement regulators iii cellular homologs encoded by viruses function at high nanomolar concentrations which are expected to be achieved only at the site of infection these data thus point out that local complement plays a critical role in containing viral infections iv there exists a builtin redundancy for complement regulation in viruses denoting an essential role of complement in controlling viruses and v enveloped viruses deftly acquire membrane complement regulatory proteins such as cd55 cd46...

Title: Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An
Overview
Authors: Agrawal, Palak. Nawadkar, Renuka...
Journal: Front Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2090
ID: 130c4c6c7faab2f0c0143b6f0cd0118b27c91dea
Number of matches: 32

...even inside the cell tam et al 2014 have elegantly demonstrated that opsonization of viral particles with c3b outside the cell and sensing of these c3b coated viral particles inside the cell trigger mitochondrial antiviral signaling mavsdependent immune signaling as well as proteasomemediated viral degradation resulting in restriction of viral infection it is therefore likely that opsonization of viral particles with c3b inside the cells may have the similar fate further it has also been documented that cleavage of c3 and c5 inside the t cell and engagement of the respective receptors for their cleaved products in an autocrine fashion dictate...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...amongst the paramyxovirinae subfamily are the parainfluenza viruses pivs measles virus mv mumps virus muv nipah virus niv and hendra virus hev while the pneumovirinae subfamily includes respiratory syncytial virus rsv and metapneumovirus mpv [1 2] human rsv is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants children and elderly but also allaged adults with a compromised immune system or cardiopulmonary diseases rsvassociated pathologies range from mild upper respiratory tract illness including otitis and rhinitis to the lifethreatening acute lower respiratory tract diseases bronchiolitis and pneumonia rsv infection at a young age is also associated...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants children and elderly but also allaged adults with a compromised immune system or cardiopulmonary diseases rsvassociated pathologies range from mild upper respiratory tract illness including otitis and rhinitis to the lifethreatening acute lower respiratory tract diseases bronchiolitis and pneumonia rsv infection at a young age is also associated with increased susceptibility to asthma development [3] rsv significantly disrupts the airway and alveolar epithelium induces airway plugging due to submucosal oedema and loss of cilia on the apical surface of infected epithelial cells the er is a cellular...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...the response is associated with an incremental induction of the er chaperones binding immunoglobulin protein bip also known as grp78 and calnexin and of caspase 12 which are typically upregulated in response to high er unfoldedprotein load [24 25] the exact mechanism triggering er stress during rsv infection remains elusive positivestrand rna viruses such as hepatitis c or dengue virus exploit the er membranes to form a platform for their replication thereby causing er stress [26 27] however there is no such report for rsv or any other paramyxoviruses which replicate in cytoplasmic sgsinclusion bodies...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...stress [26 27] however there is no such report for rsv or any other paramyxoviruses which replicate in cytoplasmic sgsinclusion bodies ibs as discussed below [28] [29] [30] [31] a possible mechanism for er stress induction during rsv infection involves the production of large amounts of glycoproteins which likely compete with host proteins for processing and induce an increased burden on ergolgi trafficking [22 32] de novo production and assembly of rsv virions highly rely on the transit of the three glycosylated surface proteins the heavily...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...infected cells through the induction of er ca 2 leakage er membrane rearrangement or modulation of intracellular glycoprotein trafficking and are increasingly found implicated in the modulation of the upr response [40] this has been well illustrated in the context of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus sarscov infection the sarscov e and 3a proteins both of which exhibit viroporin functions have opposite effects on er stress sarscov e inhibits ire1dependent upr response including in the context of rsv infection while sarscov 3a protein induces the perk branch [41 42] the sh glycoprotein of rsv acts...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...[40] this has been well illustrated in the context of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus sarscov infection the sarscov e and 3a proteins both of which exhibit viroporin functions have opposite effects on er stress sarscov e inhibits ire1dependent upr response including in the context of rsv infection while sarscov 3a protein induces the perk branch [41 42] the sh glycoprotein of rsv acts as a viroporin at the plasma membrane and in the golgi apparatus where it accumulates in lipid raft structures and forms ion channels selective of na and k [43 44...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...leucinerich repeat pyrin domain containing 3 nlrp3 inflammasome and to the inhibition of apoptosis two mechanisms that as described above are regulated by er stress [44 45] this suggests a potential mechanistic link between rsv sh and the regulation of er stress that would deserve further investigation infection possibly as a result of er overload due to glycoprotein rsv f g and sh transit is associated with activation of the inositolrequiring enzyme 1 ire1 and activated transcription factor 6 atf6 branches of the unfolded protein response upr interaction of f with the binding immunoglobulin protein bipgrp78 chaperone could...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...in selective mrna degradation a process called ire1dependent decay ridd might contribute to ire1dependent inhibition of rsv replication through mechanisms that remain to be characterized autophagy was shown to promote negative feedback on the ire1 pathway analysis of the activation of individual branches of the upr response following rsv infection revealed an induction of atf6dependent promoter activity and ire1dependent xbox binding protein 1 xbp1 splicing [25] the lack of the concomitant detection of perk phosphorylation used as a readout of its activation led to the conclusion that rsv induces a noncanonical upr response [25] figure...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...atf6 and ire1 or influenza a which selectively activates ire1 in these infections activation of specific upr branches appears to give an advantage to the virus favoring its replication [46 47] in contrast inhibition of ire1 endonuclease activity in a549 cells using the 35dibromosalicylaldehide dbsa inhibitor or infection of ire1 knockout ko mouse embryonic fibroblasts mefs results in increased rsv mrna and protein levels and de novo production of infectious virions compared to control cells [25] thus ire1 appears to act as a restriction factor during rsv infection [25] whether this is...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...cells using the 35dibromosalicylaldehide dbsa inhibitor or infection of ire1 knockout ko mouse embryonic fibroblasts mefs results in increased rsv mrna and protein levels and de novo production of infectious virions compared to control cells [25] thus ire1 appears to act as a restriction factor during rsv infection [25] whether this is associated with the role of ire1 in the splicing of xbp1 which generates the transcriptionally active form of xbp1xbp1sremains unclear indeed rsv replication is not affected when performed in xbp1 ko mefs compared to wildtype wt mefs of er overload due to glycoprotein...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...in selective mrna degradation a process called ire1dependent decay ridd might contribute to ire1dependent inhibition of rsv replication through mechanisms that remain to be characterized autophagy was shown to promote negative feedback on the ire1 pathway analysis of the activation of individual branches of the upr response following rsv infection revealed an induction of atf6dependent promoter activity and ire1dependent xbox binding protein 1 xbp1 splicing [25] the lack of the concomitant detection of perk phosphorylation used as a readout of its activation led to the conclusion that rsv induces a noncanonical upr response [25] ...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...atf6 and ire1 or influenza a which selectively activates ire1 in these infections activation of specific upr branches appears to give an advantage to the virus favoring its replication [46 47] in contrast inhibition of ire1 endonuclease activity in a549 cells using the 35dibromosalicylaldehide dbsa inhibitor or infection of ire1 knockout ko mouse embryonic fibroblasts mefs results in increased rsv mrna and protein levels and de novo production of infectious virions compared to control cells [25] thus ire1 appears to act as a restriction factor during rsv infection [25] whether this is...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...cells using the 35dibromosalicylaldehide dbsa inhibitor or infection of ire1 knockout ko mouse embryonic fibroblasts mefs results in increased rsv mrna and protein levels and de novo production of infectious virions compared to control cells [25] thus ire1 appears to act as a restriction factor during rsv infection [25] whether this is associated with the role of ire1 in the splicing of xbp1 which generates the transcriptionally active form of xbp1xbp1sremains unclear indeed rsv replication is not affected when performed in xbp1 ko mefs compared to wildtype wt mefs [25] alternatively ire1dependent...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...to trigger a traf2ask1mapk signaling cascade ultimately modulating prosurvival proapoptotic and autophagic responses and thereby could contribute to the ire1dependent xbp1sindependent restriction of rsv [49] ire1 is generally known to induce prosurvival autophagy through mechanisms involving xbp1 splicing and cjun nterminal kinase jnk activation however during rsv infection the ire1 branch exhibits intricate regulatory interactions with autophagy indeed rsv infection of aec derived from mice deficient in the critical autophagy protein lc3b lc3b ko leads to increased ire1dependent xbp1 splicing and target gene expression associated with induction of il6 and inflammasomedependent production of il1 [50] ...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...responses and thereby could contribute to the ire1dependent xbp1sindependent restriction of rsv [49] ire1 is generally known to induce prosurvival autophagy through mechanisms involving xbp1 splicing and cjun nterminal kinase jnk activation however during rsv infection the ire1 branch exhibits intricate regulatory interactions with autophagy indeed rsv infection of aec derived from mice deficient in the critical autophagy protein lc3b lc3b ko leads to increased ire1dependent xbp1 splicing and target gene expression associated with induction of il6 and inflammasomedependent production of il1 [50] this suggests that autophagy contributes to a negative feedback loop to lessen...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...splicing and target gene expression associated with induction of il6 and inflammasomedependent production of il1 [50] this suggests that autophagy contributes to a negative feedback loop to lessen the rsvinduced er stress response figure 1 overall the description of the er stress responses during rsv infection is still sparse however the ire1dependent upr branch emerges as a cell response that antagonizes rsv replication through mechanisms that need further investigation additionally the final outcome of the atf6 pathway during rsv infection remains to be elucidated amongst the plethora of responses to stress the formation of rnaand...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...stress response figure 1 overall the description of the er stress responses during rsv infection is still sparse however the ire1dependent upr branch emerges as a cell response that antagonizes rsv replication through mechanisms that need further investigation additionally the final outcome of the atf6 pathway during rsv infection remains to be elucidated amongst the plethora of responses to stress the formation of rnaand rnabinding proteins rnpscontaining cytoplasmic foci identified as sgs provides a means for cells to sequester stalled mrna and inhibit their translation [51] the capacity of rna viruses to induce prevent or...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...however sgs were consistently detected in a maximum of 30 of rsvinfected hep2 or a549 cells up to 24 h postinfection [31 [56] [57] [58] pkrdependent eif2 phosphorylation a very early step associated with initiation of sg assembly is observed during rsv infection pkr knockdown experiments in hep2 cells have provided evidence that pkr is required for rsvinduced sg formation [56] although wtrsv induces activation of pkr eif2 phosphorylation is limited by the interaction of rsv n protein with pkr suggesting that the n protein limits the initiation of sg...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...with pkr suggesting that the n protein limits the initiation of sg formation [56 59] figure 2 an additional report has shown that the 5 tr sequence of the rsv genome essential for optimal genome replication also interferes with the propensity of rsv to elicit sg assembly infection with recombinant rsv lacking most of the tr sequence induces increased sg response compared to wtrsv [57] the mechanism by which the tr region of the rsv genome impacts the sg response remains unknown by analogy with the observation made in the context of sev infection a...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...assembly infection with recombinant rsv lacking most of the tr sequence induces increased sg response compared to wtrsv [57] the mechanism by which the tr region of the rsv genome impacts the sg response remains unknown by analogy with the observation made in the context of sev infection a possible mechanism is that the tr region binds to the sg component tiar tia1related protein that is involved in sg assembly [54] figure 2 the sequestration of tiar as a way of viruses to shutoff sg formation was also reported in the context of infection by...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...sev infection a possible mechanism is that the tr region binds to the sg component tiar tia1related protein that is involved in sg assembly [54] figure 2 the sequestration of tiar as a way of viruses to shutoff sg formation was also reported in the context of infection by the flaviviridae west nile virus and dengue virus [60] this model is challenged in the context of rsv by the detection of sgs in tiar ko mefs infected with rsv containing a mutant tr sequence [57] however a thorough quantification of rsvinduced sg...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...is required to conclude appropriately on tiar5 1 tr interaction as an interference mechanism the incapacity of rsv to fully inhibit sg formation in contrast to mv and sev might reflect the lack of expression of the c protein from the rsv genome in the context of sev or mv infection the c protein that results from the translation from an alternative overlapping open reading frame of the p gene [12] is mainly responsible for interference with sg formation [55 61 62] in contrast to wt viruses mv or sev mutants deleted for the c...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...from sgs [31] ibs are sites of n p l m21 accumulation which is consistent with a role in the viral ribonucleocapsid assembly and viral rna synthesis and replication [28 58 65] interestingly occurrence of cytoplasmic ibs observed at an early stage of rsv infection seems to prevent the formation of sgs in a549 cells rsv infection induces a redistribution of the olinked the formation of sgs was proposed to be necessary for efficient rsv replication based on the observation that interference with the expression of g3bp1 a protein essential for sg assembly strongly reduced...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...l m21 accumulation which is consistent with a role in the viral ribonucleocapsid assembly and viral rna synthesis and replication [28 58 65] interestingly occurrence of cytoplasmic ibs observed at an early stage of rsv infection seems to prevent the formation of sgs in a549 cells rsv infection induces a redistribution of the olinked the formation of sgs was proposed to be necessary for efficient rsv replication based on the observation that interference with the expression of g3bp1 a protein essential for sg assembly strongly reduced rsv titer and rsv rna levels [31] although this...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...from sgs [31] ibs are sites of n p l m21 accumulation which is consistent with a role in the viral ribonucleocapsid assembly and viral rna synthesis and replication [28 58 65] interestingly occurrence of cytoplasmic ibs observed at an early stage of rsv infection seems to prevent the formation of sgs in a549 cells rsv infection induces a redistribution of the olinked nacetylglucosamine ogn transferase ogt to ibs [58] ognmodification of ribosomal proteins is critical for assembly of stalled rna and rnps into sgs [66] hence sequestration of...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...l m21 accumulation which is consistent with a role in the viral ribonucleocapsid assembly and viral rna synthesis and replication [28 58 65] interestingly occurrence of cytoplasmic ibs observed at an early stage of rsv infection seems to prevent the formation of sgs in a549 cells rsv infection induces a redistribution of the olinked nacetylglucosamine ogn transferase ogt to ibs [58] ognmodification of ribosomal proteins is critical for assembly of stalled rna and rnps into sgs [66] hence sequestration of ogt into ibs might make it unavailable for the assembly of sgs...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...populations of cytoplasmic ibs throughout the rsv replication cycle formation of ibs can be induced through ectopic expression of rsv n and p proteins in this context n interacts with mda5 in ibs and the capacity of the cell to induce ifn production in response to newcastle disease virus ndv infection is significantly decreased [67] figure 2 together these observations support the idea that rsv replication mainly takes place in ibs but not in sgs and that formation of ibs contributes to antagonize the ifn antiviral response figure 2 a major knowledge gap regarding the role of...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...loss of immune function increased viral replication and inflammatory response and loss of body weight thereby contributing to pathogenesis [71] rsv physiopathology is no exception regarding this dual role of ros antioxidant treatment significantly ameliorates rsvinduced clinical disease and pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of infection suggesting a causal relationship between increased ros production and lung disease [72] markers of oxidative stress resulting from lipid peroxidationmalondialdehyde mdaor fatty acid peroxidationf28isoprostanewere found elevated in the nasopharyngeal secretions nps of rsvinfected children [73] oxidative stress measured by decreased glutathione gshoxidized glutathione gssg...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...the severity of the bronchiolitis [73 74] although these in vivo observations in children are indicative of a role of rsv in the induction of oxidative stress these data should be interpreted with caution indeed use of ventilatorhyperoxia in supportive care of severe cases of bronchiolitis or infection by alternate viruses that have not been tested in patients included in the study are a potential source of oxidative stress and therefore might introduce a bias [75] however the direct causal link between rsv and the induction of oxidative stress is strongly underscored by studies in...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...contribution of lung epithelial cells in rsvinduced oxidative stress [76] [77] [78] oxidative stress results from an imbalance between ros production and detoxification by antioxidant enzymes aoe oxidative stress correlates with decreased levels of aoe expression and activity at a later time of infection suggesting that oxidative damage associated with rsv infection results from an imbalance between ros production and antioxidant cellular defenses [77] several reports suggest that rsv interferes with the expression of several aoe thereby contributing to oxidative lung injury decreased levels of the aoe superoxide dismutase sod 1...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...stress [76] [77] [78] oxidative stress results from an imbalance between ros production and detoxification by antioxidant enzymes aoe oxidative stress correlates with decreased levels of aoe expression and activity at a later time of infection suggesting that oxidative damage associated with rsv infection results from an imbalance between ros production and antioxidant cellular defenses [77] several reports suggest that rsv interferes with the expression of several aoe thereby contributing to oxidative lung injury decreased levels of the aoe superoxide dismutase sod 1 and 3 catalase and glutathione stransferase gst were...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...aoe superoxide dismutase sod 1 and 3 catalase and glutathione stransferase gst were observed in the nps of children with rsvpositive bronchiolitis with the limitations of interpretation inherent to this cohort as described above [73] analysis of lung homogenates or bal in a mouse model of rsv infection also showed a decline in the active levels of sod 13 catalase glutathione peroxidase gpx gst peroxiredoxin prx 6 heme oxygenase 1 oh1 and nadphquinone oxidoreductase nqo1 at a late time of infection [73] compelling evidence points to nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 nrf2 the main...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...above [73] analysis of lung homogenates or bal in a mouse model of rsv infection also showed a decline in the active levels of sod 13 catalase glutathione peroxidase gpx gst peroxiredoxin prx 6 heme oxygenase 1 oh1 and nadphquinone oxidoreductase nqo1 at a late time of infection [73] compelling evidence points to nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 nrf2 the main transcription factor responsible for the transcriptional regulation of aoes through binding to antioxidant response elements ares being the central target in rsvmediated dysregulation of aoe expression [79] infection of nrf2deficient...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...time of infection [73] compelling evidence points to nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 nrf2 the main transcription factor responsible for the transcriptional regulation of aoes through binding to antioxidant response elements ares being the central target in rsvmediated dysregulation of aoe expression [79] infection of nrf2deficient mice nrf2 ko with rsv exhibits increased oxidative stress associated with elevated rsv titer and lung inflammation and injury compared to wt mice [80] rsv infection is associated with decreased levels of nuclear nrf2 as a result of proteasomedependent nrf2 degradation ultimately leading to diminished...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...to antioxidant response elements ares being the central target in rsvmediated dysregulation of aoe expression [79] infection of nrf2deficient mice nrf2 ko with rsv exhibits increased oxidative stress associated with elevated rsv titer and lung inflammation and injury compared to wt mice [80] rsv infection is associated with decreased levels of nuclear nrf2 as a result of proteasomedependent nrf2 degradation ultimately leading to diminished binding to the are sites of aoe gene promoters [73 77 78] under basal conditions nrf2 is retained in the cytoplasm through binding to the kelchlike echassociated protein...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...cul3rbx1mediated ubiquitination and proteasomedependent degradation of nrf2 figure 3 activation of nrf2 upon oxidative stress conditions results in the degradation of keap1 and as a consequence stabilization of nrf2 further phosphorylation and acetylation of nrf2 regulates nuclear translocation dnabinding and aredependent gene transactivation [81] upon rsv infection of the epithelial cell lines a549 and sae nuclear histone deacetylase hdac activity is upregulated leading to nuclear nrf2 deacetylation and proteasomemediated degradation figure 3 blocking hdac activity using trichostatin a tsa increases nrf2 acetylation and prevents its degradation thereby restoring rsvinduced aoe gene expression [78] ...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...nuclear nrf2 deacetylation and proteasomemediated degradation figure 3 blocking hdac activity using trichostatin a tsa increases nrf2 acetylation and prevents its degradation thereby restoring rsvinduced aoe gene expression [78] above [73] analysis of lung homogenates or bal in a mouse model of rsv infection also showed a decline in the active levels of sod 13 catalase glutathione peroxidase gpx gst peroxiredoxin prx 6 heme oxygenase 1 oh1 and nadphquinone oxidoreductase nqo1 at a late time of infection [73] compelling evidence points to nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 nrf2 the main...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...above [73] analysis of lung homogenates or bal in a mouse model of rsv infection also showed a decline in the active levels of sod 13 catalase glutathione peroxidase gpx gst peroxiredoxin prx 6 heme oxygenase 1 oh1 and nadphquinone oxidoreductase nqo1 at a late time of infection [73] compelling evidence points to nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 nrf2 the main transcription factor responsible for the transcriptional regulation of aoes through binding to antioxidant response elements ares being the central target in rsvmediated dysregulation of aoe expression [79] infection of nrf2deficient...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...time of infection [73] compelling evidence points to nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 nrf2 the main transcription factor responsible for the transcriptional regulation of aoes through binding to antioxidant response elements ares being the central target in rsvmediated dysregulation of aoe expression [79] infection of nrf2deficient mice nrf2 ko with rsv exhibits increased oxidative stress associated with elevated rsv titer and lung inflammation and injury compared to wt mice [80] rsv infection is associated with decreased levels of nuclear nrf2 as a result of proteasomedependent nrf2 degradation ultimately leading to diminished...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...to antioxidant response elements ares being the central target in rsvmediated dysregulation of aoe expression [79] infection of nrf2deficient mice nrf2 ko with rsv exhibits increased oxidative stress associated with elevated rsv titer and lung inflammation and injury compared to wt mice [80] rsv infection is associated with decreased levels of nuclear nrf2 as a result of proteasomedependent nrf2 degradation ultimately leading to diminished binding to the are sites of aoe gene promoters [73 77 78] under basal conditions nrf2 is retained in the cytoplasm through binding to the kelchlike echassociated protein...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...and proteasomedependent degradation of nrf2 figure 3 activation of nrf2 upon oxidative stress conditions results in the degradation of keap1 and as a consequence stabilization of nrf2 further phosphorylation and acetylation of nrf2 regulates nuclear translocation dnabinding and aredependent gene transactivation [81] upon rsv infection of the epithelial cell lines a549 and sae nuclear histone deacetylase hdac activity is upregulated leading to nuclear nrf2 deacetylation and proteasomemediated degradation figure 3 blocking hdac activity using trichostatin a tsa increases nrf2 acetylation and prevents its degradation thereby restoring rsvinduced aoe gene expression [78...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...deacetylase hdac activity is upregulated leading to nuclear nrf2 deacetylation and proteasomemediated degradation figure 3 blocking hdac activity using trichostatin a tsa increases nrf2 acetylation and prevents its degradation thereby restoring rsvinduced aoe gene expression [78] regulation of the oxidative stress response during rsv infection figure 3 nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 nrf2 is the main transcriptional activator of antioxidant genes through binding to the antioxidant responsive elements are in basal conditions nrf2 is sequestered in the cytoplasm by interaction with kelchlike echassociated protein 1 keap1 keap1 also binds the e3 ubiquitinprotein ligase...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...transcriptional activator of antioxidant genes through binding to the antioxidant responsive elements are in basal conditions nrf2 is sequestered in the cytoplasm by interaction with kelchlike echassociated protein 1 keap1 keap1 also binds the e3 ubiquitinprotein ligase complex cul3rbx1 which ubiquitinates nrf2 leading to its degradation by the proteasome rsv infection leads to production of reactive oxygen species ros likely by the nadph oxidase 2 nox2 which positively regulates the signaling pathways leading to expression of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines additionally ros induce nrf2 release from interaction with keap1 stabilized nrf2 is subjected to additional regulation by phosphorylation and acetylation rsv...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...nox2 which positively regulates the signaling pathways leading to expression of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines additionally ros induce nrf2 release from interaction with keap1 stabilized nrf2 is subjected to additional regulation by phosphorylation and acetylation rsv increases histone deacetylase figure 3 regulation of the oxidative stress response during rsv infection nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 nrf2 is the main transcriptional activator of antioxidant genes through binding to the antioxidant responsive elements are in basal conditions nrf2 is sequestered in the cytoplasm by interaction with kelchlike echassociated protein 1 keap1 keap1 also binds the e3 ubiquitinprotein ligase complex cul3rbx1 which...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...transcriptional activator of antioxidant genes through binding to the antioxidant responsive elements are in basal conditions nrf2 is sequestered in the cytoplasm by interaction with kelchlike echassociated protein 1 keap1 keap1 also binds the e3 ubiquitinprotein ligase complex cul3rbx1 which ubiquitinates nrf2 leading to its degradation by the proteasome rsv infection leads to production of reactive oxygen species ros likely by the nadph oxidase 2 nox2 which positively regulates the signaling pathways leading to expression of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines additionally ros induce nrf2 release from interaction with keap1 stabilized nrf2 is subjected to additional regulation by phosphorylation and acetylation rsv...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...stabilized nrf2 is subjected to additional regulation by phosphorylation and acetylation rsv increases histone deacetylase hdac activity leading to nuclear deacetylation of nrf2 thereby inducing dissociation from are and inhibition of antioxidant genes aecs organized in a pseudostratified epithelium play a primary role in the host defense against rsv infection aecs are the first to detect rsv infection through rigi and mda5 to mount an early antiviral response essentially mediated by the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines to limit viral replication and spreading but also to alarm the immune system of the infection [82] [...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...phosphorylation and acetylation rsv increases histone deacetylase hdac activity leading to nuclear deacetylation of nrf2 thereby inducing dissociation from are and inhibition of antioxidant genes aecs organized in a pseudostratified epithelium play a primary role in the host defense against rsv infection aecs are the first to detect rsv infection through rigi and mda5 to mount an early antiviral response essentially mediated by the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines to limit viral replication and spreading but also to alarm the immune system of the infection [82] [83] [84] [85]...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...host defense against rsv infection aecs are the first to detect rsv infection through rigi and mda5 to mount an early antiviral response essentially mediated by the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines to limit viral replication and spreading but also to alarm the immune system of the infection [82] [83] [84] [85] use of antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisol bha or nacetylcysteine nac have revealed that ros act as a redox switch required for efficient rsvmediated activation of the nuclear factor kappalightchainenhancer of activated b cells nfb activator protein1...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...are responsible for the redoxdependent regulation of rsvinduced nfb activation and downstream tumor necrosis factor alpha tnf and il6 expression in a549 and primary normal human bronchial epithelial nhbe cells [92] figure 3 nox2 has also been involved in the activation of irf3mediated antiviral response during sev infection [93] the observation that nox2 acts downstream of 5pppdsrnainduced rigi sensing strongly suggests that this pathway is also involved in the documented redoxdependent activation of irf3 during rsv infection [91 93] figure 3 the redox regulation of the ifn antiviral response during respiratory virus...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...] figure 3 nox2 has also been involved in the activation of irf3mediated antiviral response during sev infection [93] the observation that nox2 acts downstream of 5pppdsrnainduced rigi sensing strongly suggests that this pathway is also involved in the documented redoxdependent activation of irf3 during rsv infection [91 93] figure 3 the redox regulation of the ifn antiviral response during respiratory virus infection of aec is also attributable to the dual oxidase 2 duox2dependent h 2 o 2 production that is required for the sustained production of ifn and ifn in aecs [94...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...[93] the observation that nox2 acts downstream of 5pppdsrnainduced rigi sensing strongly suggests that this pathway is also involved in the documented redoxdependent activation of irf3 during rsv infection [91 93] figure 3 the redox regulation of the ifn antiviral response during respiratory virus infection of aec is also attributable to the dual oxidase 2 duox2dependent h 2 o 2 production that is required for the sustained production of ifn and ifn in aecs [94 95] in contrast to sev which is a potent inducer of duox2 the presence of replicating rsv...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...ire1 pathway remains unknown additionally rsv appears to have developed a very specific relationship with the sg response why sg formation occurs in only a subset of cells and not others has not yet been addressed a detailed analysis of the kinetics of sg formationdissociation throughout the course of rsv infection might provide important mechanistic insights into the functional interaction between sgs and rsv in addition several important questions need clarification what is the role of sgs in rsv replication andor pathogenesis why is a sustained sg response launched even though rsv has evolved various mechanisms to prevent it although not...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...response launched even though rsv has evolved various mechanisms to prevent it although not yet considered a cellular stress response formation of cytoplasmic ibs where replicationtranscription is thought to take place appears to be inversely correlated to sg formation distinct subsets of ibs are detected during the course of rsv infection however the characterization of these subsets is limited the only distinction so far being size the specific characteristics of each ib subset and whether they have any unique functions in rsv replication and pathogenesis all remain to be determined finally a bimodal effect of the oxidative stress response is observed...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...characterization of these subsets is limited the only distinction so far being size the specific characteristics of each ib subset and whether they have any unique functions in rsv replication and pathogenesis all remain to be determined finally a bimodal effect of the oxidative stress response is observed during rsv infection with low doses being protective and higher doses contributing to pathogenesis the identification of nox2 and duox2 as sources of ros and nrf2 as a major culprit in the downregulation of the antioxidant defense has started to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of the redox balance further understanding of...

Title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cellular
Stress Responses: Impact on Replication and
Physiopathology
Authors: Cervantes-Ortiz, Sandra L.. Zamorano Cuervo, Natalia...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2091
ID: 6df7585dc7616c55baf0dd0df0a8a283f8805acd
Number of matches: 55

...to pathogenesis the identification of nox2 and duox2 as sources of ros and nrf2 as a major culprit in the downregulation of the antioxidant defense has started to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of the redox balance further understanding of how levels of ros mediate distinct functions during rsv infection will require the identification of the molecular switches targeted by ros overall although still fragmented the current knowledge of the interaction of rsv with cellular stress responses already opens new therapeutic opportunities these include targeting nrf2 to restore the antioxidant response modulating the sgib balance or inhibiting autophagy to relieve...

Title: Assessing the Impact of Reduced Travel on
Exportation Dynamics of Novel Coronavirus Infection
(COVID-19)
Authors: Anzai, Asami; Kobayashi, Tetsuro; Linton, M. Natalie; Kinoshita, Ryo; Hayashi, Katsuma; Suzuki, Ayako; Yang, Yichi; Jung, Sung-mok; Miyama, Takeshi; Akhmetzhanov, R. Andrei; Nishiura, Hiroshi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Medicine
Item: Infection
Index: 2093
ID: a6ce4ce12c7af1cfb4d71764b963285b687e6b51
Number of matches: 6

...occurring outside china and any time delay to a major epidemic that may be gained with these policies we use the example of japan the country in asia that receives the largest number of visitors from china to calculate our estimates an epidemiological dataset of confirmed cases with covid19 infection diagnosed outside china was collected from government and news websites quoting official outbreak reports for each case the date of reporting and country of diagnosis were recorded the data included only cases diagnosed outside china but for whom infection may have occurred either in or outside china the dataset is...

Title: Assessing the Impact of Reduced Travel on
Exportation Dynamics of Novel Coronavirus Infection
(COVID-19)
Authors: Anzai, Asami; Kobayashi, Tetsuro; Linton, M. Natalie; Kinoshita, Ryo; Hayashi, Katsuma; Suzuki, Ayako; Yang, Yichi; Jung, Sung-mok; Miyama, Takeshi; Akhmetzhanov, R. Andrei; Nishiura, Hiroshi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Medicine
Item: Infection
Index: 2093
ID: a6ce4ce12c7af1cfb4d71764b963285b687e6b51
Number of matches: 6

...our estimates an epidemiological dataset of confirmed cases with covid19 infection diagnosed outside china was collected from government and news websites quoting official outbreak reports for each case the date of reporting and country of diagnosis were recorded the data included only cases diagnosed outside china but for whom infection may have occurred either in or outside china the dataset is available as supplementary material table s1 all cases were confirmed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction rtpcr apart from two cases in australia that were clinically diagnosed the endpoint for data collection was set at 6 february 2020...

Title: Assessing the Impact of Reduced Travel on
Exportation Dynamics of Novel Coronavirus Infection
(COVID-19)
Authors: Anzai, Asami; Kobayashi, Tetsuro; Linton, M. Natalie; Kinoshita, Ryo; Hayashi, Katsuma; Suzuki, Ayako; Yang, Yichi; Jung, Sung-mok; Miyama, Takeshi; Akhmetzhanov, R. Andrei; Nishiura, Hiroshi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Medicine
Item: Infection
Index: 2093
ID: a6ce4ce12c7af1cfb4d71764b963285b687e6b51
Number of matches: 6

...the delay to a major epidemic in countries other than china using japan as an example was unfortunately minimal while the complete lockdown of wuhan wenzhou and shenzhen likely helped reduce case incidence outside of these cities migration from other cities in china could still contribute to the spread of infection locally and internationally [24] [25] [26] to quantify the epidemiological impact for the entire course of the epidemic more precisely a more detailed analysis using dynamic datasets eg airline passenger data should be explored in the future limitations of the present study...

Title: Assessing the Impact of Reduced Travel on
Exportation Dynamics of Novel Coronavirus Infection
(COVID-19)
Authors: Anzai, Asami; Kobayashi, Tetsuro; Linton, M. Natalie; Kinoshita, Ryo; Hayashi, Katsuma; Suzuki, Ayako; Yang, Yichi; Jung, Sung-mok; Miyama, Takeshi; Akhmetzhanov, R. Andrei; Nishiura, Hiroshi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Medicine
Item: Infection
Index: 2093
ID: a6ce4ce12c7af1cfb4d71764b963285b687e6b51
Number of matches: 6

...passenger data should be explored in the future limitations of the present study must be discussed first the present study relied on the volume of cases diagnosed outside china and did not directly examine human migration data second we were unable to classify exported cases into those who acquired infection in hubei versus elsewhere in china having this information may offer additional insight third several rough assumptions eg a fixed time delay from illness onset to reporting at 5 days were imposed and the results presented here should be regarded as a preliminary assessment in conclusion the present study...

Title: Peptides Corresponding to the Predicted
Heptad Repeat 2 Domain of the Feline Coronavirus Spike
Protein Are Potent Inhibitors of Viral Infection
Authors: Liu, I-Jung. Tsai, Wan-Ting...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2094
ID: 758c1e9d8c3cb652fe8ffc25e4b2b333cfb11ee1
Number of matches: 10

...18] [19] multiple agents that target different stages of viral replication have been successfully used to control infections in humans such as human immunodeficiency virus hiv and human hepatitis c virus hcv [20] [21] [22] with regard to fcov infection our previous in vitro study demonstrated that the combination of nelfinavir and galanthus nivalis agglutinin gna has a synergistic antiviral effect that inhibits fcov replication [6] in order to find a less expensive and more effective antiviral combination to improve the prognosis of cats with fip peptides...

Title: Peptides Corresponding to the Predicted
Heptad Repeat 2 Domain of the Feline Coronavirus Spike
Protein Are Potent Inhibitors of Viral Infection
Authors: Liu, I-Jung. Tsai, Wan-Ting...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2094
ID: 758c1e9d8c3cb652fe8ffc25e4b2b333cfb11ee1
Number of matches: 10

...the absorbance for samples without peptides the effective peptides were selected using a plaque reduction assay fcwf4 cells 5 10 4 cellsml were seeded in 48well plates and incubated at 37c for 24 h prior to use various concentrations of peptides were incubated with ntu156 at a multiplicity of infection moi of 01 after incubation for 1 h the mixtures of peptide and virus were incubated with fcwf4 cells for 1 h then the supernatants were removed and dmem containing 2 fbs was added to each well the supernatants were collected 48 h postinfection and incubated with fcwf4 cells after...

Title: Peptides Corresponding to the Predicted
Heptad Repeat 2 Domain of the Feline Coronavirus Spike
Protein Are Potent Inhibitors of Viral Infection
Authors: Liu, I-Jung. Tsai, Wan-Ting...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2094
ID: 758c1e9d8c3cb652fe8ffc25e4b2b333cfb11ee1
Number of matches: 10

...3 these combinations showed synergetic effects as determined by a twoway analysis of variance p 005 the utilization of hr peptides derived from spike proteins to interfere the fusion of the viral envelope with host membrane thus inhibiting viral replication has been wellknown to successfully inhibit the infection of numerous viruses with class i fusion proteins [16 17 [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] among these peptides the antihiv1 peptide enfuvirtide t20 has already been...

Title: Peptides Corresponding to the Predicted
Heptad Repeat 2 Domain of the Feline Coronavirus Spike
Protein Are Potent Inhibitors of Viral Infection
Authors: Liu, I-Jung. Tsai, Wan-Ting...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2094
ID: 758c1e9d8c3cb652fe8ffc25e4b2b333cfb11ee1
Number of matches: 10

...[26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] among these peptides the antihiv1 peptide enfuvirtide t20 has already been incorporated into a clinical regimen and shown strong efficacy against hiv infection [35] [36] [37] although the crystal structure of the s protein of fcov remains to be determined by aligning the amino acid sequences derived from fcov with other members of coronaviruses [38] the hr2 domain was predicted and peptides corresponding...

Title: Peptides Corresponding to the Predicted
Heptad Repeat 2 Domain of the Feline Coronavirus Spike
Protein Are Potent Inhibitors of Viral Infection
Authors: Liu, I-Jung. Tsai, Wan-Ting...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2094
ID: 758c1e9d8c3cb652fe8ffc25e4b2b333cfb11ee1
Number of matches: 10

...hr2 domain was predicted and peptides corresponding to this domain were designed hr2 was chosen because it was found to be more effective than hr1 in previous studies [26 31 39] it has been reported that several peptides derived from hr2 domain are able to inhibit sarscov infection with ic 50 less than 19 m [18 19 40] the inhibitory efficacy is not correlated with the lengths of these reported hr2 peptides and the central helix region of hr2 containing amino acid residue 1161 to 1175 are critical to inhibit sarscov infection in addition truncation...

Title: Peptides Corresponding to the Predicted
Heptad Repeat 2 Domain of the Feline Coronavirus Spike
Protein Are Potent Inhibitors of Viral Infection
Authors: Liu, I-Jung. Tsai, Wan-Ting...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2094
ID: 758c1e9d8c3cb652fe8ffc25e4b2b333cfb11ee1
Number of matches: 10

...to inhibit sarscov infection with ic 50 less than 19 m [18 19 40] the inhibitory efficacy is not correlated with the lengths of these reported hr2 peptides and the central helix region of hr2 containing amino acid residue 1161 to 1175 are critical to inhibit sarscov infection in addition truncation of nterminal was found to be more related to the loss of potency than the cterminal [16 19] while examing the inhibitory effect of our feline peptides we found that fp4 with the extra residures nntlvnl at its cterminus compared to fp3 showed a...

Title: Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses
of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton
Authors: Wang, I-Hsuan. Burckhardt, Christoph J....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2095
ID: af7e42cdc9fa098ffcfdbf92ebfb9dbd4dbde545
Number of matches: 9

...life from bacteria to humans they are a product of coevolution with their hosts and cause disease or assist in gene and antimicrobial therapies [1] [2] [3] [4] virus particles virions require the assistance from the host cells to cause an infection and transfer viral genes into host cells infection is a complex subversion process which gives rise to latent persistent or lytic outcomes and cell survival or death [5] virions are a container with structural proteins and dna or rna genomes inside sometimes wrapped with a lipid membrane...

Title: Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses
of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton
Authors: Wang, I-Hsuan. Burckhardt, Christoph J....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2095
ID: af7e42cdc9fa098ffcfdbf92ebfb9dbd4dbde545
Number of matches: 9

...product of coevolution with their hosts and cause disease or assist in gene and antimicrobial therapies [1] [2] [3] [4] virus particles virions require the assistance from the host cells to cause an infection and transfer viral genes into host cells infection is a complex subversion process which gives rise to latent persistent or lytic outcomes and cell survival or death [5] virions are a container with structural proteins and dna or rna genomes inside sometimes wrapped with a lipid membrane and sugars although virions emerge from cells their...

Title: Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses
of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton
Authors: Wang, I-Hsuan. Burckhardt, Christoph J....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2095
ID: af7e42cdc9fa098ffcfdbf92ebfb9dbd4dbde545
Number of matches: 9

...not least multimodal approaches combining two or more modelling methods [125 126 131] odeand pdebased approaches are among the most simplistic ways to represent dynamic changes of one or multiple parameters in a biophysical system after passing through the extracellular medium the next step in the infection process is the attachment to a target cell eukaryotic cells lacking a cell wall such as vertebrate cells are shaped by a layer of actin filaments factin which also serves to reinforce the plasma membrane and imposes a barrier towards the outside of the cell the factin layer is dynamically...

Title: Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses
of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton
Authors: Wang, I-Hsuan. Burckhardt, Christoph J....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2095
ID: af7e42cdc9fa098ffcfdbf92ebfb9dbd4dbde545
Number of matches: 9

...tracks for myosin motor proteins and can be arranged into netlike patterns by crosslinking proteins [133] upon attachment to the cell surface virions transmit forward signals into the cell for example triggering signal transduction pathways akin to growth factors and prepare the cell for endocytic uptake and infection [13 15 134] the tracking of fluorophoretagged single virions in cell culture has revealed that upon initial contacts with attachment factors and receptors on the plasma membrane virions move outside of the cell in quasi twodimensional diffusive motions for several seconds until their motion gets confined to...

Title: Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses
of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton
Authors: Wang, I-Hsuan. Burckhardt, Christoph J....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2095
ID: af7e42cdc9fa098ffcfdbf92ebfb9dbd4dbde545
Number of matches: 9

... in addition the destabilization of the hiv capsid was reported to depend on microtubules and dynein motor activity [190] in summary it becomes increasingly clear that actin filaments microtubules and associated motors serve as cues for scheduled onsite virus capsid disassembly events and thereby boost viral infection fluorescence microscopy has empowered virologists to determine how virions interact with cell surface attachment factors receptors and facilitators for cell entry [11 13 14 56 57 71 105 178 191] imaging postentry steps has shown how the cytoskeleton and its motors support virion trafficking and uncoating...

Title: Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses
of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton
Authors: Wang, I-Hsuan. Burckhardt, Christoph J....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2095
ID: af7e42cdc9fa098ffcfdbf92ebfb9dbd4dbde545
Number of matches: 9

...virologists to determine how virions interact with cell surface attachment factors receptors and facilitators for cell entry [11 13 14 56 57 71 105 178 191] imaging postentry steps has shown how the cytoskeleton and its motors support virion trafficking and uncoating leading to gene delivery and infection [52 138 [155] [156] [157] 192 193] here we provide an overview of imaging modalities by light microscopy with viruses table 2 table 5 pros cons virusesref epifluorescence microscopy [194] ease of use and high...

Title: Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses
of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton
Authors: Wang, I-Hsuan. Burckhardt, Christoph J....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2095
ID: af7e42cdc9fa098ffcfdbf92ebfb9dbd4dbde545
Number of matches: 9

...interference approaches and analyses of complex virus motions are expected to give insight into biological mechanisms of host cell and tissue infections in the course of disease computational modeling and simulations can provide in silico experimental data to enhance mechanisms and give insight into interaction processes increasingly aspects of infection dynamics are addressed by mathematical and computational modeling for reviews see [287] [288] [289] parameters extracted from virus tracking experiments can be used in datadriven models which are also known as topdown models they explore patterns and make correlations from statistical or machine...

Title: Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses
of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton
Authors: Wang, I-Hsuan. Burckhardt, Christoph J....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2095
ID: af7e42cdc9fa098ffcfdbf92ebfb9dbd4dbde545
Number of matches: 9

...the pathogen for example the deciphering of how cytokines chemokines and other signalling molecules affect the way viruses use the cytoskeleton and tune cytoskeletal dynamics will inform passive and active proand antiviral mechanisms deep analyses of virion motions in cells will further inform on underlying mechanisms of celltocell heterogeneity of infection a phenomenon which is largely unexplored but well known to every virologist finally timecontrolled virus infection analyses will better prepare the field to reach out to even more complex settings for example the elucidation of the interactions between eukaryotes microbes and viruses in the course of human health and disease...

Title: Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses
of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton
Authors: Wang, I-Hsuan. Burckhardt, Christoph J....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2095
ID: af7e42cdc9fa098ffcfdbf92ebfb9dbd4dbde545
Number of matches: 9

...way viruses use the cytoskeleton and tune cytoskeletal dynamics will inform passive and active proand antiviral mechanisms deep analyses of virion motions in cells will further inform on underlying mechanisms of celltocell heterogeneity of infection a phenomenon which is largely unexplored but well known to every virologist finally timecontrolled virus infection analyses will better prepare the field to reach out to even more complex settings for example the elucidation of the interactions between eukaryotes microbes and viruses in the course of human health and disease...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...were incubated with fitcconjugated monoclonal antibody against m1 and np antigens mnpfitc oxoid for 1 h and then washed and incubated with horseradish peroxidaseconjugated antifitc polyclonal antibody roche ophenylenediamine dihydrochloride sigma was used as substrate and the absorbance recorded at 450 nm using a spectramax reader molecular devices inhibition of infection of 50 was determined by a 4parameters fitting curve softmaxpro and the corresponding titers represented as the reciprocal of the dilution a titer of 40 was assigned to sera that gave a negative result at the first dilution tested 180 to assess antigenspecific tcell responses singlecell suspensions were prepared...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...immunization anesthetized mice were challenged in with equivalent lethal doses of pr8 105 tcid 50 or hk68 1560 tcid 50 mouseadapted influenza viruses 15 l per nostril survival body weight and clinical signs of illness eg ruffled fur hunched posture wheeze were monitored daily for 2 weeks after infection a clinical score of 4 was defined as a humane endpoint and animals meeting this criterion were euthanized for miivsam coadministration studies mice were infected with 105 tcid 50 of pr8 whole mouse lungs were collected in hanks balanced salt solution and homogenized using a gentle macs dissociator miltenyi...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...the viral titers were calculated using the comparative c t method [36] and were indicated as foldincrease to preinfected sample m1 mrna expression was normalized to levels of hprt1 mrna expressed in the corresponding sample to assess viral titers cell recruitment and tcell responses induced by pr8 infection lungs were excised at 0 3 6 and 17 days after challenge lung tissue was completely dissociated with gentlemax dissociator milteny biotec as previously described [37] briefly lung tissue was digested in hanks balanced salt solution life technologies containing calcium and magnesium in presence of collagenase d...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...italian legislation on the care and use of animals in experimentation legislative decree 116 92 and with the gsk animal welfare policy and standards protocols were approved by the italian ministry of health authorization 2492011b and 222015pr and the novartis vaccines animal welfare body authorizations awb 201106 and 201522 following infection mice were monitored daily and euthanized when they exhibited defined humane endpoints that were preestablished in agreement with gsk animal welfare policies statistical analyses were performed using graphpad prism 604 software experiments involving animal survival were analyzed by mantlecox logrank test for the other statistical analyses mannwhitney u test...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...were comparable between single antigen and combination groups fig 1e to assess the immunogenicity of sam replicons expressing np andor m1 antigens balbc mice were immunized im twice eight weeks apart with 01 g of samnp samm1 a mixture of both samnpsamm1 or samm1np and delivered with lnp infection with a low dose of the pr8 virus and treatment with pbs were used as positive and negative controls respectively npand m1specific igg were already detectable in the sera of samimmunized mice after the first dose and were boosted by the second immunization s1a fig mice that had received...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...boosted by the second immunization s1a fig mice that had received the single antigens reached antibody titers 152 fold higher p001 than those vaccinated with both antigens suggesting that np and m1 induce mild antigenic interference [38 39] sera from samimmunized mice failed to neutralize pr8 virus infection of mdck cells in vitro s1b fig consistent with the internal location of these antigens in the virus [40] based on the key protective role played by npand m1specific t cells against influenza disease [12 14] we focused the next set of analyses...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...a low dose of the pr8 virus showed approximately 06 and 01 of npspecific cd8 and cd4 t cells respectively that did not increase after a second exposure to the virus it is likely that haspecific antibodies induced by the first exposure to pr8 neutralized the second virus infection thus preventing the recall and expansion of npspecific tcells low frequencies of m1specific cd4 tcell responses but no m1specific cd8 t cells were detected in infected mice as was observed for sam immunized mice no npor m1specific t cells were detected in pbstreated mice similar immune profiles were...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...previously exposed to a low dose of pr8 or hk68 influenza viruses survival weight loss and clinical scores were measured for 14 days after challenge fig 5 mice immunized with sam replicons expressing np either alone or in combination with m1 and formulated with lnp were protected against lethal infection with the homologous pr8 virus showing a substantially and significantly higher p00001 survival rate compared to pbstreated control mice fig 5a mice immunized with samnp samnpsamm1 and samm1np vaccines had survival rates of 71 70 and 78 respectively in contrast administration of the samm1 vaccine alone was poorly protective...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...merged experiments statistical analyses were performed using the mannwhitney u test p005 compared to samnp ab or samm1 c doi101371journalpone0161193g003 towards a crossprotective influenza vaccine pbstreated animals as demonstrated by significantly reduced body weight loss fig 5b and clinical scores fig 5c indeed 3 days after influenza infection animals immunized with sam np and combination npm1 or m1np vaccines had significantly reduced lung viral titers compared to pbstreated mice p001 and completely cleared influenza viral particles from the lungs after 6 days fig 5d body weight loss and clinical scores indicated an intermediate grade of illness for...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...in body weight and overall clinical scores all sam vaccines were associated with 100 survival reduced overall weight loss and low clinical scores fig 5e5g in contrast pbstreated mice showed a poorer outcome with a 30 survival rate over 15 body weight loss at the peak of the infection days [6] [7] [8] and clinical scores above 3 the different protective efficacy of samm1 vaccine in the homologous and heterosubtypic infection models could be due to the difference in virulence of pr8 and hk68 viruses [42] as suggested by...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...pbstreated mice showed a poorer outcome with a 30 survival rate over 15 body weight loss at the peak of the infection days [6] [7] [8] and clinical scores above 3 the different protective efficacy of samm1 vaccine in the homologous and heterosubtypic infection models could be due to the difference in virulence of pr8 and hk68 viruses [42] as suggested by the different survival rates observed in pbstreated mice vaccination might influence tcell responses to influenza infection at the site of virus entry therefore we characterized the lung tcell...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...the different protective efficacy of samm1 vaccine in the homologous and heterosubtypic infection models could be due to the difference in virulence of pr8 and hk68 viruses [42] as suggested by the different survival rates observed in pbstreated mice vaccination might influence tcell responses to influenza infection at the site of virus entry therefore we characterized the lung tcell composition on day 0 3 6 and 17 after pr8 challenge in samnp samm1 samnpsamm1 or samm1npvaccinated mice fig 6 at the time of influenza challenge day 0 h2k d np 147155 pentamer cd8 t...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...6 at the time of influenza challenge day 0 h2k d np 147155 pentamer cd8 t cells were already detectable in the lungs of mice immunized with samnp and combinations but not with samm1 or pbs their number increased in all immunization groups at day 6 after infection and remained high at day 17 in samnp and combination groups fig 6a ifn tnf tnf and ifn npspecific cd8 t cells were detected in samnp and combination groups already at day 0 their frequency increased at day 6 after infection and showed a...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...day 6 after infection and remained high at day 17 in samnp and combination groups fig 6a ifn tnf tnf and ifn npspecific cd8 t cells were detected in samnp and combination groups already at day 0 their frequency increased at day 6 after infection and showed a more complex ifn il2 tnf phenotype at day 17 finally m1specific cd8 t cells were detected at day 6 and 17 in the samm1 vaccine group but not in the combination formulation groups fig 6b in agreement with the effector phenotype observed...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...fig 6c since antigenspecific cd4 t cells can also have a role in mediating protection by contributing to the development of the effector functions of cd8 t cells [43 44] we characterized lung npand m1specific cd4 t cells after vaccination and subsequent influenza infection the characteristic cd4 th1 profile observed after systemic immunization fig 2 was maintained after infection by lunginfiltrating antigenspecific cd4 t cells that expressed ifn and tnf alone or in combination s2 fig finally histological analysis of the lungs of vaccinated mice showed that the high number of effector cd8...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...mediating protection by contributing to the development of the effector functions of cd8 t cells [43 44] we characterized lung npand m1specific cd4 t cells after vaccination and subsequent influenza infection the characteristic cd4 th1 profile observed after systemic immunization fig 2 was maintained after infection by lunginfiltrating antigenspecific cd4 t cells that expressed ifn and tnf alone or in combination s2 fig finally histological analysis of the lungs of vaccinated mice showed that the high number of effector cd8 and cd4 t cells present from day 6 onwards after challenge was not...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...and mice preexposed to a low dose of pr8 influenza virus were used as negative and positive control respectively one month after the last immunization mice were infected with 10fold the lethal dose of pr8 virus to increase the stringency of the model and were monitored for 14 days after infection samm1npmiivimmunized mice showed a survival rate significantly increased compared to pbs treated mice with 91 and 20 respectively while miiv alone provided only partial protection in these experimental conditions 37 of survival fig 7a all immunized animals showed signs of disease during the course of the observation with...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...increased compared to pbs treated mice with 91 and 20 respectively while miiv alone provided only partial protection in these experimental conditions 37 of survival fig 7a all immunized animals showed signs of disease during the course of the observation with a transient weight loss peaking four days after infection fig 7b to our surprise 80 of the animals in the sam gfpmiiv vector control group survived the infection although we previously showed that samgfp alone did not induce h1specific immune responses nor did it protect mice against a challenge with the pr8 virus [30] to...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...experimental conditions 37 of survival fig 7a all immunized animals showed signs of disease during the course of the observation with a transient weight loss peaking four days after infection fig 7b to our surprise 80 of the animals in the sam gfpmiiv vector control group survived the infection although we previously showed that samgfp alone did not induce h1specific immune responses nor did it protect mice against a challenge with the pr8 virus [30] to investigate a possible adjuvant effect [47 48] of the ssrna vector in vivo we compared the adaptive immune...

Title: Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing
Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer
Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral
Challenge
Authors: Magini, Diletta. Giovani, Cinzia...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2096
ID: d26fb6227fcc98e9e8f9fecbedfd47bc4c00e7ba
Number of matches: 20

...and clinical data obtained with the mvanpm1 vaccine we are confident that samm1np represent an alternative approach for a universal influenza vaccine worth to be tested in humans an ideal universal influenza vaccine should induce neutralizing antibodies toward surfaceexposed antigens such as ha and na to reduce host cell infection as well as t cells against the conserved internal antigens to eliminate influenzainfected cells [46] and provide broader protection in case of a ha missmatch between the vaccine and the circulating strains we tested this approach by combining our lead candidate samm1np with miiv and demonstrated that this...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

......

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...and the potential for severe socioeconomic impact actually the potential impact of this first thirdmillenium influenza pandemic has been revisited downwards as morbidity and casefatality rates were less severe than initially anticipated [2] illness surveillance data do not allow to an accurate estimate of the true influenza infection rate as a substantial proportion of infections are asymptomatic or mild [3] serological surveys can overcome this limitation but must take into account that a significant proportion of the population that exhibited crossprotective antibody titers before circulation of the ph1n12009v [4] this socalled baseline...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...6] [7] [8] however except for few studies [9] [10] [11] most of these serosurveys did not use serial measurements in the same person which allows for a better understanding of antibody kinetics and the dynamics of infection within individuals and communities reunion island 805500 inhabitants is a french overseas department located in the southwestern indian ocean 700 km east of madagascar and 200 km southwest of mauritius the first imported case of ph1n12009v was identified on 5 th july 2009 week 29 in a traveller returning...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...the community level the actual magnitude of the ph1n12009v pandemic and the extent of the herd immunity acquired after passage of the epidemic wave a prospective population serosurvey was conducted in reunion island during the passage of the epidemic wave in the 2009 austral winter season julydecember 2009 prevalence of infection was assessed on a weekly basis and seroconversion rates were measured using paired sera the copanflurun was part of the copanflu international project a consortium between the french national institute of health and medical research inserm the institute of research for development ird and the mrieux fondation under the...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...140 ml of nasal swab eluate using the qiaamp viral rna kit qiagen and processed for detection by taqman qrtpcr targeting the heamagglutinin ha gene superscript iii platinum onestep qrtpcr system invitrogen according to the recommendations of the pasteur institute van der werf s enouf v sopflua130509 confirmed ph1n12009v infection was defined as a positive qrtpcr detection of the ha gene in at least one nasal swab hemagglutination inhibition assay hia a standard hemagglutination inhibition technique was adapted to detect and quantify ph1n12009v antibodies [17] the antigen was prepared by diluting a noninactivated cell culture supernatant...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...the epidemic unfolding phase c w4044 to the immediate postepidemic stage and phase d w4552 to the late postepidemic stage seropositivity was defined as a hia titer of 1 40 or more the baselineproxy seroprevalence rate was estimated on serum samples collected in phase a the cumulative incidence rate of infection measured the raise between the raw seroprevalence rate at any given time during the epidemic phases s2pi and the agespecific baselineproxy seroprevalence rate s1pa s2 pi s1 pa seroconversion was defined as a shift from seronegative at inclusion sample 1 hia 140 to seropositive on followup sample 2 hia...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...cary nc usa was used for statistical analysis the characteristics of the study cohort were compared to those of the population of reunion island and a chi2 test or fishers exact test when non applicable was used to analyse differences in age sex and geographic location cumulative incidence rates of infection ie seroincidence and seroconversion rates were standardized according to the age structure of the community french national institute for statistics and economical studies insee source baselineproxy seroprevalence cumulative incidence rates of infection as well as seroconversion and seronegation rates were expressed as percentages cumulative reverse distribution curves were used...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...non applicable was used to analyse differences in age sex and geographic location cumulative incidence rates of infection ie seroincidence and seroconversion rates were standardized according to the age structure of the community french national institute for statistics and economical studies insee source baselineproxy seroprevalence cumulative incidence rates of infection as well as seroconversion and seronegation rates were expressed as percentages cumulative reverse distribution curves were used to show the distribution of antibody titers in all tests a p value005 was considered significant we estimated 95 confidence intervals cis of proportions by using a cluster bootstrap technique with 1000...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...test the intrahousehold correlationadjusted association between factors and the seroconversion outcome data were analysed with respect to subject age initially four age groups were considered the children and adolescents 20 yrs young adults 2039 yrs middleage adults 4059 yrs and elderly adults 60 yrs as the cumulative incidence of infection of the second and third groups were very close both groups were merged into one adults group 2059 yrs therefore we refer further in our study to three age groups children and adolescents 20 yrs adults 2059 yrs elderly 60 yrs a total of 2164 individuals from 772 households...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...collection of 1932 sera at inclusion sample 1 during this period 136 households 177 of households containing 464 individuals 214 of individuals reported at least one case of ili sixty subjects among the 464 individuals 129 belonging to 33 households [243] were qrtpcr positive which documented the ph1n12009v infection no positive qrtpcr could be detected after week 37 and no ili was reported after week 40 the end of the epidemic wave the second follow up serum sample sample 2 was obtained for 1759 subjects at least five weeks after the end of the epidemic wave weeks 4552 which...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...was significant enough to return the reverse cumulative distribution curve to baseline levels in the elderly the cumulative incidence rates obtained after subtraction of the agespecific baselineproxy seroprevalence from the raw seroprevalence at each phase of the epidemic are shown in table 2 note that the cumulative incidence rates of infection represented for the group all ages were standardized according to age structure of the community the cumulative incidence rates were much higher in children and adolescents 20 yrs indicating very active transmission of infection within this age group as mentioned earlier cumulative incidence rates peaked in phase c w4044 and...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...phase of the epidemic are shown in table 2 note that the cumulative incidence rates of infection represented for the group all ages were standardized according to age structure of the community the cumulative incidence rates were much higher in children and adolescents 20 yrs indicating very active transmission of infection within this age group as mentioned earlier cumulative incidence rates peaked in phase c w4044 and then declined indicating some lability of the humoral immune response against the ph1n12009v the agerelated difference observed in the incidence rates was highly statistically significant p00001 to estimate more appropriately the decline of...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...to interpret these data one should remember that antibodies at seroprotective levels hia 140 in serum samples 1 collected during the per epidemic phase b or early post epidemic phase c could represent either base line cross reactive antibodies or rising ph1n12009 specific antibodies due to a recent or ongoing infection this ambiguity could lead to underestimation of the seroconversion rate for subjects enrolled in phases b and c in order to solve this ambiguity we specifically considered the group of 249 subjects in whom cross reactive antibodies were detected at the time of phase a w3031 the seroconversion rate of...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...positive qrtpcr nasal swab and for whom paired sera were available initial hia antibody titers in this group were 140 the copanflurun cohort was set up to conduct a prospective populationbased study investigating the herd immunity induced by the 2009 pandemic influenza virus and identifying risk factors for ph1n12009v infection from paired sera collected in an entire community most works published to date have used either extensive crosssectional serosurveys on preand postepidemic independent serum samples the baseline immunity being assessed from stored frozen samples [5 7 8] or non representative adult cohorts military health care workers longstay...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...i the first case indicating autochthonous transmission in reunion island was reported by the epidemiological surveillance department of la runion on 21st july week 30 ie the same day when inclusion started in our study cohort ii 7 to 15 days are required to develop an antibody response after viral infection iii on weeks 30 and 31 the epidemic activity due to the pandemic virus was very low in our study cohort and it became significant only after week 32 hence during weeks 3031 103 households were recruited and only 2 households reported ili cases nasal swabs collected from these 2...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...individuals were tested qrtpcr negative to the pandemic virus whereas one had evidence of coronavirus and rhinovirus using a multiplex rtpcr to respiratory viruses h pascalis manuscript in preparation in contrast during weeks 32 to 39 199 individuals belonging to 99 households reported ili among whom 60 individuals had documented infection by the pandemic virus our study shows that a substantial proportion of reunion islands population had preexisting immunity to 2009 pandemic influenza virus with the highest baselineproxy seroprevalence rate observed among adults aged of 60 years or more other studies from all continents had also reported high preepidemic seropositivity...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...] however seasonal influenza vaccines were of rather limited use in reunion island especially in children and young adults iv finally the high baseline titers may reflect the infectious history of the individuals to seasonal influenza viruses cross antigenic with ph1n12009 virus as recently suggested for seasonal 2007 h1n1 infection [40] this serosurvey indicates that a large fraction of the reunion island population was infected with the pandemic virus younger people have paid the main tribute to the epidemic as almost two thirds show evidence of seroconversion confirming earlier clinical reports from the island [12]...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...as almost two thirds show evidence of seroconversion confirming earlier clinical reports from the island [12] and accumulating reports from other countries [17 32 41 42] and suggesting that school children have likely played the central role in the epidemic diffusion of the pandemic virus lower infection rates were found in adults and the lowest rates were recorded in the elderly based on clinical cases reported to the epidemiological surveillance services [12] it was estimated that 66915 persons in reunion island who consulted a physician were infected by the ph1n12009 virus during the...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...were infected by the ph1n12009 virus during the 9 weeks of the epidemic giving a cumulative attack rate of 826 taking into account those who did not consult a physician the number of symptomatic infected persons was estimated to 104067 attack rate 1285 in fact the attack rate of ph1n12009 infection in our serosurvey was about 4244 at the peak of the antibody response ie weeks 4044 a figure which is at least 3 to 4 times higher than rates of infection based on clinical cases the wide gap between the two estimates indicates that a large fraction almost two thirds...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...number of symptomatic infected persons was estimated to 104067 attack rate 1285 in fact the attack rate of ph1n12009 infection in our serosurvey was about 4244 at the peak of the antibody response ie weeks 4044 a figure which is at least 3 to 4 times higher than rates of infection based on clinical cases the wide gap between the two estimates indicates that a large fraction almost two thirds of those who got infected by ph1n12009 virus escaped medical detection probably because they developed mild disease or asymptomatic infection a further indication of the benign nature of the virus at...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...is at least 3 to 4 times higher than rates of infection based on clinical cases the wide gap between the two estimates indicates that a large fraction almost two thirds of those who got infected by ph1n12009 virus escaped medical detection probably because they developed mild disease or asymptomatic infection a further indication of the benign nature of the virus at least at the community level in england baguelin et al [43] estimated that the cumulative incidence rates of infection by the pandemic virus in children were 20 to 40 times higher than that estimated from clinical surveillance...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...those who got infected by ph1n12009 virus escaped medical detection probably because they developed mild disease or asymptomatic infection a further indication of the benign nature of the virus at least at the community level in england baguelin et al [43] estimated that the cumulative incidence rates of infection by the pandemic virus in children were 20 to 40 times higher than that estimated from clinical surveillance our study as others [6] indicates that preexisting cross reactive antibodies to ph1n12009 at titers 140 prevented from seroconversion in response to the pandemic virus this level of...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...40 times higher than that estimated from clinical surveillance our study as others [6] indicates that preexisting cross reactive antibodies to ph1n12009 at titers 140 prevented from seroconversion in response to the pandemic virus this level of preexisting cross reactive immunity likely confers true protection against infection as about two thirds and one third of documented infection qrtpcr positive in our series have occurred in individuals with baseline hia titers 140 and 1 40 respectively and less than 5 of documented infections occurred in individuals with base line titers 140 the protection was effective not only...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...our study as others [6] indicates that preexisting cross reactive antibodies to ph1n12009 at titers 140 prevented from seroconversion in response to the pandemic virus this level of preexisting cross reactive immunity likely confers true protection against infection as about two thirds and one third of documented infection qrtpcr positive in our series have occurred in individuals with baseline hia titers 140 and 1 40 respectively and less than 5 of documented infections occurred in individuals with base line titers 140 the protection was effective not only in older adults but also in younger persons this indicates...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...subjects to the virus during the 2009 epidemic due to social contacts and mixing patterns it may also indicate that immune mechanisms other than cross reactive antibodies detected by hia ie immunity to neuraminidase and conserved t cells epitopes [44] might develop throughout life providing additional protection from infection or severe disease especially in the elderly interestingly evidence is seen for a decline in antibody titers which occurred soon after the passage of the epidemic wave in paired sera this decline was significant enough to bring within a few weeks almost 27 of sera that tested positive ie hi...

Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus:
Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a
Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009
Authors: Dellagi, Koussay. Rollot, Olivier...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2097
ID: ee6d70a53e3262cea6f85bd8b226f6b4c8b5f64b
Number of matches: 27

...rate in older adults measured just after the epidemic peak ie weeks 4044 was 204 similar results of early antibody decay were recently reported [10 45] more generally these data show that serosurveys conducted months after passage of the epidemic likely underestimate the real extent of ph1n12009 infection compared to antibody titration performed earlier when humoral responses are at their highest level whether the decline in antibody titers has functional immunologic consequence to individuals or within the communities warrants further investigation however one should note that there was no second epidemic wave in reunion island during the subsequent...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...the available antiviral drugs in fact the incidence rate of oseltamivirresistant h1n1 influenza viruses in the united state increased from 07 in the 20062007 influenza season to 985 in the 20082009 influenza season [1] although vaccines are also available for the prevention and control of influenza virus infection they need to be frequently revisedtypically every 13 years in the case of seasonal influenza vaccinesto accommodate mutations in the ha and na proteins of the circulating viruses antigen drift in addition it has recently been reported that in response to variation in neutralizing antibody pressure between individuals the influenza...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...it has recently been reported that in response to variation in neutralizing antibody pressure between individuals the influenza a virus evolves by adjusting receptor binding avidity via amino acid substitutions throughout the ha globular domain many of which simultaneously alter antigenicity [2] hostoriented mechanisms involved in influenza infection rather than viral proteins should therefore be envisaged as promising targets for the development of novel potent therapeutics that are effective irrespective of viral subtype indeed several genomewide screenings succeed to identify host proteins that participate in every step of influenza virus infection [3 4 5 6]...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

... hostoriented mechanisms involved in influenza infection rather than viral proteins should therefore be envisaged as promising targets for the development of novel potent therapeutics that are effective irrespective of viral subtype indeed several genomewide screenings succeed to identify host proteins that participate in every step of influenza virus infection [3 4 5 6] these include signaling molecules related to viral replication innate immune responses and apoptosis as well as signal transduction pathways regulating more fundamental and physiological processes such as cell proliferation differentiation and survival among them the family of lipid kinases phosphoinositide3 kinases pi3ks a...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...survival among them the family of lipid kinases phosphoinositide3 kinases pi3ks a key regulator in many cellular processes [7] is one of the commonly listed host factors across the literature [3 4 5 6] indicating the crucial role of this protein in influenza virus infection accordingly it was reported that the multifunctional viral nonstructural protein ns1 binds directly to the regulatory subunit p85b but not p85a and stimulates the lipid kinase activity of the p85associated catalytic subunit p110 of pi3k [8 9 10 11 12] although this pi3k activation is apparently of...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...directly to the regulatory subunit p85b but not p85a and stimulates the lipid kinase activity of the p85associated catalytic subunit p110 of pi3k [8 9 10 11 12] although this pi3k activation is apparently of importance in promoting efficient virus replication at a late step of the infection [11] the underlying mechanisms by which pi3k contributes to viral infection remain controversial in fact it was paradoxically reported that pi3k inhibition is effective only in the initial stage of infection [13 14] indicating a bivalent role for pi3k in both early and late...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...activity of the p85associated catalytic subunit p110 of pi3k [8 9 10 11 12] although this pi3k activation is apparently of importance in promoting efficient virus replication at a late step of the infection [11] the underlying mechanisms by which pi3k contributes to viral infection remain controversial in fact it was paradoxically reported that pi3k inhibition is effective only in the initial stage of infection [13 14] indicating a bivalent role for pi3k in both early and late stages of infection the pathway of influenza transmission is a multistep process involving...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...activation is apparently of importance in promoting efficient virus replication at a late step of the infection [11] the underlying mechanisms by which pi3k contributes to viral infection remain controversial in fact it was paradoxically reported that pi3k inhibition is effective only in the initial stage of infection [13 14] indicating a bivalent role for pi3k in both early and late stages of infection the pathway of influenza transmission is a multistep process involving adsorption of viral ha to sialylated host surface proteins entry of the virus into cells by endocytosis and trafficking from...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...] the underlying mechanisms by which pi3k contributes to viral infection remain controversial in fact it was paradoxically reported that pi3k inhibition is effective only in the initial stage of infection [13 14] indicating a bivalent role for pi3k in both early and late stages of infection the pathway of influenza transmission is a multistep process involving adsorption of viral ha to sialylated host surface proteins entry of the virus into cells by endocytosis and trafficking from early to late endosomes the viruses then fuse with the membrane of late endosomes to release the viral genes...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...in contrast gene transfer by electroporation was not affected by any of the tested conditions figure 2b indicating that endocytosismediated events but not protein expression are specifically disrupted in pik3cg 22 mefs the fact that both endosome maturation and activation of pi3k are implicated in influenza virus infection especially in the very early stages [13 14] encouraged us to examine the status of influenza virus infection in our system as expected challenge with the apuerto rico834 h1n1 pr8 strain resulted in reduced titers of progeny viruses in ly294002treated and pik3cgdeficient cells as assessed by a...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...endocytosismediated events but not protein expression are specifically disrupted in pik3cg 22 mefs the fact that both endosome maturation and activation of pi3k are implicated in influenza virus infection especially in the very early stages [13 14] encouraged us to examine the status of influenza virus infection in our system as expected challenge with the apuerto rico834 h1n1 pr8 strain resulted in reduced titers of progeny viruses in ly294002treated and pik3cgdeficient cells as assessed by a conventional plaque assay figure 3a this resistance to influenza was restored by the expression of wildtype pi3kc but not...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...pr8 strain resulted in reduced titers of progeny viruses in ly294002treated and pik3cgdeficient cells as assessed by a conventional plaque assay figure 3a this resistance to influenza was restored by the expression of wildtype pi3kc but not by that of the k251e mutant figure 3a similar infection profiles were obtained when aaichi268 h3n2 aichi viruses were used figure 3b we can therefore state that suppression of the raspi3k interaction is effective in a manner independent of the influenza subtype to test whether the internalization and intracellular trafficking of infected viral particles are regulated by...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...that other subtypes of pi3ks also play a role in viral trafficking influenza viruses may also exploit the raspi3k signaling pathway to expedite their incorporation into cells in which they create more favorable conditions for themselves as shown in figure 4 dextran uptake was significantly increased upon pr8 infection in wildtype mefs and pik3cgdeficient mefs expressing wildtype pi3k in contrast pi3k inhibitortreated wildtype mefs knockout mefs and knockout mefs expressing mutant pi3k displayed similar lower basal incorporation activities with marginal upregulation after viral infection figure 4 thereby highlighting raspi3k signaling as a critical hostoriented mechanism for the...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...for themselves as shown in figure 4 dextran uptake was significantly increased upon pr8 infection in wildtype mefs and pik3cgdeficient mefs expressing wildtype pi3k in contrast pi3k inhibitortreated wildtype mefs knockout mefs and knockout mefs expressing mutant pi3k displayed similar lower basal incorporation activities with marginal upregulation after viral infection figure 4 thereby highlighting raspi3k signaling as a critical hostoriented mechanism for the incorporation of influenza viruses next we examined whether influenza infection does in fact activate raspi3k signaling to examine activity of endogenous ras we used the bos pulldown method in which gtpbound active ras is...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...contrast pi3k inhibitortreated wildtype mefs knockout mefs and knockout mefs expressing mutant pi3k displayed similar lower basal incorporation activities with marginal upregulation after viral infection figure 4 thereby highlighting raspi3k signaling as a critical hostoriented mechanism for the incorporation of influenza viruses next we examined whether influenza infection does in fact activate raspi3k signaling to examine activity of endogenous ras we used the bos pulldown method in which gtpbound active ras is recovered from cell lysates by its preferential avidity to the gstfused rasbinding domain rbd of craf1 [26] as shown in figure 5a ...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...ras we used the bos pulldown method in which gtpbound active ras is recovered from cell lysates by its preferential avidity to the gstfused rasbinding domain rbd of craf1 [26] as shown in figure 5a b ras activation was efficiently promoted at 30 minutes after pr8 infection irrespective of the presence or absence of pi3kc ras activation by pr8 could also be observed in cos1 cells figure 5c in addition expression of the dominant negative mutant of ras ras s17n inhibited influenza virus infection whereas expression of its wildtype counterpart rather enhanced the infection ...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...b ras activation was efficiently promoted at 30 minutes after pr8 infection irrespective of the presence or absence of pi3kc ras activation by pr8 could also be observed in cos1 cells figure 5c in addition expression of the dominant negative mutant of ras ras s17n inhibited influenza virus infection whereas expression of its wildtype counterpart rather enhanced the infection figure 5d e together demonstrating a requirement for ras in influenza virus infection we further assessed the phosphorylation status of akt a commonly used marker of pi3k activation by immunoblotting using an antibody specific for phosphorylated akt pakt...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...pr8 infection irrespective of the presence or absence of pi3kc ras activation by pr8 could also be observed in cos1 cells figure 5c in addition expression of the dominant negative mutant of ras ras s17n inhibited influenza virus infection whereas expression of its wildtype counterpart rather enhanced the infection figure 5d e together demonstrating a requirement for ras in influenza virus infection we further assessed the phosphorylation status of akt a commonly used marker of pi3k activation by immunoblotting using an antibody specific for phosphorylated akt pakt s473 surprisingly although influenza infection was definitely inhibited in pik3cgdeficient...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...also be observed in cos1 cells figure 5c in addition expression of the dominant negative mutant of ras ras s17n inhibited influenza virus infection whereas expression of its wildtype counterpart rather enhanced the infection figure 5d e together demonstrating a requirement for ras in influenza virus infection we further assessed the phosphorylation status of akt a commonly used marker of pi3k activation by immunoblotting using an antibody specific for phosphorylated akt pakt s473 surprisingly although influenza infection was definitely inhibited in pik3cgdeficient cells akt phosphorylation was induced by virus exposure for 6 hours figure 5a ...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...wildtype counterpart rather enhanced the infection figure 5d e together demonstrating a requirement for ras in influenza virus infection we further assessed the phosphorylation status of akt a commonly used marker of pi3k activation by immunoblotting using an antibody specific for phosphorylated akt pakt s473 surprisingly although influenza infection was definitely inhibited in pik3cgdeficient cells akt phosphorylation was induced by virus exposure for 6 hours figure 5a upon pdgf stimulation essentially similar ras and akt activation was observed even in the absence of pi3kc figure 5f which is consistent with a previous report that the...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...observed even in the absence of pi3kc figure 5f which is consistent with a previous report that the akt phosphorylation level induced by extracellular stimuli is not altered by ablation of pi3kc [27] moreover although the pi3k binding to ras is critical for influenza virus infection see figure 3a b the kinetics of akt phosphorylation were apparently distinct from those of ras activity figure 5b in fact kinetics of akt phosphorylation induced by influenza virus infection are reported to be in a manner dependent on cell contexts and viral strains [13]...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...pi3kc [27] moreover although the pi3k binding to ras is critical for influenza virus infection see figure 3a b the kinetics of akt phosphorylation were apparently distinct from those of ras activity figure 5b in fact kinetics of akt phosphorylation induced by influenza virus infection are reported to be in a manner dependent on cell contexts and viral strains [13] we therefore postulated that pi3k activation is disturbed in a manner specific for subcellular localization and that in our system akt phosphorylation at the wholecell level is an inappropriate indicator of pi3k...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...dependent on cell contexts and viral strains [13] we therefore postulated that pi3k activation is disturbed in a manner specific for subcellular localization and that in our system akt phosphorylation at the wholecell level is an inappropriate indicator of pi3k activity at such an early stage of infection the gfptagged pleckstrin homology ph domain of akt phgfp was therefore utilized to monitor pi3k activation aktph recognizes the pi3k product phosphatidylinositol345trisphosphate pip 3 [and its hydrolytic product pi34p 2 ] therefore this molecule tagged with fluorescent proteins gives a measure of pi3k activation with spatiotemporal precision...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...pi3k product phosphatidylinositol345trisphosphate pip 3 [and its hydrolytic product pi34p 2 ] therefore this molecule tagged with fluorescent proteins gives a measure of pi3k activation with spatiotemporal precision by its translocation to specific subcellular organelles because a dominant negative effect of the expression of this protein on influenza infection has been reported [13] we carefully identified an expression level of phgfp that would avoid inhibition of infection figure s3a b under this condition accumulation of phgfp reflecting pi3k activation promoted by influenza virus infection could be observed not only at the plasma membrane but...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...gives a measure of pi3k activation with spatiotemporal precision by its translocation to specific subcellular organelles because a dominant negative effect of the expression of this protein on influenza infection has been reported [13] we carefully identified an expression level of phgfp that would avoid inhibition of infection figure s3a b under this condition accumulation of phgfp reflecting pi3k activation promoted by influenza virus infection could be observed not only at the plasma membrane but also in vesicular structures in which influenza virus particles and rab5 were colocalized figure 6a given that expression of...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...negative effect of the expression of this protein on influenza infection has been reported [13] we carefully identified an expression level of phgfp that would avoid inhibition of infection figure s3a b under this condition accumulation of phgfp reflecting pi3k activation promoted by influenza virus infection could be observed not only at the plasma membrane but also in vesicular structures in which influenza virus particles and rab5 were colocalized figure 6a given that expression of ras s17n as well as ly294002 treatment inhibited this colocalization we can say that pip 3 accumulation in the...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

... figure 6a b these findings suggest that pi3k is also required for the transition from early endosomes to late endosomes where pi3k activity is already diminished inhibition of pi3k activity actually resulted in the retention of viral particles in early endosomes see figure s2c furthermore upon viral infection ras colocalized with viral particles the ph domain and rab5 in a manner dependent on ras and pi3k activities figure 6c given that ras is indispensable for activating pi3k in the endosomes [19] these results together underscore an important role for the raspi3k pathway in...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...and rab5 in a manner dependent on ras and pi3k activities figure 6c given that ras is indispensable for activating pi3k in the endosomes [19] these results together underscore an important role for the raspi3k pathway in pip 3 production in early endosomes upon viral infection the pi3k pathway has gained general acceptance as being one of the key regulators for the cellular entry of a range of viruses and intracellular bacteria [13 14 28 29 30] however the mechanistic scenario in which pi3k functions has been far from understood we hereby...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...the key regulators for the cellular entry of a range of viruses and intracellular bacteria [13 14 28 29 30] however the mechanistic scenario in which pi3k functions has been far from understood we hereby show that rasmediated pi3k activation is mainly required for virus entry during infection this is consistent with reports that pi3k inhibition is effective in reducing titers of progeny viruses only when the inhibitor is applied earlier than 4 hpi whereas the treatment at 4 hpi or later is not able to display this effectiveness anymore [13 14] given that lack...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...of akt does not significantly alter virus entry [13 14] pi3k in the endosomes may utilize pip 3 binding factors other than akt to regulate virus entry on the other hand our findings do not rule out the implication of pi3kakt signaling in late events of infection such as replication in fact prominent akt phosphorylation was observed at 6 hpi by immunoblotting figure 5a b as reported previously [13 14] because the time course of this akt activation is apparently different from that of ras activation slow akt activation may be independent...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...events associated with late steps including the regulation of interferon production through interferon regulatory factor irf3 phosphorylation in response to doublestranded rna [13 31 32] how influenza viruses upregulate raspi3k signaling at an early stage for their efficient entry remains obscure the first step of influenza virus infection is adsorption to sialylated proteins on the cell surface thus the type of sialylation of cell surface proteins is of great importance to determine virus host specificity however none of the sialylated proteins has been identified as a single specific receptor for this virus to date on the other hand...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...cell surface molecules including this receptor after sialidase treatment [33] signal transducers from influenza virus to ras should be sialylated proteins in this regard it is noteworthy that the receptor tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor is in a list of host factors implicated in influenza virus infection in several genomewide studies [3 4 5 6] however other acceptor mechanisms are likely to be dominant our preliminary experiments show that the receptor inhibitor produced marginal effects on the infection and the level of phosphorylated tyrosine in the total cell lysate was not strikingly altered by...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor is in a list of host factors implicated in influenza virus infection in several genomewide studies [3 4 5 6] however other acceptor mechanisms are likely to be dominant our preliminary experiments show that the receptor inhibitor produced marginal effects on the infection and the level of phosphorylated tyrosine in the total cell lysate was not strikingly altered by the infection data not shown in the present study we utilized pi3kc because this class ib pi3k can be expressed in a manner independent of the regulatory subunits [34 35] ...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...several genomewide studies [3 4 5 6] however other acceptor mechanisms are likely to be dominant our preliminary experiments show that the receptor inhibitor produced marginal effects on the infection and the level of phosphorylated tyrosine in the total cell lysate was not strikingly altered by the infection data not shown in the present study we utilized pi3kc because this class ib pi3k can be expressed in a manner independent of the regulatory subunits [34 35] which allows for the complementary expression of the catalytic subunit in the pik3cgdeficient cells as we demonstrated one...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...also observed by the pi3kcspecific inhibitor as605240 in several cell lines tested data not shown proving that pi3kc is apparently indispensable for operating influenza virus entry in a variety of cell lines including fibroblasts other subtypes of pi3k including class ia pi3ka and b may also participate in influenza virus infection because the panpi3k inhibitor ly294002 achieved more efficient inhibitions than pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of pi3kc among the stages of the influenza life cycle viral entry is one of the remaining sanctuaries to be targeted for prevention and therapy in addition virus internalization after adsorption is a relatively nonspecific process...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...enters cells and have implicated clathrinmediated endocytosis through which about 60 of the virus particles are indeed internalized [40 41 42] however expression of a dominantnegative form of eps15 and knockdown of epsin 1 both of which are involved in clathrinmediated endocytosis do not hamper influenza virus infection [41 43] in contrast ablation of the raspi3k interaction restrained influenza virus internalization via inhibiting clathrinindependent endocytosis figures 1 and 3 underscoring raspi3kmediated clathrinindependent endocytosis as one of the key pathways of influenza virus entry whereas clathrindependent endocytosis is a supportive one our finding may also...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...were from cell signaling technology danvers ma the antinp antibody was a kind gift from a takada hokkaido university sapporo japan influenza virus strains apuerto rico834 h1n1 pr8 and aaichi268 h3n2 aichi were propagated in the chorioallantoic cavity of 10dayold embryonated hen eggs for 48 hours at 37uc for infection mefs were washed with pbs and infected with pr8 or aichi at a multiplicity of infection moi of 250 for 1 hour at 37uc the inoculum was aspirated and the cells were incubated with dmem for 2 days the amount of infectious virus in the cell supernatants was determined using...

Title: The Ras–PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in
Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of
Influenza Viruses
Authors: Fujioka, Yoichiro. Tsuda, Masumi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2098
ID: 1763110ecc1742f6158f410a0c4f0b923118fd79
Number of matches: 39

...takada hokkaido university sapporo japan influenza virus strains apuerto rico834 h1n1 pr8 and aaichi268 h3n2 aichi were propagated in the chorioallantoic cavity of 10dayold embryonated hen eggs for 48 hours at 37uc for infection mefs were washed with pbs and infected with pr8 or aichi at a multiplicity of infection moi of 250 for 1 hour at 37uc the inoculum was aspirated and the cells were incubated with dmem for 2 days the amount of infectious virus in the cell supernatants was determined using common plaque assays as described previously [49 50] briefly confluent monolayers of mdck...

Title: Incorporating media data into a model of
infectious disease transmission
Authors: Kim, Louis. Fast, Shannon M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2099
ID: 17e4de7b95ed440d0df3a87e85e9fca8b64b0de7
Number of matches: 9

......

Title: Incorporating media data into a model of
infectious disease transmission
Authors: Kim, Louis. Fast, Shannon M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2099
ID: 17e4de7b95ed440d0df3a87e85e9fca8b64b0de7
Number of matches: 9

...the effective transmission rate slowing the spread of disease the susceptibleinfectedrecovered sir framework used to evaluate the effect of media on disease transmission can be described by the following set of equations _ in effect the population of size n is divided into three groups those susceptible to infection s those currently infected i and those who have recovered from infection r the effect of media f is an increasing function of the number of infected individuals andor the rate of change in the number of infected controlled by a set of parameters p 1 p k ...

Title: Incorporating media data into a model of
infectious disease transmission
Authors: Kim, Louis. Fast, Shannon M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2099
ID: 17e4de7b95ed440d0df3a87e85e9fca8b64b0de7
Number of matches: 9

...framework used to evaluate the effect of media on disease transmission can be described by the following set of equations _ in effect the population of size n is divided into three groups those susceptible to infection s those currently infected i and those who have recovered from infection r the effect of media f is an increasing function of the number of infected individuals andor the rate of change in the number of infected controlled by a set of parameters p 1 p k the media function slows the rate of transmission of the disease when...

Title: Incorporating media data into a model of
infectious disease transmission
Authors: Kim, Louis. Fast, Shannon M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2099
ID: 17e4de7b95ed440d0df3a87e85e9fca8b64b0de7
Number of matches: 9

...disease transmission we implement a susceptibleinfectedrecovered sir model [15] adapted for networkbased modeling [16 17] each individual is disease state at time t is represented by x i t 2 fs i rg where s susceptible i infected and r recovered infection is transmitted through pairwise contact with infected neighbors on the disease network at time t an infected individual infects each of her susceptible neighbors independently with probability p t thus if x i t i x j t s and i and j are neighbors on the...

Title: Incorporating media data into a model of
infectious disease transmission
Authors: Kim, Louis. Fast, Shannon M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2099
ID: 17e4de7b95ed440d0df3a87e85e9fca8b64b0de7
Number of matches: 9

...with infected neighbors on the disease network at time t an infected individual infects each of her susceptible neighbors independently with probability p t thus if x i t i x j t s and i and j are neighbors on the disease network then following infection individuals recover after t r time periods therefore if x i t 1 s and x i t i then when vaccine is available we implement an imperfect vaccine with a delay of d time units before becoming effective for influenza the delay before full immunity is...

Title: Incorporating media data into a model of
infectious disease transmission
Authors: Kim, Louis. Fast, Shannon M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2099
ID: 17e4de7b95ed440d0df3a87e85e9fca8b64b0de7
Number of matches: 9

...in cases resulting from the observed level of media coverage with that expected from having no media coverage or increasing it ten times parameter sensitivity analysis simulations were conducted on a network of 500000 individuals scalefree network with mean degree of 4 with 10 initially infected individuals for baseline percontact infection probability p 0 035 and time to recovery t r 1 we simulated outbreaks varying the media parameters 2 00 0005 001 and 2 01 02 10 one week was used as the value of t r since influenza cases typically recover within a week...

Title: Incorporating media data into a model of
infectious disease transmission
Authors: Kim, Louis. Fast, Shannon M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2099
ID: 17e4de7b95ed440d0df3a87e85e9fca8b64b0de7
Number of matches: 9

...the bestfit parameters are listed in table 1 the bestfit value of 015 indicates that prior information about the disease decayed slowly the largest value of t was 925 and was achieved during the week starting april 26 during the week of april 26 the baseline percontact infection probability was reduced by 89 during the spring outbreak april 5 through july 5 2009 the average reduction in the baseline percontact infection probability resulting from media influence was 624 during the fall outbreak the average reduction was 170 comparing model performance using different media functions and not using a...

Title: Incorporating media data into a model of
infectious disease transmission
Authors: Kim, Louis. Fast, Shannon M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2099
ID: 17e4de7b95ed440d0df3a87e85e9fca8b64b0de7
Number of matches: 9

...slowly the largest value of t was 925 and was achieved during the week starting april 26 during the week of april 26 the baseline percontact infection probability was reduced by 89 during the spring outbreak april 5 through july 5 2009 the average reduction in the baseline percontact infection probability resulting from media influence was 624 during the fall outbreak the average reduction was 170 comparing model performance using different media functions and not using a media function the most common media function from the literature takes the form in this formulation the transition rate from the susceptible...

Title: Incorporating media data into a model of
infectious disease transmission
Authors: Kim, Louis. Fast, Shannon M....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2099
ID: 17e4de7b95ed440d0df3a87e85e9fca8b64b0de7
Number of matches: 9

...prior information in determining behavior and controlling the extent to which transmission is slowed by media exposure as increases the effect of media is more prominent and has shorter duration as increases the spread of disease is slowed more quickly though there can be multiple waves of infection when the values of and are both relatively high secondly we provided a real world example that illustrates where models incorporating data on actual media coverage can be most useful although there were no significant differences in the percontact transmission rate of the h1n1 virus or population...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...potent antiviral effects these cytokines also have important roles in immunesurveillance for malignant cells [10 11] ifn a type ii ifn binds to a cellsurface receptor which is known as the type ii ifn receptor [12] [13] [14] upon viral infection ifn [15 16] activates cellular signaling networks such as the jakstat pathway [17 18] the transcription of type ii ifn ifndependent genes is regulated by gammaactivated sequence gas elements and the signal transducer and activator of transcription stat protein stat1 is the most important transcription...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...protein to modulate nmi function in order to escape ifninduced antiviral responses however no proteins encoded by any herpesviruses have been reported to modulate nmi function and diminish ifn responses leading to increased viral resistance to ifn and escape from ifn responses in order to establish persistent and latent infection in healthy individuals hcmv encodes a large array of proteins that can modulate different components and pathways of the immune responses including mhc antigen presentation and nk cell activation [31] [32] [33] for example hcmv ie1 protein has been shown to interact with...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...flagtagged nmi proteins were also observed in hela cells and hcmvinfected u251 cells it is possible that ul23 or nmi may bind nonspecifically to tagged or over expressed proteins meanwhile it is important to study if native untagged ul23 can interact with endogenous nmi in human cells during hcmv infection to determine if this is the case we used ul23 proteins expressed in e coli as the antigen to generate an antiul23 monoclonal antibody in collaboration with promab inc albany ca we screened a large number of antiul23 antibodyproducing clones and selected the clones that generated antiul23 antibodies with excellent...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...coprecipitated with the endogenous nmi fig 1c and 1d lanes 19 and 23 while we observed no significant binding or coprecipitation between ul44 and nmi fig 1c and 1d lanes 1318 these results suggest that nmi may specifically interact with ul23 but not ul44 during hcmv infection as a protein known to interact with stat proteins nmi has three distinct domains i a highly conserved coiledcoil domain at the amino terminus amino acid 1105 ii a nid1 domain amino acid 105199 and iii a nid2 domain amino acid 199307 with its coohterminal region showing homology to...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...and stat1 fig 3 lanes 38 similar results were also observed in cells containing empty control vector pcmvflag and construct pcmvflagul23 these results suggest that binding of ul23 inhibits the ability of nmi to interact with stat1 protein to further investigate this issue in the context of hcmv infection we constructed two mutants ul23 and ul23stop which were derived from towne bac by deleting the entire orf sequence of ul23 and introducing a stop codon immediately downstream from its translation initiation codon respectively furthermore rescued viral mutants rul23 and rstop were generated from ul23 and ul23stop by restoring the...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...these proteins fig 5 different cells eg u251 u251c and u251ul23 cells were treated with ifn and then harvested furthermore in order to study the effects of ul23 expression on interaction of human cytomegalovirus ul23 with nmi protein the localization of nmi and stat1 in the context of hcmv infection u251 cells were treated with ifn infected with towne bac ul23 or rul23 and the cell extracts were separated into nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions by centrifugation the purity of the fractions was confirmed by immunoblotting for histone h1 nuclear marker and actin cytoplasmic marker fig 5a in...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...plasmid prltk treated with ifn and then infected with different viral mutants at 12 hours postinfection treatment of ifn led to significant induction of luciferase activity from the reporter construct in mockinfected cells as well as in cells infected with ul23deficient mutants ul23 and ul23stop fig 8a in contrast infection of parental towne bac and rescued viruses rul23 and rstop which expressed ul23 protein suppressed the ifnmediated induction of the luciferase activity from the reporter construct fig 8a the ifnmediated induction of the luciferase activity as observed in mockinfected u251 cells and cells infected ul23 and ul23stop was not...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...fig 8a similar results were also observed when the transcription levels of ifn stimulated genes irf1 ifp35 and ifi44 were assayed in cells infected with these viruses fig 8b and 8d these results suggest that ifn induced transcription can be inhibited by ul23 in the context of hcmv infection role of nmi in ul23mediated inhibition of ifn induced transcription u251 u251c and u251ul23 cells were treated with antinmi sirna and control sirna following the procedures described previously [59] at 24 hours treatment cells were transfected with reporter plasmid pgl3promoter3gas and the internal control reporter prltk after...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...indicated by the error bar httpsdoiorg101371journalppat1006867g007 in our experiments a reduction of at least 50 fold in viral titers was found in ifntreated towneinfected cells compared to those untreated cells compare towneinfected u251 cells in fig 9a and 9b consistent with previous observations that hcmv replication and infection is inhibited in ifntreated cells [4 10 50] if ul23 blocks ifn induced transcription responses during hcmv infection it is conceivable that hcmv mutants lacking ul23 expression may be more susceptible to ifn treatment and exhibit less growth than the parental and rescued viruses that express ul23...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...was found in ifntreated towneinfected cells compared to those untreated cells compare towneinfected u251 cells in fig 9a and 9b consistent with previous observations that hcmv replication and infection is inhibited in ifntreated cells [4 10 50] if ul23 blocks ifn induced transcription responses during hcmv infection it is conceivable that hcmv mutants lacking ul23 expression may be more susceptible to ifn treatment and exhibit less growth than the parental and rescued viruses that express ul23 to determine if this is the case different cells were either pretreated with ifn or not and then infected with viruses...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...of different viral mutants in these cells was studied in the absence of ifn treatment mutants ul23 and ul23stop exhibited similar titers as the parental strain towne bac and the control revertant viruses rul23 and rstop fig 9a consistent with previous observations that ul23 is dispensable for viral lytic infection [39] however upon treatment of ifn ul23minus mutants ul23 and ul23stop exhibited a peak titer of at least 5000 fold lower than townebac and revertant viruses rul23 and rstop in u251 and u251c cells fig 9b to further determine the role of ul23 we repeated the...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...ul23 we repeated the experiments using u251ul23 cells we observed no difference in the titers of towne bac ul23 ul23stop rul23 and rul23stop in u251ul23 cells pretreated with ifn fig 9b these results suggest that ul23 blocks ifn induced response and increases viral resistance to ifn during viral infection possibly by interacting with nmi and modulating the cellular localization of stat1 protein ifn represents one of the most important innate immunity responses in a host to combat infections of many human viruses [11 24] understanding the mechanism of how human viruses modulate ifn responses to...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...interacting with nmi and modulating the cellular localization of stat1 protein ifn represents one of the most important innate immunity responses in a host to combat infections of many human viruses [11 24] understanding the mechanism of how human viruses modulate ifn responses to achieve successful infection will facilitate the development of novel strategies for the treatment and prevention of human viral infections in this study we provide the first direct evidence that hcmv ul23 protein specifically interacts with human nmyc interactor nmi protein we identified this interaction through a yeast twohybrid screen and coimmunoprecipitation in human...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...coimmunoprecipitation experiments nmi interacted with the hatagged ul23 but not the negative control ul70 suggesting that nmi does not bind to the tag sequence fig 1a and 1b second nmi coimmunoprecipitated with untagged native ul23 but not ul44 in hcmvinfected cells demonstrating that the interaction with ul23 during hcmv infection is specific fig 1c and 1d third both tagged and untagged ul23 protein colocalized with nmi figs 4 and 5 s2 table these results suggest that 1 the tag sequence does not enhance or interfere with the interaction of nmi and ul23 2 the interaction is specific and...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

... these results suggest that 1 the tag sequence does not enhance or interfere with the interaction of nmi and ul23 2 the interaction is specific and 3 the observations from experiments with the tagged ul23 protein may be representative of those obtained with the native untagged protein during hcmv infection ifn response is one of the most important components in the immune responses against human viruses including hcmv [11 24] ifn induces transcription of many ifnstimulated genes such as those involved in antigen presentation and immunomodulation conferring increased antiviral effects of the stimulated cells [10...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

... nonprofessional antigen presenting cells have been shown to express mhc ii molecules upon ifn stimulation and subsequently present viral antigens including hcmv ie1 peptides [51] ifn produced by cd4 t cells can block hcmv replication in vitro highlighting the important role of ifn in controlling hcmv infection [50] it has been further shown that ifn is more potent than ifn or against hcmv and murine cytomegalovirus mcmv and type i and ii ifns act synergistically when administered in combination [10] consistent with these previous observations our experiments showed that a...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...and counteract against ifn responses many human viruses including herpesviruses such as hcmv and mcmv have been shown to modulate various steps of ifn induced signaling pathways by encoding immunomodulatory proteins [11 24] by targeting different steps during the ifn response at different time points of the infection viruses can counteract ifn responses by interfering with the ifn downstream signaling and become resistant against existing ifn viruses can also express evasins targeting ifn induction within the infected cells to avoid the priming of bystander cells for example hcmv ie1 proteins have been shown to bind with stat proteins...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...nmi in response to interferon and cytokine signaling nmi is a transcription cofactor that can modulate the activity of members of the stat protein family [55] and has been shown to play a central role in ifn induced stat1dependent transcription [30] during sendai virus infection nmi can bind to irf7 a master regulator for type i ifndependent immune responses and target irf7 for proteasomemediated degradation leading to inhibition of type i ifn responses induced by viral infections [56] in recent studies a mirna encoded by torque teno virus ttv targets nmi expression...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...genes as shown in this study figs 6 and 8 our preliminary studies suggest that ul23 modulates the expression of several ifn responsive genes further studies on these issues will elucidate the roles of ul23 in interfering with host type i and type ii ifn responses and facilitating hcmv infection and replication it is possible that nmi interacts with hcmv proteins other than ul23 leading to a modulation of ifn stimulated gene transcription and ifnmediated responses as observed in our experiments however we observed no positive interaction between nmi and more than 100 hcmv orfs other than ul23 in...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...ie ul23 and ul23stop exhibited significantly more ifn responses than parental virus towne bac while we cannot completely exclude the possibility that nmi may affect the ifn responses by interacting with hcmv proteins other than ul23 our results in experiments expressing ul23 alone in the absence of hcmv infection and in experiments using antinmi sirna and ul23deficient mutants suggest that ul23 may interact with nmi and affect its cellular localization and interactions with stat1 in the absence of other hcmv proteins possibly leading to the inhibition of ifn induced stat1dependent transcription the coding sequences of more than 30 human...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...nmi were also found to interact potentially with ul23 in our yeast two hybrid assays s1 table to confirm the interactions of these proteins with ul23 we will perform additional experiments eg coimmunoprecipitation and these results will elucidate the effects of other human proteins on ul23 function during hcmv infection we showed that ul23 interacted with nmi in coip experiments in various cell types including u251 human foreskin fibroblasts and hela cells furthermore u251 cells were used to investigate the roles of ul23 in nmi localization and hcmv infection it may be important to investigate the function of ul23...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...effects of other human proteins on ul23 function during hcmv infection we showed that ul23 interacted with nmi in coip experiments in various cell types including u251 human foreskin fibroblasts and hela cells furthermore u251 cells were used to investigate the roles of ul23 in nmi localization and hcmv infection it may be important to investigate the function of ul23 in fibroblasts which are fully permissive and commonly used to study hcmv infection [4] however due to poor transfection efficiency in fibroblasts it is technically difficult to carry out similar experiments in these cells moreover it is...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...various cell types including u251 human foreskin fibroblasts and hela cells furthermore u251 cells were used to investigate the roles of ul23 in nmi localization and hcmv infection it may be important to investigate the function of ul23 in fibroblasts which are fully permissive and commonly used to study hcmv infection [4] however due to poor transfection efficiency in fibroblasts it is technically difficult to carry out similar experiments in these cells moreover it is not feasible to constitutively express high level of ul23 over many passages in fibroblasts because they are primary cells in contrast the neuronal...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...poor transfection efficiency in fibroblasts it is technically difficult to carry out similar experiments in these cells moreover it is not feasible to constitutively express high level of ul23 over many passages in fibroblasts because they are primary cells in contrast the neuronal origin u251 cells are permissive to hcmv infection and have been used to study hcmv previously [4 59 60] as these cells are immortalized u251 cell lines that constitutively express ul23 can be easily generated additional investigation in other cells such as fibroblasts will facilitate the elucidation of ul23 function our results indicate that...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...can rewire upstream il6type to downstream ifnlike signaling two pathways linked to opposing effects resulting in repressed stat3and activated stat1responsive genes [52] the common impacts on stat1 by ie1 and ul23 via different pathways represent an interesting and potentially important regulatory mechanism of host responses during hcmv infection ul23 encodes a tegument protein and ie1 is an immediately early protein [31 [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] hcmv ie1 is dispensable for replication of a ul23 competent virus under high multiplicity of infection moi conditions while ul23...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...host responses during hcmv infection ul23 encodes a tegument protein and ie1 is an immediately early protein [31 [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] hcmv ie1 is dispensable for replication of a ul23 competent virus under high multiplicity of infection moi conditions while ul23 is not essential for replication of an ie1 competent virus in cultured cells [39 61] it is possible that ul23mediated modulation of stat1 signaling is enhanced or repressed by ie1mediated effect on stat1 function further studies on these issues may elucidate the potential...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...cells [39 61] it is possible that ul23mediated modulation of stat1 signaling is enhanced or repressed by ie1mediated effect on stat1 function further studies on these issues may elucidate the potential roles of the impact on the stat1 signaling by these two hcmv proteins in supporting hcmv infection how stat1 protein is retained in the cytoplasm in the presence of ul23 is currently unknown given the fact that ul23 binds to nmi and disrupts nmi interaction with stat1 while phosphorylation of stat1 is required for its nuclear localization the mechanism of the nuclear import of stat1 is...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...viral growth the cells and medium were harvested at 5 days postinfection and viral stocks were prepared viral stocks were serial diluted and used to infect 1 x 10 5 human foreskin fibroblasts followed by agar overlay viral titer was determined by counting the number of plaques 1014 days after infection [39] susceptibility to ifn was assayed by virus growth in the presence of human recombinant 1000 uml ifn rd minneapolis mn after preincubation with ifn for 12 hours before infection the values obtained were averages from three independent experiments we cotransformed yeast strain ah109 with one...

Title: Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits
transcription of interferon-γ stimulated genes and blocks
antiviral interferon-γ responses by interacting with
human N-myc interactor protein
Authors: Feng, Linyuan. Sheng, Jingxue...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2101
ID: e911d262fbf4b651d8b2f2acb97c71e157a4d4cd
Number of matches: 29

...followed by agar overlay viral titer was determined by counting the number of plaques 1014 days after infection [39] susceptibility to ifn was assayed by virus growth in the presence of human recombinant 1000 uml ifn rd minneapolis mn after preincubation with ifn for 12 hours before infection the values obtained were averages from three independent experiments we cotransformed yeast strain ah109 with one bd and one ad plasmid as indicated we first grew the transformed yeast cells containing both plasmids on sdminus trpleu plates ddo to maintain the two plasmids then plated the colonies onto sdminus...

Title: Integrated cluster- and case-based
surveillance for detecting stage III zoonotic pathogens: an
example of Nipah virus surveillance in Bangladesh
Authors: NASER, A. M.. HOSSAIN, M. J....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 2102
ID: ca6f9746b47f8fe6e187a867ad37502d950a3fbd
Number of matches: 4

...only one of these 43 twocase clusters without epidemiological linkages were we able to identify a laboratoryconfirmed nipah case in the other five twocase clusters both cases were from the same family two of these five were nipah clusters but the other three clusters had no laboratory evidence of nipah infection one patient died from two of these three nonnipah clusters in these two clusters where one patient died illness of both cases began on the same day in one cluster and 1 week apart in the other none of the threecase clusters had any epidemiological linkages or niv infection...

Title: Integrated cluster- and case-based
surveillance for detecting stage III zoonotic pathogens: an
example of Nipah virus surveillance in Bangladesh
Authors: NASER, A. M.. HOSSAIN, M. J....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 2102
ID: ca6f9746b47f8fe6e187a867ad37502d950a3fbd
Number of matches: 4

...infection one patient died from two of these three nonnipah clusters in these two clusters where one patient died illness of both cases began on the same day in one cluster and 1 week apart in the other none of the threecase clusters had any epidemiological linkages or niv infection among cases the presence of nipah cases within a cluster was associated with cluster size 3 p 0001 among the eight clusters having 3 cases seven 88 were nipah clusters we identified epidemiological linkages between cases in each of these seven clusters we identified a total of 57 nipah...

Title: Integrated cluster- and case-based
surveillance for detecting stage III zoonotic pathogens: an
example of Nipah virus surveillance in Bangladesh
Authors: NASER, A. M.. HOSSAIN, M. J....
Journal: Epidemiol Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 2102
ID: ca6f9746b47f8fe6e187a867ad37502d950a3fbd
Number of matches: 4

...collecting various diagnostic specimens including postmortem biopsies [30] in addition delays between recognition of a cluster and deployment of a field investigation team limit our capability to diagnose the early cases of niv in a cluster and to respond with prevention activities to contain the spread of infection our calculation of r 0 risks generating a biased estimate of the mean transmissibility of all niv strains however the primary objective of this surveillance is specifically to identify agents with unusually high persontoperson transmission rather than estimating a general mean all these limitations reduce the sensitivity of clusterbased surveillance...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...for coordinating public health preparedness and response activities and detailed models at this scale can provide valuable support for decision making [31] spatial models at the urban scale face unique challenges population sizes are much smaller than at national and international scales thus the stochastic nature of infection events will play a stronger role in the dynamics of a disease outbreak the number of infections at this scale is also likely to be much smaller therefore the availability of disease surveillance data to calibrate models is often more limited this issue becomes particularly pronounced when considering spatiallydisaggregated data...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...these efforts have advanced our understanding of human mobility behaviour a general solution to parameterising spatial urbanscale models of disease transmission remains an open challenge [8] the aim of this study is to evaluate the extent to which incorporating urban mobility information into a mathematical model of infection can characterise observed spatial trends in seasonal influenza cases we examine how the introduction of spatial structure and heterogeneous mixing into a metapopulation model of influenza transmission affects the spatial distribution of cases in this study we address a particular gap in our understanding how does the nature of the...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...the mobility data and the spatial scale at which they capture mobility influence the veracity of the contact model we therefore explore the impact of different sources of mobility data and different models of how this mobility translates into patterns of contact we evaluate how these patterns of contact and infection relate to reported influenza incidence in the city of melbourne australian given the limitations of these mobility and disease data sets finally we discuss how spatial heterogenity in disease risk and reporting may be accounted for in terms of underlying factors and the implications for improved outbreak forecasting and public...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...column matrices were constructed for the following jtw transport modalities car transport public transport and all forms of transport car public and other forms we separated the jtw data into these modalities so that we could compare the relative effects of public and private transport on the spatial distribution of infection in the model and also so that we could compare the private transport data to the sygic gps data which is exclusively private transport we assumed that these data sets characterised mobility and contact between regions but not within the region of residence where the majority of contact is...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...cbd which exclusively involves nonresidents was redistributed to the resident population of each noncbd region in proportion to the intensity of mixing between that region and the cbd note that this nonresident mixing is entirely different from the effect of h i which distributes an individuals force of infection across the resident populations of their home sa3 and other sa3s that they visit we identify the cbd as region c and calculate the relative mixing that occurs between each noncbd region and the cbd accounting for the resident population n i in each region i then...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...assumption is reasonable for infections that are asymptomatic or associated with only mild symptoms recent evidence supports a role for asymptomatic cases in the transmission of influenza showing that aerosol transmission from normal breathing is sufficient for transmission [37] and sneezing and coughing are not required for infection to occur the spread of infection between patches was characterised by mixing matrices that were derived from each of the four od matrices jtw car transport jtw public transport jtw all modalities and sygic gps data in this study we ran model simulations for each of 504 different mixing...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...asymptomatic or associated with only mild symptoms recent evidence supports a role for asymptomatic cases in the transmission of influenza showing that aerosol transmission from normal breathing is sufficient for transmission [37] and sneezing and coughing are not required for infection to occur the spread of infection between patches was characterised by mixing matrices that were derived from each of the four od matrices jtw car transport jtw public transport jtw all modalities and sygic gps data in this study we ran model simulations for each of 504 different mixing matrices 4 od matrices 18 values for...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...study we ran model simulations for each of 504 different mixing matrices 4 od matrices 18 values for h i 7 values for c where each outbreak was started by seeding exposures in a randomlyselected sa3 for each mixing matrix m the daily force of infection vector was defined as we recorded the cumulative number of infections in each sa3 ie the epidemic final size and compared these to the spatiallyuniform scenario where infection is distributed uniformly across the whole population model parameter values are listed in table 1 and further details regarding...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...outbreak was started by seeding exposures in a randomlyselected sa3 for each mixing matrix m the daily force of infection vector was defined as we recorded the cumulative number of infections in each sa3 ie the epidemic final size and compared these to the spatiallyuniform scenario where infection is distributed uniformly across the whole population model parameter values are listed in table 1 and further details regarding the model are provided in additional file 1 in the state of victoria medical practitioners and laboratories are required to notify the department of health and human services of...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...fewer with only 28 occurrences of 50 or more cases in the 38 sa3s over 365 weeks these timeseries are noisy and do not clearly characterise a consistent epidemic and are thus not appropriate benchmarks against which to evaluate the model output however we can estimate the relative risk of infection in each sa3 from these data these relative risks may in turn better reflect the spatial interaction patterns of the population the epidemic model characterises infected individuals and the case notifications data characterise observed disease cases clearly not all infections will be observed the relationship between infections and cases...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...characterises infected individuals and the case notifications data characterise observed disease cases clearly not all infections will be observed the relationship between infections and cases is fundamentally complex and uncertain [39] and is affected by factors that may themselves be spatially dependent the probabilities of exposure of infection given exposure and of observed disease given infection are all likely to be spatially dependent exposure risk is influenced by mobility patterns and the frequency and intensity of interactions which are associated with age and location [40 41] similarly the risk of exposure resulting in infection is...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...characterise observed disease cases clearly not all infections will be observed the relationship between infections and cases is fundamentally complex and uncertain [39] and is affected by factors that may themselves be spatially dependent the probabilities of exposure of infection given exposure and of observed disease given infection are all likely to be spatially dependent exposure risk is influenced by mobility patterns and the frequency and intensity of interactions which are associated with age and location [40 41] similarly the risk of exposure resulting in infection is influenced by prior experience of disease vaccination status...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...of infection given exposure and of observed disease given infection are all likely to be spatially dependent exposure risk is influenced by mobility patterns and the frequency and intensity of interactions which are associated with age and location [40 41] similarly the risk of exposure resulting in infection is influenced by prior experience of disease vaccination status and by comorbidities all of which are known to vary with geographic location and socioeconomic status [42] finally the probability of being observed given disease will depend in part on an individuals healthcare seeking behaviour which has also...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...to vary with geographic location and socioeconomic status [42] finally the probability of being observed given disease will depend in part on an individuals healthcare seeking behaviour which has also been observed to vary with socioeconomic status [43] introducing spatiallyheterogeneous population mixing into the infection model results in a spatiallyheterogeneous distribution of infection the degree of heterogeneity is primarily controlled by the parameter h i the proportion of infections acquired from an individual that occur in that individuals home region this can be seen in figs 3 and 4 which show the spatial...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...[42] finally the probability of being observed given disease will depend in part on an individuals healthcare seeking behaviour which has also been observed to vary with socioeconomic status [43] introducing spatiallyheterogeneous population mixing into the infection model results in a spatiallyheterogeneous distribution of infection the degree of heterogeneity is primarily controlled by the parameter h i the proportion of infections acquired from an individual that occur in that individuals home region this can be seen in figs 3 and 4 which show the spatial distribution of infection for each of the od...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...in a spatiallyheterogeneous distribution of infection the degree of heterogeneity is primarily controlled by the parameter h i the proportion of infections acquired from an individual that occur in that individuals home region this can be seen in figs 3 and 4 which show the spatial distribution of infection for each of the od matrices figure 3 shows these distributions for c 033 ie mixing in the cbd primarily involves visitors and fig 4 shows them for c 067 ie mixing in the cbd primarily involves cbd residents as h i 1 red...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...shows these distributions for c 033 ie mixing in the cbd primarily involves visitors and fig 4 shows them for c 067 ie mixing in the cbd primarily involves cbd residents as h i 1 red points the dynamics approach that of the nonspatial infection model and when h i 1 the epidemic would be confined to the regions where infections are introduced the public transport jtw matrices clearly capture the impact of the spokeandhub structure of the public transport network on spatial interactions with inner melbourne sa4 206 home to an...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...inner northwest the division between sa3s with increased and decreased infections is not aligned with the sa4 boundaries shown in fig 1 this suggests that sa4 regions are not a suitable higherlevel spatial aggregation of metropolitan melbourne for characterising patterns of urban mobility and their consequences for influenza infection instead the boundary between inner sa4s 206208 and peripheral outer sa4s 209213 should be pushed outwards while retaining the radial division of the outer sa4s in comparison to the model results the distribution of influenza cases exhibits less clustering of sa3s where disease activity is consistently increased or decreased the...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...to a greater degree than observed for the model simulations figure 7 shows the spatial variation of the differences between the spatiallyuniform scenario and the median annual proportion of notified cases over the 201016 seasons in each sa3 these variations share a number of similarities with the spatial distributions of infection that are produced by the simulation model for each of the od data sets shown in fig 5 there are also clear differences between the median distribution of influenza cases and the model outputs the smallest differences between the distribution of influenza cases and the distribution of model infections...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...small effect on the proportion of infections in each sa3 and did not improve the model agreement with the observed distribution of notified influenza cases to account for the neartenfold difference in resident populations ranging from 27426 to 233138 in each sa3 we also compared the relative risk of infection in the model to the relative risk of influenza case notifications as shown in fig 9 this figure shows model results for c 02 which is the region in parameter space where both the absolute and populationweighted differences between the relative risks were smallest the primary differences...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...the primary differences are similar to those previously identified underestimated risks in the inner south 208 north east 209 and south east 212 and overestimated risks in the mideast outer regions of 207 and inner regions of 211 and west 213 introducing spatial structure and heterogeneous mixing into the infection model as informed by australian bureau of statistics journey to work jtw data and sygic gps data resulted in a greater proportion of infections occurring both in and around inner melbourne sa4 206 and particularly in the inner east 207 these are also the most denselypopulated regions in metropolitan melbourne...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...206 the inner west and many of the outer regions but there were also clear differences between the model output and the case notifications data in the outer northeast outer southeast and inner south 208 if these urban mobility data sets accurately characterised population mixing as it pertains to humantohuman infection then these differences would be indicative of the ascertainment biases in the case notifications data but given the richness of population mobility and contact patterns [33 44] and the limitations of the mobility data sets available eg in terms of the population sample the limited capture of transport...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...characterisation of mobility and interaction in the urban environment and having a better understanding of the processes that determine how persons are identified by surveillance systems [39] such as access to healthcare in this study we investigated the implications of human mobility for the spread of infection at the urban scale the novelty of this study is twofold first thus far much greater attention has been paid to the role of mobility on infection at either large spatial scales eg national [2 12 14 45 46] and international [6 15 47 48] ...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...39] such as access to healthcare in this study we investigated the implications of human mobility for the spread of infection at the urban scale the novelty of this study is twofold first thus far much greater attention has been paid to the role of mobility on infection at either large spatial scales eg national [2 12 14 45 46] and international [6 15 47 48] or substantially smaller scales eg individual schools [49] and universities [27] than the scale of a single city at large scales the...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...less nuanced and hence the bias in the mobility data may be of less importance conversely at very fine scales rich data at individual levels can be captured second comparatively few studies have combined detailed mobility data with spatiallyindexed disease data in order to investigate the spatial risk profile of infection we are not aware of any studies that have done so at an urban scale existing studies have primarily focused on using highresolution mobility data and individualbased models to estimate or fit the basic reproduction number [10 21 50 51] or have used spatiallyindexed disease data to...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

... this approach can be extended to other transport and workforce hubs and can also be generalised to incorporate other forms of domain knowledge about urban mobility that are not explicitly captured in the mobility data this represents a fundamental shift from treating incoming mobility as exerting a force of infection on the resident population to treating the resident and transient populations as distinct groups with disparate risks of infection we also identified the misalignment of sa4 boundaries with clusters of increased or decreased infections therefore if a higher level of spatial aggregation than sa3s were desired the use sa4s...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...other forms of domain knowledge about urban mobility that are not explicitly captured in the mobility data this represents a fundamental shift from treating incoming mobility as exerting a force of infection on the resident population to treating the resident and transient populations as distinct groups with disparate risks of infection we also identified the misalignment of sa4 boundaries with clusters of increased or decreased infections therefore if a higher level of spatial aggregation than sa3s were desired the use sa4s as the unit of aggregation would not be appropriate a better fitting spatial aggregation would retain the radial division...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...be appropriate a better fitting spatial aggregation would retain the radial division of sa4s but would push the boundary that separates the inner sa4s 206208 from the outer sa4s 209213 outwards this unsuitability is not surprising as sa4s are designed to reflect labour fig 9 the relative risks of model infection and influenza case notifications with respect to the spatiallyuniform model model risks coloured points are compared to the influenza case notification risks black crosses depict median risk vertical black lines depict interquartile range for c 02 the gps data is the only data set for which we observe...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...with respect to the spatiallyuniform model model risks coloured points are compared to the influenza case notification risks black crosses depict median risk vertical black lines depict interquartile range for c 02 the gps data is the only data set for which we observe a decreased risk of infection in the cbd both the gps data and journeys to work data are capable of yielding relative risks that are similar to those of the influenza case notifications in many sa3s for 10 of the 38 sa3s neither data set provides a good match as identified in fig 8 markets...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...gps data and journeys to work data are capable of yielding relative risks that are similar to those of the influenza case notifications in many sa3s for 10 of the 38 sa3s neither data set provides a good match as identified in fig 8 markets rather than the spread of infection and therefore focus on the employed workforce this highlights differences in mobility between urban subpopulations consequently appropriate spatial aggregations are not necessarily wellaligned across different subpopulations and scales we targeted seasonal influenza in this study as it produces regular largescale epidemics resulting in a large absolute number of cases...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...highlights differences in mobility between urban subpopulations consequently appropriate spatial aggregations are not necessarily wellaligned across different subpopulations and scales we targeted seasonal influenza in this study as it produces regular largescale epidemics resulting in a large absolute number of cases in each sa3 the spatial patterns of the infection are thus discernible even though only a small fraction of the infections are captured by the case notifications for diseases where even a few cases merit intensive interventions eg measles smallpox having a detailed understanding of the relationship between urban mobility and infection is indispensable for targeted localised actions eg...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...each sa3 the spatial patterns of the infection are thus discernible even though only a small fraction of the infections are captured by the case notifications for diseases where even a few cases merit intensive interventions eg measles smallpox having a detailed understanding of the relationship between urban mobility and infection is indispensable for targeted localised actions eg contact tracing school closures outbreak investigations similarly enhanced surveillance protocols in the event of an influenza pandemic such as firstfewhundred studies could also be supported by insights derived from mobility data an inherent challenge in realising this goal is to appropriately identify...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...such as firstfewhundred studies could also be supported by insights derived from mobility data an inherent challenge in realising this goal is to appropriately identify and account for the limitations of and biases in the data capturing mobility at urban and smaller spatial scales the stochastic nature of the infection events can dominate the outbreak dynamics and the average mobility patterns of the population may not be strongly reflected in the timeseries data for any single outbreak [27] the mobility patterns at an urban scale are also fundamentally different to those at other scales [53]...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...include a mixture of routine journeys eg journey to work or school work related and logistic journeys and irregular social trips eg adhoc social activities emergencies the duration of stay at the journey destinations can also vary from minutes to days and this has different consequences for the risk of infection than in national and international travel where the minimum duration of stay is likely to be on the order of hours or days finally and most importantly these journeys are much less readily observable than major highway traffic airline travel trips and individual movement in enclosed environments such as schools...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...56] this has implications for using surveillance data to characterise and predict disease dynamics [57] using spatiallyindexed surveillance data to characterise urban disease activity and to detect spatial disease clusters and other patterns is challenging [58] for this reason spatiallyexplicit models of infection at urban scales are of real value despite the limitations of the available mobility data sets informing the models human mobility and contact at urban scales are fundamentally more complex and less measurable than at national and international scales where spatiotemporal patterns of infection are more clearly discerned and...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...this reason spatiallyexplicit models of infection at urban scales are of real value despite the limitations of the available mobility data sets informing the models human mobility and contact at urban scales are fundamentally more complex and less measurable than at national and international scales where spatiotemporal patterns of infection are more clearly discerned and for which there exists a range of methods and tools for infectious disease risk assessment we investigated how two different data sets characterise urban mobility in metropolitan melbourne australia and the implications mobility has on the spread of infection across the urban system we have...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...international scales where spatiotemporal patterns of infection are more clearly discerned and for which there exists a range of methods and tools for infectious disease risk assessment we investigated how two different data sets characterise urban mobility in metropolitan melbourne australia and the implications mobility has on the spread of infection across the urban system we have in particular demonstrated how to account for features such as highlyconnected regions hubs where the resident population is likely to experience a much lower force of infection than the transient population we have further shown that population mixing models informed by mobility data sets...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...sets characterise urban mobility in metropolitan melbourne australia and the implications mobility has on the spread of infection across the urban system we have in particular demonstrated how to account for features such as highlyconnected regions hubs where the resident population is likely to experience a much lower force of infection than the transient population we have further shown that population mixing models informed by mobility data sets yield spatial distributions of infection that reproduced some of the spatial features of influenza case notifications despite the inherent limitation of these mobility data and the influenza cases data a more robust treatment...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...we have in particular demonstrated how to account for features such as highlyconnected regions hubs where the resident population is likely to experience a much lower force of infection than the transient population we have further shown that population mixing models informed by mobility data sets yield spatial distributions of infection that reproduced some of the spatial features of influenza case notifications despite the inherent limitation of these mobility data and the influenza cases data a more robust treatment of urban mobility and contact in the context of infectious diseases requires a a richer characterisation of population mobility and contact which...

Title: What can urban mobility data reveal about the
spatial distribution of infection in a single city?
Authors: Moss, Robert. Naghizade, Elham...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 2103
ID: 955b36f4b007abbfaa28385a627b03e2102313d9
Number of matches: 40

...studies and b deeper knowledge of spatial ascertainment biases in the disease surveillance data the pervasiveness of mobile phone ownership means that mobile phone data could provide a sufficientlydetailed picture of mobility and contact across most demographics until available the relationship between reported disease cases and the population experience of infection remains a fundamental challenge for infectious diseases epidemiology which new and emerging data sources may help to address [59] [60] [61] ...

Title: Dual Mutation Events in the
Haemagglutinin-Esterase and Fusion Protein from an Infectious Salmon
Anaemia Virus HPR0 Genotype Promote Viral Fusion and
Activation by an Ubiquitous Host Protease
Authors: Fourrier, Mickael. Lester, Katherine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2104
ID: ec7ab79619e983bb78f09c3b72c0cd36ea2f4924
Number of matches: 4

...responsible for virus and host cell membrane fusion that allows the delivery of the viral genetic material into the cell [9] there is also mounting evidence that both the isav he and f proteins act in a cooperative manner to trigger fusion during the early stage of infection [9 10] virulence is a multifactorial trait which depends on various viral functions such as virus receptor binding [11] cellular uptake replication rate and shedding of new virions [12 13] modulation of host immune response [14 15] and the...

Title: Dual Mutation Events in the
Haemagglutinin-Esterase and Fusion Protein from an Infectious Salmon
Anaemia Virus HPR0 Genotype Promote Viral Fusion and
Activation by an Ubiquitous Host Protease
Authors: Fourrier, Mickael. Lester, Katherine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2104
ID: ec7ab79619e983bb78f09c3b72c0cd36ea2f4924
Number of matches: 4

...full length hpr he may be mainly activated by trypsinlike proteases most likely at the cell surface some of these enzymes are principally found in the mucosal surfaces [105 106] and therefore would limit the replication of the hpr0 variant to these tissues causing only mild and subclinical infection in gill as reported by field data [4] in contrast viruses carrying an hpr deleted he may have their f protein activated by ubiquitous host cell proteases present in a wider array of tissues this would allow viruses to fuse and replicate in a wider range of...

Title: Dual Mutation Events in the
Haemagglutinin-Esterase and Fusion Protein from an Infectious Salmon
Anaemia Virus HPR0 Genotype Promote Viral Fusion and
Activation by an Ubiquitous Host Protease
Authors: Fourrier, Mickael. Lester, Katherine...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2104
ID: ec7ab79619e983bb78f09c3b72c0cd36ea2f4924
Number of matches: 4

...[4] in contrast viruses carrying an hpr deleted he may have their f protein activated by ubiquitous host cell proteases present in a wider array of tissues this would allow viruses to fuse and replicate in a wider range of cells and tissues and cause a systemic infection that may lead to mortality as corroborated by field data [107] the present results demonstrate how the combined effect of an hpr deletion in the he and specific mutations in the f proteins can enhance viral fusion both substitutions and insertions close to and upstream of the...

Title: CXCR2 is critical for dsRNA-induced lung
injury: relevance to viral lung infection
Authors: Londhe, Vedang A. Belperio, John A...
Journal: J Inflamm (Lond)
Item: Infection
Index: 2105
ID: 77aae7c898acfb4ff723de2af7928a38b169878a
Number of matches: 7

...establishing a proinflammatory environment underlying chronic respiratory disorders such as asthma copd cystic fibrosis pulmonary fibrosis and bpd [1 [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] inflammatory changes due to viral infection result from the host immune response rather than secondary to viral replication or the viral particles themselves [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] viral infections of epithelial cells are characterized by the generation of the proinflammatory molecule doublestranded rna dsrna...

Title: CXCR2 is critical for dsRNA-induced lung
injury: relevance to viral lung infection
Authors: Londhe, Vedang A. Belperio, John A...
Journal: J Inflamm (Lond)
Item: Infection
Index: 2105
ID: 77aae7c898acfb4ff723de2af7928a38b169878a
Number of matches: 7

...has been shown to induce activation of the neutrophil chemoattractant interleukin8 il8cxcl8 and regulated on activation normal t cells expressed and secreted rantes [16] in human subjects in vivo elevated tracheal il8cxcl8 levels and neutrophil accumulation are found in airways of patients with asthma copd and viral infection while animal models in vivo have largely studied the systemic effects of intraperitoneal dsrna treatment [17] there is a paucity of information on characterization and role of chemokines in lung inflammation and injury following intratracheal dsrna instillation murine kccxcl1 and mip2cxcl23 are glutamic acidleucineargininepositive elrpositive cxc...

Title: CXCR2 is critical for dsRNA-induced lung
injury: relevance to viral lung infection
Authors: Londhe, Vedang A. Belperio, John A...
Journal: J Inflamm (Lond)
Item: Infection
Index: 2105
ID: 77aae7c898acfb4ff723de2af7928a38b169878a
Number of matches: 7

...24] [25] [26] 32] in vivo administration of anticxcr2 antibodies inhibited pulmonary neutrophil sequestration in murine models of aspergillosis nocardia and pseudomonas pneumonia and prevented the influx of neutrophils in urine and the kidney in a murine model of escherichia coli urinary tract infection [24] [25] [26] 32] moreover intraperitoneal administration of this antibody did not alter peripheral blood neutrophil counts [24] [25] [26] 32] 1 ml of antiserum against mcxcr2 and control antibody is approximately 10 mg...

Title: CXCR2 is critical for dsRNA-induced lung
injury: relevance to viral lung infection
Authors: Londhe, Vedang A. Belperio, John A...
Journal: J Inflamm (Lond)
Item: Infection
Index: 2105
ID: 77aae7c898acfb4ff723de2af7928a38b169878a
Number of matches: 7

...data were expressed as mean sem since in vitro studies in human epithelial cells have demonstrated that dsrna induces the generation of chemokines involved in leukocyte recruitment we performed in vivo studies using a murine model system of intratracheal dsrnainduced inflammation and injury to mimic an acute viral infection and thus dissect the mechanisms related to this process the putative receptor for dsrna has been identified as tolllike receptor 3 tlr3 thus we first determined whether dsrna treatment was associated with expression of tlr3 immunolocalization using goat antimurine tlr3 ab showed markedly increased expression of tlr3 localized to the...

Title: CXCR2 is critical for dsRNA-induced lung
injury: relevance to viral lung infection
Authors: Londhe, Vedang A. Belperio, John A...
Journal: J Inflamm (Lond)
Item: Infection
Index: 2105
ID: 77aae7c898acfb4ff723de2af7928a38b169878a
Number of matches: 7

...a low dose found similar systemic inflammatory effects but specific pulmonary effects only when dsrna was delivered in conjunction with ifn [48] finally a recent study examined the effects of inhibiting the cc chemokine receptor ccr1 during livevirus exposure in mice and showed that mortality during pneumovirus infection was decreased [49] the present study extends these findings by first determining the effects of highdose intratracheal dsrna alone on neutrophil recruitment and lung injury in balbc mice and then subsequently blocking these effects via inhibition of the cxc chemokine receptor cxcr2 to determine the effects...

Title: Exercise in Glucose-6-Phosphate
Dehydrogenase Deficiency: Harmful or Harmless? A Narrative
Review
Authors: Georgakouli, Kalliopi. Fatouros, Ioannis G....
Journal: Oxid Med Cell Longev
Item: Infection
Index: 2106
ID: c4a42dab0e3e471c7a54410c8ddfee13741df4aa
Number of matches: 2

...4] frequency and severity of haemolysis vary depending on the g6pd variant and exposure to various oxidative agents [2 3 [5] [6] [7] such agents include oxidative drugs chemicals foods fava beans and even some vitamins eg vitamin k moreover infection is thought to be another common cause of haemolytic anaemia in g6pddeficient individuals [8 9] redox imbalance has been suggested to contribute to viral replication and virulence [10] [11] [12] and haemolytic episodes have been reported after various viral and...

Title: Exercise in Glucose-6-Phosphate
Dehydrogenase Deficiency: Harmful or Harmless? A Narrative
Review
Authors: Georgakouli, Kalliopi. Fatouros, Ioannis G....
Journal: Oxid Med Cell Longev
Item: Infection
Index: 2106
ID: c4a42dab0e3e471c7a54410c8ddfee13741df4aa
Number of matches: 2

...haemolysis more recent experimental studies do not support such findings even though it seems that there is less chance for haemolysis with intense exercise it is unknown whether the assumed compromised ability of the immune system of the exercising g6pddeficient individual will lead to increased predisposition for upper respiratory tract infection under stressful conditions also it has to be mentioned here that there is a complete lack of studies that have examined the exercise training effects on redox and health status in general on g6pddeficient individuals finally other factors that should be taken into consideration are the coexistence of another...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

......

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...major tenet of biomedical research with reports detailing influenza infection of mice in the early 1930s mice remain the most widely employed model of respiratory pathogenesis today due to numerous reagents established protocols and short reproductive cycles [1] mice also allow for evaluation of quantitative aspects of infection including viral replication host transcriptional responses and immune infiltration with sufficient numbers to generate statistically robust data providing information on kinetics and virulence mechanisms otherwise unavailable from either in vitro or human cohort studies [2] such findings have formed a foundation of knowledge for viral respiratory diseases...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...on kinetics and virulence mechanisms otherwise unavailable from either in vitro or human cohort studies [2] such findings have formed a foundation of knowledge for viral respiratory diseases despite their expansive role mouse models have several shortcomings in regards to understanding human diseases and viral respiratory infection in particular concerns over broad transcriptional dissimilarities [3] the requirement for high viral doses to induce measurable eg weight loss disease in mice [2] and variation in pathogenicity due to host specific factors [4] have led some to question the utility of...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...[5] [6] [7] provide stronger links between mouse models and human disease refined measures of respiratory function eg whole body plethysmography can provide novel metrics of disease responses that are noninvasively assessed and analyzed in the same animal throughout the course of viral infection such approaches present a major opportunity to understand the impact of viral infection on breathing function develop novel animal models of emerging viral respiratory pathogens and provide a link to human disease especially for those pathogens which cause severe morbidity mortality and respiratory distress [4 [8] [...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...between mouse models and human disease refined measures of respiratory function eg whole body plethysmography can provide novel metrics of disease responses that are noninvasively assessed and analyzed in the same animal throughout the course of viral infection such approaches present a major opportunity to understand the impact of viral infection on breathing function develop novel animal models of emerging viral respiratory pathogens and provide a link to human disease especially for those pathogens which cause severe morbidity mortality and respiratory distress [4 [8] [9] [10] in the current work we utilize infection...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...infection on breathing function develop novel animal models of emerging viral respiratory pathogens and provide a link to human disease especially for those pathogens which cause severe morbidity mortality and respiratory distress [4 [8] [9] [10] in the current work we utilize infection with mouse adapted severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus sarscov as well as a 2009 influenza a iav h1n1 isolate acalifornia0409 h1n1 henceforth referred to as h1n1ca042009 to model severe acute respiratory disease in 20032004 sarscov emerged from covs circulating between bats civets and raccoon dogs in open markets causing severe...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...disease with mortality rates exceeding 50 in aged populations [9 11] similarly in the spring of 2009 a novel h1n1 pandemic strain emerged infecting a significant portion of the worlds population and caused substantial morbidity and mortality [12 13] importantly robust mouse models of infection exist for both sarscov and iav that recapitulate clinical aspect of disease found in humans [4] using whole body plethysmography of individual mice in a longitudinal study our data demonstrates significant changes in a wide variety of respiratory parameters following viral infection these measurements penh ef50 and...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...importantly robust mouse models of infection exist for both sarscov and iav that recapitulate clinical aspect of disease found in humans [4] using whole body plethysmography of individual mice in a longitudinal study our data demonstrates significant changes in a wide variety of respiratory parameters following viral infection these measurements penh ef50 and rpef varied depending on both dose and pathogen throughout this time course in addition changes to these metrics correspond with and even precede weight loss changes and lethality the most traditional measures of pathogenesis finally following the acute phase of infection changes to these measurements...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...respiratory parameters following viral infection these measurements penh ef50 and rpef varied depending on both dose and pathogen throughout this time course in addition changes to these metrics correspond with and even precede weight loss changes and lethality the most traditional measures of pathogenesis finally following the acute phase of infection changes to these measurements remained indicating that respiratory virus infection has an impact on breathing function beyond normal acute infection together the results highlight the utility of examining respiratory function via whole body plethysmography within the context of acute respiratory infection viral titration and propagation of sarscov and influenza...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...rpef varied depending on both dose and pathogen throughout this time course in addition changes to these metrics correspond with and even precede weight loss changes and lethality the most traditional measures of pathogenesis finally following the acute phase of infection changes to these measurements remained indicating that respiratory virus infection has an impact on breathing function beyond normal acute infection together the results highlight the utility of examining respiratory function via whole body plethysmography within the context of acute respiratory infection viral titration and propagation of sarscov and influenza a viruses were preformed in veroe6 and mdck cells respectively...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...time course in addition changes to these metrics correspond with and even precede weight loss changes and lethality the most traditional measures of pathogenesis finally following the acute phase of infection changes to these measurements remained indicating that respiratory virus infection has an impact on breathing function beyond normal acute infection together the results highlight the utility of examining respiratory function via whole body plethysmography within the context of acute respiratory infection viral titration and propagation of sarscov and influenza a viruses were preformed in veroe6 and mdck cells respectively using standard methods wildtype wt mouse adapted infectious clone ic...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...measures of pathogenesis finally following the acute phase of infection changes to these measurements remained indicating that respiratory virus infection has an impact on breathing function beyond normal acute infection together the results highlight the utility of examining respiratory function via whole body plethysmography within the context of acute respiratory infection viral titration and propagation of sarscov and influenza a viruses were preformed in veroe6 and mdck cells respectively using standard methods wildtype wt mouse adapted infectious clone ic sarscov was derived from the baric laboratorys ic constructs [10] influenza acalifornia042009 h1n109 were derived from a plasmidbased...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...were derived from a plasmidbased reversegenetic system and subsequently amplified in mdck cells [14] mice 20 week old c57bl6j animals were ordered from the jackson labs bar harbor me animals were brought into a biosafety lab level 3 and allowed to acclimate for 1 week prior to infection for infection mice were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine and infected intranasally when challenged with 50ul of phosphatebuffered saline pbs or diluted virus sarscov ma15 or iav with three to four mice per infection group per dose as described in the figure legends as per animal protocol...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...from a plasmidbased reversegenetic system and subsequently amplified in mdck cells [14] mice 20 week old c57bl6j animals were ordered from the jackson labs bar harbor me animals were brought into a biosafety lab level 3 and allowed to acclimate for 1 week prior to infection for infection mice were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine and infected intranasally when challenged with 50ul of phosphatebuffered saline pbs or diluted virus sarscov ma15 or iav with three to four mice per infection group per dose as described in the figure legends as per animal protocol animals were...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...biosafety lab level 3 and allowed to acclimate for 1 week prior to infection for infection mice were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine and infected intranasally when challenged with 50ul of phosphatebuffered saline pbs or diluted virus sarscov ma15 or iav with three to four mice per infection group per dose as described in the figure legends as per animal protocol animals were monitored daily for clinical signs of disease hunching ruffled fur reduced activity for the duration of the experiment weight loss was monitored daily for the first 10 days after which weight monitoring continued until the...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...a341001 using protocols approved by the unc institutional animal care and use committee iacuc animals were anesthetized with a mixture of ketaminexylezine virus inoculum was diluted to the appropriate concentration in phosphate buffered saline and was introduced intranasally in a volume of 50 microliters the dose curve for sarscov infection was 10 5 10 4 10 3 plaque forming units per 50 microliters for the expanded time course the infectious dose for h1n109 was 5x10 3 and sarscov ma15 was 10 4 plaque forming units per 50 microliters animals were individually introduced to a plethysmography chamber buxco systems...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...to a plethysmography chamber buxco systems wilmington nc located within the biological safety cabinet and acclimated for 30 minutes following acclimation animals were actively measured for a 5 minute period animals were introduced into the chamber once per day with their first introduction into the plethysmography chamber immediately prior to infection and thereafter at indicated time points post infection animals were randomly assigned to a given chamber each day all statistical and data analysis were conducted within the r environment cranrprojectorg the package doby was used for data manipulation mass was used for data transformations for normality lme4 for the...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...located within the biological safety cabinet and acclimated for 30 minutes following acclimation animals were actively measured for a 5 minute period animals were introduced into the chamber once per day with their first introduction into the plethysmography chamber immediately prior to infection and thereafter at indicated time points post infection animals were randomly assigned to a given chamber each day all statistical and data analysis were conducted within the r environment cranrprojectorg the package doby was used for data manipulation mass was used for data transformations for normality lme4 for the mixedeffect statistical analyses and ggplot2 for data visualization...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...standard pvalue assessing the significance of treatment effects eg viral pathogen viral dose significantly increases the fit reduces the error estimate of our statistical model that already accounts for daily and animalspecific effects if a significant overall effect of treatment on respiratory responses was seen throughout the course of infection we then used a similar framework within days to determine at which time points post infection there were bonferonni corrected p00071 significant effects of treatments posthoc comparisons were then made using tukeys hsd approach to identify those treatment groups eg mock versus fluinfected versus sarsinfected differences specifically differing from each...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...fit reduces the error estimate of our statistical model that already accounts for daily and animalspecific effects if a significant overall effect of treatment on respiratory responses was seen throughout the course of infection we then used a similar framework within days to determine at which time points post infection there were bonferonni corrected p00071 significant effects of treatments posthoc comparisons were then made using tukeys hsd approach to identify those treatment groups eg mock versus fluinfected versus sarsinfected differences specifically differing from each other at given timepoints the present study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...of animals by the office of laboratory animal welfare national institutes of health the institutional animal care and use committee iacuc of the university of north carolina at chapel hill unc permit a341001 approved the animal study protocol iacuc 13026 followed here our studies built upon a well established infection model of sarscov utilizing a mouse adapted virus ma15 in 20wk old c57bl6j mice which produces a range of dosedependent disease including robust viral titers in the lung weight loss histological damage and mortality [15] initial results from these studies confirm previously reported dosedependent changes in weight...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...the lung weight loss histological damage and mortality [15] initial results from these studies confirm previously reported dosedependent changes in weight loss fig 1a and survival fig 1b concurrently we also utilized whole body plethysmography buxco to measure respiratory parameters in the context of infection over the sevenday time course s1 table these plethysmography outputs which include a variety of primary respiratory measures eg frequency tidal volume and inspiratoryexpiratory flow rates as well as derived respiratory measures eg airflow resistance which are summarized s2 table and provide novel metrics to evaluate the impact of...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...the sevenday time course s1 table these plethysmography outputs which include a variety of primary respiratory measures eg frequency tidal volume and inspiratoryexpiratory flow rates as well as derived respiratory measures eg airflow resistance which are summarized s2 table and provide novel metrics to evaluate the impact of viral infection on respiratory were measured through 7 days post infection whether there was a significant effect of treatment on weight loss a was determined via partial ftest following significance assessment those treatment groups different from eachother were assessed by tukeys hsd posthoc analysis all such differences are denoted at a p005...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...outputs which include a variety of primary respiratory measures eg frequency tidal volume and inspiratoryexpiratory flow rates as well as derived respiratory measures eg airflow resistance which are summarized s2 table and provide novel metrics to evaluate the impact of viral infection on respiratory were measured through 7 days post infection whether there was a significant effect of treatment on weight loss a was determined via partial ftest following significance assessment those treatment groups different from eachother were assessed by tukeys hsd posthoc analysis all such differences are denoted at a p005 level and are marked as follows mock different...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...1 correlation being bright yellow in this way strong positive and negative relationships as well as clusters of tightly related phenotypes could be identified across the range of sarscov dose responses function importantly both the complexity and correlation structure between these respiratory measures provides extensive depth in describing pathogenesis following infection fig 1c s1 table for these studies we focused on three specific metrics that change in the context of infection penh ef50 and rpef the first respiratory metric that we focused on is enhanced pause penh a unitless index of calculated airway function [16] the...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...could be identified across the range of sarscov dose responses function importantly both the complexity and correlation structure between these respiratory measures provides extensive depth in describing pathogenesis following infection fig 1c s1 table for these studies we focused on three specific metrics that change in the context of infection penh ef50 and rpef the first respiratory metric that we focused on is enhanced pause penh a unitless index of calculated airway function [16] the equation for penh fig 2a takes into account four breathing parameters including peak expiratory flow of breath pef peak inspiratory flow...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

... the equation for penh fig 2a takes into account four breathing parameters including peak expiratory flow of breath pef peak inspiratory flow of breath pif time of expiratory portion of breath te and time required to exhale 65 of breath volume tr while a novel metric for in vivo infection penh derived from mouse whole body plethysmography is not without controversy in the asthma field supporters suggests that penh serves as an indirect measure of airway resistance while critics argue it fails to measure airway constriction and at best provides nonspecific assessment of breathing patterns [16] [17...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...without controversy in the asthma field supporters suggests that penh serves as an indirect measure of airway resistance while critics argue it fails to measure airway constriction and at best provides nonspecific assessment of breathing patterns [16] [17] [18] in this study sarscov infection resulted in a dose responsive change in penh values fig 2b while mockinfected animals maintained baseline levels sarscov infection at each dose produced increased penh values during the early portion of the infection time course while pef pif and tr values showed variability changes in penh were primarily...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...it fails to measure airway constriction and at best provides nonspecific assessment of breathing patterns [16] [17] [18] in this study sarscov infection resulted in a dose responsive change in penh values fig 2b while mockinfected animals maintained baseline levels sarscov infection at each dose produced increased penh values during the early portion of the infection time course while pef pif and tr values showed variability changes in penh were primarily driven by increases in te during sarscov infection fig 1c importantly the increases in penh corresponded with and in...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...patterns [16] [17] [18] in this study sarscov infection resulted in a dose responsive change in penh values fig 2b while mockinfected animals maintained baseline levels sarscov infection at each dose produced increased penh values during the early portion of the infection time course while pef pif and tr values showed variability changes in penh were primarily driven by increases in te during sarscov infection fig 1c importantly the increases in penh corresponded with and in the case of the 10 5 dose preceded changes in weight loss fig 1a...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...penh values fig 2b while mockinfected animals maintained baseline levels sarscov infection at each dose produced increased penh values during the early portion of the infection time course while pef pif and tr values showed variability changes in penh were primarily driven by increases in te during sarscov infection fig 1c importantly the increases in penh corresponded with and in the case of the 10 5 dose preceded changes in weight loss fig 1a providing an additional metric for the onset of pathogenesis notably our study shows high values greater than 10 and sustained values of...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...] [20] [21] as the time course continued penh values also began to decline in a dosedependent manner but remained significantly elevated at the termination of the experiment despite the surrounding controversy penh provides a novel respiratory metric of pathogenesis in the context of sarscov infection that is highly discriminating of variation in viral doses and also corresponds with andor precedes changes in weight loss the second respiratory metric that we focused on is midtidal expiratory flow ef50 ef50 values represent the flow rate at which 50 of the tidal volume of an individual breath...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...observed reduced level of ef50 reporting percent reduction relative to baseline [22] [24] the resulting breath curve shifts to the right as the reduced flow rate requires more time to exhale 50 of the volume fig 3a however ef50 values increased robustly during sarscov infection compared to mock with maximum differences occurring between 2 and 4 days post infection dpi fig 3b these kinetics varied based on condition with 10 4 and 10 5 doses inducing a more rapid increase and maintenance of high ef50 levels throughout the time course of infection these data...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...[24] the resulting breath curve shifts to the right as the reduced flow rate requires more time to exhale 50 of the volume fig 3a however ef50 values increased robustly during sarscov infection compared to mock with maximum differences occurring between 2 and 4 days post infection dpi fig 3b these kinetics varied based on condition with 10 4 and 10 5 doses inducing a more rapid increase and maintenance of high ef50 levels throughout the time course of infection these data indicate that during sarscov infection the breath curves shifts to the left more rapidly...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...during sarscov infection compared to mock with maximum differences occurring between 2 and 4 days post infection dpi fig 3b these kinetics varied based on condition with 10 4 and 10 5 doses inducing a more rapid increase and maintenance of high ef50 levels throughout the time course of infection these data indicate that during sarscov infection the breath curves shifts to the left more rapidly exhaling breath to 50 volume fig 3a together the results represent a striking contrast with prior studies examining airway function in the context of allergic responses [24] in addition...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...maximum differences occurring between 2 and 4 days post infection dpi fig 3b these kinetics varied based on condition with 10 4 and 10 5 doses inducing a more rapid increase and maintenance of high ef50 levels throughout the time course of infection these data indicate that during sarscov infection the breath curves shifts to the left more rapidly exhaling breath to 50 volume fig 3a together the results represent a striking contrast with prior studies examining airway function in the context of allergic responses [24] in addition detectable differences between each of the sarscov...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...the breath curves shifts to the left more rapidly exhaling breath to 50 volume fig 3a together the results represent a striking contrast with prior studies examining airway function in the context of allergic responses [24] in addition detectable differences between each of the sarscov infection rate at which 50 of the tidal volume has been expelled ef50 provides information about the early portion of the respiratory curve and has demonstrated notable differences between normal black asthmaticallergic gray and viral infection red b following sarscov infection of c57bl6j animals we identified significant differences in ef50 across...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...allergic responses [24] in addition detectable differences between each of the sarscov infection rate at which 50 of the tidal volume has been expelled ef50 provides information about the early portion of the respiratory curve and has demonstrated notable differences between normal black asthmaticallergic gray and viral infection red b following sarscov infection of c57bl6j animals we identified significant differences in ef50 across a range of doses relative to mock animals black mock blue 10^3 sars green 10^4 red 10^5 four animals per group significant effects of treatment...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

... in addition detectable differences between each of the sarscov infection rate at which 50 of the tidal volume has been expelled ef50 provides information about the early portion of the respiratory curve and has demonstrated notable differences between normal black asthmaticallergic gray and viral infection red b following sarscov infection of c57bl6j animals we identified significant differences in ef50 across a range of doses relative to mock animals black mock blue 10^3 sars green 10^4 red 10^5 four animals per group significant effects of treatment on ef50 was determined via...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...the time needed to reach maximum expiratory flow divided by the total length of the breath fig 4a while less utilized than the previous two metrics rpef values have been shown to increase in the context of hypoxia in vivo [25] however in our studies sarscov infection results in a robust decline of rpef relative to mock controls which remain static over the time course fig 4b similar to the kinetics of penh reduction in rpef values corresponded with 10 3 10 4 dose or preceded 10 5 changes in weight loss as the...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...rpef values corresponded with 10 3 10 4 dose or preceded 10 5 changes in weight loss as the time course continued rpef recovery was equivalent at each dose through d5 but diverged thereafter examining the underlying respiratory parameters revealed a more rapid time to pef following sarscov infection consistent with previous studies of hypoxia however the increase in time to pef also corresponded with a longer breath te resulting in an increased denominator in the ratio and driving significant reductions in rpef values importantly the kinetics of the rpef response illustrated a dose dependent impact of sarscov infection...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...infection consistent with previous studies of hypoxia however the increase in time to pef also corresponded with a longer breath te resulting in an increased denominator in the ratio and driving significant reductions in rpef values importantly the kinetics of the rpef response illustrated a dose dependent impact of sarscov infection and provides a third clinically relevant respiratory metric for evaluating pathogenesis in vivo in order to validate as well as expand on these findings we conducted additional experiments that explored differences between respiratory pathogens as well as the longterm impact on breathing function using semilethal doses we compared sarscov...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...as the longterm impact on breathing function using semilethal doses we compared sarscov 10 4 to a human isolate of 2009 influenza a virus iavh1n109 10 4 pfu over a 28 day time course based on previous studies weight loss for sarscov occurs primarily between d2 and d5 post infection fig 1 in contrast iavh1n109 weight loss is delayed with major weight loss occurring between d4 and d8 post infection s3 table [4] in regards to respiratory metrics both viruses show similar overall magnitudes in their penh and rpef responses fig 5a and 5b s4...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...2009 influenza a virus iavh1n109 10 4 pfu over a 28 day time course based on previous studies weight loss for sarscov occurs primarily between d2 and d5 post infection fig 1 in contrast iavh1n109 weight loss is delayed with major weight loss occurring between d4 and d8 post infection s3 table [4] in regards to respiratory metrics both viruses show similar overall magnitudes in their penh and rpef responses fig 5a and 5b s4 table similarly ef50 showed evidence of enhancement in both sars and flu infection relative to mock animals s5 table ...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...loss occurring between d4 and d8 post infection s3 table [4] in regards to respiratory metrics both viruses show similar overall magnitudes in their penh and rpef responses fig 5a and 5b s4 table similarly ef50 showed evidence of enhancement in both sars and flu infection relative to mock animals s5 table however the kinetics of these response curves varied with sarscov showing earlier changes and resolution compared to iavh1n109 as in our initial experiment for both viruses changes in respiratory physiology corresponded with weight loss and confirmed previously observed pathogenesis trends in regards to...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...iavh1n109 as in our initial experiment for both viruses changes in respiratory physiology corresponded with weight loss and confirmed previously observed pathogenesis trends in regards to histopathology scoring s6 table in contrast to prior studies we were also able to identify significant longterm changes in both respiratory metrics following infection despite recovery from infectioninduced weight loss as far as 28 days post infection both penh and rpef levels remained significantly different from those observed in mock animals these results suggested that despite the absence of other metrics of pathogenesis breathing function requires additional recovery time may not return to baseline...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...corresponded with weight loss and confirmed previously observed pathogenesis trends in regards to histopathology scoring s6 table in contrast to prior studies we were also able to identify significant longterm changes in both respiratory metrics following infection despite recovery from infectioninduced weight loss as far as 28 days post infection both penh and rpef levels remained significantly different from those observed in mock animals these results suggested that despite the absence of other metrics of pathogenesis breathing function requires additional recovery time may not return to baseline levels following respiratory virus infection and might provide insight into chronic or secondaryinfection...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...weight loss as far as 28 days post infection both penh and rpef levels remained significantly different from those observed in mock animals these results suggested that despite the absence of other metrics of pathogenesis breathing function requires additional recovery time may not return to baseline levels following respiratory virus infection and might provide insight into chronic or secondaryinfection responses attributed to both sars and iav [26] in contrast to traditional measures of respiratory virus pathogenesis examination of breathing function represent a novel and clinically relevant metric of disease following infection our studies illustrated significant changes to several...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...return to baseline levels following respiratory virus infection and might provide insight into chronic or secondaryinfection responses attributed to both sars and iav [26] in contrast to traditional measures of respiratory virus pathogenesis examination of breathing function represent a novel and clinically relevant metric of disease following infection our studies illustrated significant changes to several respiratory parameters including penh ef50 and rpef following both sarscov and iavh1n109 infection importantly these respiratory measures track with and at times preceded more traditional measures of disease pathogenesis including weight loss and lethality but also appear independent of viral load observation of...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...sars and iav [26] in contrast to traditional measures of respiratory virus pathogenesis examination of breathing function represent a novel and clinically relevant metric of disease following infection our studies illustrated significant changes to several respiratory parameters including penh ef50 and rpef following both sarscov and iavh1n109 infection importantly these respiratory measures track with and at times preceded more traditional measures of disease pathogenesis including weight loss and lethality but also appear independent of viral load observation of these respiratory metrics provides increased depth to pathogenesis studies in addition the impact on respiratory function extends beyond acute infection...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...infection importantly these respiratory measures track with and at times preceded more traditional measures of disease pathogenesis including weight loss and lethality but also appear independent of viral load observation of these respiratory metrics provides increased depth to pathogenesis studies in addition the impact on respiratory function extends beyond acute infection and this extension is not currently captured by more traditional metrics of pathogenesis together examination of these respiratory measures provided novel insight into the onset severity and kinetics of disease responses that were robust across two viral pathogens improved ties to measures of human respiratory function and gave insights into...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

... as with many experimental studies interpretation of these respiratory metrics is complicated by having only indirect parallels in human pulmonary function testing while human tests primarily utilized measures of forced breath similar metrics cannot be applied to in vivo studies of mice despite these differences important insights into infection can be ascertained the time length of breath te increased during the peak time of disease following both sarscov and iav infection this change in te drove differences observed between infected and mock treated animals and was captured in both penh and rpef fig 1c surprisingly despite the increased...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...testing while human tests primarily utilized measures of forced breath similar metrics cannot be applied to in vivo studies of mice despite these differences important insights into infection can be ascertained the time length of breath te increased during the peak time of disease following both sarscov and iav infection this change in te drove differences observed between infected and mock treated animals and was captured in both penh and rpef fig 1c surprisingly despite the increased length of breath the flow rate of expiration during the early part of the breath also increased as captured in the highly...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...surprisingly despite the increased length of breath the flow rate of expiration during the early part of the breath also increased as captured in the highly correlated pef and ef50 fig 1c coupled with a faster time to reach peak flow rate in rpef the data suggested that viral infection results in a rapid exhalation of the majority the air volume however the remainder of the volume takes longer to release analogous to a wheeze observed in humans applying traditional descriptions of human airway disease these metrics appear to overlap elements of both restrictive and obstructive airway disease patterns crossreferencing...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...rapid exhalation of the majority the air volume however the remainder of the volume takes longer to release analogous to a wheeze observed in humans applying traditional descriptions of human airway disease these metrics appear to overlap elements of both restrictive and obstructive airway disease patterns crossreferencing observations from sarscov infection damage and debris from infected lung epithelia coupled with infiltration of immune populations have been shown to enhanced fibrinosis and wound healing responses in vivo [9 15] the expected impact on the lung would be decreased pulmonary compliance ie more stiff possibly resulting in a more rapid...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...] [18] in several ways our results and interpretation seek to be independent of such controversy while typical asthma studies use methacholine or other allergens to induce an immediate and acute airway constriction [17] our studies required no priming of the animal beyond initial infection the penh values we observed tracked with and at times preceded more classical measures of pathogenesis and disease fig 2b most importantly the penh peak closely corresponds to the peak levels of viral replication airway denudation and debris for both sarscov and iav s6 table [15...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...constriction on airway resistance in asthma [15] future studies directly contrasting our unrestrained plethysmography approaches with more direct measures of airway resistance eg forced ventilation [28] may provide useful insight into the relative roles of constriction and tissue damage on respiratory distress following viral infection regardless of the ultimate functional mechanism penh clearly provides a useful characterization of altered respiratory function and differentiates pathogeneicity following infection in vivo the addition of these respiratory pathogenesis markers provides an opportunity to further characterize infection revolutionize our understanding of disease and develop novel therapuetics for the treatment...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...measures of airway resistance eg forced ventilation [28] may provide useful insight into the relative roles of constriction and tissue damage on respiratory distress following viral infection regardless of the ultimate functional mechanism penh clearly provides a useful characterization of altered respiratory function and differentiates pathogeneicity following infection in vivo the addition of these respiratory pathogenesis markers provides an opportunity to further characterize infection revolutionize our understanding of disease and develop novel therapuetics for the treatment by capturing these respiratory metrics infection with new and novel strains can be expanded beyond systemic markers like weight loss and...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...relative roles of constriction and tissue damage on respiratory distress following viral infection regardless of the ultimate functional mechanism penh clearly provides a useful characterization of altered respiratory function and differentiates pathogeneicity following infection in vivo the addition of these respiratory pathogenesis markers provides an opportunity to further characterize infection revolutionize our understanding of disease and develop novel therapuetics for the treatment by capturing these respiratory metrics infection with new and novel strains can be expanded beyond systemic markers like weight loss and lethality this depth permits further classification of attenuation and provides the opportunities to identify the nature and...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...mechanism penh clearly provides a useful characterization of altered respiratory function and differentiates pathogeneicity following infection in vivo the addition of these respiratory pathogenesis markers provides an opportunity to further characterize infection revolutionize our understanding of disease and develop novel therapuetics for the treatment by capturing these respiratory metrics infection with new and novel strains can be expanded beyond systemic markers like weight loss and lethality this depth permits further classification of attenuation and provides the opportunities to identify the nature and pathologic functions that disntiguishing these strains for example previous studies using different plethysmography outputs with influenza h3n2 infected...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...vaccine platform at least partially due to the minimal disruption of respiratory function [31] similar approaches with other novel and emerging viruses provide the opportunity to fully examine respiratory function and determine pathogensis potential in addition to further characterization of physiological mechanisms underlying severity of viral infection these respiratory metrics may also provide insights into the treatment resolution and longterm physiological impacts of infection while most drug targets focus on reducing viral replicationinfection modulating the host response may provide a better means to alleviate the acute and downstream impact of infection however traditional metrics of pathogenesis like...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...similar approaches with other novel and emerging viruses provide the opportunity to fully examine respiratory function and determine pathogensis potential in addition to further characterization of physiological mechanisms underlying severity of viral infection these respiratory metrics may also provide insights into the treatment resolution and longterm physiological impacts of infection while most drug targets focus on reducing viral replicationinfection modulating the host response may provide a better means to alleviate the acute and downstream impact of infection however traditional metrics of pathogenesis like weight loss and viral titer are not the only appropriate measures for this type of evaluation instead...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...physiological mechanisms underlying severity of viral infection these respiratory metrics may also provide insights into the treatment resolution and longterm physiological impacts of infection while most drug targets focus on reducing viral replicationinfection modulating the host response may provide a better means to alleviate the acute and downstream impact of infection however traditional metrics of pathogenesis like weight loss and viral titer are not the only appropriate measures for this type of evaluation instead respiratory metrics like penh ef50 and rpef provide an opportunity to evaluate treatments that target host pathways and the impact on overall infection for example immune pathology...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...and downstream impact of infection however traditional metrics of pathogenesis like weight loss and viral titer are not the only appropriate measures for this type of evaluation instead respiratory metrics like penh ef50 and rpef provide an opportunity to evaluate treatments that target host pathways and the impact on overall infection for example immune pathology has been a hallmark of pathogenic respiratory virus disease a number of treatment options that target host pathways that include complement urokinase pathways and other wound repair processes may reduce immune pathology independent of viral replication improving lung function [15] similarly these measures...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...reduce immune pathology independent of viral replication improving lung function [15] similarly these measures can be used to evlaute the kinetics of treatment identifying ideal windows for application based on respiratory outcomes importantly examining penh ef50 and rpef can lead to treatment options that look beyond acute infection and improve longterm lung function especially important in highly vulnerable elderly populations while small significant changes are noted in longterm baseline functions of penh and rpef fig 5 these minor changes in young mice are likely to expand in aged animals and may contribute to age related susceptiblity...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

... these minor changes in young mice are likely to expand in aged animals and may contribute to age related susceptiblity observed both in mice and humans [32] together these results provide metrics that respresent an opportunity to understand and improve treatment of disease following respiratory virus infection overall the current work highlights the utility of examining physiological metrics of infection and specifically whole body plethysmography in the context of virulent respiratory virus infection for both sarscov and iav distinct respiratory changes occur following infection and these new metrics provide increased depth of understanding in regards to...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...and may contribute to age related susceptiblity observed both in mice and humans [32] together these results provide metrics that respresent an opportunity to understand and improve treatment of disease following respiratory virus infection overall the current work highlights the utility of examining physiological metrics of infection and specifically whole body plethysmography in the context of virulent respiratory virus infection for both sarscov and iav distinct respiratory changes occur following infection and these new metrics provide increased depth of understanding in regards to pathogenesis while at this point the underlying functional mechanisms remain unclear the value...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...[32] together these results provide metrics that respresent an opportunity to understand and improve treatment of disease following respiratory virus infection overall the current work highlights the utility of examining physiological metrics of infection and specifically whole body plethysmography in the context of virulent respiratory virus infection for both sarscov and iav distinct respiratory changes occur following infection and these new metrics provide increased depth of understanding in regards to pathogenesis while at this point the underlying functional mechanisms remain unclear the value of penh ef50 and rpef are illustrated by their concordance and increased sensitivity...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...an opportunity to understand and improve treatment of disease following respiratory virus infection overall the current work highlights the utility of examining physiological metrics of infection and specifically whole body plethysmography in the context of virulent respiratory virus infection for both sarscov and iav distinct respiratory changes occur following infection and these new metrics provide increased depth of understanding in regards to pathogenesis while at this point the underlying functional mechanisms remain unclear the value of penh ef50 and rpef are illustrated by their concordance and increased sensitivity as compared to traditional markers of pathogenesis importantly respiratory metrics also...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...increased depth of understanding in regards to pathogenesis while at this point the underlying functional mechanisms remain unclear the value of penh ef50 and rpef are illustrated by their concordance and increased sensitivity as compared to traditional markers of pathogenesis importantly respiratory metrics also demonstrate the longterm impact of infection on lung function that is currently not captured by other pathogenesis markers finally the examination of lung function in mice provides an important link to human respiratory disease which may facilitate treatment options that target host processes in order to improve respiration during infection together the results highlight the utility...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...also demonstrate the longterm impact of infection on lung function that is currently not captured by other pathogenesis markers finally the examination of lung function in mice provides an important link to human respiratory disease which may facilitate treatment options that target host processes in order to improve respiration during infection together the results highlight the utility and potential of examining whole body plethysmography within the context of acute respiratory virus infection in vivo supporting information s1...

Title: New Metrics for Evaluating Viral Respiratory
Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery, Vineet D.. Gralinski, Lisa E....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2107
ID: 57cffb9026a4e37031021f91832d48c79df0fd75
Number of matches: 72

...examination of lung function in mice provides an important link to human respiratory disease which may facilitate treatment options that target host processes in order to improve respiration during infection together the results highlight the utility and potential of examining whole body plethysmography within the context of acute respiratory virus infection in vivo supporting information s1...

Title: Hypsugopoxvirus: A Novel Poxvirus Isolated
from Hypsugo savii in Italy
Authors: Lelli, Davide. Lavazza, Antonio...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2108
ID: 3aeb4a0f6893b933dc061157d196e5618380c63b
Number of matches: 1

...year of 2009 another bat poxvirus was incidentally detected in south australia during the investigation of an outbreak of parasitic skin disease in a population of the microbat species miniopterus schreibersii bassanii in one of the twentyone bats examined an independent nonnematodeassociated lesion containing intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies indicative of poxvirus infection was observed and this was confirmed with electron microscopy [13] between 2009 and 2011 eptv was detected in adult big brown bats eptesicus fuscus with severe joint disease tenosynovitis and osteoarthritis at a wildlife center in northwestern united states phylogenetic analysis revealed that eptesipoxvirus is most closely...

Title: Multicenter Evaluation of the ePlex
Respiratory Pathogen Panel for the Detection of Viral and
Bacterial Respiratory Tract Pathogens in
Nasopharyngeal Swabs
Authors: Babady, N. Esther. England, Matthew R....
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2110
ID: 137c77a97b865b5d85e90b50782a1bdf78539ec4
Number of matches: 4

...the other hand the increased cost of multiplexed molecular panels compared to the cost of conventional methods has raised questions on their costbenefit ratio particularly as many viral targets on these panels have no specific treatments however given their utility in the rapid diagnosis of infections especially in immunocompromised patients infection control and prevention practices and antibiotic stewardship the interest in multiplexed pcrs remains high the genmark respiratory pathogen rp panel is a qualitative nucleic acid multiplex test that recently received us fda clearance for use on genmarks new eplex instrument the eplex rp panel detects 21 of the most...

Title: Multicenter Evaluation of the ePlex
Respiratory Pathogen Panel for the Detection of Viral and
Bacterial Respiratory Tract Pathogens in
Nasopharyngeal Swabs
Authors: Babady, N. Esther. England, Matthew R....
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2110
ID: 137c77a97b865b5d85e90b50782a1bdf78539ec4
Number of matches: 4

...across the united states and canada reproducibility was evaluated at 3 sites in addition to assay performance other characteristics including assay workflow and turnaround time were evaluated study population the study population included patients of all ages and both genders presenting with signs andor symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection at 13 clinical sites located in the united states and canada residual nps specimens were prospectively collected from march 2013 through august 2014 from 5 sites and frozen at 80c for future testing and were prospectively collected from september through october 2016 from 4 sites and tested fresh to supplement...

Title: Multicenter Evaluation of the ePlex
Respiratory Pathogen Panel for the Detection of Viral and
Bacterial Respiratory Tract Pathogens in
Nasopharyngeal Swabs
Authors: Babady, N. Esther. England, Matthew R....
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2110
ID: 137c77a97b865b5d85e90b50782a1bdf78539ec4
Number of matches: 4

...in large multiplex panels has the potential to significantly improve the diagnosis of cap a notable difference between the eplex rp panel and the biofire rp is the absence of bordetella pertussisbordetella parapertussis targets among the bacterial targets it is noteworthy that unlike other bacterial targets on the panel infection with bordetella pertussisb parapertussis has a relatively specific epidemiology with higher incidences typically being reported for children less than 2 months old and more recently for unvaccinated populations or vaccinated patients with waning immunity 19 thus exclusion from a highly multiplexed respiratory panel may be warranted in addition the...

Title: Multicenter Evaluation of the ePlex
Respiratory Pathogen Panel for the Detection of Viral and
Bacterial Respiratory Tract Pathogens in
Nasopharyngeal Swabs
Authors: Babady, N. Esther. England, Matthew R....
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 2110
ID: 137c77a97b865b5d85e90b50782a1bdf78539ec4
Number of matches: 4

...may be warranted in addition the utilization of the singlecopy pertussis toxin promoter target ptxp in some multiplex panels has been shown to be less sensitive for the detection of b pertussis than pcr tests targeted to the multicopy is481 insertion sequence 20 as a result when b pertussis infection is suspected an fdacleared b pertussis molecular test may be more appropriate similar to other broadly multiplexed respiratory panels the eplex rp panel allows the detection of coinfections in this study coinfections were identified in 55 of samples with human rhinovirusenterovirus being the most common virus detected in coinfected...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...various tmprss members with known airway localization have been identified from the respiratory tract tmprss11a one of the newly identified members of type ii transmembrane serine proteases is expressed in upper respiratory tract pharynx and trachea unpublished data however less is known about tmprss that activate pneumotropic virus under natural infection although enhancement of virus infection has been demonstrated for bovine bcov and rat rcv coronaviruses by treatment of cells with trypsin [14 15] the precise role of trypsin during coronavirus infection is still unknown several members of coronavirus possess a protease cleavage site which is essential...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...localization have been identified from the respiratory tract tmprss11a one of the newly identified members of type ii transmembrane serine proteases is expressed in upper respiratory tract pharynx and trachea unpublished data however less is known about tmprss that activate pneumotropic virus under natural infection although enhancement of virus infection has been demonstrated for bovine bcov and rat rcv coronaviruses by treatment of cells with trypsin [14 15] the precise role of trypsin during coronavirus infection is still unknown several members of coronavirus possess a protease cleavage site which is essential for infectivity and viruscell membrane fusion...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...trachea unpublished data however less is known about tmprss that activate pneumotropic virus under natural infection although enhancement of virus infection has been demonstrated for bovine bcov and rat rcv coronaviruses by treatment of cells with trypsin [14 15] the precise role of trypsin during coronavirus infection is still unknown several members of coronavirus possess a protease cleavage site which is essential for infectivity and viruscell membrane fusion and cleavage at these sites yields two noncovalently linked subunits s1 and s2 [16 17] the nterminal s1 subunit is responsible for receptor binding whereas the...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...site and activate influenza viruses in cell culture system [4 25] it is not known whether the functionality of spike glycoproteins is dependent on the activity of trypsin inducing their proteolytic cleavage nothing is known about the role of proteases that cleavemodify sars spike glycoprotein under natural infection conformational reorganization of sars spike glycoprotein has been demonstrated from cryoelectron microscopic analysis whereby structural transition of the spike glycoprotein has been observed when irradiated sarscov virion binds to the virus receptor angiotensinconverting enzyme ace2 [26] these experiments showed that receptorbinding and subsequent membrane fusion occur...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...virus entry enhancement the respiratory tract has been shown to be the primary site for sarscov entry [28 29] in order to study the effects of airway protease on sarscov entry mechanism the susceptibility of various human airway epithelial cell lines were tested for sarscov smediated infection to monitor sarscov entry we pseudotyped a lentiviral vector with the sarscov spike glycoprotein referred to herein as sarscovpp these recombinant viruses encoding the luciferase reporter gene and expressing the sarscov spike glycoprotein at the virion surface have been shown to faithfully mimic the sarscov entry process [30]...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...referred to herein as sarscovpp these recombinant viruses encoding the luciferase reporter gene and expressing the sarscov spike glycoprotein at the virion surface have been shown to faithfully mimic the sarscov entry process [30] three different airway cell lines 16hbe beas2b and a549 were analyzed for sarscovpp infection we observed that only 16hbe cells human bronchial epithelial cells were efficiently infected by sarscovpp with levels of luciferase activity similar to those measured in the positive control cell line veroe6 figure 1a by contrast another human bronchial epithelial cell line beas2b and a human alveolar cell line...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...cells human bronchial epithelial cells were efficiently infected by sarscovpp with levels of luciferase activity similar to those measured in the positive control cell line veroe6 figure 1a by contrast another human bronchial epithelial cell line beas2b and a human alveolar cell line a549 were nonpermissive to sarscovpp infection figure 1a the susceptibility to sarss mediated infection correlated well with ace2 expression [31] which was indeed detected by rtpcr only in figure 1 susceptibility of various human airway epithelial cells to sarscov smediated infection a veroe6 10000 cellswell 16hbe beas2b and a549 20000...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...with levels of luciferase activity similar to those measured in the positive control cell line veroe6 figure 1a by contrast another human bronchial epithelial cell line beas2b and a human alveolar cell line a549 were nonpermissive to sarscovpp infection figure 1a the susceptibility to sarss mediated infection correlated well with ace2 expression [31] which was indeed detected by rtpcr only in figure 1 susceptibility of various human airway epithelial cells to sarscov smediated infection a veroe6 10000 cellswell 16hbe beas2b and a549 20000 cellswell cells were seeded onto 96well plates 24 h before...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...human alveolar cell line a549 were nonpermissive to sarscovpp infection figure 1a the susceptibility to sarss mediated infection correlated well with ace2 expression [31] which was indeed detected by rtpcr only in figure 1 susceptibility of various human airway epithelial cells to sarscov smediated infection a veroe6 10000 cellswell 16hbe beas2b and a549 20000 cellswell cells were seeded onto 96well plates 24 h before sarscovpp infection pseudotypes sarscovpp were collected from culture medium and concentrated as described previously [33] sarscovpp were incubated with various cell lines and transduction was measured by determination...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...well with ace2 expression [31] which was indeed detected by rtpcr only in figure 1 susceptibility of various human airway epithelial cells to sarscov smediated infection a veroe6 10000 cellswell 16hbe beas2b and a549 20000 cellswell cells were seeded onto 96well plates 24 h before sarscovpp infection pseudotypes sarscovpp were collected from culture medium and concentrated as described previously [33] sarscovpp were incubated with various cell lines and transduction was measured by determination of the luciferase activity expressed as luminescence counts per second lcps veroe6 cells were used as positive control all experiments were...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...sarscovpp figure 3b or lentiviral vector without surface glycoprotein referred to herein as empp figure 3c on ice hence allowing virus attachment but not virus entry unbound sarscovpp or empp was washed away and proteases were added under these conditions airway protease treatment significantly enhanced the infection by trispike pseudotypes figure 3b to verify if the concentration of airway proteases had any enhancement effects on virus entry unbound sarscovpp was washed away and various concentrations of proteases were added the enhancement of sarscovpp entry increased with higher concentration of the proteases figure 3d f...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...our data are in agreement with the recent study showing that sarscov smediated virus entry is dependent on the sequential proteolytic cleavage of monobasic sites [27] it has been shown in clinical observations from sarsinfected patients samples that the respiratory tract is the major cellular target for infection and replication [28 29] similar to other coronaviruses sarscov utilizes the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract system as the primary entry site for infection however unexpected findings from several studies indicated that human airway epithelial cell lines were nonpermissive to sarscov [30 38 39] we...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...27] it has been shown in clinical observations from sarsinfected patients samples that the respiratory tract is the major cellular target for infection and replication [28 29] similar to other coronaviruses sarscov utilizes the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract system as the primary entry site for infection however unexpected findings from several studies indicated that human airway epithelial cell lines were nonpermissive to sarscov [30 38 39] we found that the permissiveness of sarscov depended on ace2 expression further confirming earlier studies which identified ace2 as the functional cellular receptor for sarscov entry [...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...treatment eg cathepsin l in activating the membrane fusion property of sars spike [51 52] for example an important role of r797 cleavage site has been shown by artificially inserting a furin cleavage site which resulted in the production of cleaved spike glycoprotein pseudotype and allowed the infection of cells in the presence of protease inhibitors [52] however wildtype sars spike has no putative furin cleavage motifsite in addition sarscov has primarily respiratory tropism where a number of extracellular proteases are secreted by the airway epithelium therefore our results suggest that extracellular airway proteases localized...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...protein and it is conceivable that additional sites may be involved upon receptor binding however the impact of the r667a mutation clearly indicates the functional importance of cleavage at this position for virus entry one study also showed an effect of very large concentrations of proteases in enhancing sarscov infection on veroe6 cells [24] however our data demonstrates that the effective concentrations of airway proteases inducing sarscov entry enhancement was at least 100fold less than that previously reported [24] this difference could be due to the duration of airway protease treatment onto virusadsorbed cells...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...of fusion peptide and its interaction with host cell membranes current studies have suggested that sarscov enters and exits preferentially via the apical surface of the epithelium [31] and colocalization of airway proteases with sarscov along the respiratory tract supports the positive feedback loop of virus infection in vivo to conclude we have found that cleavage of the receptorbound spike glycoprotein by airway proteases enhances in vitro virus entry and fusion therefore identification of reagents that are able to suppress in vivo activity of airway proteases might provide additional antiviral strategy against sarscov infection [57]...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...loop of virus infection in vivo to conclude we have found that cleavage of the receptorbound spike glycoprotein by airway proteases enhances in vitro virus entry and fusion therefore identification of reagents that are able to suppress in vivo activity of airway proteases might provide additional antiviral strategy against sarscov infection [57] and possibly other viral respiratory infections such as human influenza a virus in the face of the current flu epidemic threat hek293t and veroe6 cell lines atcc were cultured at 37uc 5 co 2 in dulbeccos modified eagle medium supplemented with 10 fbs...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...amino black or cbb to visualize cleavage products after staining protein bands were cored out and analyzed by nterminal amino acid sequence determination using the applied biosystems 492 gasphase sequencer140c system according to the manufacturers instructions protease cleavage assays were performed by treating sarscovpp with airway proteases during the infection steps recombinant sarscovpp lentiviral vectors expressing a luciferase reporter gene were produced from hek293t cells as described previously [60] using 10 mg of plasmid pnl43lucr eproviral genome [61 62] and 10 mg of plasmid pcdnasflag for virus entry assays veroe6 16hbe beas2b and a549...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...after which cells were washed and lysed luciferase activity was measured by a microbeta jet counter perkin elmer according to the instructions provided by the supplier promega to test the effect of airway protease treatment on virus entry 16hbe cells were used as the model cell line for sarscovpp infection 16hbe cells were seeded onto 96wells plates at 20000 cellswell in triplicates before infection cells were pretreated with reaction buffer dmem supplemented with 01 m trishcl ph 75 for 30 min on ice sarscovpp were added onto each well and incubated with the cells for another 30 min on ice...

Title: Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike
Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into
Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kam, Yiu-Wing. Okumura, Yuushi...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2111
ID: f07550405043e5c3820e2c85a0b8003b64e8e163
Number of matches: 22

...jet counter perkin elmer according to the instructions provided by the supplier promega to test the effect of airway protease treatment on virus entry 16hbe cells were used as the model cell line for sarscovpp infection 16hbe cells were seeded onto 96wells plates at 20000 cellswell in triplicates before infection cells were pretreated with reaction buffer dmem supplemented with 01 m trishcl ph 75 for 30 min on ice sarscovpp were added onto each well and incubated with the cells for another 30 min on ice the mixture was removed and 100 ml of fresh reaction buffer was added to...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

... various enteric pathogens are known to cause pig diarrhea porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus tgev a coronavirus causes severe diarrhea vomiting and dehydration with mortality rates of 100 in piglets less than 2 weeks old [3] however piglets that live more than six to eight days after infection can recover although they are often stunted these recovered pigs can spread tge to uninfected swine for many weeks [4] the intestinal tract is not only the site of digestion and nutrient absorption but also acts as a barrier to exclude harmful pathogens and toxins [5...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...5] a healthy gut allows a pig to thrive throughout its lifespan without sickness sound animals utilize dietary nutrients efficiently have better production performance and generate higher profits for swine producers [6] the impact of tgev on the small intestine of growing pigs that survive infection has not been investigated we therefore evaluated morphological alterations of the small intestine changes in immune cells in the jejunum variation of intestinal microflora and other features in tgev survivors the results will help us understand the pathogenesis of tgev and the overall impact of tgev infection on swine ...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...pigs that survive infection has not been investigated we therefore evaluated morphological alterations of the small intestine changes in immune cells in the jejunum variation of intestinal microflora and other features in tgev survivors the results will help us understand the pathogenesis of tgev and the overall impact of tgev infection on swine six pigs were birthed and maintained in isolated conditions until four weeks of age the pigs were divided into control and tgevinfected groups with three pigs per group sera from control pigs were confirmed to be negative for tgev antibodies using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay piglets were...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...divided into control and tgevinfected groups with three pigs per group sera from control pigs were confirmed to be negative for tgev antibodies using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay piglets were infected with tgev one day after birth under natural conditions piglets that lived more than six to eight days after infection were used in the experiment the recovered pigs were slaughtered and tissue samples were collected until they were four weeks old pigs in both groups were humanely euthanized by intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital and duodenum jejunum and ileum tissues were immediately sampled experimental procedures and animal care protocols were...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...tgev n protein antibody revealed viral antigen as shown in fig 1 paraffin sections from mockinfected pigs had no brown reaction product while tgevpositive cells were in the cytoplasm of few scattered epithelial cells or near the luminal surface in tgevinfected pigs to determine the effects of tgev infection on the development of porcine gut the duodenum jejunum and ileum of the small intestine were sampled and stained using he as shown in fig 2a d mockinfected pigs had long and slender villi in their small intestines while tgevinfected pigs had marked villus shortening clubbing and blunting as well...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...depth to determine whether tgev influences the intestinal immune system we compared the sizes of ileal pps fig 2e control pigs had significantly larger and more developed pps than those from infected pigs the boundaries between partial pps were also blurred in infected animals to examine whether tgev infection affects immune cells we determined the number of siga positive cells cd3 t cells and dcs siga positive cells were mainly distributed around the small intestinal glands numbers of siga positive cells after tgev infection were significantly lower than in control pigs fig 3a immunohistochemical staining fig 3b...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...between partial pps were also blurred in infected animals to examine whether tgev infection affects immune cells we determined the number of siga positive cells cd3 t cells and dcs siga positive cells were mainly distributed around the small intestinal glands numbers of siga positive cells after tgev infection were significantly lower than in control pigs fig 3a immunohistochemical staining fig 3b showed that cd3 t cells were distributed between intestinal epithelial cells and the lamina propria tgev infection significantly reduced the number of cd3 t cells dcs were distributed between intestinal epithelial cells and the...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...siga positive cells were mainly distributed around the small intestinal glands numbers of siga positive cells after tgev infection were significantly lower than in control pigs fig 3a immunohistochemical staining fig 3b showed that cd3 t cells were distributed between intestinal epithelial cells and the lamina propria tgev infection significantly reduced the number of cd3 t cells dcs were distributed between intestinal epithelial cells and the lamina propria dcs were less abundant after tgev infection fig 3c m cells are specialized epithelial cells found in the follicleassociated epithelium and cytokeratin 18 is a specific marker for these...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...3a immunohistochemical staining fig 3b showed that cd3 t cells were distributed between intestinal epithelial cells and the lamina propria tgev infection significantly reduced the number of cd3 t cells dcs were distributed between intestinal epithelial cells and the lamina propria dcs were less abundant after tgev infection fig 3c m cells are specialized epithelial cells found in the follicleassociated epithelium and cytokeratin 18 is a specific marker for these intestinal cells [8] we investigated the expression of cytokeratin 18 in ileal pps fig 4a shows that m cells are more abundant in the...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...from tgevinfected pigs lactobacillus levels declined while enterobacteriaceae levels increased fig 6a bacterial populations in feces did not differ significantly between control and tgev infected pigs fig 6b although tgev causes severest pathology in piglets less than 2 weeks old swine of all ages are susceptible to tgev infection piglets older than 5 weeks frequently survive infection and in adult swine the disease is often mild or unapparent [9] however the virus can be readily detected in pigs after they recover and persists in the lung or gut up to 104 days after infection [10...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...levels increased fig 6a bacterial populations in feces did not differ significantly between control and tgev infected pigs fig 6b although tgev causes severest pathology in piglets less than 2 weeks old swine of all ages are susceptible to tgev infection piglets older than 5 weeks frequently survive infection and in adult swine the disease is often mild or unapparent [9] however the virus can be readily detected in pigs after they recover and persists in the lung or gut up to 104 days after infection [10] surviving pigs usually show growth retardation...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...to tgev infection piglets older than 5 weeks frequently survive infection and in adult swine the disease is often mild or unapparent [9] however the virus can be readily detected in pigs after they recover and persists in the lung or gut up to 104 days after infection [10] surviving pigs usually show growth retardation and a relatively low rate of weight gain in response to feeding [11] since growth retardation may be related to nutrient uptake we investigated whether tgev infection impacts the small intestine of surviving piglets the small intestine...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...in the lung or gut up to 104 days after infection [10] surviving pigs usually show growth retardation and a relatively low rate of weight gain in response to feeding [11] since growth retardation may be related to nutrient uptake we investigated whether tgev infection impacts the small intestine of surviving piglets the small intestine is critical for the digestion absorption and metabolism of dietary nutrients proper development of the pig gut is not only associated with feeding efficiency but also with susceptibility to pathogens throughout life maldevelopment of the small intestine in tgevinfected pigs...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...tgevinfected pigs may decrease absorptive capacity and result in a lower feed conversion rate [12] our results demonstrated that the cause of impaired growth in tgevinfected pigs is very likely due to the changes in intestinal morphology and in other characteristics julio et al showed that pedv infection impairs the performance of surviving pigs which show increased levels of mortality reduction in feed conversion ratio and decreased levels of average daily gain [13] aggregated lymphoid follicles commonly designated pps function as immune sensors of the intestine [14] we found that tgevinfected pigs...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...we observed fewer iga secretory cells cd3 t cells and dcs in tgevinfected pigs indicating impaired immune function [19] certain pathogens or exposure to inflammatory stimuli can significantly enhance the density of m cells in the intestine [20] our experiments show that tgev infection apparently increases m cell density we hypothesize that this reflects a persistent tgev infection which induces an inflammatory response intestinal microbiota are important for gastrointestinal function and health lactobacillus confer beneficial effects on the health of animals while specific species of enterobacteriaceae are known to be detrimental [21...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...pigs indicating impaired immune function [19] certain pathogens or exposure to inflammatory stimuli can significantly enhance the density of m cells in the intestine [20] our experiments show that tgev infection apparently increases m cell density we hypothesize that this reflects a persistent tgev infection which induces an inflammatory response intestinal microbiota are important for gastrointestinal function and health lactobacillus confer beneficial effects on the health of animals while specific species of enterobacteriaceae are known to be detrimental [21] based on pcr analysis we observed fewer lactobacillus and more enterobacteriaceae in...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...diarrhea in pigs and piglets [22] [23] [24] research has shown that animals with signs of intestinal disease have far greater numbers of enterobacteriaceae than do healthy individuals and that the enterobacteriaceae are linked to intestinal disorders [25 26] tgev infection markedly increased expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines il1 il6 and tnf proinflammatory cytokine production is important for pathogen clearance while excessive inflammation can cause tissue damage the antiinflammatory master regulator il10 balances the proinflammatory signals and limits severe inflammatory responses however in some circumstances elevated il10 levels can exhaust...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...signals and limits severe inflammatory responses however in some circumstances elevated il10 levels can exhaust antiviral t cells and induce immunosuppression which enables viral persistence [27] in addition proinflammatory cytokines are important factors in chronic inflammatory responses that promote the epithelialmesenchymal transition emt suggesting that persistent tgev infection may promote emt in vivo [28 29] tgf also functions in immune suppression and plays an important role in viral persistence [30] and tgf signaling has been shown to promote il10 gene transcription [31] intestinal stem cells iscs are rare cells...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...to promote il10 gene transcription [31] intestinal stem cells iscs are rare cells located in intestinal crypts and are responsible for maintaining the balance between intestinal epithelium damage following injury or inflammation and epithelial repair by isc division [32] our results show that tgev infection enhances stem cell proliferation mammalian intestinal cells are continuously replenished by stem cells and are replaced every 25 days [5] it is plausible that tgev infection induces epithelial loss and thus stimulates the iscderived production of new cells to replace damaged epithelial cells [33] ...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...epithelium damage following injury or inflammation and epithelial repair by isc division [32] our results show that tgev infection enhances stem cell proliferation mammalian intestinal cells are continuously replenished by stem cells and are replaced every 25 days [5] it is plausible that tgev infection induces epithelial loss and thus stimulates the iscderived production of new cells to replace damaged epithelial cells [33] in summary our results show that tgev infection damages the small intestine impairs the intestinal mucosal immune response and elevates expression levels of inflammatory cytokines these factors may be...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...are continuously replenished by stem cells and are replaced every 25 days [5] it is plausible that tgev infection induces epithelial loss and thus stimulates the iscderived production of new cells to replace damaged epithelial cells [33] in summary our results show that tgev infection damages the small intestine impairs the intestinal mucosal immune response and elevates expression levels of inflammatory cytokines these factors may be associated with chronic inflammatory responses and the persistence of tgev infection the increased number of m cells and enterobacteriaceae in mucosal scrapings may be related to secondary infections this...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...new cells to replace damaged epithelial cells [33] in summary our results show that tgev infection damages the small intestine impairs the intestinal mucosal immune response and elevates expression levels of inflammatory cytokines these factors may be associated with chronic inflammatory responses and the persistence of tgev infection the increased number of m cells and enterobacteriaceae in mucosal scrapings may be related to secondary infections this study furthers our understanding of the mechanisms of tgev infection and is the first description of how tgev impacts pigs that survive infection by this virus tgev infection damages the small...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...response and elevates expression levels of inflammatory cytokines these factors may be associated with chronic inflammatory responses and the persistence of tgev infection the increased number of m cells and enterobacteriaceae in mucosal scrapings may be related to secondary infections this study furthers our understanding of the mechanisms of tgev infection and is the first description of how tgev impacts pigs that survive infection by this virus tgev infection damages the small intestine impairs the intestinal mucosal immune response and increases the number of m cells and enterobacteriaceae which are related to secondary infections this is the first investigation of...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...with chronic inflammatory responses and the persistence of tgev infection the increased number of m cells and enterobacteriaceae in mucosal scrapings may be related to secondary infections this study furthers our understanding of the mechanisms of tgev infection and is the first description of how tgev impacts pigs that survive infection by this virus tgev infection damages the small intestine impairs the intestinal mucosal immune response and increases the number of m cells and enterobacteriaceae which are related to secondary infections this is the first investigation of the small intestine in piglets that survived infection by tgev 6 analysis of...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...persistence of tgev infection the increased number of m cells and enterobacteriaceae in mucosal scrapings may be related to secondary infections this study furthers our understanding of the mechanisms of tgev infection and is the first description of how tgev impacts pigs that survive infection by this virus tgev infection damages the small intestine impairs the intestinal mucosal immune response and increases the number of m cells and enterobacteriaceae which are related to secondary infections this is the first investigation of the small intestine in piglets that survived infection by tgev 6 analysis of total bacteria lactobacillus and enterobacteriaceae quantitative...

Title: Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small
intestine
Authors: Xia, Lu. Yang, Yunhan...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 2112
ID: b7430273f21b3a172f7f6e796636e376c2053fd8
Number of matches: 28

...tgev impacts pigs that survive infection by this virus tgev infection damages the small intestine impairs the intestinal mucosal immune response and increases the number of m cells and enterobacteriaceae which are related to secondary infections this is the first investigation of the small intestine in piglets that survived infection by tgev 6 analysis of total bacteria lactobacillus and enterobacteriaceae quantitative pcr analysis of gene copy numbers for lactobacillus enterobacteriaceae and total bacteria a bacterial from jejunal mucosal scrapings b bacteria in feces differences were considered significant at 001 p 005 p 001...

Title: XRN1 Is a Species-Specific Virus Restriction
Factor in Yeasts
Authors: Rowley, Paul A.. Ho, Brandon...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2114
ID: 0ee1c7181e45a196ce3e91a128cc64426fa6de5e
Number of matches: 5

...but rather that hosts can be selected to encode new forms of xrn1p that can overcome virally encoded defense strategies to rationalize the model of an antagonistic relationship between la and saccharomyces species it is important to consider the fitness burden of strictly intracellular viruses prevailing wisdom assumes that infection of fungi by viruses is largely asymptomatic and benign especially when considering that their intracellular lifecycle ensures an evolutionary deadend if they kill or make their host unfit indeed within laboratory yeast strains the association between la and s cerevisiae appears to be at equilibrium with no major biological differences...

Title: XRN1 Is a Species-Specific Virus Restriction
Factor in Yeasts
Authors: Rowley, Paul A.. Ho, Brandon...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2114
ID: 0ee1c7181e45a196ce3e91a128cc64426fa6de5e
Number of matches: 5

...relationship between intracellular viruses and their hosts is not benign and static firstly there is a measurable fitness cost to killer toxin production by s cerevisiae within unfavorable environmental conditions that inactivate the toxin allow for regular cellular dispersal andor are nutrient rich [69 70] secondly virus infection of pathogenic fungi can also cause hypovirulence a reduction in fungal pathogenesis an outcome that is being exploited to treat agricultural disease [74] [75] [76] [77] thirdly many wild and domesticated strains of s cerevisiae are free of totiviruses and therefore...

Title: Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical
characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis
Authors: Schäfer, Jürgen. Griese, Matthias...
Journal: BMC Pulm Med
Item: Infection
Index: 2115
ID: 16844dca24405d3c94a4366cd94598a6a7357fc8
Number of matches: 9

......

Title: Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical
characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis
Authors: Schäfer, Jürgen. Griese, Matthias...
Journal: BMC Pulm Med
Item: Infection
Index: 2115
ID: 16844dca24405d3c94a4366cd94598a6a7357fc8
Number of matches: 9

...bronchiectasis [4] here we discuss the key features of both cf and noncf related bronchiectasis with respect to their pathogenesis imaging and clinical management bronchiectasis mechanistically results from chronic inflammatory microenvironments that trigger airway tissue breakdown in both cf and noncf bronchiectasis the complex interplay between infection and inflammation feeds a proinflammatory vicious circle that progressively drives the generation of bronchiectasis and the destruction of the pulmonary architecture [5] inflammatory immune cells mainly activated macrophages and neutrophils represent the major infiltrating population in disease conditions associated with bronchiectasis and contribute significantly to tissue damage...

Title: Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical
characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis
Authors: Schäfer, Jürgen. Griese, Matthias...
Journal: BMC Pulm Med
Item: Infection
Index: 2115
ID: 16844dca24405d3c94a4366cd94598a6a7357fc8
Number of matches: 9

...the microbiological a and immunologicalinflammatory b findings associated with the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common and dominant pathogen found in the airways of both cf and noncf bronchiectasis patients [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] chronic infection has been associated with more severe decline in lung function [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] increased hospitalizations [20 21] frequent exacerbations [22] and disease severity [23 24] although...

Title: Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical
characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis
Authors: Schäfer, Jürgen. Griese, Matthias...
Journal: BMC Pulm Med
Item: Infection
Index: 2115
ID: 16844dca24405d3c94a4366cd94598a6a7357fc8
Number of matches: 9

...an aggressive and accelerated lung function decline [39] [40] [41] [42] interestingly bacterial populations do not drastically change between stable and exacerbation states in bronchiectasis however viral load has been positively correlated with exacerbations in both cf and noncf bronchiectasis patients infection with viruses belonging to the coronavirus rhinovirus and influenza ab virus families are frequently detected during exacerbations of bronchiectasis [43] [44] [45] whether the occurrence of such viruses forming part of the airway virome in bronchiectasis are a cause or consequence of exacerbations...

Title: Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical
characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis
Authors: Schäfer, Jürgen. Griese, Matthias...
Journal: BMC Pulm Med
Item: Infection
Index: 2115
ID: 16844dca24405d3c94a4366cd94598a6a7357fc8
Number of matches: 9

... in bronchiectasis activated airway neutrophils secrete an abundance of human neutrophil peptides hnps which have been described to inhibit their phagocytic ability importantly high concentrations of hnps are detected in both cf and noncf airways which in turn may contribute to the decreased phagocytic abilities and higher rates of infection described in both conditions [83] poorer clearance of neutrophils by alveolar macrophages further augments the inflammatory state in bronchiectasis [63] eosinophils contribute to tissue injury in cf and the presence of eosinophil cationic protein ecp heralds the cell activation state ecp levels are elevated...

Title: Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical
characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis
Authors: Schäfer, Jürgen. Griese, Matthias...
Journal: BMC Pulm Med
Item: Infection
Index: 2115
ID: 16844dca24405d3c94a4366cd94598a6a7357fc8
Number of matches: 9

...highest high strem1 levels correlate closely with lung function decline and future studies should explore strem1 levels in bronchiectasis of other aetiologies to better understand its role in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis [107] vitamind deficiency observed in cf [108 109] is associated with increased bacterial infection exacerbations and poorer lung function [110] [111] [112] this is corroborated in noncf bronchiectasis where it indicates disease severity and associates with more infection bacterial colonization airway inflammation and consequently frequent exacerbations [113] bronchietasis patients are clinically characterized by sputum...

Title: Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical
characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis
Authors: Schäfer, Jürgen. Griese, Matthias...
Journal: BMC Pulm Med
Item: Infection
Index: 2115
ID: 16844dca24405d3c94a4366cd94598a6a7357fc8
Number of matches: 9

...bronchiectasis [107] vitamind deficiency observed in cf [108 109] is associated with increased bacterial infection exacerbations and poorer lung function [110] [111] [112] this is corroborated in noncf bronchiectasis where it indicates disease severity and associates with more infection bacterial colonization airway inflammation and consequently frequent exacerbations [113] bronchietasis patients are clinically characterized by sputum production upon exercise or spontaneously leading to productive coughing with mucopurulent masses of yellowish greenish or brown sputum in the morning or over the day however bronchiectasis are mainly detected at...

Title: Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical
characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis
Authors: Schäfer, Jürgen. Griese, Matthias...
Journal: BMC Pulm Med
Item: Infection
Index: 2115
ID: 16844dca24405d3c94a4366cd94598a6a7357fc8
Number of matches: 9

...and highresolution computed tomography hrct to avoid established bronchiectasisrelated disease to this end it is helpful to follow a concept that has been introduced previously to classify forms of bronchitis in children [114] [115] [116] an acute bronchitis usually triggered by a viral infection resolves within days or one to two weeks sometimesfor many reasons of which most are unknownsymptoms do not resolve spontaneously but persist this state is called protracted bacterial bronchitis pbb while pbb has been initially established for pediatrics current publications have discussed and transferred this concept to adults birring 2015...

Title: Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical
characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis
Authors: Schäfer, Jürgen. Griese, Matthias...
Journal: BMC Pulm Med
Item: Infection
Index: 2115
ID: 16844dca24405d3c94a4366cd94598a6a7357fc8
Number of matches: 9

...150] bronchiectasis is a heterogeneous and complex condition and remains a challenge for both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies while pathomechanisms in the pulmonary compartment share commonalities from a microbiological and immunological perspective clinical implications and treatment approaches remain challenging and individualized depending on the underlying disease and the infection status highresolution imaging has revolutionized the diagnosis and monitoring of bronchiectasis and will further pave the way for a more precise understanding of disease pathogenesis and treatment response in the future therapeutically lessons learned from the wellknown phenotype of cf bronchiectasis are increasingly transferred to the multifaceted genotype and phenotype...

Title: Early Detection for Cases of Enterovirus- and
Influenza-Like Illness through a Newly Established
School-Based Syndromic Surveillance System in Taipei,
January 2010 ~ August 2011
Authors: Weng, Ting Chia. Chan, Ta Chien...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2116
ID: ad00ba859cb901a728e33191c4795084743cb986
Number of matches: 5

...schools 712yearolds 133 secondary schools 1318 yearolds 29 universitiescollegesprofessional schools and 2279 afterschool centers the reporting focuses on the five syndrome groups related to the most common pediatric infectious diseases in taiwan 1 enterovirus 2 influenza 3 conjunctivitis 4 diarrhea and 5 others chicken pox scabies and head louse infection the system requires all school nurses or class teachers for those preschools without nurses of every enrolled institution to collect the following two types of data on a daily basis 1 obligatory reporting of clinical and epidemiologic information type of the suspected infection date of symptom onset and the class...

Title: Early Detection for Cases of Enterovirus- and
Influenza-Like Illness through a Newly Established
School-Based Syndromic Surveillance System in Taipei,
January 2010 ~ August 2011
Authors: Weng, Ting Chia. Chan, Ta Chien...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2116
ID: ad00ba859cb901a728e33191c4795084743cb986
Number of matches: 5

...others chicken pox scabies and head louse infection the system requires all school nurses or class teachers for those preschools without nurses of every enrolled institution to collect the following two types of data on a daily basis 1 obligatory reporting of clinical and epidemiologic information type of the suspected infection date of symptom onset and the class grade gender and age of the sick student and 2 optional supplementary information recorded with a text format total numbers of absent days with sick children family members with similar symptoms medical care transfers physician diagnosis and school case management from this the...

Title: Early Detection for Cases of Enterovirus- and
Influenza-Like Illness through a Newly Established
School-Based Syndromic Surveillance System in Taipei,
January 2010 ~ August 2011
Authors: Weng, Ting Chia. Chan, Ta Chien...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2116
ID: ad00ba859cb901a728e33191c4795084743cb986
Number of matches: 5

...the regulation for public health disease surveillance in taiwan our data were fully deidentified and anonymized to protect the participants privacy and only aggregated data were used for further analyses and statistical tests thus the informed consent was not needed in this study we first examined the types of infection and sources of reporting through this newly established system among the 19334 syndromic cases reported to the sidsss from january 2010 to august 2011 evi was the most reported syndrome group 7756 significantly higher than other major syndrome groups ili 1575 red eye 378 diarrhea 243 p 0001 ...

Title: Early Detection for Cases of Enterovirus- and
Influenza-Like Illness through a Newly Established
School-Based Syndromic Surveillance System in Taipei,
January 2010 ~ August 2011
Authors: Weng, Ting Chia. Chan, Ta Chien...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 2116
ID: ad00ba859cb901a728e33191c4795084743cb986
Number of matches: 5

...955 from us15972 in 2009 to us720 in 2010 time invested from data recruitment to analysis was 1788 hours per month on average under the paperformat system but reduced to 720 hours per month with the sidsss there had been a 120minute gap from data processing to the commencement of infection controls using traditional reporting but such a gap was shortened to only 20 minutes with the sidsss this novel syndromic surveillance system with its high representativeness for 018yearolds in taipei schools is able to detect timely signals for common pediatric infectious diseases there are four major strengths in the...

Title: Agricultural and geographic factors shaped
the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian
influenza H5N2 outbreak
Authors: Hicks, Joseph T.. Lee, Dong-Hun...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2117
ID: 4363936c1edadc4d1a30103f0dba198354b16051
Number of matches: 5

...others have suggested multiple introductions [13 14] geographic and environmental variables such as human population agricultural climatological and ecological measures may help explain farmtofarm transmission observed within the poultry industries for example proximity between midwestern poultry premises has been implicated as an important risk factor for hpai infection [11 13] although it has been suggested that poultry production type did not affect outbreak transmission [12] this has not been formally tested despite extensive molecular epidemiological studies such environmental and ecological covariates of viral spread during this outbreak have not been formally investigated...

Title: Agricultural and geographic factors shaped
the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian
influenza H5N2 outbreak
Authors: Hicks, Joseph T.. Lee, Dong-Hun...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2117
ID: 4363936c1edadc4d1a30103f0dba198354b16051
Number of matches: 5

...of genetic sequences one hpai whole genome sequence per infected premises the epidemiologic unit during model specification an informative prior was provided for the bayesian process this prior probability distribution was based on the reported average time from hpai confirmation to depopulation plus 5 days to allow for delay between infection and hpai confirmation model 3 estimated the infectious period for layer chickens to be longer than expected given the prior information httpsdoiorg101371journalppat1007857g002 of interest was the premises or farm and not the individual bird that is findings of the compartmental models should be interpreted on the farmtofarm scale not...

Title: Agricultural and geographic factors shaped
the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian
influenza H5N2 outbreak
Authors: Hicks, Joseph T.. Lee, Dong-Hun...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2117
ID: 4363936c1edadc4d1a30103f0dba198354b16051
Number of matches: 5

...premises were specified based on reported usda data [7] despite the informative assumption the infectious period of layer chicken farms was estimated to be longer than expected in our model we assumed a 5day period between the onset of infectivity of the farm and reporting of hpai infection delays in the identification andor reporting of hpai infection could result in infectious periods that begin well before the assumed 5 days continued infectivity beyond the completion of flock depopulation is another likely contributor to prolonged infectious periods although commercial poultry depopulation occurred on average 64 days after national veterinary...

Title: Agricultural and geographic factors shaped
the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian
influenza H5N2 outbreak
Authors: Hicks, Joseph T.. Lee, Dong-Hun...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2117
ID: 4363936c1edadc4d1a30103f0dba198354b16051
Number of matches: 5

...7] despite the informative assumption the infectious period of layer chicken farms was estimated to be longer than expected in our model we assumed a 5day period between the onset of infectivity of the farm and reporting of hpai infection delays in the identification andor reporting of hpai infection could result in infectious periods that begin well before the assumed 5 days continued infectivity beyond the completion of flock depopulation is another likely contributor to prolonged infectious periods although commercial poultry depopulation occurred on average 64 days after national veterinary services laboratory nvsl hpai confirmation premises were not considered...

Title: Agricultural and geographic factors shaped
the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian
influenza H5N2 outbreak
Authors: Hicks, Joseph T.. Lee, Dong-Hun...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 2117
ID: 4363936c1edadc4d1a30103f0dba198354b16051
Number of matches: 5

...a recent spatial modeling analysis revealed that hpai spread among minnesota poultry premises was heavily distancedependent during the 2015 outbreak [13] our results support this claim by providing evidence that the frequency of viral transition between two locations increases as the distance between locations decreases risk of infection due to proximity can also be observed in our discrete trait diffusion model in which withinstate hpai spread was much more frequent than interstate spread hpai movement between states may explain bonney et als finding that distanceindependent transmissions significantly improved the fit of their transmission kernel model [13]...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...early synthesized ifn in antiinfectious immune responses can occur independently of pdcs and that the cell type responsible for type i ifn production rather depends on the specific infectious setting in this review we summarize the recent findings on the identity and function of type i ifn producing cells in infection by focusing on insights gained from in vivo mouse models covering type i ifn reporter mice and models of cell type specific ablation to devise novel antiinfectious treatment regimens targeting a specific cellular subtype it is crucial to know the identity of the cells responsible for the production of...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...mouse models covering type i ifn reporter mice and models of cell type specific ablation to devise novel antiinfectious treatment regimens targeting a specific cellular subtype it is crucial to know the identity of the cells responsible for the production of type i ifn in the course of an infection early on pdcs were considered primary producers of ifn during virus infections 13 14 for human pdcs it has been reported that ifn transcripts account for an astounding 50 of all mrnas in the cell after viral activation 15 more than 40 years ago pdcs were first described...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...these sensors include the cyclic gmpamp synthase cgassting pathway the rna polymerase iiirigimavs pathway dnadependent activator of irfs dai ifninducible protein 16 ifi16 and the ddx family 47 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 strategies for the definition of the cellular source of type i ifns in infection several models of cytokine reporter mice have been developed for the detection of type i ifn production in vivo as intracellular staining is not sensitive in most cases table 1 and figure 1 earlier published ifn knockout mouse lines already contained reporter elements to detect ifnb promoterdriven gene...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...in these mouse strains have not been used in vivo so far more recently a mouse line expressing gfp under the control of the ifna6 promoter ifna6 gfp recapitulates the expression of various ifn genes and has been employed to define the cellular source of ifn in virus infection models 32 46 76 also for ifn a fluorescence reporterknockin mouse model ifn mobmob has been generated here yellow fluorescent protein yfp is expressed from a bicistronic mrna linked by an internal ribosomal entry site ires to the endogenous ifn mrna 59 ifna6 gfp as well as...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...other cell types loschko et al showed pdc specific antigen delivery in mice by using siglech as a target structure 102 suggesting the usability of siglech as a lead molecule for the generation of pdc specific transgenic animals a side by side comparison showed a higher susceptibility to listeria monocytogenes infection in dttreated siglechdtrtg vs clec4adtrtg mice this finding was attributed to the additional lack of mzm in siglechdtrtg mice after dt treatment which was not observed in clec4adtrtg mice 67 with the aim to specifically express the cre recombinase in pdcs a bactg pdcre mouse line was generated which...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...of monocytes cdcs and cd169 macrophage subpopulations such as mzms and subcapsular sinus macrophages in the spleen and lymph nodes 70 71 72 104 105 106 107 108 109 in the following sections we will discuss approaches designed to define the type i ifn producing cell types in infection using the in vivo mouse models described above in this chapter we will focus on more recent findings from in vivo models aimed at visualizing ifn producing cell types and defining their contribution to the overall type i ifn production and their impact on the course of viral infections...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...on the course of viral infections table 2 for a more generalized overview of the cellular sources of type i ifn in viral infections we kindly refer to an expert review by swiecki et al 127 findings on the cellular sources of type i ifn during relevant infection models for dna viruses and the respective in vivo experimental strategies are highlighted in the following sections infection with the human cytomegalovirus hcmv causes mostly asymptomatic latent infections in the immunocompetent host in immunosuppressed individuals or newborns infected in utero an infection with this virus can lead to severe...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...of type i ifn in viral infections we kindly refer to an expert review by swiecki et al 127 findings on the cellular sources of type i ifn during relevant infection models for dna viruses and the respective in vivo experimental strategies are highlighted in the following sections infection with the human cytomegalovirus hcmv causes mostly asymptomatic latent infections in the immunocompetent host in immunosuppressed individuals or newborns infected in utero an infection with this virus can lead to severe illness and permanent organ damage the murine cytomegalovirus mcmv exhibits high structural and biological similarity to hcmv and is...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...sources of type i ifn during relevant infection models for dna viruses and the respective in vivo experimental strategies are highlighted in the following sections infection with the human cytomegalovirus hcmv causes mostly asymptomatic latent infections in the immunocompetent host in immunosuppressed individuals or newborns infected in utero an infection with this virus can lead to severe illness and permanent organ damage the murine cytomegalovirus mcmv exhibits high structural and biological similarity to hcmv and is thus widely used as a model system for antiviral immune responses 128 mcmv induces a biphasic type i ifn response with peak expressions...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...stromal cells infected by the virus 110 using ifn mobmob reporter mice ifn production was detected in splenic pdcs as early as 612 h pi 59 111 after in vivo depletion of pdcs by anticd317 or antily6gc treatment ifn serum levels were severely reduced 36 h after mcmv infection 18 80 81 113 under these conditions however other cell types secrete il12 and ensure sufficient ifn and nk cell responses leading to control of mcmv infection 18 80 of note 44 h after mcmv infection ifn serum levels in pdc depleted mice were no longer reduced as...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

... after in vivo depletion of pdcs by anticd317 or antily6gc treatment ifn serum levels were severely reduced 36 h after mcmv infection 18 80 81 113 under these conditions however other cell types secrete il12 and ensure sufficient ifn and nk cell responses leading to control of mcmv infection 18 80 of note 44 h after mcmv infection ifn serum levels in pdc depleted mice were no longer reduced as compared to untreated mice 113 similar observations were made in ik ll mice that lack pdcs 61 or clec4adtrtg mice that have been transiently depleted of pdcs...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...antily6gc treatment ifn serum levels were severely reduced 36 h after mcmv infection 18 80 81 113 under these conditions however other cell types secrete il12 and ensure sufficient ifn and nk cell responses leading to control of mcmv infection 18 80 of note 44 h after mcmv infection ifn serum levels in pdc depleted mice were no longer reduced as compared to untreated mice 113 similar observations were made in ik ll mice that lack pdcs 61 or clec4adtrtg mice that have been transiently depleted of pdcs 65 113 thus transient type i ifn production at...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...depleted mice were no longer reduced as compared to untreated mice 113 similar observations were made in ik ll mice that lack pdcs 61 or clec4adtrtg mice that have been transiently depleted of pdcs 65 113 thus transient type i ifn production at the first day of mcmv infection was pdcdependent while cells other than pdcs are responsible for the type i ifn levels measured at later timepoints at least when relatively high inocula of mcmv are used in contrast at lower doses of mcmv which are presumably closer to a natural infection setting pdcs can limit viral burden...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...at the first day of mcmv infection was pdcdependent while cells other than pdcs are responsible for the type i ifn levels measured at later timepoints at least when relatively high inocula of mcmv are used in contrast at lower doses of mcmv which are presumably closer to a natural infection setting pdcs can limit viral burden in the spleen and liver here pdcs have been shown to promote nk cell activation and cytotoxicity in the early phase of mcmv infection 65 while it is wellestablished that pdcs sense the mcmv via the tlr9 and tlr7 mediated pathways 18 80...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...high inocula of mcmv are used in contrast at lower doses of mcmv which are presumably closer to a natural infection setting pdcs can limit viral burden in the spleen and liver here pdcs have been shown to promote nk cell activation and cytotoxicity in the early phase of mcmv infection 65 while it is wellestablished that pdcs sense the mcmv via the tlr9 and tlr7 mediated pathways 18 80 113 129 130 also the tlr3 and tlr2 pathways which are functionally used by other cells than pdcs have been shown to be involved in the induction of type...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...in cd11c cd11b ly6c inflammatory monocytes but not macrophages or other types of dcs in a tlr2 dependent way using ifn mobmob reporter mice further cd11bdtrtg mice depleted of monocytes exhibited increased viral titers in the liver and decreased serum levels of type i ifn after vv infection 104 this is similar to other studies using footpad infection of modified vaccinia virus ankara mva and pdc depletion in the clec4adtrtg mouse model where type i ifn levels in the draining lymph nodes were comparable to control mice indicating that pdcs are not required for mounting an intact...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...macrophages or other types of dcs in a tlr2 dependent way using ifn mobmob reporter mice further cd11bdtrtg mice depleted of monocytes exhibited increased viral titers in the liver and decreased serum levels of type i ifn after vv infection 104 this is similar to other studies using footpad infection of modified vaccinia virus ankara mva and pdc depletion in the clec4adtrtg mouse model where type i ifn levels in the draining lymph nodes were comparable to control mice indicating that pdcs are not required for mounting an intact type i ifn response after local infection with this dsdna virus...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...other studies using footpad infection of modified vaccinia virus ankara mva and pdc depletion in the clec4adtrtg mouse model where type i ifn levels in the draining lymph nodes were comparable to control mice indicating that pdcs are not required for mounting an intact type i ifn response after local infection with this dsdna virus 118 the dsdna adenovirus is used as a vector for the development of gene therapy applications but can also cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals by using cd11cdtrtg viral titers immunopathology in the lung day 9 pi ifn production in the lung...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...treatment to ablate cdcs vs pdcs in vivo it has been shown that wildtype wt adenovirus as well as adenoviral vectors induce rapid ifn production almost exclusively in splenic cdcs rather than in pdcs 105 for herpes simplex virus hsv local subcutaneous or genital as well as systemic iv infection models have been analyzed after subcutaneous hsv1 infection pdcs were shown to provide type i ifn necessary for licensing of cdcs which in turn induce effective cytotoxic t cell responses here mice depleted for pdcs by antily6gc treatment displayed increased viral titers in the draining lymph nodes at day 7...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...it has been shown that wildtype wt adenovirus as well as adenoviral vectors induce rapid ifn production almost exclusively in splenic cdcs rather than in pdcs 105 for herpes simplex virus hsv local subcutaneous or genital as well as systemic iv infection models have been analyzed after subcutaneous hsv1 infection pdcs were shown to provide type i ifn necessary for licensing of cdcs which in turn induce effective cytotoxic t cell responses here mice depleted for pdcs by antily6gc treatment displayed increased viral titers in the draining lymph nodes at day 7 pi as compared to controls 82 similarly...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...effective cytotoxic t cell responses here mice depleted for pdcs by antily6gc treatment displayed increased viral titers in the draining lymph nodes at day 7 pi as compared to controls 82 similarly in a genital hsv2 herpes model mice depleted for pdcs using anticd317 antibodies succumbed earlier to the infection and exhibited reduced local ifn levels while the th1 response in draining lymph nodes developed normally 117 in contrast to findings from antibodymediated depletion in pdc depleted clec4adtrtg mice neither differences in viral burden nor survival after vaginal hsv2 infection was found nor were pdcs found to contribute significantly...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...for pdcs using anticd317 antibodies succumbed earlier to the infection and exhibited reduced local ifn levels while the th1 response in draining lymph nodes developed normally 117 in contrast to findings from antibodymediated depletion in pdc depleted clec4adtrtg mice neither differences in viral burden nor survival after vaginal hsv2 infection was found nor were pdcs found to contribute significantly to antiviral cd8 t cell responses after subcutaneous hsv1 inoculation 114 these contradicting findings have been explained by the antibodymediated depletion of additional cell types other than pdcs in contrast to the more restricted depletion in the clec4adtrtg genetic mouse...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...levels were measured in vaginal washes while in the genetic depletion model total protein amount was assessed in the vaginal and cervical tissue itself as for mcmv tlr3expressing cells such as cd8 dcs or other hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells are essential for type i ifn production in local hsv infection at later timepoints rather than pdcs 114 after systemic challenge with uvirradiated hsv in an early study immunohistological stainings for ifn indicated that the majority of type i ifn producing cells in the spleen represent marginal metallophilic macrophages and to a lesser extend mzms 133 however ifn levels...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...hsv in an early study immunohistological stainings for ifn indicated that the majority of type i ifn producing cells in the spleen represent marginal metallophilic macrophages and to a lesser extend mzms 133 however ifn levels were markedly reduced in pdc depleted siglech dtrdtr mice 6 h after iv infection with hsv1 and viral titers were found increased in the spleen as compared to control animals pointing toward pdcs as the major type i ifn producers in this situation 66 similar results were obtained in pdc depleted clec4adtrtg mice with the exception that no viral replication was detectable in...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...and pdc ablation in clec4adtrtg mice corresponded well since in both cases a reduction of ifn serum levels were observed together with increased viral titers and reduced survival 114 115 116 thus similar to vaccinia virus the cell type responsible for the production of type i ifn in hsv infection may depend on the route of pathogen entry with pdcs controlling the infection once the virus has spread systemically ectromelia virus ectv a large dna orthopoxvirus is the causative agent of mousepox the mouse homolog of human smallpox ectv causes systemic disease after sc infection of the footpad in...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...reduction of ifn serum levels were observed together with increased viral titers and reduced survival 114 115 116 thus similar to vaccinia virus the cell type responsible for the production of type i ifn in hsv infection may depend on the route of pathogen entry with pdcs controlling the infection once the virus has spread systemically ectromelia virus ectv a large dna orthopoxvirus is the causative agent of mousepox the mouse homolog of human smallpox ectv causes systemic disease after sc infection of the footpad in vivo it was shown by clodronate and anticd317 mediated depletion of monocytes vs...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...i ifn in hsv infection may depend on the route of pathogen entry with pdcs controlling the infection once the virus has spread systemically ectromelia virus ectv a large dna orthopoxvirus is the causative agent of mousepox the mouse homolog of human smallpox ectv causes systemic disease after sc infection of the footpad in vivo it was shown by clodronate and anticd317 mediated depletion of monocytes vs pdcs and ex vivo sorting and rtpcr analyses that infected inflammatory monocytes are the major producers of type i ifn in the draining lymph nodes 119 in summary the cellular source for...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...shown by clodronate and anticd317 mediated depletion of monocytes vs pdcs and ex vivo sorting and rtpcr analyses that infected inflammatory monocytes are the major producers of type i ifn in the draining lymph nodes 119 in summary the cellular source for type i ifn production during dna virus infection depends on the virus type itself the dosage timepoint as well as route of infection early after infection with mcmv pdcs are the primary source of type i ifn production capable of reducing virus titers at low concentrations of the virus however at later timepoints of infection cd8 dcs...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...and rtpcr analyses that infected inflammatory monocytes are the major producers of type i ifn in the draining lymph nodes 119 in summary the cellular source for type i ifn production during dna virus infection depends on the virus type itself the dosage timepoint as well as route of infection early after infection with mcmv pdcs are the primary source of type i ifn production capable of reducing virus titers at low concentrations of the virus however at later timepoints of infection cd8 dcs rather than pdcs become the key source of type i ifn production in addition to...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...that infected inflammatory monocytes are the major producers of type i ifn in the draining lymph nodes 119 in summary the cellular source for type i ifn production during dna virus infection depends on the virus type itself the dosage timepoint as well as route of infection early after infection with mcmv pdcs are the primary source of type i ifn production capable of reducing virus titers at low concentrations of the virus however at later timepoints of infection cd8 dcs rather than pdcs become the key source of type i ifn production in addition to pdcs other cell...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...during dna virus infection depends on the virus type itself the dosage timepoint as well as route of infection early after infection with mcmv pdcs are the primary source of type i ifn production capable of reducing virus titers at low concentrations of the virus however at later timepoints of infection cd8 dcs rather than pdcs become the key source of type i ifn production in addition to pdcs other cell types such as cdcs in adenovirus infection metallophilic macrophages and mzms during hsv exposure stromal cells in mcmv infection and inflammatory monocytes in response to ectv are an essential...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...source of type i ifn production capable of reducing virus titers at low concentrations of the virus however at later timepoints of infection cd8 dcs rather than pdcs become the key source of type i ifn production in addition to pdcs other cell types such as cdcs in adenovirus infection metallophilic macrophages and mzms during hsv exposure stromal cells in mcmv infection and inflammatory monocytes in response to ectv are an essential source of type i ifn a recent metatranscriptomics survey defined 196 vertebratespecific rna virus species the majority of which is able to infect humans and cause diseases...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...low concentrations of the virus however at later timepoints of infection cd8 dcs rather than pdcs become the key source of type i ifn production in addition to pdcs other cell types such as cdcs in adenovirus infection metallophilic macrophages and mzms during hsv exposure stromal cells in mcmv infection and inflammatory monocytes in response to ectv are an essential source of type i ifn a recent metatranscriptomics survey defined 196 vertebratespecific rna virus species the majority of which is able to infect humans and cause diseases of varying severity 134 135 at the moment only few mouse models...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...viruses have been reported to induce type i ifn expression in pdcs in a replication dependent manner 136 137 especially for vesicular stomatitis virus vsv the capture of the replicating virus in the autophagosome is required for its transfer to the tlr7 containing endosomal compartment 137 after local infection with ndv here after intranasal infection the ifnproducing cells shifted from pdcs to alveolar macrophages and cdcs that utilize the rlh system for type i ifn induction 46 upon sc vsv infection draining lns contained 90 less ifn when depleted of macrophages by clodronate liposomes however when pdcs were...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...type i ifn expression in pdcs in a replication dependent manner 136 137 especially for vesicular stomatitis virus vsv the capture of the replicating virus in the autophagosome is required for its transfer to the tlr7 containing endosomal compartment 137 after local infection with ndv here after intranasal infection the ifnproducing cells shifted from pdcs to alveolar macrophages and cdcs that utilize the rlh system for type i ifn induction 46 upon sc vsv infection draining lns contained 90 less ifn when depleted of macrophages by clodronate liposomes however when pdcs were depleted by anticd317 treatment ifn levels...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...the autophagosome is required for its transfer to the tlr7 containing endosomal compartment 137 after local infection with ndv here after intranasal infection the ifnproducing cells shifted from pdcs to alveolar macrophages and cdcs that utilize the rlh system for type i ifn induction 46 upon sc vsv infection draining lns contained 90 less ifn when depleted of macrophages by clodronate liposomes however when pdcs were depleted by anticd317 treatment ifn levels induced by vsv were reduced only by half as compared to controls it was concluded that infected cd169 subcapsular sinus macrophages produce ifn yet half of...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...again pointing to a rather transient role of pdcs in antiviral immunity 65 for the distantly related arboviruses dengue denv and chikungunya chikv virus it was recently shown that pdcs are sufficient to control these viruses via irf7regulated type i ifn responses in both systemic as well as local infection settings in this report novel pdcirf7 mice were introduced in which irf7driven type i ifn production is restricted to pdcs and were compared to irf37 double deficient mice that are completely devoid of type i ifn expression 69 after iv infection with denv pdcirf7 mice exhibited a...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...in both systemic as well as local infection settings in this report novel pdcirf7 mice were introduced in which irf7driven type i ifn production is restricted to pdcs and were compared to irf37 double deficient mice that are completely devoid of type i ifn expression 69 after iv infection with denv pdcirf7 mice exhibited a lower viral load than irf37 double deficient mice however as compared to wt mice higher viral tiers were detected in pdcirf7 mice 69 after sc infection with chikv irf37 double deficient mice succumb to the virus while 100 of pdcirf7 mice...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...double deficient mice that are completely devoid of type i ifn expression 69 after iv infection with denv pdcirf7 mice exhibited a lower viral load than irf37 double deficient mice however as compared to wt mice higher viral tiers were detected in pdcirf7 mice 69 after sc infection with chikv irf37 double deficient mice succumb to the virus while 100 of pdcirf7 mice survive the infection exhibiting no overt clinical symptoms similar to wt mice early control of viremia in pdcirf7 mice was reduced as compared to wt but still improved as compared to irf37 double...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...pdcirf7 mice exhibited a lower viral load than irf37 double deficient mice however as compared to wt mice higher viral tiers were detected in pdcirf7 mice 69 after sc infection with chikv irf37 double deficient mice succumb to the virus while 100 of pdcirf7 mice survive the infection exhibiting no overt clinical symptoms similar to wt mice early control of viremia in pdcirf7 mice was reduced as compared to wt but still improved as compared to irf37 double deficient mice thus analogous to findings from other virus infection models also for these rna viruses antiviral response mounted...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...virus while 100 of pdcirf7 mice survive the infection exhibiting no overt clinical symptoms similar to wt mice early control of viremia in pdcirf7 mice was reduced as compared to wt but still improved as compared to irf37 double deficient mice thus analogous to findings from other virus infection models also for these rna viruses antiviral response mounted by pdcs controls infection once the virus spreads systemically in infection models with rna viruses exhibiting a specific tropism pdcs play only a minor role in the brain of mice infected with the ssrna la crosse virus ifn production was...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...clinical symptoms similar to wt mice early control of viremia in pdcirf7 mice was reduced as compared to wt but still improved as compared to irf37 double deficient mice thus analogous to findings from other virus infection models also for these rna viruses antiviral response mounted by pdcs controls infection once the virus spreads systemically in infection models with rna viruses exhibiting a specific tropism pdcs play only a minor role in the brain of mice infected with the ssrna la crosse virus ifn production was assessed by the ifn luc luciferase reporter mouse model 60 and detected...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...of viremia in pdcirf7 mice was reduced as compared to wt but still improved as compared to irf37 double deficient mice thus analogous to findings from other virus infection models also for these rna viruses antiviral response mounted by pdcs controls infection once the virus spreads systemically in infection models with rna viruses exhibiting a specific tropism pdcs play only a minor role in the brain of mice infected with the ssrna la crosse virus ifn production was assessed by the ifn luc luciferase reporter mouse model 60 and detected in astrocytes microglia and to a lesser extend...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...the ssrna la crosse virus ifn production was assessed by the ifn luc luciferase reporter mouse model 60 and detected in astrocytes microglia and to a lesser extend also in infected neurons 122 this confirmed earlier findings where ifn expression in these cell types after la crosse virus infection was visualized by immunostaining and rna in situ hybridization 123 utilizing the conditional reporter activity of the ifn floxlucfloxluc mice it was shown for several neurotropic viruses such as rabies virus rabv theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus tmev and vsv that astrocytes are the main producers of ifn after infection...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...infection was visualized by immunostaining and rna in situ hybridization 123 utilizing the conditional reporter activity of the ifn floxlucfloxluc mice it was shown for several neurotropic viruses such as rabies virus rabv theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus tmev and vsv that astrocytes are the main producers of ifn after infection of the brain 139 another example for type i ifn expression by nonmyeloid cells represent islet cells the encephalomyocarditis virus emcv strain d an ssrna picornavirus with tropism for the insulinproducing cells of the pancreas can induce diabetes and myocarditis in certain mouse strains cd11c cells in...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...strains cd11c cells in this model have been shown to be protective as dt treated cd11cdtrtg mice developed diabetes and exhibited increased viral titers in the pancreas spleen and heart associated with reduced type i ifn levels as compared to nondepleted controls 106 pneumonia virus of mice pvm infection led to a marked infiltration of pdcs and increased expression of type i ifn in wt but not tlr7or myd88deficient mice transfer of tlr7competent but not tlr7deficient pdcs led to a significantly diminished virus recovery in tlr7 animals on day 7 after infection with pvm indicating that tlr7mediated signaling...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

... pneumonia virus of mice pvm infection led to a marked infiltration of pdcs and increased expression of type i ifn in wt but not tlr7or myd88deficient mice transfer of tlr7competent but not tlr7deficient pdcs led to a significantly diminished virus recovery in tlr7 animals on day 7 after infection with pvm indicating that tlr7mediated signaling by pdc is required for appropriate innate responses to acute pvm infection 140 for intratracheal infection with respiratory syncytial virus rsv it has been shown that anticd317 mediated depletion of pdcs completely abolished ifn expression and protein levels in the lungs this correlated...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...type i ifn in wt but not tlr7or myd88deficient mice transfer of tlr7competent but not tlr7deficient pdcs led to a significantly diminished virus recovery in tlr7 animals on day 7 after infection with pvm indicating that tlr7mediated signaling by pdc is required for appropriate innate responses to acute pvm infection 140 for intratracheal infection with respiratory syncytial virus rsv it has been shown that anticd317 mediated depletion of pdcs completely abolished ifn expression and protein levels in the lungs this correlated with increased viral titers and exacerbated immunopathology of the lungs of pdc depleted mice 126 thus pdcs...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...but not tlr7or myd88deficient mice transfer of tlr7competent but not tlr7deficient pdcs led to a significantly diminished virus recovery in tlr7 animals on day 7 after infection with pvm indicating that tlr7mediated signaling by pdc is required for appropriate innate responses to acute pvm infection 140 for intratracheal infection with respiratory syncytial virus rsv it has been shown that anticd317 mediated depletion of pdcs completely abolished ifn expression and protein levels in the lungs this correlated with increased viral titers and exacerbated immunopathology of the lungs of pdc depleted mice 126 thus pdcs fulfill a substantial protective role...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...virus rsv it has been shown that anticd317 mediated depletion of pdcs completely abolished ifn expression and protein levels in the lungs this correlated with increased viral titers and exacerbated immunopathology of the lungs of pdc depleted mice 126 thus pdcs fulfill a substantial protective role during local rsv infection initial in vitro studies showed that spleen cells from mice that were depleted for pdcs by antily6gc injection did not produce ifn in response to stimulation with inactivated influenza virus in contrast to splenocytes from untreated animals 18 ifn production in vitro could be attributed to the cd317...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...by antily6gc injection did not produce ifn in response to stimulation with inactivated influenza virus in contrast to splenocytes from untreated animals 18 ifn production in vitro could be attributed to the cd317 cd11c pdc population of sorted mouse spleen cells 86 however in vivo intranasal infection with sublethal doses of influenza virus in pdcdeficient ikaros ll and wt mice revealed a similar course of disease as determined eg by weight loss and viral titers 120 thus pdcs are able to produce type i ifn after stimulation by influenza but are dispensable for a successful antiviral immune...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...revealed a similar course of disease as determined eg by weight loss and viral titers 120 thus pdcs are able to produce type i ifn after stimulation by influenza but are dispensable for a successful antiviral immune response albeit type i ifn levels in vivo were not assessed for this infection model for the influenza viruslike orthomyxovirus thogoto virus thov type i ifn production in the peritoneal cavity was mainly attributed to cd11b f480 myeloid cells that was independent of the type i ifn receptor mediated feedback loop and coincided with the tropism of this virus 121 ...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...for the influenza viruslike orthomyxovirus thogoto virus thov type i ifn production in the peritoneal cavity was mainly attributed to cd11b f480 myeloid cells that was independent of the type i ifn receptor mediated feedback loop and coincided with the tropism of this virus 121 after ip infection with mouse hepatitis virus mhv pdc depletion by anticd317 was accompanied by severely diminished ifn serum levels 124 the transient pdc depletion did not lead to lethality following the lowdose mhv infection used in this study nevertheless initial viral titers in spleens were found increased more than 1000fold in...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...ifn receptor mediated feedback loop and coincided with the tropism of this virus 121 after ip infection with mouse hepatitis virus mhv pdc depletion by anticd317 was accompanied by severely diminished ifn serum levels 124 the transient pdc depletion did not lead to lethality following the lowdose mhv infection used in this study nevertheless initial viral titers in spleens were found increased more than 1000fold in pdcdepleted compared to control mice 124 very similar observations were made in itgaxcre tcf4 flox mice lacking pdcs these mice show reduced serum ifn levels and elevated viral loads in the...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...to control mice 124 very similar observations were made in itgaxcre tcf4 flox mice lacking pdcs these mice show reduced serum ifn levels and elevated viral loads in the liver and spleen 100 thus pdcs appear to be essential for type ifn i mediated protection against systemic infection with the prototypical acute cytopathic coronavirus mhv lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus lcmv infection is widely used to study acute as well as chronic infections in an acute infection setting in ifna6 gfp reporter mice pdcs were found to be the major type i ifn producers after infection with the we...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...tcf4 flox mice lacking pdcs these mice show reduced serum ifn levels and elevated viral loads in the liver and spleen 100 thus pdcs appear to be essential for type ifn i mediated protection against systemic infection with the prototypical acute cytopathic coronavirus mhv lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus lcmv infection is widely used to study acute as well as chronic infections in an acute infection setting in ifna6 gfp reporter mice pdcs were found to be the major type i ifn producers after infection with the we strain of lcmv additionally few cdcs and macrophages specifically in the spleen exhibited...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...loads in the liver and spleen 100 thus pdcs appear to be essential for type ifn i mediated protection against systemic infection with the prototypical acute cytopathic coronavirus mhv lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus lcmv infection is widely used to study acute as well as chronic infections in an acute infection setting in ifna6 gfp reporter mice pdcs were found to be the major type i ifn producers after infection with the we strain of lcmv additionally few cdcs and macrophages specifically in the spleen exhibited gfpreporter activity 76 also in ifn mobmob reporter mice macrophages could be excluded as...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...protection against systemic infection with the prototypical acute cytopathic coronavirus mhv lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus lcmv infection is widely used to study acute as well as chronic infections in an acute infection setting in ifna6 gfp reporter mice pdcs were found to be the major type i ifn producers after infection with the we strain of lcmv additionally few cdcs and macrophages specifically in the spleen exhibited gfpreporter activity 76 also in ifn mobmob reporter mice macrophages could be excluded as major type i ifn producers and depletion of phagocytic cells by clodronate liposomes did not affect type i ifn...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

... in contrast another study using the armstrong strain of lcmv reported severely reduced ifn serum levels after clodronate treatment 95 specifically a small population of cd169 macrophages in the spleen and lymph nodes has recently been shown to release high amounts of type i ifn after lcmv infection selective depletion of these cells in cd169dtrtg mice resulted in reduced type i ifn levels from day 4 pi onward and persistent viral titers as a consequence cd169 depleted mice exhibited severe immunopathology and died quickly after infection 107 in line with this production of serum type i ifn...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...been shown to release high amounts of type i ifn after lcmv infection selective depletion of these cells in cd169dtrtg mice resulted in reduced type i ifn levels from day 4 pi onward and persistent viral titers as a consequence cd169 depleted mice exhibited severe immunopathology and died quickly after infection 107 in line with this production of serum type i ifn was not reduced in lcmv infected mice treated with the pdc depleting antily6gc antibody as compared to those injected with control antibody 81 also in congenitally pdcdeficient itgaxcre tcf4 flox mice virus titers early after infection...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...infection 107 in line with this production of serum type i ifn was not reduced in lcmv infected mice treated with the pdc depleting antily6gc antibody as compared to those injected with control antibody 81 also in congenitally pdcdeficient itgaxcre tcf4 flox mice virus titers early after infection were comparable to wt controls confirming that pdcs are dispensable for the control of acute lcmv infection 100 still pdcs have been shown to be a transient source of type i ifn as pdc depletion in clec4adtrtg mice led to reduced serum ifn levels at 16 h pi with...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...lcmv infected mice treated with the pdc depleting antily6gc antibody as compared to those injected with control antibody 81 also in congenitally pdcdeficient itgaxcre tcf4 flox mice virus titers early after infection were comparable to wt controls confirming that pdcs are dispensable for the control of acute lcmv infection 100 still pdcs have been shown to be a transient source of type i ifn as pdc depletion in clec4adtrtg mice led to reduced serum ifn levels at 16 h pi with lcmv armstrong or clone 13 but not at later timepoints 125 contrasting the observations in acute...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

... still pdcs have been shown to be a transient source of type i ifn as pdc depletion in clec4adtrtg mice led to reduced serum ifn levels at 16 h pi with lcmv armstrong or clone 13 but not at later timepoints 125 contrasting the observations in acute lcmv infection in a chronic infection setup using lcmv docile the virus persisted until day 53 in the blood of itgaxcre tcf4 flox mice while the virus was cleared between day 21 and 28 in wt mice this was attributed to a failure of sufficient cd4 and cd8 t...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...been shown to be a transient source of type i ifn as pdc depletion in clec4adtrtg mice led to reduced serum ifn levels at 16 h pi with lcmv armstrong or clone 13 but not at later timepoints 125 contrasting the observations in acute lcmv infection in a chronic infection setup using lcmv docile the virus persisted until day 53 in the blood of itgaxcre tcf4 flox mice while the virus was cleared between day 21 and 28 in wt mice this was attributed to a failure of sufficient cd4 and cd8 t cell activation in the...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...cd8 t cell activation in the absence of pdcs and indicated that pdcs are essential for generating a functional adaptive immunity to chronic viral infections 100 taken together pdcs are a major source of type i ifn and are required for type i ifn mediated protection against systemic infection in most of the rna virus infections such as ndv vsv denv chikv pvm rsv mhv and lcmv however contribution of pdcs in type i ifn release and type i ifn mediated protection depends on the titer of the virus time after infection and the route of the infection in...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...type i ifn mediated protection against systemic infection in most of the rna virus infections such as ndv vsv denv chikv pvm rsv mhv and lcmv however contribution of pdcs in type i ifn release and type i ifn mediated protection depends on the titer of the virus time after infection and the route of the infection in addition to pdcs other cell types such as cdcs macrophages and monocytes in ndv macrophages in vsv astrocytes microglia and neurons in la crosse virus astrocytes in rabv tmev and vsv islet cells and cdcs in emcv and cdcs and macrophages in lcmv...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...systemic infection in most of the rna virus infections such as ndv vsv denv chikv pvm rsv mhv and lcmv however contribution of pdcs in type i ifn release and type i ifn mediated protection depends on the titer of the virus time after infection and the route of the infection in addition to pdcs other cell types such as cdcs macrophages and monocytes in ndv macrophages in vsv astrocytes microglia and neurons in la crosse virus astrocytes in rabv tmev and vsv islet cells and cdcs in emcv and cdcs and macrophages in lcmv infection significantly contribute to type i...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...and the route of the infection in addition to pdcs other cell types such as cdcs macrophages and monocytes in ndv macrophages in vsv astrocytes microglia and neurons in la crosse virus astrocytes in rabv tmev and vsv islet cells and cdcs in emcv and cdcs and macrophages in lcmv infection significantly contribute to type i ifn production thus similar to infection with dna viruses also after infection with rna viruses pdcs are functionally involved in type i ifn production mostly early during infection but are dispensable for virus control during later stages of infection in chronic infection however pdcs provide...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...cell types such as cdcs macrophages and monocytes in ndv macrophages in vsv astrocytes microglia and neurons in la crosse virus astrocytes in rabv tmev and vsv islet cells and cdcs in emcv and cdcs and macrophages in lcmv infection significantly contribute to type i ifn production thus similar to infection with dna viruses also after infection with rna viruses pdcs are functionally involved in type i ifn production mostly early during infection but are dispensable for virus control during later stages of infection in chronic infection however pdcs provide type i ifn to support and preserve t cell functions ...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...and monocytes in ndv macrophages in vsv astrocytes microglia and neurons in la crosse virus astrocytes in rabv tmev and vsv islet cells and cdcs in emcv and cdcs and macrophages in lcmv infection significantly contribute to type i ifn production thus similar to infection with dna viruses also after infection with rna viruses pdcs are functionally involved in type i ifn production mostly early during infection but are dispensable for virus control during later stages of infection in chronic infection however pdcs provide type i ifn to support and preserve t cell functions hiv activates pdcs to produce high...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...in rabv tmev and vsv islet cells and cdcs in emcv and cdcs and macrophages in lcmv infection significantly contribute to type i ifn production thus similar to infection with dna viruses also after infection with rna viruses pdcs are functionally involved in type i ifn production mostly early during infection but are dispensable for virus control during later stages of infection in chronic infection however pdcs provide type i ifn to support and preserve t cell functions hiv activates pdcs to produce high levels of ifn most likely via activation of tlr7 141 also it is assumed that...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...and cdcs and macrophages in lcmv infection significantly contribute to type i ifn production thus similar to infection with dna viruses also after infection with rna viruses pdcs are functionally involved in type i ifn production mostly early during infection but are dispensable for virus control during later stages of infection in chronic infection however pdcs provide type i ifn to support and preserve t cell functions hiv activates pdcs to produce high levels of ifn most likely via activation of tlr7 141 also it is assumed that type i ifns are produced during hiv infection predominantly by pdcs...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...macrophages in lcmv infection significantly contribute to type i ifn production thus similar to infection with dna viruses also after infection with rna viruses pdcs are functionally involved in type i ifn production mostly early during infection but are dispensable for virus control during later stages of infection in chronic infection however pdcs provide type i ifn to support and preserve t cell functions hiv activates pdcs to produce high levels of ifn most likely via activation of tlr7 141 also it is assumed that type i ifns are produced during hiv infection predominantly by pdcs as decreased ifn...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...later stages of infection in chronic infection however pdcs provide type i ifn to support and preserve t cell functions hiv activates pdcs to produce high levels of ifn most likely via activation of tlr7 141 also it is assumed that type i ifns are produced during hiv infection predominantly by pdcs as decreased ifn production in hivinfected patients correlates with numerical and functional deficiencies in circulating pdcs 142 a direct assessment of the contribution of pdcs to type i ifn levels in hivinfection however has not been performed although type i ifns are known to mediate antiviral...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...thus many studies have shown that pdcs are a source of type i ifn in retroviral and other virus infections in vivo however additional cellular sources of type i ifn are required to fully control viral infections in summary pdcs are a known source of type i ifn in retroviral infection however the relative contribution of pdcs vs other type i ifn producers to the overall type i ifn response and immune control or pathology after retrovirus infection is not fully understood while a considerable number of studies have been undertaken to define the cellular source of type i ifn...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...type i ifn are required to fully control viral infections in summary pdcs are a known source of type i ifn in retroviral infection however the relative contribution of pdcs vs other type i ifn producers to the overall type i ifn response and immune control or pathology after retrovirus infection is not fully understood while a considerable number of studies have been undertaken to define the cellular source of type i ifn and the functions of these cell types in viral infections fewer data exist for nonviral infections in bacterial infections type i ifns can act as activators of...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...been undertaken to define the cellular source of type i ifn and the functions of these cell types in viral infections fewer data exist for nonviral infections in bacterial infections type i ifns can act as activators of protective immune responses or mediate immunosuppressive functions leading to exacerbation of the infection this ambivalent role of type i ifn has been reviewed recently 1 11 145 in this chapter we will focus on the efforts to clarify the identity and impact of type i ifn producing cells as knowledge on these has increased significantly paralleling the availability of newly developed mouse...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...newly developed mouse models it has been well established that cd4 t cells as well as secreted effector cytokines tnf il12 and ifn exert protective functions in host resistance to the intracellular bacterial pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis mtb 146 in contrast the role of type i ifn during mtb infection appears to promote infection instead of controlling infection type i ifns downregulate ifngr1 expression and thereby suppress ifn signaling 147 148 and ifnardeficient mice displayed increased bacterial clearance to infection with mtb although bacterial growth in the lung was unaffected 149 in in vitro studies bmderived macrophages and dcs...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

... it has been well established that cd4 t cells as well as secreted effector cytokines tnf il12 and ifn exert protective functions in host resistance to the intracellular bacterial pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis mtb 146 in contrast the role of type i ifn during mtb infection appears to promote infection instead of controlling infection type i ifns downregulate ifngr1 expression and thereby suppress ifn signaling 147 148 and ifnardeficient mice displayed increased bacterial clearance to infection with mtb although bacterial growth in the lung was unaffected 149 in in vitro studies bmderived macrophages and dcs have been identified as...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...well established that cd4 t cells as well as secreted effector cytokines tnf il12 and ifn exert protective functions in host resistance to the intracellular bacterial pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis mtb 146 in contrast the role of type i ifn during mtb infection appears to promote infection instead of controlling infection type i ifns downregulate ifngr1 expression and thereby suppress ifn signaling 147 148 and ifnardeficient mice displayed increased bacterial clearance to infection with mtb although bacterial growth in the lung was unaffected 149 in in vitro studies bmderived macrophages and dcs have been identified as a possible source of...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...to the intracellular bacterial pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis mtb 146 in contrast the role of type i ifn during mtb infection appears to promote infection instead of controlling infection type i ifns downregulate ifngr1 expression and thereby suppress ifn signaling 147 148 and ifnardeficient mice displayed increased bacterial clearance to infection with mtb although bacterial growth in the lung was unaffected 149 in in vitro studies bmderived macrophages and dcs have been identified as a possible source of type i ifn in response to mtb 149 150 also human peripheral blood mononuclear cell pbmcderived macrophages and especially dcs were...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...unaffected 149 in in vitro studies bmderived macrophages and dcs have been identified as a possible source of type i ifn in response to mtb 149 150 also human peripheral blood mononuclear cell pbmcderived macrophages and especially dcs were shown to produce type i ifn after in vitro infection with mtb 151 152 similar to mtb ifn promotes antimicrobial activity against mycobacterium leprae whereas type i ifns contribute to pathogenesis 153 here pbmcderived monocytes expressed ifn and ifnstimulated genes including the immunosuppressive cytokine il10 during m leprae infection in vitro 153 so far the cell type...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...shown to produce type i ifn after in vitro infection with mtb 151 152 similar to mtb ifn promotes antimicrobial activity against mycobacterium leprae whereas type i ifns contribute to pathogenesis 153 here pbmcderived monocytes expressed ifn and ifnstimulated genes including the immunosuppressive cytokine il10 during m leprae infection in vitro 153 so far the cell type expressing type i ifn in the context of mycobacterial infections in vivo as well as definition of the functional impact of these cells await clarification type i ifn not only inhibits antibacterial signaling pathways and promotes infection in the case...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...during m leprae infection in vitro 153 so far the cell type expressing type i ifn in the context of mycobacterial infections in vivo as well as definition of the functional impact of these cells await clarification type i ifn not only inhibits antibacterial signaling pathways and promotes infection in the case of mycobacteria also l monocytogenes has evolved mechanisms to activate the type i ifn pathway for the benefit of this intracellular pathogen mice deficient in ifnar signaling are more resistant to systemic l monocytogenes infection as compared to wt controls mechanistically type i ifns enhance susceptibility to...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

... type i ifn not only inhibits antibacterial signaling pathways and promotes infection in the case of mycobacteria also l monocytogenes has evolved mechanisms to activate the type i ifn pathway for the benefit of this intracellular pathogen mice deficient in ifnar signaling are more resistant to systemic l monocytogenes infection as compared to wt controls mechanistically type i ifns enhance susceptibility to systemic listeria infection by reducing responsiveness to ifn decreasing the number of proinflammatory myeloid cells promoting the expression of proapoptotic genes and enhancing t cell sensitivity to apoptosis 148 154 155 156 of note in intragastric or...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...case of mycobacteria also l monocytogenes has evolved mechanisms to activate the type i ifn pathway for the benefit of this intracellular pathogen mice deficient in ifnar signaling are more resistant to systemic l monocytogenes infection as compared to wt controls mechanistically type i ifns enhance susceptibility to systemic listeria infection by reducing responsiveness to ifn decreasing the number of proinflammatory myeloid cells promoting the expression of proapoptotic genes and enhancing t cell sensitivity to apoptosis 148 154 155 156 of note in intragastric or foodborne infection with l monocytogenes type i ifn receptor mediated signaling contributed positively to survival...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...compared to wt controls mechanistically type i ifns enhance susceptibility to systemic listeria infection by reducing responsiveness to ifn decreasing the number of proinflammatory myeloid cells promoting the expression of proapoptotic genes and enhancing t cell sensitivity to apoptosis 148 154 155 156 of note in intragastric or foodborne infection with l monocytogenes type i ifn receptor mediated signaling contributed positively to survival of infected mice or did not have an impact at all respectively 157 158 this emphasizes again that the route of infection contributes significantly to differences in the impact of type i ifn in infection ...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...sensitivity to apoptosis 148 154 155 156 of note in intragastric or foodborne infection with l monocytogenes type i ifn receptor mediated signaling contributed positively to survival of infected mice or did not have an impact at all respectively 157 158 this emphasizes again that the route of infection contributes significantly to differences in the impact of type i ifn in infection four distinct cell types have been reported as sources for type i ifn production during systemic l monocytogenes infection in vivo table 3 for one a facspurified splenic cell population from infected mice that...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...foodborne infection with l monocytogenes type i ifn receptor mediated signaling contributed positively to survival of infected mice or did not have an impact at all respectively 157 158 this emphasizes again that the route of infection contributes significantly to differences in the impact of type i ifn in infection four distinct cell types have been reported as sources for type i ifn production during systemic l monocytogenes infection in vivo table 3 for one a facspurified splenic cell population from infected mice that displays surface antigens typical of macrophages and not pdcs was identified as the...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...not have an impact at all respectively 157 158 this emphasizes again that the route of infection contributes significantly to differences in the impact of type i ifn in infection four distinct cell types have been reported as sources for type i ifn production during systemic l monocytogenes infection in vivo table 3 for one a facspurified splenic cell population from infected mice that displays surface antigens typical of macrophages and not pdcs was identified as the main producer of type i ifn 159 also the apathogenic listeria mutant lacking listeriolysin o which is unable to...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...subtype of mac3 hi inflammatory monocytes which produce tnf and inos were identified as the major ifnproducing cells in vivo in systemic l monocytogenes infections using ifn mobmob and ifn luc reporter mice 160 161 ifnproducing tipdcs harbored high bacterial loads and were located within the foci of infection in the splenic white pulp ideally positioned to activate t cells as well as nk cells via type i ifn 160 bacterial loads in the spleen were severely increased in mice deficient in ccr2 and thus lacking tipdcs 162 thus this subtype of inflammatory monocytes has been attributed...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...t cells as well as nk cells via type i ifn 160 bacterial loads in the spleen were severely increased in mice deficient in ccr2 and thus lacking tipdcs 162 thus this subtype of inflammatory monocytes has been attributed an important role in early containment of l monocytogenes infection 162 166 the overall role of tipdcs in this infection may therefore be ambiguous having a regulatory function in controlling the balance between containment of infection and at the same time mediating detrimental effects of type i ifn on the host interestingly in the spleens of listeriainfected ccr2 ...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...160 bacterial loads in the spleen were severely increased in mice deficient in ccr2 and thus lacking tipdcs 162 thus this subtype of inflammatory monocytes has been attributed an important role in early containment of l monocytogenes infection 162 166 the overall role of tipdcs in this infection may therefore be ambiguous having a regulatory function in controlling the balance between containment of infection and at the same time mediating detrimental effects of type i ifn on the host interestingly in the spleens of listeriainfected ccr2 mice increased levels of type i ifn were observed indicating that...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...thus lacking tipdcs 162 thus this subtype of inflammatory monocytes has been attributed an important role in early containment of l monocytogenes infection 162 166 the overall role of tipdcs in this infection may therefore be ambiguous having a regulatory function in controlling the balance between containment of infection and at the same time mediating detrimental effects of type i ifn on the host interestingly in the spleens of listeriainfected ccr2 mice increased levels of type i ifn were observed indicating that alternative cell types produce type i ifn in the absence of tipdcs which are triggered additionally...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...in the spleens of listeriainfected ccr2 mice increased levels of type i ifn were observed indicating that alternative cell types produce type i ifn in the absence of tipdcs which are triggered additionally by increased bacterial load along this line a detrimental role for pdcs in controlling l monocytogenes infection was demonstrated in siglech dtrdtr mice where ablation of pdcs caused significantly increased survival and decreased bacterial burden at day 3 pi while type i ifn levels themselves were not analyzed under these conditions 66 at earlier timepoints however antipdca1 mediated depletion of pdcs did not lead to a...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...been found to be able to induce ifn after stimulation with heatkilled l monocytogenes 163 ex vivo isolated cd317 siglech cd19 b cells activated cytotoxic function of nk cells in an ifndependent manner in vivo this b cell subset contributed positively to resistance to l monocytogenes infection as btk mice deficient for bcells and unable to generate cd317 cd19 b cells displayed increased susceptibility to l monocytogenes infection while adoptive transfer of cd317 cd19 b cells to btk mice normalized their resistance to l monocytogenes infection 163 as for intracellular...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

... b cells activated cytotoxic function of nk cells in an ifndependent manner in vivo this b cell subset contributed positively to resistance to l monocytogenes infection as btk mice deficient for bcells and unable to generate cd317 cd19 b cells displayed increased susceptibility to l monocytogenes infection while adoptive transfer of cd317 cd19 b cells to btk mice normalized their resistance to l monocytogenes infection 163 as for intracellular bacteria also for extracellularly replicating bacterial pathogens type i ifn can either be detrimental or essential for host defense 145 group b streptococci...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...to resistance to l monocytogenes infection as btk mice deficient for bcells and unable to generate cd317 cd19 b cells displayed increased susceptibility to l monocytogenes infection while adoptive transfer of cd317 cd19 b cells to btk mice normalized their resistance to l monocytogenes infection 163 as for intracellular bacteria also for extracellularly replicating bacterial pathogens type i ifn can either be detrimental or essential for host defense 145 group b streptococci gbs are important neonatal pathogens and type i ifn receptor signaling is reported to contribute to host resistance against this pathogen...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...as compared to wt controls splenic cd11b cd11c macrophagelike cells could be identified as major producers of ifn ex vivo by rtpcr analyses from sorted cells while no ifn subtypes were detected 169 in summary type i ifn production has a detrimental effect for the host after infection with intracellular bacteria such as mycobacteria and l monocytogenes bmdcs and pbmcderived dcs and macrophages are the responsible cell types for type i ifn production during mycobacteria infection for l monocytogenes four cell types have been identified as type i ifn producers namely macrophages tipdcs inflammatory monocytes and b cells...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...while no ifn subtypes were detected 169 in summary type i ifn production has a detrimental effect for the host after infection with intracellular bacteria such as mycobacteria and l monocytogenes bmdcs and pbmcderived dcs and macrophages are the responsible cell types for type i ifn production during mycobacteria infection for l monocytogenes four cell types have been identified as type i ifn producers namely macrophages tipdcs inflammatory monocytes and b cells in the case of extracellular bacteria the cell types identified as type i ifn producers include macrophages and bmdcs however with the exception of the intracellular model organism...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...namely macrophages tipdcs inflammatory monocytes and b cells in the case of extracellular bacteria the cell types identified as type i ifn producers include macrophages and bmdcs however with the exception of the intracellular model organism l monocytogenes the knowledge on the cellular source of type i ifn in bacterial infection is rather scarce as for bacterial infections the effect of type i ifn in mouse models for infections with pathogenic fungi has been reported as beneficial or detrimental for the host depending on the fungal species and the route of infection additionally controversial results obtained from very similar infection...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...cellular source of type i ifn in bacterial infection is rather scarce as for bacterial infections the effect of type i ifn in mouse models for infections with pathogenic fungi has been reported as beneficial or detrimental for the host depending on the fungal species and the route of infection additionally controversial results obtained from very similar infection settings have been explained by the possible impact of differences in the microbiome in the respective mouse colonies 1 11 the cell type responsible for type i ifn production in fungal infections in vivo however awaits clarification to our knowledge only...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...infection is rather scarce as for bacterial infections the effect of type i ifn in mouse models for infections with pathogenic fungi has been reported as beneficial or detrimental for the host depending on the fungal species and the route of infection additionally controversial results obtained from very similar infection settings have been explained by the possible impact of differences in the microbiome in the respective mouse colonies 1 11 the cell type responsible for type i ifn production in fungal infections in vivo however awaits clarification to our knowledge only for the important opportunistic fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...by a fumigatus was analyzed initially in human pdcs isolated from pbmcs when these cells were stimulated in vitro with a fumigatus hyphae ifn was detected in the supernatant 170 ifnar mice or mice depleted of pdcs by anticd317 treatment exhibited an increased susceptibility to pulmonary or iv infection with a fumigatus conidia a direct impact of pdc depletion on type i ifn levels in vivo after infection however has not been analyzed in this study 170 therefore the hypothesis that pdcs mediate their protective function in this fungal infection directly via type i ifn remains to be...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...with a fumigatus hyphae ifn was detected in the supernatant 170 ifnar mice or mice depleted of pdcs by anticd317 treatment exhibited an increased susceptibility to pulmonary or iv infection with a fumigatus conidia a direct impact of pdc depletion on type i ifn levels in vivo after infection however has not been analyzed in this study 170 therefore the hypothesis that pdcs mediate their protective function in this fungal infection directly via type i ifn remains to be tested infection with a wide variety of protozoan parasites can trigger type i ifn expression in mammalian hosts...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...exhibited an increased susceptibility to pulmonary or iv infection with a fumigatus conidia a direct impact of pdc depletion on type i ifn levels in vivo after infection however has not been analyzed in this study 170 therefore the hypothesis that pdcs mediate their protective function in this fungal infection directly via type i ifn remains to be tested infection with a wide variety of protozoan parasites can trigger type i ifn expression in mammalian hosts as reviewed recently 171 172 for plasmodium leishmania and trypanosoma in vivo infection models several studies have been carried out in the...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...fumigatus conidia a direct impact of pdc depletion on type i ifn levels in vivo after infection however has not been analyzed in this study 170 therefore the hypothesis that pdcs mediate their protective function in this fungal infection directly via type i ifn remains to be tested infection with a wide variety of protozoan parasites can trigger type i ifn expression in mammalian hosts as reviewed recently 171 172 for plasmodium leishmania and trypanosoma in vivo infection models several studies have been carried out in the last few years which allowed the identification of cellular sources of...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...that pdcs mediate their protective function in this fungal infection directly via type i ifn remains to be tested infection with a wide variety of protozoan parasites can trigger type i ifn expression in mammalian hosts as reviewed recently 171 172 for plasmodium leishmania and trypanosoma in vivo infection models several studies have been carried out in the last few years which allowed the identification of cellular sources of type i ifn in response to intracellular parasite infections this will be the focus of the following chapter and summarized in table 4 malaria is an important parasitic disease...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...is caused by the protozoan parasite plasmodium with p falciparum being responsible for its most severe forms in humans malarial parasites are transmitted at sporozoitestage by infected mosquitoes 182 the transmitted sporozoites rapidly travel to the liver where they infect hepatocytes and initiate clinically silent but immunologically active liverstage infection 171 wellestablished in vivo mouse models include the lethal plasmodium yoelii ym and p berghei anka leading to high parasitemia and cerebral malaria cm respectively after inoculation with plasmodiuminfected erythrocytes further p chabaudi is used as a chronic infection model various cellular sources for type i ifns have been...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...infect hepatocytes and initiate clinically silent but immunologically active liverstage infection 171 wellestablished in vivo mouse models include the lethal plasmodium yoelii ym and p berghei anka leading to high parasitemia and cerebral malaria cm respectively after inoculation with plasmodiuminfected erythrocytes further p chabaudi is used as a chronic infection model various cellular sources for type i ifns have been proposed after plasmodium infection in vitro 182 183 184 after inoculation with p berghei anka infected erythrocytes in vivo isolated splenic pdcs as well as cd8 cdcs expressed type i ifn 173 174 using anticd317 mediated pdc...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...in vivo mouse models include the lethal plasmodium yoelii ym and p berghei anka leading to high parasitemia and cerebral malaria cm respectively after inoculation with plasmodiuminfected erythrocytes further p chabaudi is used as a chronic infection model various cellular sources for type i ifns have been proposed after plasmodium infection in vitro 182 183 184 after inoculation with p berghei anka infected erythrocytes in vivo isolated splenic pdcs as well as cd8 cdcs expressed type i ifn 173 174 using anticd317 mediated pdc depletion and cdc depletion in cd11cdtrtg mice it was shown that cdcs but not...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...173 additionally cdcs require ifnar dependent signaling for systemic ifn production in this model as indicated by substantially lower levels of serum ifn in cd11ccre ifnar1 flfl mice compared to those in infected ifnar1 flfl littermate controls 174 in contrast to the p berghei anka model p chabaudi infection did not induce ifn in splenic cdcs but rather in pdcs via the tlr9 sensing pathway 175 however pdcs were not essential for parasite clearance in p chabaudi infection 175 direct in vivo analysis performed in ifn mobmob reporter mice 59 revealed that in p chabaudi infection about...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...to those in infected ifnar1 flfl littermate controls 174 in contrast to the p berghei anka model p chabaudi infection did not induce ifn in splenic cdcs but rather in pdcs via the tlr9 sensing pathway 175 however pdcs were not essential for parasite clearance in p chabaudi infection 175 direct in vivo analysis performed in ifn mobmob reporter mice 59 revealed that in p chabaudi infection about 75 of ifn producing cells are pdcs 176 in addition to pdcs splenic red pulp macrophages rpms can generate significant quantities of ifn in response to p chabaudi infection...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...chabaudi infection did not induce ifn in splenic cdcs but rather in pdcs via the tlr9 sensing pathway 175 however pdcs were not essential for parasite clearance in p chabaudi infection 175 direct in vivo analysis performed in ifn mobmob reporter mice 59 revealed that in p chabaudi infection about 75 of ifn producing cells are pdcs 176 in addition to pdcs splenic red pulp macrophages rpms can generate significant quantities of ifn in response to p chabaudi infection contribution of both cell types to the type i ifn response in this system was defined by pdc depletion...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...infection 175 direct in vivo analysis performed in ifn mobmob reporter mice 59 revealed that in p chabaudi infection about 75 of ifn producing cells are pdcs 176 in addition to pdcs splenic red pulp macrophages rpms can generate significant quantities of ifn in response to p chabaudi infection contribution of both cell types to the type i ifn response in this system was defined by pdc depletion via anticd317 treatment and in rpm deficient spic mice 176 in the lethal malaria mouse model of p yoelii ym infection type i ifn enhances inflammatory blood leukocyte activation...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...quantities of ifn in response to p chabaudi infection contribution of both cell types to the type i ifn response in this system was defined by pdc depletion via anticd317 treatment and in rpm deficient spic mice 176 in the lethal malaria mouse model of p yoelii ym infection type i ifn enhances inflammatory blood leukocyte activation and lethal outcome 177 ifn mobmob reporter mice indicated here that type i ifn is produced in high amounts by bm and blood pdcs and to lesser extent by tissue resident pdcs 177 depletion of pdcs by anticd317 or using...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...ifn has been observed in local tissues and in the draining lymph nodes of l major infected mice 187 188 there are diverging reports about the role of type i ifn production in the control of parasite burden and development of disease pathology depending on the time course of infection and type i ifn induction it can exert detrimental or protective effects for the host in leishmaniasis 189 most of the studies addressing the cellular source of type i ifn in leishmania infection were performed in vitro for example infection of murine macrophages with l major or l amazonensis...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...the control of parasite burden and development of disease pathology depending on the time course of infection and type i ifn induction it can exert detrimental or protective effects for the host in leishmaniasis 189 most of the studies addressing the cellular source of type i ifn in leishmania infection were performed in vitro for example infection of murine macrophages with l major or l amazonensis lead to type i ifn production 188 190 in vitro exposure of bmderived as well as splenic pdcs to l major l infantum or l braziliensis promastigotes induces release of ifn and ifn...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...of disease pathology depending on the time course of infection and type i ifn induction it can exert detrimental or protective effects for the host in leishmaniasis 189 most of the studies addressing the cellular source of type i ifn in leishmania infection were performed in vitro for example infection of murine macrophages with l major or l amazonensis lead to type i ifn production 188 190 in vitro exposure of bmderived as well as splenic pdcs to l major l infantum or l braziliensis promastigotes induces release of ifn and ifn in a tlr9dependent manner 191 intriguingly...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...causes severe toxoplasmosis in immunesuppressed patients t gondii can infect a wide range of warmblooded animals is able to invade any nucleated cell but survives outside of the mammalian host as well 171 172 the gut epithelium is a strategic barrier to prevent or limit parasite dissemination upon oral infection with t gondii in the initial phase of oral t gondii infection elevated ifn mrna levels were observed in the small intestine intestinal epithelial cells iecs and cells from the lamina propria are the source of local ifn production in early infection as assessed by realtime pcr performed on cells...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...range of warmblooded animals is able to invade any nucleated cell but survives outside of the mammalian host as well 171 172 the gut epithelium is a strategic barrier to prevent or limit parasite dissemination upon oral infection with t gondii in the initial phase of oral t gondii infection elevated ifn mrna levels were observed in the small intestine intestinal epithelial cells iecs and cells from the lamina propria are the source of local ifn production in early infection as assessed by realtime pcr performed on cells isolated from infected mice 180 in in vitro infection t gondii...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...to prevent or limit parasite dissemination upon oral infection with t gondii in the initial phase of oral t gondii infection elevated ifn mrna levels were observed in the small intestine intestinal epithelial cells iecs and cells from the lamina propria are the source of local ifn production in early infection as assessed by realtime pcr performed on cells isolated from infected mice 180 in in vitro infection t gondii has been reported to induce or suppress type i ifn induction depending on the host species the cell type and the parasite strain analyzed one publication showed that bmderived murine...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...t gondii infection elevated ifn mrna levels were observed in the small intestine intestinal epithelial cells iecs and cells from the lamina propria are the source of local ifn production in early infection as assessed by realtime pcr performed on cells isolated from infected mice 180 in in vitro infection t gondii has been reported to induce or suppress type i ifn induction depending on the host species the cell type and the parasite strain analyzed one publication showed that bmderived murine pdcs produce ifn after infection with t gondii 192 murine pdcs recognized t gondii profilin via tlr11...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...pcr performed on cells isolated from infected mice 180 in in vitro infection t gondii has been reported to induce or suppress type i ifn induction depending on the host species the cell type and the parasite strain analyzed one publication showed that bmderived murine pdcs produce ifn after infection with t gondii 192 murine pdcs recognized t gondii profilin via tlr11 and tlr12 and produce type i ifn in a myd88 dependent fashion 192 193 in contrast to murine pdcs human pdcs lack tlr11 and tlr12 and are unable to produce type i ifn despite of direct...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...with t gondii 192 murine pdcs recognized t gondii profilin via tlr11 and tlr12 and produce type i ifn in a myd88 dependent fashion 192 193 in contrast to murine pdcs human pdcs lack tlr11 and tlr12 and are unable to produce type i ifn despite of direct infection with t gondii active infection with t gondii in vitro rather functionally inactivates human pdcs 194 in particular macrophages and dcs serve as reservoirs of t gondii infection and facilitate early dissemination 195 most of the toxoplasma strains tested are unable to induce type i ifn production in...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...murine pdcs recognized t gondii profilin via tlr11 and tlr12 and produce type i ifn in a myd88 dependent fashion 192 193 in contrast to murine pdcs human pdcs lack tlr11 and tlr12 and are unable to produce type i ifn despite of direct infection with t gondii active infection with t gondii in vitro rather functionally inactivates human pdcs 194 in particular macrophages and dcs serve as reservoirs of t gondii infection and facilitate early dissemination 195 most of the toxoplasma strains tested are unable to induce type i ifn production in murine bmderived macrophages after in...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...contrast to murine pdcs human pdcs lack tlr11 and tlr12 and are unable to produce type i ifn despite of direct infection with t gondii active infection with t gondii in vitro rather functionally inactivates human pdcs 194 in particular macrophages and dcs serve as reservoirs of t gondii infection and facilitate early dissemination 195 most of the toxoplasma strains tested are unable to induce type i ifn production in murine bmderived macrophages after in vitro infection 196 197 t gondii mediated suppression of type i ifn expression has been reported also for monocytes macrophages and several dc...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...t gondii in vitro rather functionally inactivates human pdcs 194 in particular macrophages and dcs serve as reservoirs of t gondii infection and facilitate early dissemination 195 most of the toxoplasma strains tested are unable to induce type i ifn production in murine bmderived macrophages after in vitro infection 196 197 t gondii mediated suppression of type i ifn expression has been reported also for monocytes macrophages and several dc subsets in vitro 181 195 196 on the other hand few atypical toxoplasma strains such as cougar and rub can induce ifn production in murine bmderived macrophages...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...ifn expression has been reported also for monocytes macrophages and several dc subsets in vitro 181 195 196 on the other hand few atypical toxoplasma strains such as cougar and rub can induce ifn production in murine bmderived macrophages as well as in human skin fibroblasts in in vitro infection systems 196 in a physiological oral infection mouse model ex vivo isolated inflammatory monocytes in the gutdraining mesenteric lymph nodes were identified the major producers of ifn the expression of ifn by inflammatory monocytes required phagocytic uptake of t gondii while active invasion did not trigger ifn induction 181...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...macrophages and several dc subsets in vitro 181 195 196 on the other hand few atypical toxoplasma strains such as cougar and rub can induce ifn production in murine bmderived macrophages as well as in human skin fibroblasts in in vitro infection systems 196 in a physiological oral infection mouse model ex vivo isolated inflammatory monocytes in the gutdraining mesenteric lymph nodes were identified the major producers of ifn the expression of ifn by inflammatory monocytes required phagocytic uptake of t gondii while active invasion did not trigger ifn induction 181 thus depending on the host species the...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...did not trigger ifn induction 181 thus depending on the host species the cell type and the parasite strain t gondii may induce or suppress type i ifn production epithelial skin fibroblasts pdcs macrophages and inflammatory monocytes here are known cellular sources of type i ifn in t gondii infection most of the knowledge about the cellular sources of type i ifn is deduced from in vitro experiments analysis of type i ifn reporter mouse models with and without ablation of different cell types is missing so far taken together the major type i ifn producing cell types and their...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...the cellular sources of type i ifn and their relevance with regard to disease elimination in multicellular parasites such as helminths type i ifn reporter mouse models and cell specific depletion models remain to be analyzed as for the other pathogen types reviewed above parasite numbers and the site of infection might influence the sensing pathway and cell type activated to produce type i ifn in recent years the generation of novel animal models has remarkably advanced our understanding of the mode of action of ifns and the cell type responsible for its production in the context of an infection...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...infection might influence the sensing pathway and cell type activated to produce type i ifn in recent years the generation of novel animal models has remarkably advanced our understanding of the mode of action of ifns and the cell type responsible for its production in the context of an infection the existing knowledge does not allow to depict any cell type as a single cell type responsible for the entire type i ifn production in the course of any infection rather depending on the type of infection a wide variety of cells have exhibited the capacity to produce type i...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...of the mode of action of ifns and the cell type responsible for its production in the context of an infection the existing knowledge does not allow to depict any cell type as a single cell type responsible for the entire type i ifn production in the course of any infection rather depending on the type of infection a wide variety of cells have exhibited the capacity to produce type i ifn decisive factors for the type of cell initiating type i ifn production are the type and amount of pathogen and the site and stage of the infection additionally the...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...and the cell type responsible for its production in the context of an infection the existing knowledge does not allow to depict any cell type as a single cell type responsible for the entire type i ifn production in the course of any infection rather depending on the type of infection a wide variety of cells have exhibited the capacity to produce type i ifn decisive factors for the type of cell initiating type i ifn production are the type and amount of pathogen and the site and stage of the infection additionally the genetic background of the mouse model and...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...of any infection rather depending on the type of infection a wide variety of cells have exhibited the capacity to produce type i ifn decisive factors for the type of cell initiating type i ifn production are the type and amount of pathogen and the site and stage of the infection additionally the genetic background of the mouse model and its microbiome status contribute as well and need to be further analyzed even though pdcs are more specialized than other cell types in type i ifn production it is getting increasingly clear that in vivo their contribution to antiviral immunity...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...microbiome status contribute as well and need to be further analyzed even though pdcs are more specialized than other cell types in type i ifn production it is getting increasingly clear that in vivo their contribution to antiviral immunity and also to immune responses to bacterial fungal and parasitic infection exhibits restricted patterns in time of induction and duration the importance of pdcs as the source of type i ifn early in virus infections does not hold true at later timepoints when other host cells take over as dominant producers of type i ifns the impact of pdcs also depends...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...time of induction and duration the importance of pdcs as the source of type i ifn early in virus infections does not hold true at later timepoints when other host cells take over as dominant producers of type i ifns the impact of pdcs also depends on the route of infection while pdcs provide an important source of type i ifn in systemic infections their requirement for i ifnmediated antiviral immune responses in local tissues seems to be necessary only if other lines of defense are broken however there are exceptions to the rule as shown for local infections with mhv...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...between the different type i ifn producing cells will be a topic of future studies advanced single cell functional profiling and systems biology approaches will contribute significantly in the near future to identify the exact functions of specific cell types even cell subtypes in the different stages of an infection the spatiotemporal interaction of the type i ifn producing cell with the pathogen and the immune cells that are activated by type i ifn could help to better dissect the diverse functions of type i ifn in the immune response at different stages of infection importantly due to the severe...

Title: Sources of Type I Interferons in Infectious
Immunity: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Not Always in the
Driver's Seat
Authors: Ali, Shafaqat. Mann-Nüttel, Ritu...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 2118
ID: d13f5a5fa79315e120154fcac023f97ccfe8ad6f
Number of matches: 140

...the different stages of an infection the spatiotemporal interaction of the type i ifn producing cell with the pathogen and the immune cells that are activated by type i ifn could help to better dissect the diverse functions of type i ifn in the immune response at different stages of infection importantly due to the severe side effects of type i ifn treatment there is a dire need to better control its activity and thereby increase its beneficial net effect strategies such as modifying the affinity of type i ifns or modulating its time of availability have been reviewed recently 199...

Title: Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral
Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic
Fevers
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu. Tani, Hideki...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2119
ID: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Number of matches: 10

...this genus can be divided into two different groups the old world arenaviruses and the new world arenaviruses also known as the tacaribe complex [1 2] the differences between the two groups have been established through the use of serological assays most of the arenaviruses cause persistent infection in rodents without any symptoms and humans acquire a variety of diseases when zoonotically infected lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus lcmv is the only arenavirus to exhibit a worldwide distribution and causes illnesses such as meningitis [3 4] congenital lcmv infections have also been reported [4 5]...

Title: Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral
Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic
Fevers
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu. Tani, Hideki...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2119
ID: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Number of matches: 10

...specificity to the assay compared to a simple elisa readout a serological diagnosis by the detection of specific igm and igg antibodies to the hfvs must be sensitive specific and reliable because a misdiagnosis can lead to panic in the general population an igmspecific elisa is suitable for detecting recent infection but the relevance of igm testing for acute vhf depends on the virus and the duration of illness specific igm is not often present in the very early stage of illness and patients who die of vhf often fail to seroconvert at all an iggspecific elisa is efficacious not only...

Title: Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral
Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic
Fevers
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu. Tani, Hideki...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2119
ID: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Number of matches: 10

...to detect antibodies against junv and the assay has been evaluated by using ahf patients sera [70] the lasvrnpbased antibody detection systems such as elisa and ifa are suggested to be useful not only for the diagnosis of lassa fever but also for seroepidemiological studies of lasv infection in our preliminary study approximately 15 of the sera collected from 334 ghanaians and less than 3 of 280 zambians showed positive reactions in the lasvrnpbased igg elisa [58] these results are in agreement with the fact that lassa fever is endemic to the west african region...

Title: Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral
Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic
Fevers
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu. Tani, Hideki...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2119
ID: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Number of matches: 10

...have been developed [50] the agcapture elisa using mab e42 and c1112 detected the ags of all of the pathogenic new world arenaviruses tested including junv on the other hand the agcapture elisa using mab c69 detects only the junv ag considering that the symptoms of junv infection in humans are indistinguishable from those due to other pathogenic new world arenaviruses the ag capture elisa using mab c69 may be a useful diagnostic tool especially for ahf [50] the virus neutralization assay is accepted as the gold standard serodiagnostic assay to quantify the antibody response...

Title: Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral
Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic
Fevers
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu. Tani, Hideki...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2119
ID: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Number of matches: 10

...humans are indistinguishable from those due to other pathogenic new world arenaviruses the ag capture elisa using mab c69 may be a useful diagnostic tool especially for ahf [50] the virus neutralization assay is accepted as the gold standard serodiagnostic assay to quantify the antibody response to infection and vaccination of a wide variety of viruses associated with human diseases [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] the presence of neutralizing antibodies is a reliable indicator of protective immunity against vhf [87...

Title: Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral
Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic
Fevers
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu. Tani, Hideki...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2119
ID: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Number of matches: 10

...[102] [103] pseudotypes based on vsv have advantages compared with other pseudotypes based on retroviruses for the following reasons first the pseudotype virus titer obtained with the vsv system is generally higher than that of the pseudotyped retrovirus system [104] second the infection of target cells with a vsv pseudotype can be readily detected as green fluorescent protein gfppositive cells at 716 h postinfection because of the high level of gfp expression in the vsv system [104 105] in contrast the time required for infection in the pseudotyped retrovirus system...

Title: Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral
Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic
Fevers
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu. Tani, Hideki...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2119
ID: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Number of matches: 10

...104] second the infection of target cells with a vsv pseudotype can be readily detected as green fluorescent protein gfppositive cells at 716 h postinfection because of the high level of gfp expression in the vsv system [104 105] in contrast the time required for infection in the pseudotyped retrovirus system is 48 h [106 107] which is similar to the time required for infectious viruses to replicate to a level that results in plaqueforming or cytopathic effects in infected cells a highthroughput assay for determining neutralizing antibody titers using vsv pseudotypes expressing...

Title: Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral
Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic
Fevers
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu. Tani, Hideki...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2119
ID: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Number of matches: 10

... the genome sequence analysis of the lujo virus suggests that the virus is genetically distinct from previously characterized arenaviruses in order to study the infectivity of this newly identified arenavirus we have recently developed a luciferaseexpressing vsv pseudotype bearing lujo virus gpc vsvlujogp as shown in figure 3 infection with vsvlujogpc is specifically neutralized by rabbit antilujo gpc serum thus the vsvlujogp may be a useful tool not only for determining the neutralizing antibody titer within the serum but also for exploring yettobedefined cellular receptors for lujo virus infection or for screening inhibitors of the lujo virus gpmediated cell...

Title: Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral
Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic
Fevers
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu. Tani, Hideki...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 2119
ID: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Number of matches: 10

...lujo virus gpc vsvlujogp as shown in figure 3 infection with vsvlujogpc is specifically neutralized by rabbit antilujo gpc serum thus the vsvlujogp may be a useful tool not only for determining the neutralizing antibody titer within the serum but also for exploring yettobedefined cellular receptors for lujo virus infection or for screening inhibitors of the lujo virus gpmediated cell entry hemorrhagic fever outbreaks caused by pathogenic arenaviruses result in high fatality rates a rapid and accurate diagnosis is a critical first step in any outbreak serologic diagnostic methods for vhfs most often employ an elisa ifa andor virus...

Title: Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and
viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of
India
Authors: Kylla, Hosterson. Dutta, Tapan K....
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 2120
ID: 3cba082e1f0b91d9143ea8e72eada78be0474064
Number of matches: 11

...worldwide the mechanism of viral and bacterial coinfection contribution to disease augmentation was first explained while studying role of secondary bacterial infections during influenza pandemics [3] in which many bacterial agents were associated but staphylococcus aureus streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae are the major bacteria associated in concurrent infection with influenza virus [4] researchers have demonstrated that a single susceptible host is attacked and often infected by two or more pathogen species or strains [5 6] in which case coinfecting pathogens may act synergistically resulting in even greater pathogenesis and such involvement may...

Title: Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and
viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of
India
Authors: Kylla, Hosterson. Dutta, Tapan K....
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 2120
ID: 3cba082e1f0b91d9143ea8e72eada78be0474064
Number of matches: 11

...not only augment the clinical course of infections but can also influence host immune responses to pathogens [8 9] and eventually affect the effectiveness of many disease control program in a state or country [10] coinfecting pathogens in any species may cause severe diarrhea than infection with a single pathogen alone [11] most often concurrent infection with multiple pathogens available at wwwveterinaryworldorgvol12february20196pdf is common particularly among young children with diarrhea and often followed a long severe course and manifestation than infection with a single causal pathogen [12 13] infectious diarrhea...

Title: Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and
viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of
India
Authors: Kylla, Hosterson. Dutta, Tapan K....
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 2120
ID: 3cba082e1f0b91d9143ea8e72eada78be0474064
Number of matches: 11

...immune responses to pathogens [8 9] and eventually affect the effectiveness of many disease control program in a state or country [10] coinfecting pathogens in any species may cause severe diarrhea than infection with a single pathogen alone [11] most often concurrent infection with multiple pathogens available at wwwveterinaryworldorgvol12february20196pdf is common particularly among young children with diarrhea and often followed a long severe course and manifestation than infection with a single causal pathogen [12 13] infectious diarrhea of neonatal animals is one of the most common and economically devastating conditions...

Title: Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and
viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of
India
Authors: Kylla, Hosterson. Dutta, Tapan K....
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 2120
ID: 3cba082e1f0b91d9143ea8e72eada78be0474064
Number of matches: 11

...] coinfecting pathogens in any species may cause severe diarrhea than infection with a single pathogen alone [11] most often concurrent infection with multiple pathogens available at wwwveterinaryworldorgvol12february20196pdf is common particularly among young children with diarrhea and often followed a long severe course and manifestation than infection with a single causal pathogen [12 13] infectious diarrhea of neonatal animals is one of the most common and economically devastating conditions encountered in the livestock industry some of the diarrheas are selflimiting some are associated with high morbidity and others are associated with high mortality [...

Title: Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and
viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of
India
Authors: Kylla, Hosterson. Dutta, Tapan K....
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 2120
ID: 3cba082e1f0b91d9143ea8e72eada78be0474064
Number of matches: 11

...which the most frequent salmonella serotype involved was typhimurium table2 in total 9 387 samples harboring pathogens involved as coinfection in piglets was detected from unorganized farms whereas only 2 088 samples were from organized farms again of the 11 positive samples crossbreed piglets recorded higher detection of mixed infection 9 275 than local indigenous piglets 2 153 the samples in the present study were collected during different seasons of the year the occurrence of coinfection was found to be most common during summer season n6 468 followed by winter n3 227 spring n1 107 and autumn n1 096 respectively...

Title: Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and
viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of
India
Authors: Kylla, Hosterson. Dutta, Tapan K....
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 2120
ID: 3cba082e1f0b91d9143ea8e72eada78be0474064
Number of matches: 11

...even mortality in farm animals [47] in our study s typhimurium was the most frequent serovar involved in coinfection however this serovar is not hostspecific serovar in pigs hence the finding is an indication of a public health and zoonotic concern the close monitoring of such concurrent infection in porcine is important not only in terms of production but also from a public health point of view in the present study higher detection of coinfection was recorded from unorganized farms compared to organized farms the reason for variation probably might be due to different management being practice...

Title: Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and
viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of
India
Authors: Kylla, Hosterson. Dutta, Tapan K....
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 2120
ID: 3cba082e1f0b91d9143ea8e72eada78be0474064
Number of matches: 11

...to organized farms the reason for variation probably might be due to different management being practice from farm to farm particularly in case of picobirnaviruses which can enter and transmit mainly through sewage and untreated water in the farm [48] crossbreed piglets recorded higher detection of mixed infection than local indigenous piglets although the variation is not very significant it may be possible that the local nondescriptive piglets possess better immunity against natural infection than crossbreed animals in addition the weaning age of piglets of the local animals is generally 810 weeks in comparison with the crossbreed animals...

Title: Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and
viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of
India
Authors: Kylla, Hosterson. Dutta, Tapan K....
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 2120
ID: 3cba082e1f0b91d9143ea8e72eada78be0474064
Number of matches: 11

...can enter and transmit mainly through sewage and untreated water in the farm [48] crossbreed piglets recorded higher detection of mixed infection than local indigenous piglets although the variation is not very significant it may be possible that the local nondescriptive piglets possess better immunity against natural infection than crossbreed animals in addition the weaning age of piglets of the local animals is generally 810 weeks in comparison with the crossbreed animals in organized farms within 6 weeks maternal immunity might also play an important role in resisting the infection in piglets particularly in indigenous pigs in the...

Title: Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and
viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of
India
Authors: Kylla, Hosterson. Dutta, Tapan K....
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 2120
ID: 3cba082e1f0b91d9143ea8e72eada78be0474064
Number of matches: 11

...local nondescriptive piglets possess better immunity against natural infection than crossbreed animals in addition the weaning age of piglets of the local animals is generally 810 weeks in comparison with the crossbreed animals in organized farms within 6 weeks maternal immunity might also play an important role in resisting the infection in piglets particularly in indigenous pigs in the same region in a study of diarrheagenic pathogens reported a higher prevalence rate of picobirnavirus and stec in crossbreed than indigenous piglets population [24 46] in our study samples collected during different seasons showed that coinfection of enteric pathogens...

Title: Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and
viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of
India
Authors: Kylla, Hosterson. Dutta, Tapan K....
Journal: Vet World
Item: Infection
Index: 2120
ID: 3cba082e1f0b91d9143ea8e72eada78be0474064
Number of matches: 11

...be most common during the summer juneaugust however due to paucity of reports regarding seasonal variation of coinfection hence this did not allow us to compare our results the humid climatic condition during summer with persistent rainfall in northeast region may be an important reason for entry and transmission of infection among the pig population such climatic condition also allows suitable environment for persistent enteric pathogens such as e coli salmonella rotavirus and picobirnavirus to cause diarrhea in piglets diarrhea or scour has been recognized as one of the most common ailments causing deaths of young animals including piglets but...

Title: Emerging infectious diseases and biological
invasions: a call for a One Health collaboration in science
and management
Authors: Ogden, Nick H.. Wilson, John R. U....
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 2121
ID: 0dbd0395f35ca86b7afb6e0325025b8741dfa771
Number of matches: 2

...be dispersed over long distances eg [46] beyond the simple contingency of species being transported into a new environment the number and size of introduction events of a given species is also important this is termed propagule pressure in invasion science and is analogous to concepts of infection frequency relevant for spillover and introduction to new areas and infective dose that are important in infectious disease epidemiology [13 17 47] if propagule pressure is low introduced species are more likely to undergo stochastic fadeout for a range of reasons including the probability that an infected...

Title: Emerging infectious diseases and biological
invasions: a call for a One Health collaboration in science
and management
Authors: Ogden, Nick H.. Wilson, John R. U....
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 2121
ID: 0dbd0395f35ca86b7afb6e0325025b8741dfa771
Number of matches: 2

...are important in infectious disease epidemiology [13 17 47] if propagule pressure is low introduced species are more likely to undergo stochastic fadeout for a range of reasons including the probability that an infected individual meets enough naive individuals for at least one of them to acquire infection for infectious diseases or to mate successfully for any species undergoing sexual reproduction ii compatibility both invasive species and eids must be capable of surviving in their new environment to the point of reproduction and then of reproduction that supports stable or expanding populations the capacity of an invading species...

Title: In Situ Tagged nsp15 Reveals Interactions with
Coronavirus Replication/Transcription
Complex-Associated Proteins
Authors: Athmer, Jeremiah. Fehr, Anthony R....
Journal: mBio
Item: Infection
Index: 2123
ID: 634b8c282afdd06201cb2531fb70985d92270271
Number of matches: 31

......

Title: In Situ Tagged nsp15 Reveals Interactions with
Coronavirus Replication/Transcription
Complex-Associated Proteins
Authors: Athmer, Jeremiah. Fehr, Anthony R....
Journal: mBio
Item: Infection
Index: 2123
ID: 634b8c282afdd06201cb2531fb70985d92270271
Number of matches: 31

......

Title: In Situ Tagged nsp15 Reveals Interactions with
Coronavirus Replication/Transcription
Complex-Associated Proteins
Authors: Athmer, Jeremiah. Fehr, Anthony R....
Journal: mBio
Item: Infection
Index: 2123
ID: 634b8c282afdd06201cb2531fb70985d92270271
Number of matches: 31

...work we created a novel in situ tagged form of nsp15 to study interactions and localization during infection this in situ tag was tolerated by mhv and did not affect viral replication utilizing this tag we established that nsp15 localized to sites of replication but not sites of assembly throughout infection furthermore we found that nsp15 interacted with the putative viral primase nsp8 and polymerase nsp12 during cov infection the strong association of nsp15 with replication complexes and interactions with replicative cov enzymes suggest nsp15 is involved in cov replication these data and tools developed in this study help elucidate the...

Title: In Situ Tagged nsp15 Reveals Interactions with
Coronavirus Replication/Transcription
Complex-Associated Proteins
Authors: Athmer, Jeremiah. Fehr, Anthony R....
Journal: mBio
Item: Infection
Index: 2123
ID: 634b8c282afdd06201cb2531fb70985d92270271
Number of matches: 31

...this in situ tag was tolerated by mhv and did not affect viral replication utilizing this tag we established that nsp15 localized to sites of replication but not sites of assembly throughout infection furthermore we found that nsp15 interacted with the putative viral primase nsp8 and polymerase nsp12 during cov infection the strong association of nsp15 with replication complexes and interactions with replicative cov enzymes suggest nsp15 is involved in cov replication these data and tools developed in this study help elucidate the function of nsp15 during infection and may be used to uncover other novel viral protein interactions c...

Title: In Situ Tagged nsp15 Reveals Interactions with
Coronavirus Replication/Transcription
Complex-Associated Proteins
Authors: Athmer, Jeremiah. Fehr, Anthony R....
Journal: mBio
Item: Infection
Index: 2123
ID: 634b8c282afdd06201cb2531fb70985d92270271
Number of matches: 31

...nsp15 interacted with the putative viral primase nsp8 and polymerase nsp12 during cov infection the strong association of nsp15 with replication complexes and interactions with replicative cov enzymes suggest nsp15 is involved in cov replication these data and tools developed in this study help elucidate the function of nsp15 during infection and may be used to uncover other novel viral protein interactions c oronaviridae members of the nidovirales order are a family of positivesense rna ssrna viruses that infect a wide range of host species generally human coronavirus cov infections cause mild disease with upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal symptoms...

Title: In Situ Tagged nsp15 Reveals Interactions with
Coronavirus Replication/Transcription
Complex-Associated Proteins
Authors: Athmer, Jeremiah. Fehr, Anthony R....
Journal: mBio
Item: Infection
Index: 2123
ID: 634b8c282afdd06201cb2531fb70985d92270271
Number of matches: 31

...nsp8 nsp9 and nsp12 was immunoprecipitated from mouse hepatitis virus mhvinfected cells 9 but its function was not demonstrated since the majority of nsps localize to rtcs it is likely additional interactions drive virus rna replication and subgenomic transcription however due to relatively low levels of nsps produced during infection it has been difficult to identify these interactions during a natural infection nsp15 contains a conserved uridinespecific endoribonuclease domain with an unknown function in cov infection 20 21 the endoribonuclease activity of nsp15 is conserved in covs and arteriviruses but is not conserved among other nidoviruses roniviruses and...

Title: In Situ Tagged nsp15 Reveals Interactions with
Coronavirus Replication/Transcription
Complex-Associated Proteins
Authors: Athmer, Jeremiah. Fehr, Anthony R....
Journal: mBio
Item: Infection
Index: 2123
ID: 634b8c282afdd06201cb2531fb70985d92270271
Number of matches: 31

...9 but its function was not demonstrated since the majority of nsps localize to rtcs it is likely additional interactions drive virus rna replication and subgenomic transcription however due to relatively low levels of nsps produced during infection it has been difficult to identify these interactions during a natural infection nsp15 contains a conserved uridinespecific endoribonuclease domain with an unknown function in cov infection 20 21 the endoribonuclease activity of nsp15 is conserved in covs and arteriviruses but is not conserved among other nidoviruses roniviruses and mesoniviruses 22 23 this lack of conservation raises the possibility that...

Title: In Situ Tagged nsp15 Reveals Interactions with
Coronavirus Replication/Transcription
Complex-Associated Proteins
Authors: Athmer, Jeremiah. Fehr, Anthony R....
Journal: mBio
Item: Infection
Index: 2123
ID: 634b8c282afdd06201cb2531fb70985d92270271
Number of matches: 31

...rtcs it is likely additional interactions drive virus rna replication and subgenomic transcription however due to relatively low levels of nsps produced during infection it has been difficult to identify these interactions during a natural infection nsp15 contains a conserved uridinespecific endoribonuclease domain with an unknown function in cov infection 20 21 the endoribonuclease activity of nsp15 is conserved in covs and arteriviruses but is not conserved among other nidoviruses roniviruses and mesoniviruses 22 23 this lack of conservation raises the possibility that nsp15 does not function only in virus replication but rather is also involved in immune...

Title: Towards a solution to MERS: protective human
monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and
functions of the MERS-coronavirus spike glycoprotein
Authors: Widjaja, Ivy. Wang, Chunyan...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7030
ID: 5581ec03ebdca073e13b0df6329779940908f038
Number of matches: 43

...merscov spike protein each of which showing protective activity in mice against lethal merscov challenge this discovery holds promise for the development of antibody therapeutics against merscov infection passive immunization with a combination of antibodies targeting different domains and functions of the viral glycoprotein might be more protective against virus infection than single epitope mab therapy as was shown for other enveloped rna viruses [31 32 [41] [42] [43] which combination of antibodies provides synergistic protective activity against merscov and which combination of epitopes is the best to target needs to be further...

Title: Towards a solution to MERS: protective human
monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and
functions of the MERS-coronavirus spike glycoprotein
Authors: Widjaja, Ivy. Wang, Chunyan...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7030
ID: 5581ec03ebdca073e13b0df6329779940908f038
Number of matches: 43

...b [358588] were cloned inframe between the hbm secretion signal peptide and a triple streptag purification tag in the pfastbac transfer vector generation of bacmid dna and recombinant baculovirus was performed according to protocols from the bactobac system invitrogen and expression of merscov s variants was performed by infection of recombinant baculovirus of sf9 cells recombinant proteins were harvested from cell culture supernatants 3 days post infection and purified using streptactin sepharose affinity chromatography iba the soluble merss ectodomain used for immunization was produced in the drosophila expression system as described before [7] by cloning the...

Title: Towards a solution to MERS: protective human
monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and
functions of the MERS-coronavirus spike glycoprotein
Authors: Widjaja, Ivy. Wang, Chunyan...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7030
ID: 5581ec03ebdca073e13b0df6329779940908f038
Number of matches: 43

...tag in the pfastbac transfer vector generation of bacmid dna and recombinant baculovirus was performed according to protocols from the bactobac system invitrogen and expression of merscov s variants was performed by infection of recombinant baculovirus of sf9 cells recombinant proteins were harvested from cell culture supernatants 3 days post infection and purified using streptactin sepharose affinity chromatography iba the soluble merss ectodomain used for immunization was produced in the drosophila expression system as described before [7] by cloning the gene insert from the pfastbac transfer vector into the pmt expression vector invitrogen thermo fisher scientific the netherlands...

Title: Towards a solution to MERS: protective human
monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and
functions of the MERS-coronavirus spike glycoprotein
Authors: Widjaja, Ivy. Wang, Chunyan...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7030
ID: 5581ec03ebdca073e13b0df6329779940908f038
Number of matches: 43

...in brief mabs were twofold serially diluted and mixed with merscov for 1 h the mixture was then added to huh7 cells and incubated for 1 hr after which the cells were washed and further incubated in medium for 8 h subsequently the cells were washed fixed permeabilized and the infection was detected using immunofluorescent staining the prnt titre was determined as the highest mab dilution resulting in a 50 reduction in the number of infected cells prnt 50 elisa analysis of merscov s binding by antibodies nunc maxisorp plates thermo scientific were coated with the indicated merscov antigen...

Title: Towards a solution to MERS: protective human
monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and
functions of the MERS-coronavirus spike glycoprotein
Authors: Widjaja, Ivy. Wang, Chunyan...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7030
ID: 5581ec03ebdca073e13b0df6329779940908f038
Number of matches: 43

...merscov in vivo efficacy of mabs specific for the s protein of merscov and of an isotype matched negative control mabs was evaluated in the protection of the transgenic mouse model k18 tghdpp4 expressing the receptor for the human merscov [36] susceptible to the virulent virus merscov intranasal infection of these transgenic mice expressing human dpp4 causes a lethal disease associated with encephalitis lung mononuclear cell infiltration alveolar oedema and microvascular thrombosis with airways generally unaffected [36] to test the prophylactic efficacy of mabs in vivo groups of 5 mice 2030 weeks old were given 18...

Title: Towards a solution to MERS: protective human
monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and
functions of the MERS-coronavirus spike glycoprotein
Authors: Widjaja, Ivy. Wang, Chunyan...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7030
ID: 5581ec03ebdca073e13b0df6329779940908f038
Number of matches: 43

...lung mononuclear cell infiltration alveolar oedema and microvascular thrombosis with airways generally unaffected [36] to test the prophylactic efficacy of mabs in vivo groups of 5 mice 2030 weeks old were given 18 mg of the antibody per kg mouse by intraperitoneal injection 6 h before intranasal infection with a lethal dose of merscov emc isolate 5 10 3 pfumouse challenge dose resulting in consistently lethal infection in untreated mice whereas the administered dose was consistently lethal for all mice that received the isotype control antibody mice that received the best virus neutralizing antibodies were fully protected...

Title: Towards a solution to MERS: protective human
monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and
functions of the MERS-coronavirus spike glycoprotein
Authors: Widjaja, Ivy. Wang, Chunyan...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7030
ID: 5581ec03ebdca073e13b0df6329779940908f038
Number of matches: 43

...prophylactic efficacy of mabs in vivo groups of 5 mice 2030 weeks old were given 18 mg of the antibody per kg mouse by intraperitoneal injection 6 h before intranasal infection with a lethal dose of merscov emc isolate 5 10 3 pfumouse challenge dose resulting in consistently lethal infection in untreated mice whereas the administered dose was consistently lethal for all mice that received the isotype control antibody mice that received the best virus neutralizing antibodies were fully protected used in this study were provided by harbour antibodies bv a daughter company of harbour biomed httpwww this study...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...could be due to underdiagnosis or differences in camel husbandry practices one study has recently demonstrated that the virus in africa may be genetically and phenotypically distinct 18 to date there is no antiviral or vaccine to treat or prevent merscov in humans or camels in camels the merscov infection is mild transient and does not require veterinary care there is therefore little encouragement for camel owners to vaccinate their animals against merscov however there is an increasing body of evidence on asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic human cases amongst people who regularly have contact with camels suggesting that these people...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...and does not require veterinary care there is therefore little encouragement for camel owners to vaccinate their animals against merscov however there is an increasing body of evidence on asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic human cases amongst people who regularly have contact with camels suggesting that these people may transmit the infection to the community 4 19 therefore successful vaccination of camels would reduce virus circulation in this animal host and thereby reduce human exposure leading to a reduction in the number of human cases in addition developing a vaccine for humans and vaccinating humans at risk such as camel keepers...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...and in human clinical trials 34 35 here we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of chadox1 mers in dromedaries that are either seropositive or seronegative for merscov we also evaluated the age effect on vaccine immunogenicity in seronegative dromedary calves we have for the first time utilised a natural infection model of challenge to evaluate mers vaccine efficacy in camels in a realworld setting rather than a single exposure to merscov in a challenge experiment conducted within biocontainment facilities this is also the first study to evaluate a mers vaccine in dromedaries in endemic countries vaccination and challenge of...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...groups v or c were boosted by a second injection of chadox1 mers or pbs respectively and samples were collected at 7 14 21 and 28 days post boost dpb as shown in fig 1 three months post prime ie 84 dpi vaccinated camels were challenged in a natural infection model by introducing ten naturally infected and virus shedding camels referred to as infectious camels in 12 infectiousexperimental ratio in order to evaluate the vaccine efficacy fig 1 the merscov was tested in nasal swabs by rtqpcr for 21 days post challenge dpc and then at 28 and 56...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...virus shedding camels referred to as infectious camels in 12 infectiousexperimental ratio in order to evaluate the vaccine efficacy fig 1 the merscov was tested in nasal swabs by rtqpcr for 21 days post challenge dpc and then at 28 and 56 dpc camels were all negative for merscov infection at 28 and 56 dpc except one individual camel at 28 dpc figure s4 chadox1 mers enhances antibody responses in seropositive dromedaries serum samples were evaluated using commercial elisa kits figure s1 and an inhouse antis1 endpoint titre elisa fig 2 in seronegative camels group...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...rtqpcr with a ct value below 30 figure s2 were cohoused with the experimental 20 calves from the vaccination experiment in one pen starting from 84 dpi fig 1 resulting in a total of 30 camels in a pen of 30 m2 as an arbitrary indication of infection nasal discharges from camels in all groups were evaluated and scored from 03 from normal to severe as explained in the methods depending on the discharge abundance for 14 dpc figure s3 areas under the curve auc of these scores were plotted in fig 3 most camels in...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...demonstrated whilst these calves were not tested for merscov rna this finding indicates that these calves were infected when the challenge study took place in the pen 200 m away we strongly exclude the possibility of mechanical transfer of the virus due to the strict adherence of all staff to infection control measures monitored by surveillance cameras virus transmission and circulation to these calves through air could be possible of note the two elisas were significantly correlated figure s5c in this study we demonstrated that boosting humoral immune responses in merscov seropositive camels requires a single intramuscular dose of...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...nab titres may provide sterilising immunity in dromedaries as even seropositive camels could be reinfected as nabs wane over time [25] [26] [27] [28] our study also clearly confirms that merscov reinfection occur in dromedaries of note nasal discharge following infection was only observed in experimental setting and not in the market from which infectious camels were purchased so may not be used as a reliable indicator of infection supported also by previous studies 36 41 virus shedding continued for up to 14 days indicating an average time for the...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...] [28] our study also clearly confirms that merscov reinfection occur in dromedaries of note nasal discharge following infection was only observed in experimental setting and not in the market from which infectious camels were purchased so may not be used as a reliable indicator of infection supported also by previous studies 36 41 virus shedding continued for up to 14 days indicating an average time for the course of mers infection in penhoused camels notably although seronegative younger calves responded with high wwwnaturecomscientificreports wwwnaturecomscientificreports level of abs after primeboost as mentioned above they did not...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...in experimental setting and not in the market from which infectious camels were purchased so may not be used as a reliable indicator of infection supported also by previous studies 36 41 virus shedding continued for up to 14 days indicating an average time for the course of mers infection in penhoused camels notably although seronegative younger calves responded with high wwwnaturecomscientificreports wwwnaturecomscientificreports level of abs after primeboost as mentioned above they did not show significant different in nasal discharge nor in virus titre as compared to the primeonly seronegative younger calves in group v this indicate that inducing protective...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...show significant different in nasal discharge nor in virus titre as compared to the primeonly seronegative younger calves in group v this indicate that inducing protective immunogenicity in seronegative calves needs stringent and optimal vaccination regimens longrange airborne transmission of virus to camels housed separately and managed under strict infection control measures was also demonstrated as was the case in the korean hospital outbreak 42 accordingly prevention of transmission between camels whenever large groups of animals are present such as a market large herd or festival cannot be prevented by hygiene measures only and vaccination of camels should...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...camels and to humans this study also presents a significant correlation between inhouse elisa and commercially available elisa kits although low level of antibodies in some samples were detected only by inhouse elisa previous reports showed that commercial elisa kits may have low sensitivity 40 pens camels personnel and infection control a camel research farm was set up 100 km from riyadh city remote from urban areas with double fences and a secured gate inside this farm three metal pens were set up with 30 m 2 in size each pen is 150 cm height and has an infection control...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...and infection control a camel research farm was set up 100 km from riyadh city remote from urban areas with double fences and a secured gate inside this farm three metal pens were set up with 30 m 2 in size each pen is 150 cm height and has an infection control entry and exit points 10 m away from each other and from the pen two surveillance cameras were installed for each pen food and water troughs were placed inside each pen where they can be filled from outside without entering the pens supplementary file shows the farm layout nineteen...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...the remaining nine seronegative calves were used in a small follow up study to determine the age effect additional ten actively merscov sheddinginfected camels positive by rtpcr ct value below 30 were purchased from local markets and cohoused with the experimental calves in one pen to serve as a natural infection model of challenge overall a separate pen was used for each of the two studies and the third pen was only briefly used to gather infectious viral shedding camels one day before the challenge all camels were labelled with paint as well as digital microchips these two labels were used...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...and the third pen was only briefly used to gather infectious viral shedding camels one day before the challenge all camels were labelled with paint as well as digital microchips these two labels were used for the samples to ensure accuracy pen keepers veterinarians and drivers were trained for infection control practices including fittest for n95 masks each worker used their own specific n95 mask overall white gown goggles head cover shoe cover all of which disposable and used once only the team adhered to utilising the entry and exit point of each pen to ensure infection control each pen...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...were trained for infection control practices including fittest for n95 masks each worker used their own specific n95 mask overall white gown goggles head cover shoe cover all of which disposable and used once only the team adhered to utilising the entry and exit point of each pen to ensure infection control each pen donning and doffing area has biohazard waste container sharp biohazard containers 70 ethanol spray and virucidal aniospray laboratoires anios france used by the workers all staff involved in the study were also screened and confirmed merscov negative by elisa and pcr prior to during and at the...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...from a nearby dunes area was used as pen floors and new sand were added every 3 months pesticide was sprayed over the pen floors before starting the study or when new sand is added the research farm and pens were monitored by surveillance camera to ensure strict adherence to infection control measures and to ensure camels are not exposed to any stray animals eg fox dogs some photographs of this study are included in the supplementary file vaccine vaccination and sample collection the chadox1 mers vaccine candidate and chadox1egfp vector control were produced by the jenner institute at the...

Title: Humoral Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a
Single Dose of ChAdOx1 MERS Vaccine Candidate in
Dromedary Camels
Authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf. Qasim, Ibrahim...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7031
ID: f7de41208aece195ba22060365f3e3eb91e43d88
Number of matches: 20

...curve of the cultured viral rna negative nasal swab samples from healthy humans and healthy camels were used to confirm this cutoff as shown in figure s2b statistical analysis statistical analyses were performed to analyse the change in virus titres as well as nasal discharge scores over time post infection challenge first a mixed model for repeated measures design of the logtransformed merscov ge tcid 50 ml values was employed to account for the covariance among repeated measures and assess the change in virus titres over time virus titres in all animals subjects were measured daily equally spaced time points...

Title: Meditation or exercise for preventing acute
respiratory infection (MEPARI-2): A randomized
controlled trial
Authors: Barrett, Bruce. Hayney, Mary S....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7032
ID: 28af8fb783b6180c247285955b5e48df75947819
Number of matches: 2

......

Title: Meditation or exercise for preventing acute
respiratory infection (MEPARI-2): A randomized
controlled trial
Authors: Barrett, Bruce. Hayney, Mary S....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7032
ID: 28af8fb783b6180c247285955b5e48df75947819
Number of matches: 2

...greater risk for ari illness numerous observational studies and a few small randomized trials suggest that exercise helps prevent ari illness [14] [15] [16] given these associations we designed the first mepari trial [17] meditation or exercise to prevent acute respiratory infection to test whether training in mindfulnessbased stress reduction mbsr or sustained moderate intensity exercise would reduce the incidence duration severity and impact of allcause ari that 3group n 154 randomized trial found 33 43 and 60 proportional reductions in incidence duration and global severity of ari illness the us...

Title: Complete genome sequence of Treponema
pallidum ssp. pallidum strain SS14 determined with
oligonucleotide arrays
Authors: Matějková, Petra. Strouhal, Michal...
Journal: BMC Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 7034
ID: 0132b8c2721692d9f53bd33a738fa94618bb4e91
Number of matches: 2

...as suggested by two newly revealed frameshifts in nichols strain sequence discovered sequence changes have to be verified in nichols sequence to describe real sequence changes compared to nichols genome the ss14 genome brings a first insight into the whole genome variability within tpa both nichols and ss14 cause infection in rabbits and so are not believed to be attenuated to cause infection in man thus it is very probable none of the differences may affect the ability of the bacteria to cause the disease the examples of interstrain heterogeneity and multiple alleles in a population of haploid organisms are...

Title: Complete genome sequence of Treponema
pallidum ssp. pallidum strain SS14 determined with
oligonucleotide arrays
Authors: Matějková, Petra. Strouhal, Michal...
Journal: BMC Microbiol
Item: Infection
Index: 7034
ID: 0132b8c2721692d9f53bd33a738fa94618bb4e91
Number of matches: 2

...changes have to be verified in nichols sequence to describe real sequence changes compared to nichols genome the ss14 genome brings a first insight into the whole genome variability within tpa both nichols and ss14 cause infection in rabbits and so are not believed to be attenuated to cause infection in man thus it is very probable none of the differences may affect the ability of the bacteria to cause the disease the examples of interstrain heterogeneity and multiple alleles in a population of haploid organisms are candidates for antigenic variation contingency genes and other types of ssr short sequence...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...from a developing country setting to explore the effects of vaccination under different mixing assumptions we included two versions of contact matrices one from a social contact diary study and the second a synthesised construction based on demographic data vaccination is assumed to elicit an immune response equivalent to primary infection our results show that immunisation of young children 510m is likely to be a highly effective method of protection of infants 6m against hospitalisation the majority benefit is derived from indirect protection herd immunity a full sensitivity and uncertainty analysis using latin hypercube sampling of the parameter space...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...they are also shown not to predispose the child to enhanced disease following wild type exposure and although the trials are small in size indicated protective efficacy [8] there is an active clinical trial program for lav candidates for the prevention of rsv associated lower respiratory tract infection in young children [6 9 10] the potential impact of vaccination of older children including groups such as elder siblings will depend upon the degree of direct and indirect protection due to the intervention there are clear direct benefits to be gained from vaccinating older children since...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...older age group vaccination will confer herd immunity to the vulnerable young infant is unclear [12 13] this forms the subject of this paper analysis of a cohort study in kenya has demonstrated that the severe risk in young children is principally associated with age at infection not their lack of experience of infection [14] studies of transmission in households have shown that at least half of transmission to infants is due to infection introduced to the household by their older siblings [15 16] both of these results support the idea...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...immunity to the vulnerable young infant is unclear [12 13] this forms the subject of this paper analysis of a cohort study in kenya has demonstrated that the severe risk in young children is principally associated with age at infection not their lack of experience of infection [14] studies of transmission in households have shown that at least half of transmission to infants is due to infection introduced to the household by their older siblings [15 16] both of these results support the idea that immunisation of older children against rsv...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...a cohort study in kenya has demonstrated that the severe risk in young children is principally associated with age at infection not their lack of experience of infection [14] studies of transmission in households have shown that at least half of transmission to infants is due to infection introduced to the household by their older siblings [15 16] both of these results support the idea that immunisation of older children against rsv could be used to reduce disease in infants by delaying primary infection until they are older vaccination provides both direct protection to those...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...that at least half of transmission to infants is due to infection introduced to the household by their older siblings [15 16] both of these results support the idea that immunisation of older children against rsv could be used to reduce disease in infants by delaying primary infection until they are older vaccination provides both direct protection to those who are successfully immunized with the vaccine and indirect protection for those who are not immunized by decreasing the number of the infectious individuals therefore the impact of immunisation of children on infection and disease in infants is largely...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...disease in infants by delaying primary infection until they are older vaccination provides both direct protection to those who are successfully immunized with the vaccine and indirect protection for those who are not immunized by decreasing the number of the infectious individuals therefore the impact of immunisation of children on infection and disease in infants is largely determined by the rate at which infection is transferred between different risk or age groups [17] [18] [19] consequently we explore two different databased formulations of the agerelated contact matrix and also perform a parameter sensitivity analysis...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...both direct protection to those who are successfully immunized with the vaccine and indirect protection for those who are not immunized by decreasing the number of the infectious individuals therefore the impact of immunisation of children on infection and disease in infants is largely determined by the rate at which infection is transferred between different risk or age groups [17] [18] [19] consequently we explore two different databased formulations of the agerelated contact matrix and also perform a parameter sensitivity analysis our aim is to comprehensively explore the impact of childhood immunisation on rsv...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...is transferred between different risk or age groups [17] [18] [19] consequently we explore two different databased formulations of the agerelated contact matrix and also perform a parameter sensitivity analysis our aim is to comprehensively explore the impact of childhood immunisation on rsv infection and morbidity in the developing country setting using mathematical predictive models paying particular attention to the pattern of mixing between age groups what is the impact of vaccination of older infants and children on the public health burden of rsv in young infants we have developed a deterministic model...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...but solid maternal immunity m we estimate the duration and distribution of protection by inclusion of a variable number of stages p within the m class all of which confer full protection after maternal immunity has waned individuals enter a fully susceptible class s 0 and may experience primary infection i 0 after each infection there is a period of transient solid immunity p 0 p 1 p 2 before individuals become partially susceptible s 1 s 2 reflecting that multiple infection episodes within epidemics are rare [20 21] previously infected individuals have reduced...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...estimate the duration and distribution of protection by inclusion of a variable number of stages p within the m class all of which confer full protection after maternal immunity has waned individuals enter a fully susceptible class s 0 and may experience primary infection i 0 after each infection there is a period of transient solid immunity p 0 p 1 p 2 before individuals become partially susceptible s 1 s 2 reflecting that multiple infection episodes within epidemics are rare [20 21] previously infected individuals have reduced susceptibility to infection [22]...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...has waned individuals enter a fully susceptible class s 0 and may experience primary infection i 0 after each infection there is a period of transient solid immunity p 0 p 1 p 2 before individuals become partially susceptible s 1 s 2 reflecting that multiple infection episodes within epidemics are rare [20 21] previously infected individuals have reduced susceptibility to infection [22] reduced duration of infection [23 24] and reduced infectivity of infection on infection the incidence of disease d is related to age and episode while hospitalisation...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

... after each infection there is a period of transient solid immunity p 0 p 1 p 2 before individuals become partially susceptible s 1 s 2 reflecting that multiple infection episodes within epidemics are rare [20 21] previously infected individuals have reduced susceptibility to infection [22] reduced duration of infection [23 24] and reduced infectivity of infection on infection the incidence of disease d is related to age and episode while hospitalisation h is related to age the rates with respect to both time and age at which individuals flow...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...of transient solid immunity p 0 p 1 p 2 before individuals become partially susceptible s 1 s 2 reflecting that multiple infection episodes within epidemics are rare [20 21] previously infected individuals have reduced susceptibility to infection [22] reduced duration of infection [23 24] and reduced infectivity of infection on infection the incidence of disease d is related to age and episode while hospitalisation h is related to age the rates with respect to both time and age at which individuals flow from one epidemiological state to another are described...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...2 before individuals become partially susceptible s 1 s 2 reflecting that multiple infection episodes within epidemics are rare [20 21] previously infected individuals have reduced susceptibility to infection [22] reduced duration of infection [23 24] and reduced infectivity of infection on infection the incidence of disease d is related to age and episode while hospitalisation h is related to age the rates with respect to both time and age at which individuals flow from one epidemiological state to another are described in the system of ode shown in eqn a...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...before individuals become partially susceptible s 1 s 2 reflecting that multiple infection episodes within epidemics are rare [20 21] previously infected individuals have reduced susceptibility to infection [22] reduced duration of infection [23 24] and reduced infectivity of infection on infection the incidence of disease d is related to age and episode while hospitalisation h is related to age the rates with respect to both time and age at which individuals flow from one epidemiological state to another are described in the system of ode shown in eqn a in s1...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...with respect to both time and age at which individuals flow from one epidemiological state to another are described in the system of ode shown in eqn a in s1 file the infectiousness of second and subsequent reinfections is parameterized relative to primary infected class the per capita rate of infection experienced by individuals in age class a at time t is given by a t as the transmission of rsv is seasonal we included a cosine function fitting both the amplitude ie strength of seasonality and phase ie timing table 1 gives a description of the parameters and their...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...a description of the parameters and their estimated values the initial conditions for the state variables for each age class were taken to be the prevaccination numbers found by running the model for a period of 50 years to its stable limit cycle this ensures that the transient population and infection dynamics effects are minimized during model fitting and vaccination the set of odes was solved numerically in matlab 1 [25] based on an explicit rungekutta method of order 45 using an adaptive time step immunisation is assumed to confer protection to individuals such that it protects against primary...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...dynamics effects are minimized during model fitting and vaccination the set of odes was solved numerically in matlab 1 [25] based on an explicit rungekutta method of order 45 using an adaptive time step immunisation is assumed to confer protection to individuals such that it protects against primary infection this assumption corresponds to the situation for a highly attenuated live virus vaccine that would not boost antibody titres in seropositive susceptibles [4] vaccination is implemented continuously and moves individuals from s 0 to p 0 green line in fig 1 as they pass a specified age...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...p 0 green line in fig 1 as they pass a specified age gate we consider a single efficacy parameter coverage which includes both the proportion vaccinated and the proportion protected by vaccination to calculate the effect of direct protection we run the model with a time invariant force of infection whose value is fixed at the prevaccination equilibrium the transmission rates between individuals in the model are determined by agerelated mixing the whoacquiresinfectionfromwhom waifw matrix [26 27] because the details of the agerelated mixing are influential and largely unknown we include two approaches to estimate waifw...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...exposed individuals in s 1 and s 2 1 075 2 065 [22] k rate of waning of shortterm immunity of recovered individuals 0 1 2 2 yr [20 21] 0 rate of recovery from primary infection i 0 406yr [15 24] 1 2 rate of recovery from secondary and subsequent infections i 1 i 2 937yr [15 23] k factor reducing infectiousness of i 1 and i 2 1 05 severe or very severe nasal specimens were...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...for rsv antigen was undertaken using an immunofluorescent antibody test ifat the data used are the temporal and agespecific hospitalizations from oct 2004 to dec 2010 for more details on the study and the data please refer to nokes et al [11] the risks of disease following infection are taken from a longitudinal cohort study of rsv infection in kilifi kenya [14] and given in table a in s1 file the agespecific risk of hospitalization was estimated by fitting the static model model with force of infection that is agespecific but constant in time to...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...ifat the data used are the temporal and agespecific hospitalizations from oct 2004 to dec 2010 for more details on the study and the data please refer to nokes et al [11] the risks of disease following infection are taken from a longitudinal cohort study of rsv infection in kilifi kenya [14] and given in table a in s1 file the agespecific risk of hospitalization was estimated by fitting the static model model with force of infection that is agespecific but constant in time to hospitalization data the initial vector was estimated from longitudinal data...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...11] the risks of disease following infection are taken from a longitudinal cohort study of rsv infection in kilifi kenya [14] and given in table a in s1 file the agespecific risk of hospitalization was estimated by fitting the static model model with force of infection that is agespecific but constant in time to hospitalization data the initial vector was estimated from longitudinal data of rsv infections [12] once estimated from the static model the risk of hospitalization remains fixed for fitting the dynamic model we calculate the expected incidence of hospitalisations from...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...vector was estimated from longitudinal data of rsv infections [12] once estimated from the static model the risk of hospitalization remains fixed for fitting the dynamic model we calculate the expected incidence of hospitalisations from infections in two stages the agespecific and infectionspecific risk of disease given infection d 0a d 1a d 2a see table a in s1 file and the agespecific risk of hospitalisation given disease h a see table b in s1 file eq 1 gives the expected number of hospitalisations from the model and this output is compared to the kdh hospitalization...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...review committee kemrires731 and the biomedical and social ethics review committee of the university of warwick 134072011 approved the study written informed consent was sought from participants aged 18 years and from parents or guardians of those aged 18 years the data was analyzed anonymously to generate a who acquires infection from whom waifw matrix fig 2 shows the two waifw matrices obtained from the contact diary data a and the synthetic contact matrix b respectively both indicate a strong within age group assortative mixing particularly in the school going age groups and secondary crossgenerational mixing eg parent to child...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...proportion immunised and age of immunisation vaccination is potentially effective if given after maternal immunity is lost and before individuals have been infected for the first time the predicted impact for the contact diary is higher and maximum impact is more broadly distributed resulting from a less peaked force of infection in infancy see fig 4c and 4d fig 4a shows the shortterm temporal effects of vaccination on the number of hospitalisations with immunisation implemented at time 0 at 6 months at 70 coverage the diary model predicts a honeymoon period [35] of approximately 6 years before...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...the synthetic model does not predict a change in the pattern except that the epidemic peaks are reduced fig 4b shows that the total vaccine effect solid lines is much greater than the direct effect alone dashed linesthe difference is the indirect effect of protection of younger infants from infection fig 4c and 4d show the agespecific force of infection at equilibrium for the dairy and the synthetic models respectively the solid lines shows prevaccination force of infection and the dashed lines show the force of infection with vaccination at 6 months at 70 coverage it is clear from the...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...pattern except that the epidemic peaks are reduced fig 4b shows that the total vaccine effect solid lines is much greater than the direct effect alone dashed linesthe difference is the indirect effect of protection of younger infants from infection fig 4c and 4d show the agespecific force of infection at equilibrium for the dairy and the synthetic models respectively the solid lines shows prevaccination force of infection and the dashed lines show the force of infection with vaccination at 6 months at 70 coverage it is clear from the figure that individuals aged between 2 and 20 years of...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...lines is much greater than the direct effect alone dashed linesthe difference is the indirect effect of protection of younger infants from infection fig 4c and 4d show the agespecific force of infection at equilibrium for the dairy and the synthetic models respectively the solid lines shows prevaccination force of infection and the dashed lines show the force of infection with vaccination at 6 months at 70 coverage it is clear from the figure that individuals aged between 2 and 20 years of age dominate the force of infection for the synthetic model this can be attributed to the high number...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...dashed linesthe difference is the indirect effect of protection of younger infants from infection fig 4c and 4d show the agespecific force of infection at equilibrium for the dairy and the synthetic models respectively the solid lines shows prevaccination force of infection and the dashed lines show the force of infection with vaccination at 6 months at 70 coverage it is clear from the figure that individuals aged between 2 and 20 years of age dominate the force of infection for the synthetic model this can be attributed to the high number of contacts occurring within and between those age groups...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...and the synthetic models respectively the solid lines shows prevaccination force of infection and the dashed lines show the force of infection with vaccination at 6 months at 70 coverage it is clear from the figure that individuals aged between 2 and 20 years of age dominate the force of infection for the synthetic model this can be attributed to the high number of contacts occurring within and between those age groups in the household immunisation is expected to change the average age at infection and this is shown in fig 4e this figure shows the change in the average age...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...the figure that individuals aged between 2 and 20 years of age dominate the force of infection for the synthetic model this can be attributed to the high number of contacts occurring within and between those age groups in the household immunisation is expected to change the average age at infection and this is shown in fig 4e this figure shows the change in the average age at primary solid lines and secondary dashed lines infections with a vaccine given at 6 months and for different vaccination coverages the average age at primary infection increases from about 2 to 9 years...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...expected to change the average age at infection and this is shown in fig 4e this figure shows the change in the average age at primary solid lines and secondary dashed lines infections with a vaccine given at 6 months and for different vaccination coverages the average age at primary infection increases from about 2 to 9 years at 100 coverage for the diary model blue solid line while the synthetic model predicts a relatively small increase 2 to 25 years red solid line we then used lhs to explore the effects of uncertainty in estimating the values of the...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...exploring in more detail if children are the core group for rsv as they are for measles [36] then presumably contact patterns are seasonally forced by the school year pattern which is known and would provide indirect information on the waifw matrix because the fitted dynamics of infection vary considerably depending on the waifw structure but the optimum age window is unchanged we suggest that this result will hold for most other epidemiological settings consideration of the impact of demographics and mixing in other settings remain to be explored from fig 3 it is clear that vaccination is...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...two different mechanisms for vaccination effectiveness using the diary matrix the model is essentially a susceptibleinfectedresistant sir framework in which primary cases drive the transmission and reinfections are followers ie if the primary cases are reduced then circulation is suppressed vaccination results in a dramatically increased average age at first infection fig 4e effectively reducing the risk of infants becoming infected during the most susceptible ages using the synthetic matrix reinfections are more important sources of transmission so that transmission continues in the face of vaccination contact patterns are dominated by children compare fig 4c and 4d so the...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...vaccination contact patterns are dominated by children compare fig 4c and 4d so the indirect protection comes from preventing the young infecting the very young ie it is more dependent on the exact contact pattern between the youngest age groups vaccination is predicted to delay rather than prevent primary infection so that the increase in average age at primary infection is relatively small but has a large impact the estimate of viral transmissibility as measured by the basic reproduction number using the diary approach is below that using the synthetic matrix and the two models same structure different parameters fall...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...and 4d so the indirect protection comes from preventing the young infecting the very young ie it is more dependent on the exact contact pattern between the youngest age groups vaccination is predicted to delay rather than prevent primary infection so that the increase in average age at primary infection is relatively small but has a large impact the estimate of viral transmissibility as measured by the basic reproduction number using the diary approach is below that using the synthetic matrix and the two models same structure different parameters fall either side of the reinfection threshold [37 38]...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...intervention 80 reduction in hospitalisation reduce the chances of a poor intervention 40 reduction or maximise the expected outcome the age window remains 5m to 10m the correlation between model outcomes and unknown parameters shows that the two models differ in their sensitivity the diary matrix model emphasizes infection transmission between younger age groups ie infants infected from primary infections whereas the synthetic matrix emphasizes infection from older individuals ie from secondary and subsequent infections to infants our focus has been on the impact of vaccination but we have also demonstrated that the prediction of infection dynamics and consequent...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...expected outcome the age window remains 5m to 10m the correlation between model outcomes and unknown parameters shows that the two models differ in their sensitivity the diary matrix model emphasizes infection transmission between younger age groups ie infants infected from primary infections whereas the synthetic matrix emphasizes infection from older individuals ie from secondary and subsequent infections to infants our focus has been on the impact of vaccination but we have also demonstrated that the prediction of infection dynamics and consequent impact of immune responses to infection depends critically on the mixing assumptions recent results have also demonstrated...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...matrix model emphasizes infection transmission between younger age groups ie infants infected from primary infections whereas the synthetic matrix emphasizes infection from older individuals ie from secondary and subsequent infections to infants our focus has been on the impact of vaccination but we have also demonstrated that the prediction of infection dynamics and consequent impact of immune responses to infection depends critically on the mixing assumptions recent results have also demonstrated the importance of demographic processes especially birth rate [39] and environmental atmospheric conditions [40] in determining rsv transmission dynamics recent individualbased models including explicit household...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...ie infants infected from primary infections whereas the synthetic matrix emphasizes infection from older individuals ie from secondary and subsequent infections to infants our focus has been on the impact of vaccination but we have also demonstrated that the prediction of infection dynamics and consequent impact of immune responses to infection depends critically on the mixing assumptions recent results have also demonstrated the importance of demographic processes especially birth rate [39] and environmental atmospheric conditions [40] in determining rsv transmission dynamics recent individualbased models including explicit household and schoolbased transmission comes to a similar conclusion to...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...the impact of vaccination needs to be assessed in a wide variety of models including these and other processes such as viral genetics [34] but no model has yet suggested that immunisation against rsv would not be beneficial immunisation is an extremely effective tool for preventing infection in individuals but also results in protection of those not immunised through herd immunity careful consideration of the effects of herd immunity often changes the optimum allocation of vaccine [43] [44] [45] our results indicate that immunisation of young children 510m is...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...the effects of herd immunity often changes the optimum allocation of vaccine [43] [44] [45] our results indicate that immunisation of young children 510m is likely to be a highly effective method of prevention of severe rsv disease which arises predominately from infection in infants 6m old the majority benefit is derived from herd immunity we are greatly reassured that the different waifw seasonality and reinfection threshold parameters can be combined to give the same endemic pattern and predict a similar public health benefit to vaccination given the scarcity of contact...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...47] the main advantage with this method is that it is general and can be easily used for regions without contact survey data as well as reconstruction of historical contact patterns for evaluation of the effect of demographic transition the vaccine modelled here only protects against primary infection importantly this assumes that as with primary infection vaccination is followed by a transient period of protection and subsequent reduced susceptibility to reinfection and reduced infectiousness and duration upon reinfection although this is the most likely scenario for lav since boosting of titres is absent in seropositives [4]...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...method is that it is general and can be easily used for regions without contact survey data as well as reconstruction of historical contact patterns for evaluation of the effect of demographic transition the vaccine modelled here only protects against primary infection importantly this assumes that as with primary infection vaccination is followed by a transient period of protection and subsequent reduced susceptibility to reinfection and reduced infectiousness and duration upon reinfection although this is the most likely scenario for lav since boosting of titres is absent in seropositives [4] reversion to a completely nave susceptible state...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...of protection and subsequent reduced susceptibility to reinfection and reduced infectiousness and duration upon reinfection although this is the most likely scenario for lav since boosting of titres is absent in seropositives [4] reversion to a completely nave susceptible state following waning vaccine immunity or indeed natural infection immunity cannot be ruled out [34] given that our results are dependent on reduction in disease rather than infection a vaccine that reduces infectiousness of secondary and subsequent infections would have no less impact but may be higher additionally this work provides a conservative estimate of...

Title: Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity for Control of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in a Low-Income
Country Setting
Authors: Kinyanjui, Timothy M.. House, Thomas A....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7036
ID: fdc201b99c8f08d1e81622ac71114605c5980a8d
Number of matches: 48

...lav since boosting of titres is absent in seropositives [4] reversion to a completely nave susceptible state following waning vaccine immunity or indeed natural infection immunity cannot be ruled out [34] given that our results are dependent on reduction in disease rather than infection a vaccine that reduces infectiousness of secondary and subsequent infections would have no less impact but may be higher additionally this work provides a conservative estimate of the impact of vaccination in assuming that the vaccine acts only on nave individuals ie not previously infected this would be the situation...

Title: Seroepidemiologic Survey of Potential
Pathogens in Obligate and Facultative Scavenging Avian
Species in California
Authors: Straub, Mary H.. Kelly, Terra R....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7038
ID: 83e137405afc87914e9128afa5aec46cc2b152cd
Number of matches: 6

...217 strain of slev the prnt assays were performed using 75 plaque forming units of virus grown on vero cell culture to be considered positive sera had to neutralize 90 of the virus in at least a 14 dilution sera from freeflying california condors were also evaluated for active wnv infection by real timepolymerase chain reaction rtpcr using primers as previously described [79 80] additionally freeflying condors that had a high wnv titer 1256 were also screened for active wnv infection by pcr on whole blood n 9 liver and lung tissue samples collected from...

Title: Seroepidemiologic Survey of Potential
Pathogens in Obligate and Facultative Scavenging Avian
Species in California
Authors: Straub, Mary H.. Kelly, Terra R....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7038
ID: 83e137405afc87914e9128afa5aec46cc2b152cd
Number of matches: 6

...at least a 14 dilution sera from freeflying california condors were also evaluated for active wnv infection by real timepolymerase chain reaction rtpcr using primers as previously described [79 80] additionally freeflying condors that had a high wnv titer 1256 were also screened for active wnv infection by pcr on whole blood n 9 liver and lung tissue samples collected from 14 condors that died of various causes between 1997 and 2009 were also selected for detection of a subset of potential pathogens these 14 condors had all been in captivity and in the wild...

Title: Seroepidemiologic Survey of Potential
Pathogens in Obligate and Facultative Scavenging Avian
Species in California
Authors: Straub, Mary H.. Kelly, Terra R....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7038
ID: 83e137405afc87914e9128afa5aec46cc2b152cd
Number of matches: 6

...to captive raptors has been reported to have a seroprevalence of apmv2 between 15 and 43 [48 90] exposure to avian paramyxoviruses has been found in several species of captive raptors and domestic poultry used as food for the raptors was suspected to be the source of infection in these instances [52 66] transmission of virus from wild passerines is also a possibility a relatively high seroprevalence of m gallisepticum was found in condors housed at the sdzsp while only a single freeflying condor was found to be seropositive for m gallisepticum and no...

Title: Seroepidemiologic Survey of Potential
Pathogens in Obligate and Facultative Scavenging Avian
Species in California
Authors: Straub, Mary H.. Kelly, Terra R....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7038
ID: 83e137405afc87914e9128afa5aec46cc2b152cd
Number of matches: 6

...other species including freeflying buzzards [44] in contrast to freeflying condors condors at the laz and sdzsp showed a relatively low seroprevalence 00 and 71 respectively suggesting freeflying scavenging birds have natural exposure to adenoviruses in the wild adenoviruses have a wide range of virulence and infection can vary from subclinical disease to significant mortality [91] given the potential for mortality from adenoviruses pathogen isolation and characterization using molecular methods and continued monitoring of this pathogen are warranted we found that 61 of freeflying california condors were seropositive for wnv while only 9...

Title: Seroepidemiologic Survey of Potential
Pathogens in Obligate and Facultative Scavenging Avian
Species in California
Authors: Straub, Mary H.. Kelly, Terra R....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7038
ID: 83e137405afc87914e9128afa5aec46cc2b152cd
Number of matches: 6

...that older condors are more likely to be seropositive for wnv as a result of strong antibody responses to wnv upon natural exposure while we found strong evidence of exposure for many avian pathogens improved testing methodologies and characterization of pathogens are needed to more completely understand the true infection status epidemiology and potential pathogenicity of these viruses and bacteria in scavenging birds because the tests used in this study were not validated for the species tested it is possible that crossreactivity may have occurred with similar pathogens it is also possible that some tests failed to detect antibodies resulting...

Title: Seroepidemiologic Survey of Potential
Pathogens in Obligate and Facultative Scavenging Avian
Species in California
Authors: Straub, Mary H.. Kelly, Terra R....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7038
ID: 83e137405afc87914e9128afa5aec46cc2b152cd
Number of matches: 6

...failed to detect antibodies resulting in underestimation of the seroprevalences this study provides insight into potential pathogens present in two obligate avian scavenger species and one facultative avian scavenger species that share habitat and exhibit similar foraging behaviors in the western us although additional work is needed to confirm infection and further characterize the pathogens investigated here this study is an important first step towards providing baseline data on infectious diseases in scavenging birds the information provided by this study may prove critical especially for conservation efforts surrounding the endangered california condor as this species continues to expand its range...

Title: Toxin-Based Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Shapira, Assaf. Benhar, Itai
Journal: Toxins (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 7041
ID: 6224ce8bb65afbb10b08238d5ecde8991d7ab0e2
Number of matches: 3

...tumor ablation or a 50 reduction of the marker lesion after six treatments in which the dtah19 bc819 vector was administrated intravesically as a complex with polyethyleneimine no dose limiting toxicity was observed and the most frequent adverse events were mild to moderate bladder discomfort dysuria micturition urgency urinary tract infection diarrhea hypertension and asthenia [344] hiv1 the main cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome aids has been the most studied infectious agent in the last 30 years the hiv retroviral genome carries six regulatory genes including tat rev vpr vif vpu and nef of these genes tat...

Title: Toxin-Based Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Shapira, Assaf. Benhar, Itai
Journal: Toxins (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 7041
ID: 6224ce8bb65afbb10b08238d5ecde8991d7ab0e2
Number of matches: 3

...tatrev responsive dta gene was shown in a subsequent study [414] a tcell line h9 that was transduced with a recombinant retroviral vector encoding hiv regulated wildtype or attenuated dta gene also showed substantially longterm impaired ability to produce hiv virions upon transfection with proviral dna or infection with laboratory or clinical hiv strains [348 415] using the same construct significant protection against hiv infection dependent both on the stock of hiv1 used and on the dose was also observed in the u937 cell line which exhibits many of the characteristics of tissue monocytes that...

Title: Toxin-Based Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Shapira, Assaf. Benhar, Itai
Journal: Toxins (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 7041
ID: 6224ce8bb65afbb10b08238d5ecde8991d7ab0e2
Number of matches: 3

...transduced with a recombinant retroviral vector encoding hiv regulated wildtype or attenuated dta gene also showed substantially longterm impaired ability to produce hiv virions upon transfection with proviral dna or infection with laboratory or clinical hiv strains [348 415] using the same construct significant protection against hiv infection dependent both on the stock of hiv1 used and on the dose was also observed in the u937 cell line which exhibits many of the characteristics of tissue monocytes that serve as an important reservoir for the virus in vivo [349 416] it was later reported that...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...a severe occurrence of the respiratory disease antonucci and fanos 2005 akins et al 2010 antonucci et al 2010 desforges et al 2014a fok et al 2015 algahtani et al 2016 commonly the invasion of the central nervous system cns and the subsequent pathology have been more studied in infection caused by japanese encephalitis virus jev varicellazoster virus vzv measles virus mv and human immunodeficiency virus hiv among others koyuncu et al 2013 nowadays the interest in increasing the knowledge about the characteristics and mechanisms involved in their neurological manifestations has risen neurological abnormalities found in patients with severe...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...et al 2015 encephalopathies antonucci and fanos 2005 mizuguchi et al 2007 niizuma et al 2014 meijer et al 2016 and encephalitis ng et al 2001 niizuma et al 2014 fok et al 2015 table 1 the effects of each respiratory virus mentioned above in the cns infection will be discussed in detail later for the proper functioning of the cns it is essential to maintain homeostasis both the bloodbrain and the bloodcsf barriers play an important role in protecting the brain of free passage of unwanted molecules pathogens and cells mcgavern and kang 2011 the...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...type found in significant proportions in the bbb in between these cells are tight junctions tj which controls the barrier permeability koyuncu et al 2013 miner and diamond 2016 several routes of cns invasion can be used by viral pathogens among these are included the hematogenous routewhich is the infection of the endothelium or the trojan horse mechanismand the peripheral nerves or olfactory sensory neurons mcgavern and kang 2011 swanson and mcgavern 2015b dahm et al 2016 after primary infection most neurotropic viruses can enter the bloodstream to reach cns a process which is called viremia gonzalezscarano and tyler...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...routes of cns invasion can be used by viral pathogens among these are included the hematogenous routewhich is the infection of the endothelium or the trojan horse mechanismand the peripheral nerves or olfactory sensory neurons mcgavern and kang 2011 swanson and mcgavern 2015b dahm et al 2016 after primary infection most neurotropic viruses can enter the bloodstream to reach cns a process which is called viremia gonzalezscarano and tyler 1987 once inside the bloodstream viruses can pass through the bbb by a transendothelial mechanism which is transcytosis across bmecs and pericytes by endocytic vesicles suen et al 2014 ...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...bloodstream to reach cns a process which is called viremia gonzalezscarano and tyler 1987 once inside the bloodstream viruses can pass through the bbb by a transendothelial mechanism which is transcytosis across bmecs and pericytes by endocytic vesicles suen et al 2014 another transcellular entry method is the infection of endothelial cells allowing the direct pass across bbb koyuncu et al 2013 suen et al 2014 besides disruption low levels of tnf in csf elevated il6 and bdnf in csf correlates with brain damage cappel et al 1975 hirayama et al 1999 ng et al 2001...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

... kawashima et al 2009 kawashima et al 2012 and morichi et al 2017 of bbb permeability by destabilization of tjs allow viral entry into the brain in a paracellular transmigration way li et al 2015 swanson and mcgavern 2015b this event is a consequence of a systemic infection that releases inflammatory mediatorssuch as cytokines and chemokinesbesides the matrix metalloproteinase mmp roe et al 2012 finally the trojan horse mechanism consists in the infection of bloodstream leucocytesmainly monocytesmacrophageswhich can transmigrate via paracellular route across the permeable bbb into the cns suen et al 2014 the correct working...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...the brain in a paracellular transmigration way li et al 2015 swanson and mcgavern 2015b this event is a consequence of a systemic infection that releases inflammatory mediatorssuch as cytokines and chemokinesbesides the matrix metalloproteinase mmp roe et al 2012 finally the trojan horse mechanism consists in the infection of bloodstream leucocytesmainly monocytesmacrophageswhich can transmigrate via paracellular route across the permeable bbb into the cns suen et al 2014 the correct working of the organism requires continuous communication between cns and peripheral tissues in this process neurons play an essential role since these cells innervate the peripheral organs...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...these publication we will refer to it as hrsv the main and most studied pathologies caused by hrsv are bronchiolitis and pneumonia antonucci et al 2010 however in the past years extrapulmonary manifestations have been associated with this virus eisenhut 2006 notably there is evidence that relates hrsv infection with pathologies such as myocarditis esposito et al 2010 hyponatremia hanna et al 2003 hepatitis kirin et al 2013 and encephalopathy ng et al 2001 in wallace and zealley 1970 in a study performed in children with a febrile status hrsv was detected and its infection...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...infection with pathologies such as myocarditis esposito et al 2010 hyponatremia hanna et al 2003 hepatitis kirin et al 2013 and encephalopathy ng et al 2001 in wallace and zealley 1970 in a study performed in children with a febrile status hrsv was detected and its infection was related to neurological damage later cappel et al 1975 detected viral antibodies in cerebrospinal fluids csf of patients that have suffered symptoms of cns infection such as seizures convulsions and neck stiffness figure 1 one of the most significant findings from this report was that hrsv infection was...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...al 2001 in wallace and zealley 1970 in a study performed in children with a febrile status hrsv was detected and its infection was related to neurological damage later cappel et al 1975 detected viral antibodies in cerebrospinal fluids csf of patients that have suffered symptoms of cns infection such as seizures convulsions and neck stiffness figure 1 one of the most significant findings from this report was that hrsv infection was associated with neurological abnormalities such as encephalitis cappel et al 1975 a few years later a case report of three preterm infants which were hospitalized...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...its infection was related to neurological damage later cappel et al 1975 detected viral antibodies in cerebrospinal fluids csf of patients that have suffered symptoms of cns infection such as seizures convulsions and neck stiffness figure 1 one of the most significant findings from this report was that hrsv infection was associated with neurological abnormalities such as encephalitis cappel et al 1975 a few years later a case report of three preterm infants which were hospitalized by hrsvinduced bronchiolitis also presented neurological abnormalities morton et al 1981 despite these finding a few years passed until in hirayama et...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...found however they could not detect hrsv by polymerase chain reaction pcr the authors concluded that this child manifested a meningoencephalitis with cerebellitis associated with hrsvinfection hirayama et al 1999 ng et al 2001 performed a retrospective study where clinical data of 487 patients with bronchiolitis by hrsv infection were evaluated the results of this analysis showed that 18 of the children exhibited visible clinical signs of encephalopathy particularly seizures another retrospective investigation that evaluated 226 patients detected that 121 were hrsvpositive and 115 hsvnegative in the hrsvpositive cohort about a 66 presented seizures however this number was similar...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...in others organs and that mice did not exhibit a pulmonary disease cavallaro et al 1967 during years there was no report about the relationship between hrsvinfections and cns pathologies a few years ago li et al 2006 described in a study that sought to assess the persistence of infection the ability of the virus to infect sensory neurons that innervate the lung these authors hypothesized that hrsv infects not only pulmonary neurons but also that the ghrsv glycoprotein can interact with the chemokine receptor for cx3cl1 cx3cr1 expressed in these cells li et al 2006 according to this...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...test was used to evaluate the mechanical digging behavior in rodents and the data showed that a month after hrsvinfection these mice exhibited an impairment in this behavior espinoza et al 2013 moreover hrsvinfected rats were submitted to the morris water maze testwhich evaluates spatial learninga month after the infection the data shows that hrsvinfected rats exhibited a delay in their learning capacities when compared to the control group espinoza et al 2013 considering these results it is suggested that hrsvinfection causes behavioral and cognitive sequelae that have not been described yet in patients recently an in vitro...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...2003 myelitis salonen et al 1997 zlateva and van ranst 2004 xia et al 2014 ruisancheznieva et al 2017 meningitis liang et al 2018 seizures chiu et al 2001 and guillainbarre syndrome sivadontardy et al 2009 one of the first reports related to the pandemic h1n1 infection in 1918 therein the authors describe that the main neurological symptoms were detected in the nerve centers andtime after the infectionmanifestations such as depression and neuritis appeared turner 1919 considering this background years later a study of h2n2 asian influenza showed that neurological complications incidence increased when compared to...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...2011 described that in a cohort of 74 hospitalized children 19 of them presented neurologic complications mainly seizures only one patient from this study was diagnosed with transverse myelitis and presented permanent sequelae landau et al 2011 in addition to this a fatal case attributed to the h1n1 pandemic infection was reported and the clinical finding showed that the cause of death was an intracerebral thrombosis and hemorrhage with presence of the virus in the brain but not in lungs or csf simon et al 2013 figure 2 the knowledge not only came from epidemic iav as these...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...etiologic agent causing myelopathy postinfluenzalike syndrome csf obtained from a patient with this disease was inoculated in several cell lines previously reported to be permissive for the growth figure 2 influenza virus iv spreads from the lungs to the cns through the vagus nerve promoting an inflammatory state upon infection of iv the virus reaches the lungs and from there it can spread into the cns by transneural route through the vagus nerve once set on the brain it induces the secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines such as il1 il6 il8 and gcsf viral rna has been detected in csf...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...impairment of consciousness typically delirium or hallucinations and abnormal behavior among others which belongs to the neuropsychiatric disorders manjunatha et al 2011 mizuguchi 2013 accordingly there is still necessary to perform more studies about the incidence of these neuropsychiatric manifestations besides the direct evidence of this association with iv infection highly pathogenic strains of iav have been used as a model to test the mechanisms involved in the cns abnormalities caused by ivinfection in humans using an h5n3 iav that initially originated from a water bird and was adapted into chickens to increase its virulence shinya et al 1998...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...in addition to the nonsuppurative encephalitis there was an infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes shinya et al 2000 finally the most critical finding was that viral antigens were detected in the vagal and trigeminal ganglia at day 3 postinfection figure 2 this event was preceded by the early infection of the nasal cavity trachea and lungs shinya et al 2000 additionally the hypothesis of the transneural invasion was corroborated in a study performed by matsuda et al 2004 which showed that iav reaches cns mainly via the vagus nerve figure 2 moreover through an in vitro...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...context jang et al 2009 jang et al 2012 observed that mice challenged intranasally with h5n1vietnam120304 viral detection in cns was positive at 3 days postinfection and that the virus can infect neurons and microglia but not astrocytes figure 2 in addition to this they report that h5n1 infection promotes microglial apoptosis inducing an inflammatory state which lasts up to 90 days postinfection similarly to the idiopathic parkinsons disease in human jang et al 2009 moreover the authors show a loss in dopaminergic neurons in about a 17 that began as a local immune response that could contribute...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...that could contribute to cns disease as is described in humans jang et al 2009 later research demonstrated that the recovery of the neuronal lasted until 90 days postinfection and that mainly in the substantia nigra pars compacta snpc the profile of cytokines was altered due to the h5n1 infection jang et al 2012 interestingly il13 showed an early induction in the acute phase of the viral infection and then decreased rapidly to eventually increase after 60 days postinfection jang et al 2012 moreover gmcsf another cytokine was not detected in the acute infection but increased at the...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...that the recovery of the neuronal lasted until 90 days postinfection and that mainly in the substantia nigra pars compacta snpc the profile of cytokines was altered due to the h5n1 infection jang et al 2012 interestingly il13 showed an early induction in the acute phase of the viral infection and then decreased rapidly to eventually increase after 60 days postinfection jang et al 2012 moreover gmcsf another cytokine was not detected in the acute infection but increased at the same time as il13 increased whereas cytokines such an il1 il6 and gcsf among others were only detected until...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...due to the h5n1 infection jang et al 2012 interestingly il13 showed an early induction in the acute phase of the viral infection and then decreased rapidly to eventually increase after 60 days postinfection jang et al 2012 moreover gmcsf another cytokine was not detected in the acute infection but increased at the same time as il13 increased whereas cytokines such an il1 il6 and gcsf among others were only detected until 21 days postinfection jang et al 2012 figure 2 all the data suggest that the local immune response mediated mainly by microglia promotes neurons death...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...the snpc and the hippocampal dentate gyrus however this virus is not neurotropic sadasivan et al 2015 additionally this virus is not able to induce the disruption of bbb which is consistent with the absence of immune cells infiltration into the cns sadasivan et al 2015 the iv infection has also been related to neuropsychiatric disorders yu et al 2014 used the neonatal model to evaluate whether iv infection might cause alterations in normal brain functions unlike other studies described above in this one iv was administered intraperitoneal as the primary focus of the research was to evaluate the...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...virus is not able to induce the disruption of bbb which is consistent with the absence of immune cells infiltration into the cns sadasivan et al 2015 the iv infection has also been related to neuropsychiatric disorders yu et al 2014 used the neonatal model to evaluate whether iv infection might cause alterations in normal brain functions unlike other studies described above in this one iv was administered intraperitoneal as the primary focus of the research was to evaluate the systemic spread of the mouseadapted h1n1 nws33 yu et al 2014 the results showed viral detection in the hippocampus...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...120 days postinfection however h3n2 and h7n7infected mice showed an impairment of spatial learning and memory hosseini et al 2018 this work proves that unlike what is reported by jurgens et al 2012 which perform cognitive test and neuron morphology experiments during the acute phase of the infectionthe h1n1 infection does not lead to longterm impairment in spatial memory nor affects the neuron morphology hosseini et al 2018 the h3n2 subtype is not able to replicate in the cns however it is capable of increasing the levels of tnf in the hippocampus and also increase the number of microglia...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...2018 based on all these data the most important conclusion is that it is necessary to know the immune response promoted by ivs as it has been proven that longterm alteration can be caused without cns viral replication importantly all the knowledge that we have today about iv infection allow us to be more prepared to diagnose and treat more efficiently patients with this infection cov is a group of viruses that belong to the coronaviridae family and the nidovirales order accordingly there are four genera of cov within the coronavirinae subfamily alphacov acov betacov bcov deltacov dcov...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...to know the immune response promoted by ivs as it has been proven that longterm alteration can be caused without cns viral replication importantly all the knowledge that we have today about iv infection allow us to be more prepared to diagnose and treat more efficiently patients with this infection cov is a group of viruses that belong to the coronaviridae family and the nidovirales order accordingly there are four genera of cov within the coronavirinae subfamily alphacov acov betacov bcov deltacov dcov and gammacov gcov king et al 2012 king et al 2018 their name proceeds...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...ms and encephalomyelitis lau et al 2004 yeh et al 2004 zlateva and van ranst 2004 talbot and falsey 2010 however the capacity of cov to infect cns in humans is not well characterized with their detection in these samples performed mainly by detection of viral rna exhibiting persistent infection arbour et al 2000 desforges et al 2014a covs are enveloped viruses with a positive nonsegmented singlestranded rna genome of about 30 kb of length one of the largest among the rna viruses they codify for four structural proteinsfive in the case of some bcovand several nonstructural proteins comprised...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...viral entry is mediated through the interaction of viral spike s protein and cellular cecam1 receptor along with other coreceptors williams et al 1990 bergmann et al 2006 from there the virus can replicate its rna and translate it into proteins among the cells that are permissive to mhv infection are macrophages microglia and astrocytes bergmann et al 2006 jacomy et al 2006 remarkably the year 2006 stjean et al 2006 described the recovery of an infectious hcovoc43 with neurovirulent capacities from a fulllength cdna clone inserted in a bac with the same phenotype as a wt virus generating...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...common as hcovoc43 arbour et al 2000 moreover the prevalence of oc43 in ms samples was statistically higher than in control patients is the first report to provide a significant indication of the neurotropic capacity of these respiratory pathogens arbour et al 2000 the first case of sarscov infection with neurological manifestations was reported the year 2003 in a 59yearold woman hung et al 2003 she was first admitted with swinging fever chills productive coughing and diarrhea which eventually lead to oxygen requirements vomit seizures and episodes of fourlimb twitching the respiratory failure continued until she was sedated...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...59yearold woman hung et al 2003 she was first admitted with swinging fever chills productive coughing and diarrhea which eventually lead to oxygen requirements vomit seizures and episodes of fourlimb twitching the respiratory failure continued until she was sedated and ventilation was required hung et al 2003 sarscov infection was confirmed in both tracheal aspirates and csf samples followed by ribavirin treatment with no improvement in seizures persistence with additional treatments seizures were no longer detected and she was discharged 3 weeks after admission hung et al 2003 the following year another case of sarscov infection with detection...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

... sarscov infection was confirmed in both tracheal aspirates and csf samples followed by ribavirin treatment with no improvement in seizures persistence with additional treatments seizures were no longer detected and she was discharged 3 weeks after admission hung et al 2003 the following year another case of sarscov infection with detection of genetic material in csf samples was reported in a 32yearold woman lau et al 2004 figure 3 detection was also positive for stool specimens and peritoneal fluids figure 3 human coronavirus hcov enters the cns through the olfactory bulb causing inflammation and demyelination upon...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...detection of genetic material in csf samples was reported in a 32yearold woman lau et al 2004 figure 3 detection was also positive for stool specimens and peritoneal fluids figure 3 human coronavirus hcov enters the cns through the olfactory bulb causing inflammation and demyelination upon nasal infection hcov can reach the cns through the olfactory bulb as ablation of this part of the brain restricts its neurotropic capacities in mice once the infection is set the virus can reach the whole brain and csf in less than 7 days accordingly it has been described that this virus...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...stool specimens and peritoneal fluids figure 3 human coronavirus hcov enters the cns through the olfactory bulb causing inflammation and demyelination upon nasal infection hcov can reach the cns through the olfactory bulb as ablation of this part of the brain restricts its neurotropic capacities in mice once the infection is set the virus can reach the whole brain and csf in less than 7 days accordingly it has been described that this virus can induce demyelination likewise primary glial cultures have been described to secrete il6 il12p40 il15 tnf cxcl9 and cxcl10 upon viral infection the patient was...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...in mice once the infection is set the virus can reach the whole brain and csf in less than 7 days accordingly it has been described that this virus can induce demyelination likewise primary glial cultures have been described to secrete il6 il12p40 il15 tnf cxcl9 and cxcl10 upon viral infection the patient was admitted in week 26 of pregnancy and at 7 days postadmission mechanical ventilation was required at day 8 she presents a sign of acute renal failure and pregnancy termination was decided through cesarean a baby girl was born without further complications lau et al 2004 ...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...of sarscov in autopsy samples from patients that died of this disease was determined the report indicates the presence of sarscovn protein and viral rna in the stomach small intestine kidney sweat glands parathyroid pituitary gland liver and cerebrum further confirming the capacity of this virus to induce a systemic infection ding et al 2004 a case report of hcovoc43 detection in nasopharyngeal and csf samples from a child patient was performed the year 2004 yeh et al 2004 the child exhibited acute disseminated encephalomyelitis a lowprevalence cns disease that induces demyelination being this the first case related with...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...protein 10 cxcl10 were highly induced in brain samples from a deceased patient xu et al 2005 figure 3 however there are reports about high levels of cxcl10 in sarscov infected patients with no neurological manifestations therefore the authors suggest that cxcl9 could be closely related to cns infection xu et al 2005 remarkably they also showed there that peripheral blood lymphocytes and eosinophils counts in cnshcovinfected patients were lower when compared with respiratoryhcovinfected patients while the opposite trend was observed for neutrophils li et al 2016 these differences in the recruitment of immune cells could be...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...trend was observed for neutrophils li et al 2016 these differences in the recruitment of immune cells could be related to the immune response elicited by the virus either it is respiratoryrestricted or exhibits neurotropism capabilities li et al 2016 hcov capacity to reach cns after the nasal infection has been described previously in mice particularly for hcovoc43 stjean et al 2004 stjean et al 2004 reported that upon infection viral antigens are detected in the olfactory bulb 3 days later with no presence of virus in perivascular blood cells or any other part of the brain after...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...the immune response elicited by the virus either it is respiratoryrestricted or exhibits neurotropism capabilities li et al 2016 hcov capacity to reach cns after the nasal infection has been described previously in mice particularly for hcovoc43 stjean et al 2004 stjean et al 2004 reported that upon infection viral antigens are detected in the olfactory bulb 3 days later with no presence of virus in perivascular blood cells or any other part of the brain after 7 days the virus is detected throughout the whole brain tissue indicating that it can rapidly propagate once set in cns this...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...7 days the virus is detected throughout the whole brain tissue indicating that it can rapidly propagate once set in cns this replication leads to a rapid death by acute encephalitis of infected mice remarkably ablation of the olfactory bulb prevented the spread of mouse hepatitis virus mhv upon nasal infection perlman et al 1990 therefore hcov exhibits an intrinsic capability to infect neural cells and spread from cns to the periphery via a transneural route as has also been seen for mhv perlman et al 1990 barthold et al 1990 figure 3 mice studies are mainly performed...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...jacomy and talbot 2003 were among the first to describe a mouse model to characterize the cns disease in their publication the year 2003 therein they exhibit that balbc and c57bl6 mice could be infected through nasal instillation with mhv although they chose to use intracerebral inoculation to favor cns infection jacomy and talbot 2003 they also determined that viral rna could be detected in brain heart spleen lungs liver and muscles jacomy and talbot 2003 likewise the year 2004 glass et al 2004 described a systemic nonlethal model of infection for sarscov in c57bl6 mice that eventually reached...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...chose to use intracerebral inoculation to favor cns infection jacomy and talbot 2003 they also determined that viral rna could be detected in brain heart spleen lungs liver and muscles jacomy and talbot 2003 likewise the year 2004 glass et al 2004 described a systemic nonlethal model of infection for sarscov in c57bl6 mice that eventually reached the brain finally in jacomy et al 2006 described that hcovoc43 could infect glial and neuronal cells of both rat and mice figure 3 therein they also showed that surviving animals exhibited decreased motor functions recently wheeler et al 2018 described...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...brain finally in jacomy et al 2006 described that hcovoc43 could infect glial and neuronal cells of both rat and mice figure 3 therein they also showed that surviving animals exhibited decreased motor functions recently wheeler et al 2018 described that microglia is essential for the regulation of mhv infection as depletion of this cell type led to faster viral replication enhancing its capacity to avoid adaptive immunity according to this glial primary cultures of mhva59infected cells showed an increase in the secretion of il12 p40 tnf il15 and il6 compared with a nonneurotropic mhv suggesting that the infection with...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...mhv infection as depletion of this cell type led to faster viral replication enhancing its capacity to avoid adaptive immunity according to this glial primary cultures of mhva59infected cells showed an increase in the secretion of il12 p40 tnf il15 and il6 compared with a nonneurotropic mhv suggesting that the infection with a neurotropic virus activates glial cells and induces a proinflammatory state li et al 2004 figure 3 as described so far covs are respiratory viruses that exhibit neurotropic capacities that not only allows them to achieve latency and avoid the immune response of the host but also...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...state li et al 2004 figure 3 as described so far covs are respiratory viruses that exhibit neurotropic capacities that not only allows them to achieve latency and avoid the immune response of the host but also have neurological implications that can complicate the disease associated to its infection although their mechanisms and routes to reach the cns have not been elicited yet the detection of either viral proteins or genetic material in this issue has been confirmed thoroughly branching the researchers goals into acquiring new insights regarding this topic so far epidemiological reports have allowed to achieve this...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...thoroughly branching the researchers goals into acquiring new insights regarding this topic so far epidemiological reports have allowed to achieve this but further work in animal models is required to fully comprehend the mechanisms that cov uses to reach cns and to achieve more suitable treatments to resolve this viral infection without an exacerbated disease the hmpv is a new virus first reported the year 2001 in netherlands van den hoogen et al 2001 and since its discovery several epidemiological reports have placed it among the most prevalent respiratory viruses worldwide although its disease burden has not been thoroughly...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...was reporteda single longlasting seizure or several seizures in a specific time rangewere associated with hmpv a 35yearold girl with hmpv respiratory disease was reported the year 2013 niizuma et al 2014 the year 2014 two cases were reported a 15month old and a 18monthold girl that reported hmpv infection and eventually developed respiratory failure webster et al 2014 these three cases were discharged without apparent sequelae the year 2015 the first reported case of a child with refractory status epilepticusa nonresponsive condition with a worse prognosis than commonly responsive status epilepticuswas described vehapoglu et al 2015 the...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...evident sequelae were detected during the following months fok et al 2015 remarkably lesions found in the mri analysis were similar to the ones described in the previously reported cases schildgen et al 2005 snchez fernndez et al 2012 then the year 2017 two reportsone associating hmpv respiratory infection the other one indicating the presence of hmpv genetic material in csfwere published early during that year jeannet et al 2017 described the case of a 61yearold swiss man with influenzalike symptoms which eventually suffered from a headache and seizures mri was inconclusive and pcr analysis was negative for csf...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...but there was not a significant improvement throughout the following 6 months tan and wee 2017 remarkably no studies have been performed describing the ability of hmpv to cause cns damage in mice however it has been described that hmpv can persist in the lung of mice after acute infection alvarez et al 2004 liu et al 2009 this characteristic could be aiding the virus to eventually reach the cns as the latency state is achieved through the infection of neuronal processes that innervate the lungs as the genetic material of the virus can be detected in them liu...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...cns damage in mice however it has been described that hmpv can persist in the lung of mice after acute infection alvarez et al 2004 liu et al 2009 this characteristic could be aiding the virus to eventually reach the cns as the latency state is achieved through the infection of neuronal processes that innervate the lungs as the genetic material of the virus can be detected in them liu et al 2009 moreover as described by the authors latent virus can be reactivated upon treatment with immunosuppressive drugs such as steroids hmpv remains a viral agent that...

Title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory
Virus Infections
Authors: Bohmwald, Karen. Gálvez, Nicolás M. S....
Journal: Front Cell Neurosci
Item: Infection
Index: 7042
ID: 5a9b4ede657bcb4bd1e154dfc2b6ef0f274af4a8
Number of matches: 52

...however further researches are still required as many aspects of these cns pathologies remain unknown these studies will add new approach edges to a topic that urgently needs to be characterized as many children may currently be exhibiting these symptoms and are not being treated properly as the respective viral infection may not be diagnosed all authors listed have made substantial direct and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication this work was supported by fondecyt grants n 3180570 and n 1150862 and the millennium institute on immunology and immunotherapy miii p09016f...

Title: Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible
Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent
PEDV
Authors: Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro. Sanchez, Carlos M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7043
ID: 22b6982820cdeb330dc2086ea69713f6e109a671
Number of matches: 14

...pascualiglesias l enjuanes and s zuiga unpublished data was used as challenge virus in the animal experiments pedv infectious cdna was maintained as a bac including pedv usaiowa189842013 sequence genbank accession number kf804028 pedv viruses and recombinant tgev viruses obtained in this work were grown in vero cells supplemented with infection medium dmem supplemented with 03 tryptose phosphate broth 002 yeast extract and 10 gml trypsin the culture medium was supplied daily with 80 of the initial trypsin amount a dna fragment containing the s gene sequence from virulent pedv usaiowa189842013 genbank accession number kf804028 [48] was chemically...

Title: Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible
Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent
PEDV
Authors: Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro. Sanchez, Carlos M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7043
ID: 22b6982820cdeb330dc2086ea69713f6e109a671
Number of matches: 14

...were incubated for 1 h at 37 c in the presence of 100 pfus of pedv virus in dmem containing 5 fcs serial dilutions of the mixtures were added to confluent vero cells in 96well plates after one hour of incubation at 37 c medium was removed and infection medium was added after 72 h cells were fixed with 10 formaldehyde in pbs stained with a crystal violet solution and virus titer was determined the neutralization index was defined as the logarithm of the ratio of tcid 50 in the presence of medium or in the presence of serum...

Title: Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible
Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent
PEDV
Authors: Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro. Sanchez, Carlos M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7043
ID: 22b6982820cdeb330dc2086ea69713f6e109a671
Number of matches: 14

...recombinant viruses rtgevspedv and rtgevrsspedv were recovered after transfection of vero cells with the wildtype and attenuated cdnas respectively these viruses required trypsin to efficiently infect vero cells and form syncytia similarly to pedv virus growth kinetics in cell culture was analyzed by infecting vero cells at two multiplicities of infection moimoi of 01 and 0001 both viruses reached peak titers at 28 or 48 hpi depending on the moi figure 2a nevertheless rtgevrsspedv virus peak titers were fiveto 10fold lower than those for parental rtgevspedv virus figure 2a vero cells with the wildtype and attenuated cdnas...

Title: Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible
Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent
PEDV
Authors: Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro. Sanchez, Carlos M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7043
ID: 22b6982820cdeb330dc2086ea69713f6e109a671
Number of matches: 14

...than those for parental rtgevspedv virus figure 2a vero cells with the wildtype and attenuated cdnas respectively these viruses required trypsin to efficiently infect vero cells and form syncytia similarly to pedv virus growth kinetics in cell culture was analyzed by infecting vero cells at two multiplicities of infection moimoi of 01 and 0001 both viruses reached peak titers at 28 or 48 hpi depending on the moi figure 2a nevertheless rtgevrsspedv virus peak titers were fiveto 10fold lower than those for parental rtgevspedv virus figure 2a to analyze the virulence of control rtgevspedv and attenuated...

Title: Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible
Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent
PEDV
Authors: Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro. Sanchez, Carlos M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7043
ID: 22b6982820cdeb330dc2086ea69713f6e109a671
Number of matches: 14

...of infected piglets were similar for both viruses at 2 and 4 dpi figure 2b at 6 dpi rtgevspedv titers were slightly lower than those for rtgevrsspedv virus suggesting a decreased number of gut epithelial cells available for reinfection piglets inoculated with parental rtgevspedv virus lost weight after infection figure to analyze the virulence of control rtgevspedv and attenuated rtgevrsspedv viruses fivedayold piglets were orally inoculated with 10 6 tcid 50 animal interestingly despite the difference in viral titers observed in cell cultures viral titers in the jejunum of infected piglets were similar for both viruses at 2...

Title: Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible
Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent
PEDV
Authors: Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro. Sanchez, Carlos M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7043
ID: 22b6982820cdeb330dc2086ea69713f6e109a671
Number of matches: 14

...of infected piglets were similar for both viruses at 2 and 4 dpi figure 2b at 6 dpi rtgevspedv titers were slightly lower than those for rtgevrsspedv virus suggesting a decreased number of gut epithelial cells available for reinfection piglets inoculated with parental rtgevspedv virus lost weight after infection figure 3a and 70 died figure 3b this data indicates that the chimeric rtgevspedv control virus was virulent in contrast animals infected with rtgevrsspedv virus maintained weight figure 3a and all of them survived figure 3b indicating that the virus was attenuated...

Title: Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible
Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent
PEDV
Authors: Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro. Sanchez, Carlos M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7043
ID: 22b6982820cdeb330dc2086ea69713f6e109a671
Number of matches: 14

...pedv [58] to further analyze the humoral response specific for pedv the levels of pedvspecific iggs figure 8b and igas figure 8c were evaluated the data were similar to those obtained for total antipedv antibodies it has been demonstrated that protection against pedv infection correlates with iga levels [21 44 59 60] it is worth noting that iga levels in the sera of vaccinated animals after challenge were significantly reduced compared with nonvaccinated animals figure 8c strongly suggesting that challenge virus did not elicit a potent iga response in...

Title: Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible
Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent
PEDV
Authors: Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro. Sanchez, Carlos M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7043
ID: 22b6982820cdeb330dc2086ea69713f6e109a671
Number of matches: 14

...after 31 dpv challenge from rtgevrsspedv virus red or pedvnvsl green vaccinated animals and from nonvaccinated and challenged animals black the values represent neutralization index from three different animals error bars represent the standard deviation for each value altogether the data indicate that rtgevrsspedv virus conferred protection against pedv infection in the young pig model and could be the basis for an effective vaccine candidate an attenuated chimeric rtgev virus expressing the ectodomain of a virulent us pedv s protein rtgevrsspedv was engineered as vaccine candidate for pedv and evaluated in a young piglet model system the rtgevrsspedv virus...

Title: Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible
Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent
PEDV
Authors: Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro. Sanchez, Carlos M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7043
ID: 22b6982820cdeb330dc2086ea69713f6e109a671
Number of matches: 14

...do not induce mucosal immunity and protection [16 26] traditionally attenuated live vaccines were developed for classical pedv strains consisting of serial passages of the virulent virus in cell culture as tissue culture adaptation led to attenuation in vivo these vaccines were not effective to control the infection as they were extensively used in countries were novel pedv strains emerged [14 15] as a consequence many groups have developed traditionally attenuated live vaccines based on novel epidemic pedv strains in general it has been shown that more than 100 passages of the virulent virus in...

Title: Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible
Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent
PEDV
Authors: Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro. Sanchez, Carlos M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7043
ID: 22b6982820cdeb330dc2086ea69713f6e109a671
Number of matches: 14

...after 31 dpv challenge from rtgevrsspedv virus red or pedvnvsl green vaccinated animals and from nonvaccinated and challenged animals black the values represent neutralization index from three different animals error bars represent the standard deviation for each value altogether the data indicate that rtgevrsspedv virus conferred protection against pedv infection in the young pig model and could be the basis for an effective vaccine candidate an attenuated chimeric rtgev virus expressing the ectodomain of a virulent us pedv s protein rtgevrsspedv was engineered as vaccine candidate for pedv and evaluated in a young piglet model system the rtgevrsspedv virus...

Title: Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible
Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
(PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent
PEDV
Authors: Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro. Sanchez, Carlos M....
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7043
ID: 22b6982820cdeb330dc2086ea69713f6e109a671
Number of matches: 14

...do not induce mucosal immunity and protection [16 26] traditionally attenuated live vaccines were developed for classical pedv strains consisting of serial passages of the virulent virus in cell culture as tissue culture adaptation led to attenuation in vivo these vaccines were not effective to control the infection as they were extensively used in countries were novel pedv strains emerged [14 15] as a consequence many groups have developed traditionally attenuated live vaccines based on novel epidemic pedv strains in general it has been shown that more than 100 passages of the virulent virus in...

Title: Identification of NCAM that interacts with the
PHE-CoV spike protein
Authors: Gao, Wei. He, Wenqi...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7044
ID: 4cc161090a796945e7bda63489feb4f268bfeb3a
Number of matches: 5

...were washed five times with pbs phosphatebuffered saline after 2 hours the phecov 67n strain diluted to yield 20 to 40 plaqueswell in 20 l was added to n2a cells that had been grown at a plating density of 10 5 cells per well in 24well plates after a 48h infection phecov binding was detected with the rabbit phecov antiserum the n2a cells were coated with 20 l of rabbit antiphecov antiserum at 11000 per well for 1 h at 37c the cells were washed three times in pbs ph74 fluorescein fitcconjugated goat antirabbit igg hl jackson immunoresearch laboratory west grove...

Title: Identification of NCAM that interacts with the
PHE-CoV spike protein
Authors: Gao, Wei. He, Wenqi...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7044
ID: 4cc161090a796945e7bda63489feb4f268bfeb3a
Number of matches: 5

...cytometry the ncam protein expression was completely suppressed within 72 h fig 6 to determine the antiviral effects of sirnas n2a cells were transfected with ncam sirnas and challenged with the phecov 67n strain 24 hours later the effects of the sirnas in n2a cells stained after transfection and infection with phecov was analysed by indirect immunofluorescence fig 7 after further culture for 5 days the reduction of cellfree viral particle production was assessed by plaque assay plaque assay analysis of the cultures after infection revealed a corresponding reduction in sirnatransfected n2a cells the ncam sirnas inhibited phecov infection...

Title: Identification of NCAM that interacts with the
PHE-CoV spike protein
Authors: Gao, Wei. He, Wenqi...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7044
ID: 4cc161090a796945e7bda63489feb4f268bfeb3a
Number of matches: 5

...hours later the effects of the sirnas in n2a cells stained after transfection and infection with phecov was analysed by indirect immunofluorescence fig 7 after further culture for 5 days the reduction of cellfree viral particle production was assessed by plaque assay plaque assay analysis of the cultures after infection revealed a corresponding reduction in sirnatransfected n2a cells the ncam sirnas inhibited phecov infection compared to controls throughout the 84hour period of observation fig 8 these results demonstrated that expression levels of ncam correlate with phecov infection ncam might participate in the attachment and invasion of n2a cells ...

Title: Identification of NCAM that interacts with the
PHE-CoV spike protein
Authors: Gao, Wei. He, Wenqi...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7044
ID: 4cc161090a796945e7bda63489feb4f268bfeb3a
Number of matches: 5

...infection with phecov was analysed by indirect immunofluorescence fig 7 after further culture for 5 days the reduction of cellfree viral particle production was assessed by plaque assay plaque assay analysis of the cultures after infection revealed a corresponding reduction in sirnatransfected n2a cells the ncam sirnas inhibited phecov infection compared to controls throughout the 84hour period of observation fig 8 these results demonstrated that expression levels of ncam correlate with phecov infection ncam might participate in the attachment and invasion of n2a cells in this report we describe the discovery of a novel interaction between ncam and...

Title: Identification of NCAM that interacts with the
PHE-CoV spike protein
Authors: Gao, Wei. He, Wenqi...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7044
ID: 4cc161090a796945e7bda63489feb4f268bfeb3a
Number of matches: 5

...was assessed by plaque assay plaque assay analysis of the cultures after infection revealed a corresponding reduction in sirnatransfected n2a cells the ncam sirnas inhibited phecov infection compared to controls throughout the 84hour period of observation fig 8 these results demonstrated that expression levels of ncam correlate with phecov infection ncam might participate in the attachment and invasion of n2a cells in this report we describe the discovery of a novel interaction between ncam and spike protein of phecov to our knowledge this is the first study that used a phage displaybased cdna expression library for screening and affinity...

Title: Immunogenicity and Protection from
Receptor-Binding Domains of Toxins as Potential Vaccine
Candidates for Clostridium difficile
Authors: Luo, Deyan. Liu, Xuechao...
Journal: Vaccines (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 7045
ID: 14626b4b98947a5534bdcc578b6659c258f7e7dd
Number of matches: 8

...is a grampositive sporeforming anaerobic rod bacterium that barely received attention before it was discovered to be associated with pseudomembranous colitis in 1978 [2 3] it causes more than 25 of the cases of antibioticassociated diarrhea [1 2] the current prognosis of c difficile infection cdi is alarming with a mortality rate between 3 and 15 and a recurrence rate ranging from 12 to 40 [3] in the united states cdi is responsible for 500000 infections [4] approximately 14000 deaths and healthcare costs exceeding 3 billion [5]...

Title: Immunogenicity and Protection from
Receptor-Binding Domains of Toxins as Potential Vaccine
Candidates for Clostridium difficile
Authors: Luo, Deyan. Liu, Xuechao...
Journal: Vaccines (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 7045
ID: 14626b4b98947a5534bdcc578b6659c258f7e7dd
Number of matches: 8

...structure of protein sometimes simple design is more useful for vaccine development an optimized synthetic dna vaccine encoding the toxin a and toxin b receptorbinding domains of c difficile induced protective antibody [31] but dna vaccine is not the best optimum prophylaxis for an extracellular bacterium infection one nontoxigenic c difficile strain expressing mtcd138 provided mice full protection against infection with a hypervirulent c difficile strain uk6 ribotype 027 [32] it is a promising oral vaccine candidate against cd as mentioned in this paper they still need a long time to evaluate whether ntcdntcd_mtcd138...

Title: Immunogenicity and Protection from
Receptor-Binding Domains of Toxins as Potential Vaccine
Candidates for Clostridium difficile
Authors: Luo, Deyan. Liu, Xuechao...
Journal: Vaccines (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 7045
ID: 14626b4b98947a5534bdcc578b6659c258f7e7dd
Number of matches: 8

...an optimized synthetic dna vaccine encoding the toxin a and toxin b receptorbinding domains of c difficile induced protective antibody [31] but dna vaccine is not the best optimum prophylaxis for an extracellular bacterium infection one nontoxigenic c difficile strain expressing mtcd138 provided mice full protection against infection with a hypervirulent c difficile strain uk6 ribotype 027 [32] it is a promising oral vaccine candidate against cd as mentioned in this paper they still need a long time to evaluate whether ntcdntcd_mtcd138 survived in animals after antibiotic treatment another strategy is developing a novel chimeric...

Title: Immunogenicity and Protection from
Receptor-Binding Domains of Toxins as Potential Vaccine
Candidates for Clostridium difficile
Authors: Luo, Deyan. Liu, Xuechao...
Journal: Vaccines (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 7045
ID: 14626b4b98947a5534bdcc578b6659c258f7e7dd
Number of matches: 8

...become the most promising measure therefore we designed recombinant rbds of reference strain vpi10463 as vaccine candidates in this study we immunized mice with recombinant rbds and challenged them with extracted crude toxins from a hypervirulent strain several variations of the hypervirulent strain rt 027 exist which cause high infection rate and drug resistance consequently the morbidity and mortality rates of this strain are higher than those of other strains [8 33] next we needed to evaluate the protection against toxins of the c difficile atcc baa1870 strain conferred by vaccines targeting the rbds of toxin a...

Title: Immunogenicity and Protection from
Receptor-Binding Domains of Toxins as Potential Vaccine
Candidates for Clostridium difficile
Authors: Luo, Deyan. Liu, Xuechao...
Journal: Vaccines (Basel)
Item: Infection
Index: 7045
ID: 14626b4b98947a5534bdcc578b6659c258f7e7dd
Number of matches: 8

...bacterium stain atcc baa1870 whereas we still stuck to the use of crude toxins of this strain for challenge only because it has repeatedly appeared in some chinese hospitals over the years delivery of crude toxins intraperitoneally is lethal in mice however systemic toxin is not indicative of a normal infection scenario [37] entry of the toxin into circulation is thought to be a possible cause [38] therefore challenging immunized mice with intraperitoneal toxin represents a stringent method for this research however we will try to make spores of bacterium to establish the animal cdi...

Title: High level expression of soluble
glycoproteins in the allantoic fluid of embryonated chicken
eggs using a Sendai virus minigenome system
Authors: Corral, Teresa. Ver, Lorena S...
Journal: BMC Biotechnol
Item: Infection
Index: 7047
ID: 58f68e82f134cf3549778fca86251ee61975b596
Number of matches: 2

...for incorporation of the minigenome ribonucleoproteins into virus particles that would be found together with wild type sev particles in the supernatants of transfectedinfected bsrt75 cells constituting now a mixed virus stock ie virus particles harboring minigenomes or fulllength genomes the mixed sev stocks collected 24 hours after sev infection of bsrt75 cells were inoculated into 9dayold embryonated chicken eggs for replication within cells of the choriallantoic membrane amplification of the sev minigenome after each passage was evaluated indirectly by western blot of each recombinant protein in parallel multiplication of wild type sev was evaluated by western blot of the...

Title: Characterization of the Complete Genome of
Chikungunya in Zhejiang, China, Using a Modified Virus
Discovery Method Based on cDNA-AFLP
Authors: Sun, Yi. Yan, JuYing...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7049
ID: 5159ab148faaafed700258c0a6278cb1fb5476e7
Number of matches: 1

... figure 3 because it was an imported case transmission of the virus carried by the travelers was monitored we believe that the infections originated in indonesia or malaysia rather than in china no other local close contacts were found to be infected our ml tree indicated that this infection was phylogenetically greatly distant from the viruses detected in guangdong china in 2008 and 2010 as they were derived from another chik lineage previous studies hypothesized african origin of chik which then migrated via the indian area into southeast asia and to other parts of the world [1...

Title: Genome-Wide Analysis of Protein-Protein
Interactions and Involvement of Viral Proteins in SARS-CoV
Replication
Authors: Pan, Ji'An. Peng, Xiaoxue...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7051
ID: bbbeb27419905cbacf36b6932302650784570099
Number of matches: 4

......

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...addition to innate immunity the components of the adaptive immune system may play a role in microbial interactions this is supported by a large epidemiological study that reported a significant negative association between s pneumoniae and s aureus in hivuninfected but not hivinfected children [34] furthermore hiv infection has been associated with increased pneumococcal carriage rates compared with unaffected individuals therefore it is suggested that a possible failure of the adaptive immune system mainly cd4 tcellmediated [35] and decreased mucosal immunity [34] may contribute to the absence of a negative association between s...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...itself and susceptibility to disease [37] interactions between viruses and bacteria in the pathogenesis of respiratory infections have been extensively reported in the literature perhaps the most wellknown viralbacterial interaction is the synergism between influenza virus and s pneumoniae [38] although an influenza virus infection alone can be fatal mortality increases dramatically when a bacterial superinfection occurs as in the case of the spanish flu pandemic in 19181919 when millions of people died most from secondary pneumococcal pneumonia [38] this is further underlined by animal experiments showing that death occurred in 35...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...when millions of people died most from secondary pneumococcal pneumonia [38] this is further underlined by animal experiments showing that death occurred in 35 and 15 of mice infected with either influenza virus or pneumococcus respectively whereas 100 of mice infected with both pathogens simultaneously succumbed to infection within one day [39] besides synergism between influenza virus and s pneumoniae other interactions between viral and bacterial species have been described in the literature as shown in table 1 the mechanisms by which viruses influence bacterial colonization and invasion are very diverse we have summarized...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...the mechanisms by which viruses influence bacterial colonization and invasion are very diverse we have summarized the known mechanisms in figure 2a and 2b and will discuss each of these mechanisms below since attachment of a pathogen to mucosal surfaces is the first step towards respiratory disease and viral infection alters the bacterial species can interact with other bacterial species by competition and synergism synergism can be characterized by for instance the production of components that favors another species as shown for the production of outer membrane vesicles these may contain factors that are able to inactivate complement factor c3...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...doi101371journalppat1003057g001 defense of the host epithelium in general [70] it has been postulated that viral presence may render the epithelium more susceptible to bacterial colonization [10] mouse studies have shown that viral predisposition to bacterial attachment not only occurs in case of a simultaneous infection but also up to a week after initial viral infection [46 48 55] or even after full recovery from influenza infection [71] moreover hakansson et al [53] demonstrated that not all viral types and bacterial species and strains interact to the same extent...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...] it has been postulated that viral presence may render the epithelium more susceptible to bacterial colonization [10] mouse studies have shown that viral predisposition to bacterial attachment not only occurs in case of a simultaneous infection but also up to a week after initial viral infection [46 48 55] or even after full recovery from influenza infection [71] moreover hakansson et al [53] demonstrated that not all viral types and bacterial species and strains interact to the same extent only pneumococcal strains with high adhesive capacity were able to...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...more susceptible to bacterial colonization [10] mouse studies have shown that viral predisposition to bacterial attachment not only occurs in case of a simultaneous infection but also up to a week after initial viral infection [46 48 55] or even after full recovery from influenza infection [71] moreover hakansson et al [53] demonstrated that not all viral types and bacterial species and strains interact to the same extent only pneumococcal strains with high adhesive capacity were able to adhere to human respiratory epithelium infected with adenovirus and this effect was restricted...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...61 65] viral presence in the infected cells may alter the expression of antimicrobial peptides also known as defensins [76] secreted in the respiratory mucosa [56] which are key innate immune components that directly eliminate pathogenic bacteria [76] viral infection also triggers a proinflammatory response that leads to upregulation of adhesion proteins in a range of cells including epithelial cells these adhesion proteins act as receptors that allow immune cells to bind to virusinfected cells and combat the viral invader this is illustrated by the upregulation of eukaryotic cell surface...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...cells to bind to virusinfected cells and combat the viral invader this is illustrated by the upregulation of eukaryotic cell surface receptors such as intracellular adhesion molecule 1 icam1 outer membrane protein p5homologous fimbriae p5 fimbriae carcinoembryonic adhesion molecule1 ceacam1 and plateletactivating factor receptor pafr in different cell types upon infection with a virus such as respiratory syncytial virus rsv or parainfluenza virus [48 52] several bacterial species are able to adhere to a diverse group of these adhesion proteins on the surface of host cells [28 40 41 48 77] for example rhinovirus is...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...for its own invasion as well as for adhesion of h influenzae [43 48] moreover some strains of s pneumoniae and h influenzae express the natural pafrligand phosphorylcholine which also allows them to attach to and invade host cells increased pafr expression in reaction to a viral infection may therefore facilitate adherence of both s pneumoniae and h influenzae [40 41 48] however influenza viruses might form an exception as in vitro studies have found that influenza virus did not alter the expression of several receptors including icam caecam and pafr [48] ...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...respiratory viruses may also directly affect the immune system for example by impairment of neutrophil function decreased oxidative burst [55 85] and enhanced neutrophil apoptosis thereby increasing susceptibility to bacterial superinfection [85] [86] [87] additionally some strains of influenza virus infection may predispose to superinfection by s aureus due to ineffective natural killer nk cell recruitment and activation [64] viral infection may also alter monocyte function resulting in lower surface expression of cd receptors [50] in addition viral presence also affects the production and biological...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

... and enhanced neutrophil apoptosis thereby increasing susceptibility to bacterial superinfection [85] [86] [87] additionally some strains of influenza virus infection may predispose to superinfection by s aureus due to ineffective natural killer nk cell recruitment and activation [64] viral infection may also alter monocyte function resulting in lower surface expression of cd receptors [50] in addition viral presence also affects the production and biological activity of cytokines [54] for example virusinduced interferon ifna and ifnb induce impaired neutrophils responses due to inadequate production of...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...na neuraminidase mrna messenger rna amps antimicrobial peptides b viralbacterial interaction in relation to the host immune system viruses may also induce changes in immune function favorable to bacterial invasion fewer nk cells may be recruited into the tissue and their functionality may be suboptimal as a consequence of viral infection virusinduced ifna and ifnb may impair recruitment and functionality of neutrophils and subsequently induce apoptosis of neutrophils recruited to combat the viral invader furthermore ifnc seems to negatively affect the activity of macrophages viralinfected monocytes appear less effective in ingesting and killing bacteria predisposing them to bacterial overgrowth and invasion...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...ifna and ifnb may impair recruitment and functionality of neutrophils and subsequently induce apoptosis of neutrophils recruited to combat the viral invader furthermore ifnc seems to negatively affect the activity of macrophages viralinfected monocytes appear less effective in ingesting and killing bacteria predisposing them to bacterial overgrowth and invasion viral infection seems to impair tlr pathways induce production of the antiinflammatory cytokine il10 and decrease the concentration of the proinflammatory cytokine tnfa generally affecting adequate immune responses to bacterial infections black arrows indicate increased q or decreased q activity or functionality of a cytokine ifn interferon tnf tumor necrosis factor tlr...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...arrows indicate increased q or decreased q activity or functionality of a cytokine ifn interferon tnf tumor necrosis factor tlr toll like receptor il interleukin nk cell natural killer cell doi101371journalppat1003057g002 table 2 viral detection in respiratory samples in asymptomatic children necrosis factor tnfa production is downregulated during viral infection which may also lead to increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections [50] respiratory viruses can also interact with tolllike receptor tlr pathways preventing appropriate routing of immune responses [90] this is for example illustrated by data obtained from a coinfection model with influenza virus...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...and s pneumoniae in mice where excessive immunosuppressive interleukin il10 production following coinfection has been observed which was associated with enhanced bacterial colonization and increased mortality [71] most studies point towards a unidirectional viral predisposition to bacterial colonization however there are some clues that a preceding bacterial infection may also increase susceptibility to a consecutive viral infection for example sajjan et al [42] showed that h influenzae is able to stimulate expression of icam1 and tlr3 on human airway epithelial cells providing an entry point for rhinovirus another report suggested that human bronchial epithelial cells preincubated...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...il10 production following coinfection has been observed which was associated with enhanced bacterial colonization and increased mortality [71] most studies point towards a unidirectional viral predisposition to bacterial colonization however there are some clues that a preceding bacterial infection may also increase susceptibility to a consecutive viral infection for example sajjan et al [42] showed that h influenzae is able to stimulate expression of icam1 and tlr3 on human airway epithelial cells providing an entry point for rhinovirus another report suggested that human bronchial epithelial cells preincubated with pneumococcus but not with h influenzae m catarrhalis...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...during the incubation period [94 104] second in studies that involve young children parental registration of the infant health status might be a major confounder as the presence of minor respiratory symptoms like a runny nose may be underestimated third viral presence might indicate a true subclinical infection a recent study [95] revealed that the median viral load of rhinovirus was significantly lower in asymptomatic children than in symptomatic children with a total absence of clinical symptoms when the viral load was below a certain threshold another study analyzed the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of asymptomatic children...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...response without causing respiratory symptoms fourth the duration of viral shedding varies greatly between studies and seems to be strongly dependant on viral species selected patient population and method of detection [104 [106] [107] [108] therefore detected viruses may mark an expiring infection finally prolonged detection of viral presence may be due to the sequential presence of different serotypes of the same viral species [104 109] for example for adenovirus it was recently shown that prolonged or repeated persistence of viral nucleic acids might actually be caused by both persistent...

Title: Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Authors: Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.. Biesbroek, Giske...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7052
ID: bb7718e2a9a390578e8d3f5ea081f08d3fd17185
Number of matches: 21

...viral presence may be due to the sequential presence of different serotypes of the same viral species [104 109] for example for adenovirus it was recently shown that prolonged or repeated persistence of viral nucleic acids might actually be caused by both persistent viral shedding and consecutive infection with different serotypesstrains [108] however few other studies discriminate between the exact serotypes of the viruses found in the nasopharynx of asymptomatic children [99] most likely interplay of these factors will influence the presence of viral species in the nasopharynx of healthy asymptomatic children...

Title: Nucleolar localization of influenza A NS1:
striking differences between mammalian and avian cells
Authors: Volmer, Romain. Mazel-Sanchez, Beryl...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7053
ID: 2a8a6ddd84f0c80ce33fed8960c3201c08e56854
Number of matches: 4

...a549 alveolar epithelial cells and in primary embryonic fibroblasts used between passages 2 and 6 cultured from 11 days old balbc mouse mus musculus embryos from 14 days old pekin duck anas platyrhynchos embryos or from 12 days old chicken gallus gallus embryos cells were infected at a multiplicity of infection moi of 3 plaque forming units pfu per cell moi 3 with the human influenza audorn72h3n2 strain designated udorn the human laboratory adapted influenza apr834h1n1 strain designated pr8 the avian influenza aturkeyitaly977v99h7n1 strain designated 977 or the avian influenza aturkeyitaly4426 00h7n1 strain designated 4426 at 3 4 6 8...

Title: Nucleolar localization of influenza A NS1:
striking differences between mammalian and avian cells
Authors: Volmer, Romain. Mazel-Sanchez, Beryl...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7053
ID: 2a8a6ddd84f0c80ce33fed8960c3201c08e56854
Number of matches: 4

...apparent change in the pattern of npm expression was observed in def infected with the 977 virus by contrast starting 12 hpi faint npm staining could be detected in the nucleoplasm of udorn infected cells suggesting that a fraction of npm is displaced from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm following infection increased levels of npm in the nucleoplasm as well as ringlike npm staining pattern were detected in about 50 of udorn infected cells at 12 hpi interestingly changes in npm staining pattern has also been observed following infection with the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus whose nucleocapsid protein targets the nucleolus...

Title: Nucleolar localization of influenza A NS1:
striking differences between mammalian and avian cells
Authors: Volmer, Romain. Mazel-Sanchez, Beryl...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7053
ID: 2a8a6ddd84f0c80ce33fed8960c3201c08e56854
Number of matches: 4

...fraction of npm is displaced from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm following infection increased levels of npm in the nucleoplasm as well as ringlike npm staining pattern were detected in about 50 of udorn infected cells at 12 hpi interestingly changes in npm staining pattern has also been observed following infection with the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus whose nucleocapsid protein targets the nucleolus [10] in def infected with udorn changes in the nucleolar morphology appeared between 8 and 12 hpi corresponding to a stage in the virus life cycle where cytopathic effects such as membrane blebbing became visible...

Title: TMV mutants with poly(A) tracts of different
lengths demonstrate structural variations in 3′UTR
affecting viral RNAs accumulation and symptom
expression
Authors: Guo, Song. Kierzek, Elzbieta...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7054
ID: 85bf8bcd3494765f259e8903ed153dff0ff40a4f
Number of matches: 4

...tmv42a upd produced necrotic lesions on the inoculated leaves at 5 dpi but the upper leaves showed no symptoms figs 3 and 4 at 7 dpi severe necrosis appeared on the stem and petioles of the infected plants but the upper leaves remained symptomless fig 4c tmv24a upd infection caused lethal symptoms with a higher accumulation level of viral rnas in the upper leaves however after introducing a longer polya tract the accumulation of viral rnas was significantly in order to test whether tmv42a upd systemic movement was inhibited by the introduced longer polya tract of 42 nt we...

Title: TMV mutants with poly(A) tracts of different
lengths demonstrate structural variations in 3′UTR
affecting viral RNAs accumulation and symptom
expression
Authors: Guo, Song. Kierzek, Elzbieta...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7054
ID: 85bf8bcd3494765f259e8903ed153dff0ff40a4f
Number of matches: 4

...and symptom expression the shape analysis confirmed that such effects result from rna structural variations in the 3 utr the effects of polya tail length on viral replication have been reported in coronavirus 37 38 its 3 polya tail lengths of genomic and subgenomic mrnas were extended during infection moreover functional analyses revealed that cp accumulation of coronavirus with a longer polya tail was enhanced this result is contrary to our result in that the mutant viruses with a longer internal polya tract showed reduced replication in n benthamiana protoplasts and less virulence in the whole plants figs 2...

Title: TMV mutants with poly(A) tracts of different
lengths demonstrate structural variations in 3′UTR
affecting viral RNAs accumulation and symptom
expression
Authors: Guo, Song. Kierzek, Elzbieta...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7054
ID: 85bf8bcd3494765f259e8903ed153dff0ff40a4f
Number of matches: 4

...internal polya tract tmv43a has the upd replaced by an internal polya tract of 43 nt 25 and it could replicate in n benthamiana protoplasts however the replication and accumulation of tmv43a were significantly reduced as compared with that of tmv also different from the lethal symptom caused by tmv infection tmv43a induced a mosaic symptom and its infected plants remained alive after infection these results indicated that the upd of tmv alone could be replaced with an internal polya tract but with a reduced replication efficiency the polya tract of hlsv is located upstream of tls and longer polya...

Title: TMV mutants with poly(A) tracts of different
lengths demonstrate structural variations in 3′UTR
affecting viral RNAs accumulation and symptom
expression
Authors: Guo, Song. Kierzek, Elzbieta...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7054
ID: 85bf8bcd3494765f259e8903ed153dff0ff40a4f
Number of matches: 4

...of 43 nt 25 and it could replicate in n benthamiana protoplasts however the replication and accumulation of tmv43a were significantly reduced as compared with that of tmv also different from the lethal symptom caused by tmv infection tmv43a induced a mosaic symptom and its infected plants remained alive after infection these results indicated that the upd of tmv alone could be replaced with an internal polya tract but with a reduced replication efficiency the polya tract of hlsv is located upstream of tls and longer polya tract upstream of 3 tls would result in higher accumulation of the viral...

Title: Molecular epidemiology of influenza B virus
among hospitalized pediatric patients in Northern
Italy during the 2015-16 season
Authors: Piralla, Antonio. Lunghi, Giovanna...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7055
ID: 8c2f3b308f203b56e322c637bd1eec3e228fa524
Number of matches: 3

......

Title: Molecular epidemiology of influenza B virus
among hospitalized pediatric patients in Northern
Italy during the 2015-16 season
Authors: Piralla, Antonio. Lunghi, Giovanna...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7055
ID: 8c2f3b308f203b56e322c637bd1eec3e228fa524
Number of matches: 3

...in these viruses and they are not able to cause pandemics however influenza b viruses evolve mainly through genetic reassortment between strains of different lineages this allows for escape from host immunity and preservation of the ability to cause disease [2] regardless of the lineage influenza b infection can cause severe disease and death [1] for many years vaccine administration has been demonstrated as the best solution to reduce the influenza disease burden in humans [3 4] however in the past the recommended vaccines included only one influenza b lineage chosen by...

Title: Molecular epidemiology of influenza B virus
among hospitalized pediatric patients in Northern
Italy during the 2015-16 season
Authors: Piralla, Antonio. Lunghi, Giovanna...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7055
ID: 8c2f3b308f203b56e322c637bd1eec3e228fa524
Number of matches: 3

...majority of influenza b strains were similar to those circulating in europe in the same period three strains were closely related to old influenza b strains circulating in previous seasons all these findings indicate that in europe and in particular in the lombardy region of italy protection against influenza b infection in vaccinated subjects might have been very poor during that period the introduction of the quadrivalent vaccine in the italian vaccination campaign could prevent or reduce the circulation of both lineages of influenza b and improve the protection of the population against a potential severe disease this study was...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...in this article camel refers only to dromedary camel about 65 of the articles on zoonotic pathogens of camels published between 1970 and 2018 focused on middle east respiratory syndrome mers hydatidosis brucellosis and rift valley fever [7] camel echinococcosis is the most studied zoonotic parasitic infection affecting humans but toxoplasma gondii cryptosporidium spp fasciola spp trichinella spp and linguatula serrata originating from camels are also considered as major public health risks [7] relatively few parasites of camels are specific for this host species [8] whereas many others that infect camels...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...public health risks [7] relatively few parasites of camels are specific for this host species [8] whereas many others that infect camels are i nonzoonotic but with a large host range or ii of zoonotic concern transmission of zoonotic parasites includes different routes of infection such as faecal contamination eg cryptosporidium spp giardia duodenalis balantidium coli blastocystis spp enterocytozoon spp or consumption of raw or undercooked infected tissues and milk eg toxoplasma gondii trichinella spp linguatula serrata in addition camels serve as reservoir hosts for trypanosoma evansi or may be infected by gastropodborne trematodes...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...c parvum and c andersoni identified in camels are potentially infectious for humans no confirmed direct table 1 taxonomic classification of camelids and other artiodactylids [2] association between camels and human infections have been reported in contrast to other livestock such as cattle [19] giardia infection is extremely common in both industrialised nations and developing countries and is responsible for about 280 million human cases of diarrhoea every year [20] currently eight species with over 40 animal host species have been reported of which only giardia duodenalis infects humans [20] ...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...] because of the pleomorphism of balantidial trophozoites and the host range taxonomy of this genus is controversial however as for other mammalian hosts [25] balantidia from camels previously named balantidium cameli [26] are now referred to as b coli a species causing widespread infection with infection rates of up to 23 [27] recent studies on the genetic diversity of balantidium spp and balantidiumlike cystforming ciliates such as buxtonella suggest that genetic analyses are needed to explain the real spectrum of intestinal ciliates as the cysts are morphologically indistinguishable buxtonella sulcata another...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...because of the pleomorphism of balantidial trophozoites and the host range taxonomy of this genus is controversial however as for other mammalian hosts [25] balantidia from camels previously named balantidium cameli [26] are now referred to as b coli a species causing widespread infection with infection rates of up to 23 [27] recent studies on the genetic diversity of balantidium spp and balantidiumlike cystforming ciliates such as buxtonella suggest that genetic analyses are needed to explain the real spectrum of intestinal ciliates as the cysts are morphologically indistinguishable buxtonella sulcata another ciliate with...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...camel meat [43] but predilection sites of toxoplasma cysts have not been comprehensively investigated in this host species the rooted habits of nomadic populations of some african and asian communities of raw camel liver consumption [43 50] suggest that this could represent a risk factor for infection of humans as t gondii is frequently isolated from the livers of domestic ruminants and horses [51] in addition consumption of camel milk is becoming increasingly popular in recent years because it is richer in vitamin c and iron than cows milk with important therapeutic effects for...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...people consuming their meat and dairy products camels are affected by several trypanosoma species [58] while t evansi the etiologic agent of surra is the more prevalent trypanosome species of camels [59] t brucei t congolense and t vivax are found at low infection rates [60 61] due to a partial loss of t evansi mitochondrial dna which occurred during its segregation from t brucei [62] this species can be mechanically transmitted by virtually all biting flies so its geographical distribution is potentially unlimited trypanosoma evansi affects a...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...from t brucei [62] this species can be mechanically transmitted by virtually all biting flies so its geographical distribution is potentially unlimited trypanosoma evansi affects a wide range of domestic and wild mammals in africa asia and south america [63] and recent outbreaks of infection amongst dromedary populations on the canary islands in mainland spain and france demonstrated the potential of the parasite to spread rapidly even in nonendemic areas [64] in dromedaries the infection may cause significant morbidity and great impairment of productivity and mortality [65] it is...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...and wild mammals in africa asia and south america [63] and recent outbreaks of infection amongst dromedary populations on the canary islands in mainland spain and france demonstrated the potential of the parasite to spread rapidly even in nonendemic areas [64] in dromedaries the infection may cause significant morbidity and great impairment of productivity and mortality [65] it is assumed that the spread of t evansi among camels with the consequence of fatal anaemia weakened the arabafrican muslim forces in their prolonged battle against christendom as they relied heavily on camels and...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...and equids for transport and economy [66] trypanosoma evansi has its highest prevalence in camels compared to other animal hosts such as buffaloes cattle dogs equids and small ruminants [63] but in contrast to other livestock species in camels the economic burden of this infection has not been evaluated [67] human cases of t evansi infection have been reported from india sri lanka egypt and thailand [68] [69] [70] for a decade it was hypothesized that human susceptibility to t evansi could be linked to...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...highest prevalence in camels compared to other animal hosts such as buffaloes cattle dogs equids and small ruminants [63] but in contrast to other livestock species in camels the economic burden of this infection has not been evaluated [67] human cases of t evansi infection have been reported from india sri lanka egypt and thailand [68] [69] [70] for a decade it was hypothesized that human susceptibility to t evansi could be linked to insufficient or missing levels of human trypanocide apolipoprotein l1 apol1 a trypanocidal component of...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...] [69] [70] for a decade it was hypothesized that human susceptibility to t evansi could be linked to insufficient or missing levels of human trypanocide apolipoprotein l1 apol1 a trypanocidal component of normal human serum [71] however a recent report of infection in a patient with no previous immunological risk 2 wildtype apol1 alleles and a normal serum apol1 concentration suggested that t evansi is a true zoonosis with a risk of infection for the general population [70] traditionally tabanids muscids and hippoboscids are considered to be mechanical vectors...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...apolipoprotein l1 apol1 a trypanocidal component of normal human serum [71] however a recent report of infection in a patient with no previous immunological risk 2 wildtype apol1 alleles and a normal serum apol1 concentration suggested that t evansi is a true zoonosis with a risk of infection for the general population [70] traditionally tabanids muscids and hippoboscids are considered to be mechanical vectors of t evansi and several species of the genera ancala atylotus chrysops haematobia haematopota hippobosca pangonia philoliche stomoxys and tabanus have been collected directly from camels or their surroundings [9...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...taeniola tabanus par and tabanus subangustus collected on cattle have been identified to be infected with t evansi [75] however there is no molecular confirmation on the role of definite fly species as vectors of t evansi in camels cystic echinococcosis ce is a major zoonotic infection with worldwide distribution caused by the larvae of the tapeworm echinococcus granulosus sl ce causes considerable medical costs and economic losses in endemic areas camels are intermediate hosts for several zoonotic echinococcus species being important in their epidemiology [76] cysts are commonly found in the lungs and...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...camels resulting in carcass condemnation and subsequently great economic losses in iran where ce is endemic the annual monetary burden of ce has been estimated at 2323 million usd out of which the loss due to condemnation of infected camel livers amounts to approximately 600000 usd [77] infection of camels with cysts of e granulosus ss e ortleppi and e canadensis formerly g1 g2 g3 g5 g6 have been reported [78] [79] [80] all of them being causative agents of human ce [80] the prevalence of echinococcus species...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...more commonly in each region continent and at global scale humans become infected with the cosmopolitan pentastomid linguatula serrata by ingestion of eggs from the faeces of infected dogs or consumption of raw or undercooked infected viscera of intermediate ruminant hosts and camels [85] human nasopharyngeal infection by the socalled tongueworm can affect the nasopharynx throat eyes lymph nodes nose oral cavity lungs and liver [85] reliable data on the rate and geographical range of the infection in dogs are unavailable and diagnosis is challenging as infections in dogs are often asymptomatic [86...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...raw or undercooked infected viscera of intermediate ruminant hosts and camels [85] human nasopharyngeal infection by the socalled tongueworm can affect the nasopharynx throat eyes lymph nodes nose oral cavity lungs and liver [85] reliable data on the rate and geographical range of the infection in dogs are unavailable and diagnosis is challenging as infections in dogs are often asymptomatic [86] however clinical linguatulosis is increasingly reported in pet and stray dogs worldwide [87] and zoonotic cases of l serrata infection are recorded from several countries in asia europe africa...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...data on the rate and geographical range of the infection in dogs are unavailable and diagnosis is challenging as infections in dogs are often asymptomatic [86] however clinical linguatulosis is increasingly reported in pet and stray dogs worldwide [87] and zoonotic cases of l serrata infection are recorded from several countries in asia europe africa and the americas [85] in camels infection with l serrata larvae in the liver lungs spleen mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes have been reported from iran egypt and sudan [79 85] although consumption of improperly...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...infections in dogs are often asymptomatic [86] however clinical linguatulosis is increasingly reported in pet and stray dogs worldwide [87] and zoonotic cases of l serrata infection are recorded from several countries in asia europe africa and the americas [85] in camels infection with l serrata larvae in the liver lungs spleen mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes have been reported from iran egypt and sudan [79 85] although consumption of improperly cooked and raw liver of infected intermediate hosts are major sources of zoonotic infection the actual sources of infection...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...85] in camels infection with l serrata larvae in the liver lungs spleen mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes have been reported from iran egypt and sudan [79 85] although consumption of improperly cooked and raw liver of infected intermediate hosts are major sources of zoonotic infection the actual sources of infection in human patients have not been documented sufficiently and camels may play an important role in the epidemiology of human and canine linguatulosis the genus trichinella comprises nine species and three genotypes occurring in birds reptiles and more than 150 domestic and wild mammalian...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...infection with l serrata larvae in the liver lungs spleen mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes have been reported from iran egypt and sudan [79 85] although consumption of improperly cooked and raw liver of infected intermediate hosts are major sources of zoonotic infection the actual sources of infection in human patients have not been documented sufficiently and camels may play an important role in the epidemiology of human and canine linguatulosis the genus trichinella comprises nine species and three genotypes occurring in birds reptiles and more than 150 domestic and wild mammalian species [88] ...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...and as a sequel to a severe outbreak of trichinellosis in germany attributed to spiced and dried camel meat illegally imported from cairo a few confirming studies were conducted [91] while the camel origin of the exotic dish incriminated for that outbreak could not been confirmed experimental infection of camels with t spiralis from pork meat resulted in a high trichinella burden of the smooth and striated muscles [92] based on these finding and on the fact that meat from sheep cattle and horse has been recognized as source of human trichinellosis in several outbreaks...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...ticks parasitizing them as yersinia pestis has been isolated from xenopsylla cheopis rat fleas captured near camel corrals [50] it has been assumed that they may act as vectors for plague in camels which in turn can infect humans directly or carry infected fleas close to humans infection of camels with plague has been suspected for a long time [117] and the role of this animal species in outbreaks in different countries have been documented although infection might show no overt symptoms [118] transmission of plague form camels to humans has been...

Title: Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so
important, so ignored
Authors: Sazmand, Alireza. Joachim, Anja...
Journal: Parasit Vectors
Item: Infection
Index: 7057
ID: 6c4fd19f82c72d0d52f0de8c0290f522646c6da7
Number of matches: 24

...for plague in camels which in turn can infect humans directly or carry infected fleas close to humans infection of camels with plague has been suspected for a long time [117] and the role of this animal species in outbreaks in different countries have been documented although infection might show no overt symptoms [118] transmission of plague form camels to humans has been reported in kazakhstan where from 1907 to 2001 human plague was acquired from camels in 400 instances [119] there is controversy about the estimated population of feral dromedary camels...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...4] human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai strains of subtype h5n1 since the first outbreak in 1997 have also been particularly severe for children and young adults [5] [6] [7] assessing pulmonary infiltrates in response to influenza h5n1 virus infection has been difficult due to the lack of autopsy material the basis for the high morbidity and mortality associated with the 1918 virus and recent h5n1 viruses remains inconclusive based on viral genetic analysis alone and accounts of patient lung pathology provide only qualitative information about the host factors contributing...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...immune system in complicating lung tissue recovery [10] [11] [12] [13] mouse models of highly pathogenic hp h5n1 [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] and 1918 [19 20] influenza virus infection confirm histological observations of severe lung pathology in human patients however the types of immune cells present during the peak of lung pathology have not been fully elucidated excessive immune cell infiltration during an acute lung injury may impair tissue restoration directly by interfering with gas exchange or indirectly through...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...lung pathology have not been fully elucidated excessive immune cell infiltration during an acute lung injury may impair tissue restoration directly by interfering with gas exchange or indirectly through the release of soluble immune mediators in the present study we determined key immune cellular components in the murine lung following infection with matched h5n1 and h1n1 virus pairs that represent high and low virulence infections of each influenza subtype as previously determined in the mouse model [18 21] the two h5n1 viruses used in this study athailand162004 and athailandsp832004 were isolated in 2004 from fatal human cases in...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...used a contemporary non lethal seasonal h1n1 human isolate from 1991 atx3691 and the reconstructed 1918 pandemic virus [21] a detailed flow cytometry evaluation of lung cells demonstrated that macrophages and neutrophils are the prominent cell types associated with and potentially mediating the severe lung pathology following infection with the highly virulent h5n1 and 1918 viruses moreover inoculation of macrophages and dendritic cells with the hp viruses in vitro or ex vivo reveals that some innate immune cells can themselves serve as targets of viral infection highly pathogenic h1n1 and h5n1 viruses exhibit early and sustained replication...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...cell types associated with and potentially mediating the severe lung pathology following infection with the highly virulent h5n1 and 1918 viruses moreover inoculation of macrophages and dendritic cells with the hp viruses in vitro or ex vivo reveals that some innate immune cells can themselves serve as targets of viral infection highly pathogenic h1n1 and h5n1 viruses exhibit early and sustained replication in murine lung tissue following intranasal infection female balbc mice were infected intranasally with either highly pathogenic hp or lowpathogenic lp influenza viruses table 1 methods based on known ld 50 s and phenotypes of disease...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...1918 viruses moreover inoculation of macrophages and dendritic cells with the hp viruses in vitro or ex vivo reveals that some innate immune cells can themselves serve as targets of viral infection highly pathogenic h1n1 and h5n1 viruses exhibit early and sustained replication in murine lung tissue following intranasal infection female balbc mice were infected intranasally with either highly pathogenic hp or lowpathogenic lp influenza viruses table 1 methods based on known ld 50 s and phenotypes of disease in mouse [21] and ferret [18 22] models as shown in figure 1 increased cellularity...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...and thai16 virusinfected mice showed an increase in overall tissue cellularity as early as 3 days pi figure 2a by day 3 pi lungs infected with the hp influenza viruses containing between 4351610 7 cells had nearly twice as many total lung cells than were measured in the hp infection groups just 24 hours previously at day 2 pi 2124610 7 cells significant differences p005 were observed between hp and lp infection groups in total lung cell number at every time after day 2 pi total lung cell numbers doubled in hp infection groups between days 5 and 7 pi...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...3 pi lungs infected with the hp influenza viruses containing between 4351610 7 cells had nearly twice as many total lung cells than were measured in the hp infection groups just 24 hours previously at day 2 pi 2124610 7 cells significant differences p005 were observed between hp and lp infection groups in total lung cell number at every time after day 2 pi total lung cell numbers doubled in hp infection groups between days 5 and 7 pi and by day 7 pi when viral titers were high for all four viruses total cell numbers in the lungs of mice...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...cells than were measured in the hp infection groups just 24 hours previously at day 2 pi 2124610 7 cells significant differences p005 were observed between hp and lp infection groups in total lung cell number at every time after day 2 pi total lung cell numbers doubled in hp infection groups between days 5 and 7 pi and by day 7 pi when viral titers were high for all four viruses total cell numbers in the lungs of mice infected with either hp h1n1 or h5n1 viruses were 6fold higher than those in pbsinoculated mice and at least 3fold higher...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...those found in lp virusinfected lungs figures 1 and 2a on day 7 pi there were as many as 13610 8 cells in hpinfected lungs compared with 4080610 7 cells in lpinfected and 18610 7 cells in pbsinoculated lungs to quantify the immune cell subpopulations responding to viral infection we next determined the total cell numbers of specific inflammatory cell populations in the infected lungs using flow cytometry figure 2b compared with pbsinoculated patients who succumbed to influenza during the 1918 pandemic had severe lung pathology marked by extensive inflammatory infiltrate indicating a robust immune response...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...extensive inflammatory infiltrate indicating a robust immune response in the lung similar findings have been reported from h5n1infected patients raising the question as to why people expire in the presence of a strong immune response we addressed this question by characterizing the immune cell populations in the mouse lung following infection with the 1918 pandemic virus and two h5n1 viruses isolated from fatal cases our data shows excessive immune cell infiltration in the lungs contributing to severe consolidation and tissue architecture destruction in mice infected with highly pathogenic hp influenza viruses supporting the histopathological observations of lung tissue from 1918 and...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...consolidation and tissue architecture destruction in mice infected with highly pathogenic hp influenza viruses supporting the histopathological observations of lung tissue from 1918 and h5n1 fatalities we found that certain cells of the innate immune system specifically macrophages and neutrophils increase significantly into the mouse lung shortly following hp virus infection interestingly lung macrophages and dendritic cells were shown to be susceptible to 1918 and h5n1 virus infection in vitro or ex vivo suggesting a possible mechanism of immunopathogenesis identification of the precise inflammatory cells associated with lung inflammation will be important for the development of treatments that could potentially enhance...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...observations of lung tissue from 1918 and h5n1 fatalities we found that certain cells of the innate immune system specifically macrophages and neutrophils increase significantly into the mouse lung shortly following hp virus infection interestingly lung macrophages and dendritic cells were shown to be susceptible to 1918 and h5n1 virus infection in vitro or ex vivo suggesting a possible mechanism of immunopathogenesis identification of the precise inflammatory cells associated with lung inflammation will be important for the development of treatments that could potentially enhance or modulate host innate immune responses [18 21 22] generated by reverse genetics [...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...mice 15 and 12610 7 cells respectively at day 7 pi before waning as demonstrated at day 9 pi an increase of at least twice as many neutrophils cd11b cd11c 2 ly6gc cd4 2 cd8 was observed as early as 1 day pi in all infection groups compared with neutrophils numbers in pbsinoculated mice on day 2 pi there was on average n 3 mice over four hundred thousand more neutrophils in the lungs of 1918 virus inoculated mice than tx91 inoculated mice significant differences in neutrophil populations p005 between the hp and the lp...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

... cd11c ly6gc 2 cd8 2 and cd8 t cd11b 2 cd11c ly6gc 2 cd4 2 cells figure 2b d and e in all groups of infected mice increased slightly compared with numbers in pbsinoculated animals during the course of infection no significant differences were found between hp and lp infection groups suggesting that these cell populations are not major contributors to the histopathological consolidation observed in lungs during hp h5n1 virus infections in mice [16] macrophages and neutrophils account for the highest percentage of the total lung...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...cd8 t cd11b 2 cd11c ly6gc 2 cd4 2 cells figure 2b d and e in all groups of infected mice increased slightly compared with numbers in pbsinoculated animals during the course of infection no significant differences were found between hp and lp infection groups suggesting that these cell populations are not major contributors to the histopathological consolidation observed in lungs during hp h5n1 virus infections in mice [16] macrophages and neutrophils account for the highest percentage of the total lung leukocytes following infection with highly pathogenic influenza viruses we next...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...differences were found between hp and lp infection groups suggesting that these cell populations are not major contributors to the histopathological consolidation observed in lungs during hp h5n1 virus infections in mice [16] macrophages and neutrophils account for the highest percentage of the total lung leukocytes following infection with highly pathogenic influenza viruses we next determined specific immune cell subpopulations given by percent of the total lung leukocyte population in order to reveal differential population dynamics amongst the immune cell populations measured in these studies table 2 strikingly macrophage populations by day 3 pi represented 24 and...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...24 and 244 nearly onequarter of the total gated lung leukocytes of mice infected with 1918 and thai16 hp viruses respectively which was significantly higher than the frequency of macrophages detected in tx91 and sp83 virusinfected mice from days 2 though 9 pi ^p0005 neutrophil populations were elevated in all infection groups compared to mock levels beginning 1 day pi figure 2 panel b however percentages of neutrophils in hp virus infected mice were significantly higher p005 than those in lp virusinfected mice beginning day 2 pi and levels remained elevated at each subsequent time point measured ...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...hp virus infected mice were significantly higher p005 than those in lp virusinfected mice beginning day 2 pi and levels remained elevated at each subsequent time point measured table 2 in contrast dendritic cell populations as percent of the total leukocyte population declined over the course of infection with hp viruses while percentages increased in lp infections peaking at days 3 and 5 pi table 2 significant differences in percent dendritic cells between hp and lp infection groups were observed day 3 pi and at all other subsequent time points p005 percentages of cd4 t...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...table 2 in contrast dendritic cell populations as percent of the total leukocyte population declined over the course of infection with hp viruses while percentages increased in lp infections peaking at days 3 and 5 pi table 2 significant differences in percent dendritic cells between hp and lp infection groups were observed day 3 pi and at all other subsequent time points p005 percentages of cd4 t cells in the lungs decreased in all infection groups but no significant differences were observed in cd4 or cd8 t cell population dynamics between hp and lp infection...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...lp infections peaking at days 3 and 5 pi table 2 significant differences in percent dendritic cells between hp and lp infection groups were observed day 3 pi and at all other subsequent time points p005 percentages of cd4 t cells in the lungs decreased in all infection groups but no significant differences were observed in cd4 or cd8 t cell population dynamics between hp and lp infection groups together these results indicate that macrophages and neutrophils are responsible for the majority increase in total lung cell numbers following infection with the 1918 and hp h5n1...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...infection groups were observed day 3 pi and at all other subsequent time points p005 percentages of cd4 t cells in the lungs decreased in all infection groups but no significant differences were observed in cd4 or cd8 t cell population dynamics between hp and lp infection groups together these results indicate that macrophages and neutrophils are responsible for the majority increase in total lung cell numbers following infection with the 1918 and hp h5n1 influenza viruses to better understand potential influences on immune cell population dynamics in the lung following hp influenza virus infection as...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...in the lungs decreased in all infection groups but no significant differences were observed in cd4 or cd8 t cell population dynamics between hp and lp infection groups together these results indicate that macrophages and neutrophils are responsible for the majority increase in total lung cell numbers following infection with the 1918 and hp h5n1 influenza viruses to better understand potential influences on immune cell population dynamics in the lung following hp influenza virus infection as demonstrated in figure 2b and table 2 we analyzed 17 chemokines and cytokines in the lungs of mice on days 1...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...lp infection groups together these results indicate that macrophages and neutrophils are responsible for the majority increase in total lung cell numbers following infection with the 1918 and hp h5n1 influenza viruses to better understand potential influences on immune cell population dynamics in the lung following hp influenza virus infection as demonstrated in figure 2b and table 2 we analyzed 17 chemokines and cytokines in the lungs of mice on days 1 and 4 pi and report data here on 6 of the analytes that revealed significant differences among the viruses tested figure 3 these earlier time...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...3 these earlier time points were chosen in an effort to understand the temporal relationship with lung immune cell infiltration in 1918 and thai16 infections figure 2 and day 4 pi is a time when significant differences were observed in lung virus titers between hp and lp infection groups figure 1 as shown in figure 3 on day 1 pi tx91 infected lungs exhibited higher titers of il1a ifnc and kc compared to 1918 virusinfected lungs though levels of mip1a mcp1 and il6 were higher in 1918 virus infected lungs cytokine levels were similar between...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...1918 virus infected lungs compared to tx91 virusinfected lungs with sp83 levels similar to 1918 infected lungs the hp viruses were also potent inducers of il1a and ifnc il6 a generally proinflammatory cytokine was also due to the increased presence of macrophages in the lungs following hp influenza virus infection replication of paired h1n1 and h5n1 viruses table 1 was assayed over time in primary human pbmcderived macrophages and mouse lung macrophages to address whether these cells are specific targets of viral infection and can productively replicate hp viruses mouse lung macrophages were harvested from naive balbc mice and...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...also due to the increased presence of macrophages in the lungs following hp influenza virus infection replication of paired h1n1 and h5n1 viruses table 1 was assayed over time in primary human pbmcderived macrophages and mouse lung macrophages to address whether these cells are specific targets of viral infection and can productively replicate hp viruses mouse lung macrophages were harvested from naive balbc mice and infected in vitro moi 01 figure 4a as described while the hp 1918 and thai16 viruses exhibited a slight increase in log titer very early after inoculation 1324 hrs pi overall these...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...not shown human macrophages also supported replication of all four viruses figure 4b moi 01 at 48 hrs pi 1918 and thai16 infected macrophages exhibited 180 times higher virus titers than tx91 and sp83 infected cultures interestingly 1918 virusinfected macrophages exhibited a higher baseline titer soon following infection that was found to be statistically significant when compared to the other infection groups p005 in summary while human macrophages are a target of viral replication and support replication well mouse lung macrophages support low levels of 1918 and thai16 virus production early following infection additional experimentation with...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...4b moi 01 at 48 hrs pi 1918 and thai16 infected macrophages exhibited 180 times higher virus titers than tx91 and sp83 infected cultures interestingly 1918 virusinfected macrophages exhibited a higher baseline titer soon following infection that was found to be statistically significant when compared to the other infection groups p005 in summary while human macrophages are a target of viral replication and support replication well mouse lung macrophages support low levels of 1918 and thai16 virus production early following infection additional experimentation with primary human macrophages revealed that levels of proinflammatory cytokines were higher for h5n1infected...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...baseline titer soon following infection that was found to be statistically significant when compared to the other infection groups p005 in summary while human macrophages are a target of viral replication and support replication well mouse lung macrophages support low levels of 1918 and thai16 virus production early following infection additional experimentation with primary human macrophages revealed that levels of proinflammatory cytokines were higher for h5n1infected cells than either 1918 or tx91 virus infected cells 48 hrs pi moi 01 figure 5 significant differences in cytokine levels were observed between h5n1 and h1n1 virus figure 4b ...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...were released into the culture supernatant figure 7 indicating that these cells are being productively infected in the mouse lung in cd11b macrophages cell cultures figure 7a figure 7b these data further demonstrate that mouse lung macrophages and dendritic cells are susceptible to highly pathogenic influenza virus infection in the lung tissue lung consolidation has been described as a pathological feature of severe influenza virus infection caused by the 1918 pandemic virus and h5n1 viruses in humans [9 25 26] as well as in animal models [11 12 18] using a detailed...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...mouse lung in cd11b macrophages cell cultures figure 7a figure 7b these data further demonstrate that mouse lung macrophages and dendritic cells are susceptible to highly pathogenic influenza virus infection in the lung tissue lung consolidation has been described as a pathological feature of severe influenza virus infection caused by the 1918 pandemic virus and h5n1 viruses in humans [9 25 26] as well as in animal models [11 12 18] using a detailed flow cytometry evaluation the current study set out to characterize differences in the cellular innate immune response in the...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...tx91 significant differences in titer between hp and lp virusinfected mice were observed as early as day 1 postinoculation pi likely forecasting the dramatic increase in immune cell infiltration in the lungs of these virusinfected mice interestingly at day 7 pi when peak lung cellularity was observed in hp virus infection groups differences in virus titers between paired subtype viruses 1918 compared to tx91 and thai16 compared to sp 83 were minimal and were limited to a maximum difference of 1 log figure 1 indicating a failure by the immune system to clear the viral infection lung cellularity was further...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...observed in hp virus infection groups differences in virus titers between paired subtype viruses 1918 compared to tx91 and thai16 compared to sp 83 were minimal and were limited to a maximum difference of 1 log figure 1 indicating a failure by the immune system to clear the viral infection lung cellularity was further investigated by characterizing the comprising immune cell subpopulations we observed a significant increase in macrophages and neutrophils early following infection with the 1918 and thai16 viruses and their sustained presence in the lung tissue mark a distinction between hp and lp influenza virus infection these data...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...were minimal and were limited to a maximum difference of 1 log figure 1 indicating a failure by the immune system to clear the viral infection lung cellularity was further investigated by characterizing the comprising immune cell subpopulations we observed a significant increase in macrophages and neutrophils early following infection with the 1918 and thai16 viruses and their sustained presence in the lung tissue mark a distinction between hp and lp influenza virus infection these data show that virus replication in the lungs of hp influenza infections are sustained at high levels the first week of infection regardless of the...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...the viral infection lung cellularity was further investigated by characterizing the comprising immune cell subpopulations we observed a significant increase in macrophages and neutrophils early following infection with the 1918 and thai16 viruses and their sustained presence in the lung tissue mark a distinction between hp and lp influenza virus infection these data show that virus replication in the lungs of hp influenza infections are sustained at high levels the first week of infection regardless of the high numbers of immune cells present in the tissue although the current study did not determine whether these cells are playing an antiviral role...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...neutrophils early following infection with the 1918 and thai16 viruses and their sustained presence in the lung tissue mark a distinction between hp and lp influenza virus infection these data show that virus replication in the lungs of hp influenza infections are sustained at high levels the first week of infection regardless of the high numbers of immune cells present in the tissue although the current study did not determine whether these cells are playing an antiviral role against the hp viruses it has been previously shown that neutrophils and macrophages assist in the clearance of influenza virus early during infection...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...infection regardless of the high numbers of immune cells present in the tissue although the current study did not determine whether these cells are playing an antiviral role against the hp viruses it has been previously shown that neutrophils and macrophages assist in the clearance of influenza virus early during infection these cells appear to be capable of only partially reducing the virus load in the lung despite their presence at high numbers [20] we also observed a decrease in the percentage of lungassociated dendritic cells and t cell lymphocytes during hp influenza virus infection a decrease in...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...virus early during infection these cells appear to be capable of only partially reducing the virus load in the lung despite their presence at high numbers [20] we also observed a decrease in the percentage of lungassociated dendritic cells and t cell lymphocytes during hp influenza virus infection a decrease in the number of circulating lymphocyte populations has also been previously observed in the peripheral blood of humans and mice infected with h5n1 viruses [5 9 10 15 20 27] the precise mechanism of leukocyte depletion during h5n1 infections is not well understood but evidence...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...can promote the increased migration of those cells and other leukocytes into the lung tissue [30] elevated levels of certain chemokines and cytokines have been associated with high viral load and severe disease in h5n1 virus infected patients [26 31] these studies show that infection with hp 1918 and thai16 h5n1 viruses result in elevated amounts of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines in the lungs of mice day 4 postinfection compared with tx91 and sp83 infected mice a time point that correlates with rising but significantly different lung virus titers between infection groups elevated levels of...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...these studies show that infection with hp 1918 and thai16 h5n1 viruses result in elevated amounts of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines in the lungs of mice day 4 postinfection compared with tx91 and sp83 infected mice a time point that correlates with rising but significantly different lung virus titers between infection groups elevated levels of the chemokines mcp1 [32] and mip1a were observed among h5n1 and 1918 virus infected mouse lungs although mip1a does not appear to be critical for virus replication and spread in the mouse model [10] this chemokine exhibits a variety of proinflammatory...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...observations obtained with the 1997 h5n1 viruses [10] and has been correlated with systemic illness symptoms and fever in experimental human tx91 infections [34] by directly measuring cytokine protein levels these data provide confirming evidence of a heightened lung cytokine response to 1918 and h5n1 infection in mice [13] interestingly while we reveal marked similarities between the hp 1918 and thai16 viruses in overall lung cellularity virus growth and patterns of immune cell subpopulation dynamics over time thai16 virus infection consistently resulted in higher levels of chemokines and cytokines both in mouse lungs...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...provide confirming evidence of a heightened lung cytokine response to 1918 and h5n1 infection in mice [13] interestingly while we reveal marked similarities between the hp 1918 and thai16 viruses in overall lung cellularity virus growth and patterns of immune cell subpopulation dynamics over time thai16 virus infection consistently resulted in higher levels of chemokines and cytokines both in mouse lungs and human macrophages although it has been shown recently by two independent research groups that the lack of key cytokines through the use of single cytokine gene knockout mice had no effect on the overall disease outcome...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...that proinflammatory cytokines correlate with disease outcome [36] it is thought that these immune mediators do not act singularly in vivo and it will be critical to reveal these concerted interactions both locally in the lung and systemically to further our understanding of the pathogenesis of h5n1 infection in animal models and in human patients macrophages and dendritic cells play a fundamental role in the lung at all stages of influenza virus infection [20 37 38] we have provided evidence regarding the higher replication efficiency of hp influenza viruses in primary human macrophages and...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...will be critical to reveal these concerted interactions both locally in the lung and systemically to further our understanding of the pathogenesis of h5n1 infection in animal models and in human patients macrophages and dendritic cells play a fundamental role in the lung at all stages of influenza virus infection [20 37 38] we have provided evidence regarding the higher replication efficiency of hp influenza viruses in primary human macrophages and dendritic cells a property that has also been demonstrated previously in other primary cells [24 39] mouse macrophages were also susceptible to virus...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...[20 37 38] we have provided evidence regarding the higher replication efficiency of hp influenza viruses in primary human macrophages and dendritic cells a property that has also been demonstrated previously in other primary cells [24 39] mouse macrophages were also susceptible to virus infection in vitro however they did not support productive replication to the level observed in primary human monocytederived macrophages figure 4b or lung epithelial cells [21 24] however the cytopathic effects estimated by visual examination of monolayers among hp virusinfected mouse and human macrophages was observed...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...the binding properties of the ha molecule has been demonstrated elsewhere extensively [22 40 41] further resolution of this interesting finding and its immunological importance deserves further experimentation the role of other cell surface molecules on innate immune cells such as the mannose receptor in hp influenza infection should be investigated [42 43] the higher viral replication of hp viruses in dendritic cells also correlated with the severe pulmonary disease observed in mice we also demonstrated definitively that these cells are targets of infection ex vivo by highly pathogenic influenza viruses like the 1918 pandemic...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...innate immune cells such as the mannose receptor in hp influenza infection should be investigated [42 43] the higher viral replication of hp viruses in dendritic cells also correlated with the severe pulmonary disease observed in mice we also demonstrated definitively that these cells are targets of infection ex vivo by highly pathogenic influenza viruses like the 1918 pandemic virus and recent h5n1 isolates figure 7 thus it appears that macrophages and dendritic cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of hp virus infection due to their susceptibility to influenza virus infection an inability to mount an adaptive...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...disease observed in mice we also demonstrated definitively that these cells are targets of infection ex vivo by highly pathogenic influenza viruses like the 1918 pandemic virus and recent h5n1 isolates figure 7 thus it appears that macrophages and dendritic cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of hp virus infection due to their susceptibility to influenza virus infection an inability to mount an adaptive immune response due to direct infection of important innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells may be a critical difference in host outcome during influenza virus infection [44] this coupled with...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...that these cells are targets of infection ex vivo by highly pathogenic influenza viruses like the 1918 pandemic virus and recent h5n1 isolates figure 7 thus it appears that macrophages and dendritic cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of hp virus infection due to their susceptibility to influenza virus infection an inability to mount an adaptive immune response due to direct infection of important innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells may be a critical difference in host outcome during influenza virus infection [44] this coupled with the phenomenon of t cell depletion in infected...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...influenza viruses like the 1918 pandemic virus and recent h5n1 isolates figure 7 thus it appears that macrophages and dendritic cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of hp virus infection due to their susceptibility to influenza virus infection an inability to mount an adaptive immune response due to direct infection of important innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells may be a critical difference in host outcome during influenza virus infection [44] this coupled with the phenomenon of t cell depletion in infected mice [17] and human patients [9 31] may...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...contribute to the pathogenesis of hp virus infection due to their susceptibility to influenza virus infection an inability to mount an adaptive immune response due to direct infection of important innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells may be a critical difference in host outcome during influenza virus infection [44] this coupled with the phenomenon of t cell depletion in infected mice [17] and human patients [9 31] may allow for uncontrolled viral replication while reducing viral load through antiviral intervention remains the best treatment option for h5n1 patients therapies that moderate...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...infected mice [17] and human patients [9 31] may allow for uncontrolled viral replication while reducing viral load through antiviral intervention remains the best treatment option for h5n1 patients therapies that moderate immunopathology may help to reduce the high case fatality rate currently associated with virus infection [45] table 1 low pathogenicity in this manuscript refers to the nonlethal phenotype of the seasonal h1n1 tx91 virus and the low virulence sp83 h5n1 isolate [18 21] the thai16 and sp83 viruses differ from each other in 13 amino acids in 7...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...auburn ca yielding approximately 90 cd14 purity as determined by facs analysis for development of macrophages monocytes were cultured at 37uc in 6 well plates in macrophage sfm media gibco grand island ny with 20 heat inactivated autologous serum for 7 days in the presence of gmcsf 1000 u before infection [46] human macrophages cultured in this manner typically displayed classical morphology with the phenotype cd11b low cd11c low hladr low cd14 low cd40 low cd80 low cd83 low cd86 figure 4c and d for the development of dendritic cells dcs...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...suspensions prepared macrophages cd11b and dendritic cells cd11c were extracted from contaminating cells by selection on magnetic columns miltenyi biotech auburn ca cells were washed twice with media containing 20 fcs macrophage sfm for macrophages gibco or rpmi gibco for dendritic cells and cultured for 24 hours before in vitro infection primary mouse lung macrophages typically displayed the phenotype cd11b high cd11c mhcii high cd40 high cd80 high cd83 high figure 4a and b primary mouse lung dendritic cells typically displayed typical morphology with dendritic extensions and the phenotype cd11b cd11c high mhcii high ...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...dendritic extensions and the phenotype cd11b cd11c high mhcii high cd40 high cd80 high cd83 high figure 6a primary human and mouse cells were washed 36 with serum free growth media and infected for 1 hour with viruses table 1 at a multiplicity of infection moi of 01 following infection cells were washed 36 with serum free growth media and 1 ml sfm media containing 1 mgml of tpcktreated trypsin sigmaaldrich was placed into the wells virus growth was measured over time in triplicate wells for each experiment and titered in duplicate by standard plaque...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...cd11b cd11c high mhcii high cd40 high cd80 high cd83 high figure 6a primary human and mouse cells were washed 36 with serum free growth media and infected for 1 hour with viruses table 1 at a multiplicity of infection moi of 01 following infection cells were washed 36 with serum free growth media and 1 ml sfm media containing 1 mgml of tpcktreated trypsin sigmaaldrich was placed into the wells virus growth was measured over time in triplicate wells for each experiment and titered in duplicate by standard plaque assay on mdck cells all...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...mouse infections with the viruses used in these studies using the sublethal 10 2 pfu inoculum 1918 and thai16 virus infected mice survive a prolonged disease course allowing for the measurement of the influx of inflammatory cells into the lung tissue during a full course 79 days of influenza virus infection at indicated times postinfection n 3 mice per virus group mice were euthanatized and exsanguinated lungs were removed from individual mice without pbs perfusion and included total lung cell counts included cells located in the bronchoalveolar airways perfusion was not possible in many cases of hp influenza virus infection...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...infection at indicated times postinfection n 3 mice per virus group mice were euthanatized and exsanguinated lungs were removed from individual mice without pbs perfusion and included total lung cell counts included cells located in the bronchoalveolar airways perfusion was not possible in many cases of hp influenza virus infection due to the presence of microvascular hemorrhage we obtained similar results when performing these lung cell quantitation assays with or without lung perfusion in lp virus infected mice and therefore did not introduce this variable in our high containment laboratory whole lung cell suspensions were prepared in dulbeccos minimal essential...

Title: H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of
Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Perrone, Lucy A.. Plowden, Julie K....
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7058
ID: 6ed1c5f102cce4bbcbd9d5438b6b8be3d4746484
Number of matches: 60

...balbc mice two or three mice were infected in with 10 2 pfu of each of the four viruses described in this study table 1 three days postinoculation lungs were removed without perfusion and cell suspensions were prepared as described above lungs were pooled from mice in each virus infection group macrophages and dendritic cells were isolated by positive selection on cd11b or cd11c macs columns columns containing bound immune cells were washed extensively 5x and cd11b or cd11c cells were eluted off the magnetic columns and cultured in 6well plates in 5 ml of rpmi containing 5 bsa supernatants...

Title: Implementing a One Health approach to emerging
infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political,
ethical and legal dimensions
Authors: Degeling, Chris. Johnson, Jane...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 7059
ID: 0c58e0eb436a3d0cb4c5acfa41babc03b3dfe825
Number of matches: 8

...the kinds of choices that will have to be made this suggests that the one health approach needs more than intersectoral collaboration and robust health legislation as the unique nature of eids critically limits the effectiveness of scientific topdown and technocratic approaches to governance [29] hendra virus infection is endemic among at least two species of flying fox in australia and causes rare but catastrophic human infection [85] loss of habitat has led to increasingly intense incursions of flying foxes into populated rural and periurban areas and promoted the spillover of hendra virus into horses...

Title: Implementing a One Health approach to emerging
infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political,
ethical and legal dimensions
Authors: Degeling, Chris. Johnson, Jane...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 7059
ID: 0c58e0eb436a3d0cb4c5acfa41babc03b3dfe825
Number of matches: 8

...than intersectoral collaboration and robust health legislation as the unique nature of eids critically limits the effectiveness of scientific topdown and technocratic approaches to governance [29] hendra virus infection is endemic among at least two species of flying fox in australia and causes rare but catastrophic human infection [85] loss of habitat has led to increasingly intense incursions of flying foxes into populated rural and periurban areas and promoted the spillover of hendra virus into horses and then to people [86] hundreds of people have been directly exposed to hendra virus with...

Title: Implementing a One Health approach to emerging
infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political,
ethical and legal dimensions
Authors: Degeling, Chris. Johnson, Jane...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 7059
ID: 0c58e0eb436a3d0cb4c5acfa41babc03b3dfe825
Number of matches: 8

...[93] if rabies were to become endemic amongst wild or feral animals in this setting current modelling indicates it would be almost impossible to eradicate [94] table 2 significant historical ie effectively eradicated eids severe acute respiratory syndrome sars is a human respiratory infection caused by a coronavirus isolated from chinese horseshoe bats [95] it was first reported in asia in 2003 and within a few months spread to thirty seven countries in the americas europe and asia it affected more than 8000 people and caused 774 deaths before being successfully...

Title: Implementing a One Health approach to emerging
infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political,
ethical and legal dimensions
Authors: Degeling, Chris. Johnson, Jane...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 7059
ID: 0c58e0eb436a3d0cb4c5acfa41babc03b3dfe825
Number of matches: 8

...exceed more than us 11 billion infected herds and the control measure imposed to prevent further infections devastated agricultural communities the impacts of the emergence of a new zoonotic disease amongst the british public were far broader than agriculture including the cessation of uk plasma production because of potential iatrogenic infection with an estimated one in 4000 uk residents carrying vcjd the burdens will continue well into this century [96] the success of one health depends on more than scientific knowledge and technical achievement because some of the issues that arise in addressing eid risks are socalled wicked...

Title: Implementing a One Health approach to emerging
infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political,
ethical and legal dimensions
Authors: Degeling, Chris. Johnson, Jane...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 7059
ID: 0c58e0eb436a3d0cb4c5acfa41babc03b3dfe825
Number of matches: 8

...placed on a specific eid threat at any one time also depends on who is setting the agenda [34] therefore to be successfully implemented the one health approach must address a range of sociopolitical ethical and legal challenges that arise as a consequence of the spread of infection within and between species most of these challenges are not unique to one health but are shared by any approach to addressing eids however these challenges frequently go unrecognized in the following section we will clarify the nature of these issues so they can be addressed later in the paper...

Title: Implementing a One Health approach to emerging
infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political,
ethical and legal dimensions
Authors: Degeling, Chris. Johnson, Jane...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 7059
ID: 0c58e0eb436a3d0cb4c5acfa41babc03b3dfe825
Number of matches: 8

...to human health [38] even when the link between bse and vcjd became clear existing feed bans were poorly enforced and risk communication was dominated by fear of public panic [39] even as the decision was made to remove all potential sources of human infection from the uk food supply messages were confused and policy implementation impeded by poor coordination between agencies [28] a common but problematic response to eid threats has been to invoke the precautionary principle roughly speaking the precautionary principle can be applied in situations where human activities create...

Title: Implementing a One Health approach to emerging
infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political,
ethical and legal dimensions
Authors: Degeling, Chris. Johnson, Jane...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 7059
ID: 0c58e0eb436a3d0cb4c5acfa41babc03b3dfe825
Number of matches: 8

...seriousness of the potential harm in other word in the absence of evidence take a conservative approach however applying the precautionary principle to eids in an attempt to protect the public can result in what in retrospect amounts to an excessive response this occurred with attempts to control nipah infection where significant damage was inflicted on industry livelihoods and the economy similarly experience with highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai h5n1 in china and seasia showed that overzealous policy responses can destroy livelihoods and threaten food supplies [40 41] in vietnam alone almost 40 million birds were culled...

Title: Implementing a One Health approach to emerging
infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political,
ethical and legal dimensions
Authors: Degeling, Chris. Johnson, Jane...
Journal: BMC Public Health
Item: Infection
Index: 7059
ID: 0c58e0eb436a3d0cb4c5acfa41babc03b3dfe825
Number of matches: 8

...shaping research programs and interventions [12 13] at the same time as the literature on the ethics of pandemic responses and preparedness continues to grow the one health approach to eids has received little formal ethical consideration even the most ethically attuned existing frameworks for biosecurity and infection prevention and control provide only general operational principles that do not guide actions in times of uncertainty if one health is to be meaningful let alone successful more attention must be paid to how these different types of knowledge are brought together and brought to public attention effective...

Title: Evaluation of a field-deployable reverse
transcription-insulated isothermal PCR for rapid and sensitive on-site
detection of Zika virus
Authors: Carossino, Mariano. Li, Yanqiu...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 7060
ID: 29d98c8c19182d261f0f0fd59e09dd466cfcaade
Number of matches: 8

......

Title: Evaluation of a field-deployable reverse
transcription-insulated isothermal PCR for rapid and sensitive on-site
detection of Zika virus
Authors: Carossino, Mariano. Li, Yanqiu...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 7060
ID: 29d98c8c19182d261f0f0fd59e09dd466cfcaade
Number of matches: 8

...rhesus macaque monkey in the zika forest of uganda and subsequently identified in infected aedes africanus mosquitoes [1 2] human infection was first reported in nigeria in 1954 [3] however zikv remained in relative obscurity for nearly 60 years until a change in its infection pattern was observed with the occurrence of the first major outbreak in yap federated states of micronesia where approximately 74 of the population were infected and 18 of the infected people developed symptomatic disease [4] typically characterized by an acute mild febrile illness of short duration since...

Title: Evaluation of a field-deployable reverse
transcription-insulated isothermal PCR for rapid and sensitive on-site
detection of Zika virus
Authors: Carossino, Mariano. Li, Yanqiu...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 7060
ID: 29d98c8c19182d261f0f0fd59e09dd466cfcaade
Number of matches: 8

...federated states of micronesia where approximately 74 of the population were infected and 18 of the infected people developed symptomatic disease [4] typically characterized by an acute mild febrile illness of short duration since then zikv has spread throughout the pacific and serosurveillance studies suggest that zikv infection is widespread throughout africa asia and oceania [4] [5] [6] [7] in march 2015 zikv was first identified in the americas associated with an extensive outbreak of exanthematous illness in bahia brazil with an estimate of 13 million suspected cases by...

Title: Evaluation of a field-deployable reverse
transcription-insulated isothermal PCR for rapid and sensitive on-site
detection of Zika virus
Authors: Carossino, Mariano. Li, Yanqiu...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 7060
ID: 29d98c8c19182d261f0f0fd59e09dd466cfcaade
Number of matches: 8

...many other flaviviral or alphaviral infections hence laboratory diagnosis of zikv is mandatory to confirm the clinical diagnosis [5 43 44] therefore the availability of rapid reliable and relatively low cost diagnostic tools is of utmost importance for zikv control and management currently clinical diagnosis of zikv infection relies on serological assays for the detection of antibodies including rapid lateralflow immunochromatographic assays igm capture enzymelinked immunosorbent assay [macelisa] and plaque reduction neutralization test [prnt] and molecularbased assays for the detection of viral nucleic acids conventional or quantitative realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction...

Title: Evaluation of a field-deployable reverse
transcription-insulated isothermal PCR for rapid and sensitive on-site
detection of Zika virus
Authors: Carossino, Mariano. Li, Yanqiu...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 7060
ID: 29d98c8c19182d261f0f0fd59e09dd466cfcaade
Number of matches: 8

...110 dilution of zikv prvabc59 flr and mr 766 strains in a minimal volume of maintenance media without fetal bovine serum after 1 h adsorption at 37c monolayers were overlaid with complete emem and incubated at 37c and 5 co 2 until 100 cytopathic effect was observed 72 h post infection infected flasks were frozenthawed clarified by centrifugation at 1500 x g for 15 min at 4c aliquoted and stored at 80c mosquito cell lines c636 and ap61 were infected in a similar fashion viral stocks were subsequently titrated in confluent 6well plates of vero cells briefly serial tenfold dilutions 10...

Title: Evaluation of a field-deployable reverse
transcription-insulated isothermal PCR for rapid and sensitive on-site
detection of Zika virus
Authors: Carossino, Mariano. Li, Yanqiu...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 7060
ID: 29d98c8c19182d261f0f0fd59e09dd466cfcaade
Number of matches: 8

...[75] [76] furthermore it also poses a significant threat to the blood bank network [33] [34] [35] [36] 77] even though there are two cdcvalidated and one pahovalidated rtqpcr assays for molecular diagnosis of zikv infection [17 43] these are not suitable for use within clinical settings in rural areas or may not be available in areas with limited resources including developing countries where zikv is spreading at an accelerated rate this disease among other mosquitoborne infections adds impetus to the development of...

Title: Evaluation of a field-deployable reverse
transcription-insulated isothermal PCR for rapid and sensitive on-site
detection of Zika virus
Authors: Carossino, Mariano. Li, Yanqiu...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 7060
ID: 29d98c8c19182d261f0f0fd59e09dd466cfcaade
Number of matches: 8

...performance as the reference rtqpcr assays and be suitable for detecting clinical specimens with at least a viral titer of 10 pfuml while lower viral titers as those observed during late viremia may offer challenges and consequently the use of other tests may be more suitable at that stage of infection ie serological tests even though we have extensively evaluated this assay using spiked human specimens and mosquitoes testing of clinical specimens derived from infected individuals and mosquitoes is required to further confirm the performance of this new pon assay under field conditions in this study the zikvspecific rtiipcr assay...

Title: Evaluation of a field-deployable reverse
transcription-insulated isothermal PCR for rapid and sensitive on-site
detection of Zika virus
Authors: Carossino, Mariano. Li, Yanqiu...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 7060
ID: 29d98c8c19182d261f0f0fd59e09dd466cfcaade
Number of matches: 8

...individuals and mosquitoes is required to further confirm the performance of this new pon assay under field conditions in this study the zikvspecific rtiipcr assay demonstrated a comparable analytical sensitivity and specificity to reference rtqpcr assays that have been validated by cdc and paho for diagnosis of this flaviviral infection in humans the zikv rtiipcr targets a conserved region within the e gene and while it is capable of detecting zikv strains from both asian and african lineages it showed no reactivity with genomic rna from other flaviviruses or chikv regarding the assays performance in spiked specimens the rtiipcr demonstrated...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...airflow which was created by the outdoor airflow ward 8109 which had the largest number of infected cases and was far distant from ward 8104 showed passive tracer concentration in all cases this result indicates that mers may have spread through airflow the study results do not imply that the infection pathway of mers is airborne however the results show the possibility of mers spreading through airflow in specific environments such as poor ventilation environments middle east respiratory syndrome mers was first reported in saudi arabia in 2012 and is a severe respiratory disease that causes fever cough and respiratory...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...poor ventilation environments middle east respiratory syndrome mers was first reported in saudi arabia in 2012 and is a severe respiratory disease that causes fever cough and respiratory disturbance as in the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome sars [1 2] the reported cases of mers infection increased in the middle east in may 2014 and since then there has been a growing concern about mers infection [3] in may 2015 the first case of mers infection was reported in korea the patient had contracted the disease while visiting the arabian peninsula and had...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...severe respiratory disease that causes fever cough and respiratory disturbance as in the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome sars [1 2] the reported cases of mers infection increased in the middle east in may 2014 and since then there has been a growing concern about mers infection [3] in may 2015 the first case of mers infection was reported in korea the patient had contracted the disease while visiting the arabian peninsula and had returned to korea thereby spreading mers in korea [4] according to the us centers for disease control...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...case of severe acute respiratory syndrome sars [1 2] the reported cases of mers infection increased in the middle east in may 2014 and since then there has been a growing concern about mers infection [3] in may 2015 the first case of mers infection was reported in korea the patient had contracted the disease while visiting the arabian peninsula and had returned to korea thereby spreading mers in korea [4] according to the us centers for disease control and prevention cdc the region with the highest number of infected cases outside...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...infected cases outside the arabian peninsula is korea [5] mers spread in korea from may 2015 to july 2015 in less than two months 186 people were infected and 38 people died the korea cdc reported that mers rapidly spread over a short period because of hospital infection according to epidemiological findings 876 of the infected patients were infected in the hospital [6] similarly in the mers cases reported in jeddah in 2014 infection was found to spread in the hospital through superspreading events [7] the mers events in korea and jeddah...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...were infected and 38 people died the korea cdc reported that mers rapidly spread over a short period because of hospital infection according to epidemiological findings 876 of the infected patients were infected in the hospital [6] similarly in the mers cases reported in jeddah in 2014 infection was found to spread in the hospital through superspreading events [7] the mers events in korea and jeddah indicate that mers infection can gradually increase when a dense population is confined to relatively small spaces such as hospitals the index patient was admitted to a ward...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...findings 876 of the infected patients were infected in the hospital [6] similarly in the mers cases reported in jeddah in 2014 infection was found to spread in the hospital through superspreading events [7] the mers events in korea and jeddah indicate that mers infection can gradually increase when a dense population is confined to relatively small spaces such as hospitals the index patient was admitted to a ward on the eighth floor of pyeongtaek st marys hospital on 1517 may 2015 with fever and muscle pain [8] in addition to...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...marys hospital on 1517 may 2015 with fever and muscle pain [8] in addition to the index patient 30 people 15 inpatients 13 family members and 2 nurses were infected on the eighth floor of the hospital [9] to confirm the cause of the infection of secondary patients at the hospital an epidemiological investigation of the infection transmission route was conducted the investigation results showed that 23 of the infected patients did not come in close contact with other infected patients [10] similar to sars mers is known to be an infection...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...8] in addition to the index patient 30 people 15 inpatients 13 family members and 2 nurses were infected on the eighth floor of the hospital [9] to confirm the cause of the infection of secondary patients at the hospital an epidemiological investigation of the infection transmission route was conducted the investigation results showed that 23 of the infected patients did not come in close contact with other infected patients [10] similar to sars mers is known to be an infection caused by close contact [11] however the infection of...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...infection of secondary patients at the hospital an epidemiological investigation of the infection transmission route was conducted the investigation results showed that 23 of the infected patients did not come in close contact with other infected patients [10] similar to sars mers is known to be an infection caused by close contact [11] however the infection of a secondary patient with no close contact with the index patient does not support the claim that mers is spread only through close contact therefore the possibility of other infection transmission routes of mers such as air transmission...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...the infection transmission route was conducted the investigation results showed that 23 of the infected patients did not come in close contact with other infected patients [10] similar to sars mers is known to be an infection caused by close contact [11] however the infection of a secondary patient with no close contact with the index patient does not support the claim that mers is spread only through close contact therefore the possibility of other infection transmission routes of mers such as air transmission is being studied [12 13] in the case...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...to sars mers is known to be an infection caused by close contact [11] however the infection of a secondary patient with no close contact with the index patient does not support the claim that mers is spread only through close contact therefore the possibility of other infection transmission routes of mers such as air transmission is being studied [12 13] in the case of sars the airflow in the prince of wales hospital was analysed where the first sarsinfected patient was hospitalized the results showed that the pattern of the infection of the secondary...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...possibility of other infection transmission routes of mers such as air transmission is being studied [12 13] in the case of sars the airflow in the prince of wales hospital was analysed where the first sarsinfected patient was hospitalized the results showed that the pattern of the infection of the secondary patient was similar to the indoor airflow pattern [14] when sars was reported in toronto canada a field experiment was performed to determine the infection transmission route and the results indicated that sars could possibly be an opportunistic airborne infection [15] ...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...wales hospital was analysed where the first sarsinfected patient was hospitalized the results showed that the pattern of the infection of the secondary patient was similar to the indoor airflow pattern [14] when sars was reported in toronto canada a field experiment was performed to determine the infection transmission route and the results indicated that sars could possibly be an opportunistic airborne infection [15] a new risk calculation method was applied to confirm the spatial risk distribution of sars and the results showed that sars was more likely to be transmitted through the air [...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...the pattern of the infection of the secondary patient was similar to the indoor airflow pattern [14] when sars was reported in toronto canada a field experiment was performed to determine the infection transmission route and the results indicated that sars could possibly be an opportunistic airborne infection [15] a new risk calculation method was applied to confirm the spatial risk distribution of sars and the results showed that sars was more likely to be transmitted through the air [16] according to oh et als review [17] on mers to...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...tracer spread to ward 8109 8110 and some portion spread to adjacent ward 8105 figure 10 shows the volumeaveraged concentration of the passive tracer in residential area which is 018 m in each room in all the cases no contaminants were detected in the maternity ward department where no mers infection cases were reported among all the wards index patient ward 8104 had the highest concentration of the passive tracer in all the cases it is difficult to directly relate the reported infected cases with the concentration of the passive tracer in wards because the wind does not continuously blow in...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...a situation when all the windows and doors are opened the passive tracer can reach 30 m distant ward in 520 s just with one coughing scenario sars is known to spread by close contact however li et al [14] suggested that it could possibly be an airborne infection li et al confirmed the diffusion of contaminants through mechanical ventilation systems in the ward using cfd in li et als study the contaminant concentration was higher than that in the present study this is attributed to the different indoor environment parameters such as air recirculation in the mechanical ventilation...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...higher than that in the present study this is attributed to the different indoor environment parameters such as air recirculation in the mechanical ventilation systems and the simulation domain size the passive tracer concentration shown in this study might be low however this does not mean that the risk of infection is also low the concept of using passive contaminant to identify airflow rather than using particles might be different from each other however virus can be attached to various particle sizes and tracking of all size of particles using cfd needs extremely timeconsuming process small size particles are more...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...admitted to a hospital ward that had no supply or exhaust vents indicating that the testing adjusting and balancing tab of the ventilation system was not properly carried out after the construction of the building especially in the case of hospitals it is essential to perform tab after construction for infection control furthermore it is necessary to carry out periodic tab according to previous studies [38 42] natural ventilation can be used for infection control however in hospitals with a central corridor such as pyeongtaek st marys hospital there is a risk of infection being spread because...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...carried out after the construction of the building especially in the case of hospitals it is essential to perform tab after construction for infection control furthermore it is necessary to carry out periodic tab according to previous studies [38 42] natural ventilation can be used for infection control however in hospitals with a central corridor such as pyeongtaek st marys hospital there is a risk of infection being spread because of natural ventilation for infection control the central corridor structure should be avoided in hospitals in the design stage and if the central corridor structure is used...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...after construction for infection control furthermore it is necessary to carry out periodic tab according to previous studies [38 42] natural ventilation can be used for infection control however in hospitals with a central corridor such as pyeongtaek st marys hospital there is a risk of infection being spread because of natural ventilation for infection control the central corridor structure should be avoided in hospitals in the design stage and if the central corridor structure is used in hospitals natural ventilation should be avoided and sufficient mechanical ventilation should be provided the purpose of this study...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...necessary to carry out periodic tab according to previous studies [38 42] natural ventilation can be used for infection control however in hospitals with a central corridor such as pyeongtaek st marys hospital there is a risk of infection being spread because of natural ventilation for infection control the central corridor structure should be avoided in hospitals in the design stage and if the central corridor structure is used in hospitals natural ventilation should be avoided and sufficient mechanical ventilation should be provided the purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of mers propagation...

Title: Airflow analysis of Pyeongtaek St Mary's
Hospital during hospitalization of the first Middle
East respiratory syndrome patient in Korea
Authors: Jo, Seongmin. Hong, Jinkwan...
Journal: R Soc Open Sci
Item: Infection
Index: 7061
ID: 8b9727ae8713013fe82481d87cf57529201353d3
Number of matches: 23

...in this study however the analysis of the wind direction and speed results showed that the passive tracer which spread to the eastfacing wards because of the west and westsouthwest winds could respread to the westfacing wards through the east wind the study results do not imply that the infection pathway of mers is airborne however mers can be infected through the airflow in specific environmental situations such as cases with inadequate ventilation of wards cases where natural ventilation is used in central corridor structures and cases where the patient is a superspreader royalsocietypublishingorgjournalrsos r soc open sci 6...

Title: Detection and Molecular Diversity of Spike
Gene of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in China
Authors: Chen, Jianfei. Liu, Xiaozhen...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7062
ID: 78c991a34ec87c73006a683cd641762d15597890
Number of matches: 3

...piglets within one week of age and sometimes within only a few hours showed vomiting severe watery diarrhea severe dehydration and high mortality up to 100 but few sows or fattening swine showed any clinical signs during the outbreaks [5 6] the economic loss caused by pedv infection has been continuous and serious in china the spike s gene is considered the most useful in revealing the genetic diversity of coronavirus isolates [7] [8] [9] like other coronaviruses pedv s gene also plays an important role in the molecular epidemiology...

Title: Detection and Molecular Diversity of Spike
Gene of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in China
Authors: Chen, Jianfei. Liu, Xiaozhen...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7062
ID: 78c991a34ec87c73006a683cd641762d15597890
Number of matches: 3

...7] [8] [9] like other coronaviruses pedv s gene also plays an important role in the molecular epidemiology and in the genetic variation of pedv field strains [10] [11] [12] in order to control and prevent pedv infection it is necessary for us to further investigate the prevalence of pedv and the molecular characteristics of the s genes of chinese pedv field strains during 20112012 in this study we firstly detected pedv in the samples collected from 177 farms then analyzed the sequence characteristics of s genes of...

Title: Detection and Molecular Diversity of Spike
Gene of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in China
Authors: Chen, Jianfei. Liu, Xiaozhen...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7062
ID: 78c991a34ec87c73006a683cd641762d15597890
Number of matches: 3

...other and share 923944 929937 and 966989 homologies with those of strains cv777attenuated chs and chgd1 respectively table 3 since december 2010 outbreaks of viral diarrhea have been observed on most swinebreeding farms in most of the provinces of china the clinical appearance was similar to that of pedv infection in this study 7966 141 of 177 pig farms in 29 provinces excluding tibet and hainan china were confirmed as infected with pedv and 7227 417 of 577 clinical samples were positive for pedv the results indicated that pedv has a high prevalence rate in pig herds tgev was also...

Title: Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infection
in Gansu Province, China, 2011
Authors: Huang, Guohong. Yu, Deshan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7063
ID: 07396bda4a37d13aaf15fdf67d61971549f4162c
Number of matches: 8

...all of the patients with hmpv infected also belonged to this group the respiratory viruses circulated in 2011 in gansu province were presented in figure 1 rsv showed seasonal variation with peaks during winter and spring hrv was detected more frequently from may to june seasonality of piv infection was apparent during february to may covs were distributed throughout the year except in june july and september and did not show obvious seasonality other viral pathogens appeared sporadically during the year this was the first study to detect multiple respiratory viruses in hospitalized children with aris in lanzhou...

Title: Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infection
in Gansu Province, China, 2011
Authors: Huang, Guohong. Yu, Deshan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7063
ID: 07396bda4a37d13aaf15fdf67d61971549f4162c
Number of matches: 8

...lower than the studies performed in beijing china [17] which was probably due to the lower economic status lower health awareness or environmental factors in gansu province our findings were consistent with other reports from asia and china rsv was the dominant cause of respiratory tract infection in children under 5 years [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] rsv a was much more common than rsv b 342 rsv was reported to be responsible for 338 million cases of lower ari in 2005 of...

Title: Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infection
in Gansu Province, China, 2011
Authors: Huang, Guohong. Yu, Deshan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7063
ID: 07396bda4a37d13aaf15fdf67d61971549f4162c
Number of matches: 8

...lower ari in 2005 of which 96 was in developing countries [24] it would be important for local pediatricians to use antibiotics cautiously when children are hospitalized with aris hrv has been known to be responsible for upper aris as well as for some lower respiratory infection in children [25] [26] [27] [28] our findings showed the presence of hrv in all age groups most hrvs 23 of 29 were commonly detected as single infection which agreed with the report of bezerra et al [29] ...

Title: Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infection
in Gansu Province, China, 2011
Authors: Huang, Guohong. Yu, Deshan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7063
ID: 07396bda4a37d13aaf15fdf67d61971549f4162c
Number of matches: 8

...to be responsible for upper aris as well as for some lower respiratory infection in children [25] [26] [27] [28] our findings showed the presence of hrv in all age groups most hrvs 23 of 29 were commonly detected as single infection which agreed with the report of bezerra et al [29] the rest of the cases were coinfections with piv rsv hadv was another important virus detected as single infection only one case was detected as coinfection with hrv it differed from the conclusion of bezerra et...

Title: Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infection
in Gansu Province, China, 2011
Authors: Huang, Guohong. Yu, Deshan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7063
ID: 07396bda4a37d13aaf15fdf67d61971549f4162c
Number of matches: 8

...presence of hrv in all age groups most hrvs 23 of 29 were commonly detected as single infection which agreed with the report of bezerra et al [29] the rest of the cases were coinfections with piv rsv hadv was another important virus detected as single infection only one case was detected as coinfection with hrv it differed from the conclusion of bezerra et al [29] in which hadv was the most common pathogen in coinfection hadv was reported to be responsible for 510 of ari in children [11] our findings confirmed...

Title: Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infection
in Gansu Province, China, 2011
Authors: Huang, Guohong. Yu, Deshan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7063
ID: 07396bda4a37d13aaf15fdf67d61971549f4162c
Number of matches: 8

...of cov nl63 differed from previous epidemiological studies in which cov 229e and cov oc43 were the most common types [30] it is possible that the other types of cov were not circulating in the area during the period of study meanwhile the findings suggest that nosocomial infection cannot be ruled out although hmpv had low prevalence in this study only five hmpv infection cases were detected and were all aged between 1 to 6 years which was in agreement with previous studies [31 32] we found that rsv was detected mainly during...

Title: Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infection
in Gansu Province, China, 2011
Authors: Huang, Guohong. Yu, Deshan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7063
ID: 07396bda4a37d13aaf15fdf67d61971549f4162c
Number of matches: 8

...common types [30] it is possible that the other types of cov were not circulating in the area during the period of study meanwhile the findings suggest that nosocomial infection cannot be ruled out although hmpv had low prevalence in this study only five hmpv infection cases were detected and were all aged between 1 to 6 years which was in agreement with previous studies [31 32] we found that rsv was detected mainly during winter and spring which corresponds with the cold and dry seasons typical continental climate with cold and dry...

Title: Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infection
in Gansu Province, China, 2011
Authors: Huang, Guohong. Yu, Deshan...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7063
ID: 07396bda4a37d13aaf15fdf67d61971549f4162c
Number of matches: 8

...5 days 1 patients with aris must meet at least one of the inclusion criteria as follows 1 fever axillary temperature372 2 cough sore throat wheeze expectoration chest pain 3 moistdry rales 4 xray examination of lung inflammation showed punctate patchy or uniform density shadow 2 single infection means only one viral pathogen detected in one sample coinfection means there are 2 viral pathogens detected in one sample multipleinfection means more than 3 viral pathogens detected in one sample a total of 279 throat swab specimens were taken from 279 inpatients the throat swab specimens were collected...

Title: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay systems using rift valley fever virus
nucleocapsid protein and inactivated virus as antigens
Authors: Yu, Fuxun. Adungo, Ferdinard...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7064
ID: 0401a5bebe76fc07dde0f103a248118ce30facda
Number of matches: 8

......

Title: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay systems using rift valley fever virus
nucleocapsid protein and inactivated virus as antigens
Authors: Yu, Fuxun. Adungo, Ferdinard...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7064
ID: 0401a5bebe76fc07dde0f103a248118ce30facda
Number of matches: 8

...validated for rvf serodiagnosis in humans and animals [15] [16] [17] [18] the high production costs of the antigen and the requirement of a high biocontainment facility limited its application rrvfvnbased elisa systems have been reported in the diagnosis of rvfv infection in humans and animals [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] most of the rrvfvnbased elisa systems in humans are used in indirect igg and indirect igm methods there are no reports of rrvfvnbased iggsandwich and igm capture...

Title: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay systems using rift valley fever virus
nucleocapsid protein and inactivated virus as antigens
Authors: Yu, Fuxun. Adungo, Ferdinard...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7064
ID: 0401a5bebe76fc07dde0f103a248118ce30facda
Number of matches: 8

...iggsandwich and igm capture elisas for human serum for human serodiagnosis the application of rrvfvn protein is limited and the whole virusbased elisa systems are still recommended by who for rvf diagnosis to evaluate the possibility of using rrvfvn protein as safe and affordable antigen for serodiagnosis of rvfv infection we cloned the full length rvfv n gene expressed the n protein in ecoli purified the n protein and evaluated the rrvfvnbased elisa systems in comparison with the existing inactivated rvfvbased elisa systems ninety six serum samples collected from healthy volunteers in 2013 during an rvf surveillance study in...

Title: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay systems using rift valley fever virus
nucleocapsid protein and inactivated virus as antigens
Authors: Yu, Fuxun. Adungo, Ferdinard...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7064
ID: 0401a5bebe76fc07dde0f103a248118ce30facda
Number of matches: 8

...newly emerged phlebovirus in east asia into e coli strain xl1 blue and purified following the procedure described previously [25] this protein was used as negative antigen in our newly developed elisa systems to evaluate the possibility of applying the rrvfvn protein for diagnosis of rvfv infection we developed an igg sandwich and an igm capture elisa system for human sera by using rrvfvn protein as antigen the results were compared with those of inactivated virusbased elisa systems routinely used in the who rvf reference diagnostic laboratories for all the elisa procedures the plates used were...

Title: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay systems using rift valley fever virus
nucleocapsid protein and inactivated virus as antigens
Authors: Yu, Fuxun. Adungo, Ferdinard...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7064
ID: 0401a5bebe76fc07dde0f103a248118ce30facda
Number of matches: 8

...that the rrvfvn proteinbased igg sandwich elisa table 1 and igm capture elisa table 2 were in 100 concordance to the inactivated virusbased elisa systems with a sensitivity and specificity of 100 these findings clearly demonstrated the usefulness of the rrvfvn proteinbased elisa systems for reliable clinical diagnosis of rvfv infection in humans compared to the inactivated virus basedelisas which were used by most researchers for the rvf diagnosis the rrvfvn proteinbased elisas used in this study offer several distinct advantages such as the elimination of the use of infectious virus in the antigen production the easier way to standardize the...

Title: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay systems using rift valley fever virus
nucleocapsid protein and inactivated virus as antigens
Authors: Yu, Fuxun. Adungo, Ferdinard...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7064
ID: 0401a5bebe76fc07dde0f103a248118ce30facda
Number of matches: 8

...basedelisas which were used by most researchers for the rvf diagnosis the rrvfvn proteinbased elisas used in this study offer several distinct advantages such as the elimination of the use of infectious virus in the antigen production the easier way to standardize the test because variable factors virus multiplicity of infection virus strains cell line cell condition associated with the preparation of inactivated virus are no longer present the short period of time within 1 week after cloning and the low costs required for the preparation of the recombinant antigen it would be especially useful in cases of largescale epidemiological investigation...

Title: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay systems using rift valley fever virus
nucleocapsid protein and inactivated virus as antigens
Authors: Yu, Fuxun. Adungo, Ferdinard...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7064
ID: 0401a5bebe76fc07dde0f103a248118ce30facda
Number of matches: 8

...a small number of samples thus further indepth validation of the assays are required before these could be used to replace the currently accepted assays based on whole antigen the newly established rrvfvnbased igg sandwich and igm capture elisa systems may offer safe and reliable tools for diagnosis of rvfv infection in humans and are especially useful in largescale epidemiological investigation and for application in developing countries...

Title: Understanding Viral Transmission Behavior
via Protein Intrinsic Disorder Prediction:
Coronaviruses
Authors: Goh, Gerard Kian-Meng. Dunker, A. Keith...
Journal: J Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7065
ID: 6177fd107242a0dbf2cfdd0d617e6a384dba6eaa
Number of matches: 3

...proteins than the genetic proximities and the categorization of the viruses seen in table 1 types of the infected organs some variations in the levels of predicted intrinsic disorder might depend not only on the transmission mode but also on the nature of organ affected by the virus during infection figure 4 shows that the canine respiratory coronavirus that affects the respiratory tract has higher pid levels than the canine enteric coronavirus preferentially affecting intestines similar patterns can also be seen among the porcine coronaviruses see table 3 [17 18] with the pedv being generally less...

Title: Understanding Viral Transmission Behavior
via Protein Intrinsic Disorder Prediction:
Coronaviruses
Authors: Goh, Gerard Kian-Meng. Dunker, A. Keith...
Journal: J Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7065
ID: 6177fd107242a0dbf2cfdd0d617e6a384dba6eaa
Number of matches: 3

...likely to be more persistent outside the physiological environments when compared to tgev this hypothesis is also consistent with the observed pedv ability to survive in the harsh nonphysiological environment outside the host to sustain the disinfection of the pig pens and infect new hosts many months after the first infection [17] our analysis also suggests that the observed intrinsic disorder propensities of the pedv shell proteins may be related to the way of how the virus spreads between hosts because of the higher levels of intrinsic disorder predicted in the nprotein by pondr vlxt it is expected...

Title: Understanding Viral Transmission Behavior
via Protein Intrinsic Disorder Prediction:
Coronaviruses
Authors: Goh, Gerard Kian-Meng. Dunker, A. Keith...
Journal: J Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7065
ID: 6177fd107242a0dbf2cfdd0d617e6a384dba6eaa
Number of matches: 3

...assigned to the category c that is to the class of coronaviruses that are spread mostly via the fecaloral and contact modes therefore prcv that relies on the respiratory transmission mode may be inept by evolution this potential evolutionary misfit may also explain why the symptoms resulting from the prcv infection are generally mild and why prcv is a vaccine strain the observation may also suggest a new vaccine search strategy based on the recognition of viruses or strains that are evolutionary misfits clues to viral behavior coronaviruses complexity of human immune systems data shown in figures 15 and...

Title: A Novel High-Mannose Specific Lectin from the
Green Alga Halimeda renschii Exhibits a Potent
Anti-Influenza Virus Activity through High-Affinity Binding
to the Viral Hemagglutinin
Authors: Mu, Jinmin. Hirayama, Makoto...
Journal: Mar Drugs
Item: Infection
Index: 7066
ID: ffb147f62b6570ee48fa765305c24ebcc8e4912f
Number of matches: 1

...c18 spin column thermo fisher scientific where pelectin protein was eluted by 70 acetonitrile in 01 tfa the purified pelectin protein was dried and kept at 20 c for further experiments ncih292 cells grown in 48well plate were infected with influenza virus ah3n2udorn72 strain at a multiplicity of infection moi of 25 different concentrations of the lectin were added simultaneously into the cell cultures at 24 hpi the infected cells were fixed with 80 acetone and stained with 05 amide black in 45 ethanol and 10 acetic acid the stained plates were pictured with a gray scale the color...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...inhibitory activity of natural products in a natural product collection library from microsource discovery systems gaylordsville ct usa against infections of zikv and denv as previously described [15] [16] [17] [18] briefly zikv strain pan2016 70100 plaqueforming unit pfu multiplicity of infection moi 0001 was incubated with 2fold serial dilutions of natural products including curcumin digitonin and conessine as well as antizikv compound control bortezomib or dmso 04 volvol control at 37 c for 1 h the compoundvirus mixtures were then transferred to vero e6 cells 10 5 well and incubated at...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...1 carboxymethyl cellulose and 2 fbs followed by in vitro culture at 37 c for 45 days and then stained with 05 crystal violet the inhibitory activity of all natural products tested against denv14 as described above was performed following the above procedures except that llcmk2 cells were used for infection and cells were cultured at 37 c for 1416 days before staining with 05 crystal violet the 50 inhibitory concentration ic50 and ic90 of natural products were calculated based on the concentrations at 50 and 90 plaque reduction respectively using the calcusyn computer program as described before [17]...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...inhibitory activity of natural products in a natural product collection library from microsource discovery systems gaylordsville ct usa against infections of zikv and denv as previously described [15] [16] [17] [18] briefly zikv strain pan2016 70100 plaqueforming unit pfu multiplicity of infection moi 0001 was incubated with 2fold serial dilutions of natural products including curcumin digitonin and conessine as well as antizikv compound control bortezomib or dmso 04 volvol control at 37 c for 1 h the compoundvirus mixtures were then transferred to vero e6 cells 10 5 well and incubated...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...carboxymethyl cellulose and 2 fbs followed by in vitro culture at 37 c for 45 days and then stained with 05 crystal violet the inhibitory activity of all natural products tested against denv14 as described above was performed following the above procedures except that llcmk2 cells were used for infection and cells were cultured at 37 c for 1416 days before staining with 05 crystal violet the 50 inhibitory concentration ic 50 and ic 90 of natural products were calculated based on the concentrations at 50 and 90 plaque reduction respectively using the calcusyn computer program as described...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...to the cells this experiment was carried out as previously described with some modifications [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] briefly vero e6 cells 10 5 well or zikv were incubated at different infection steps as described below with or without the tested natural products at the specified concentrations of 15 m for gossypol 30 m for curcumin 75 m for digitonin or 30 m for conessine for 1 h before zikv infection 1 h after infection or the same time during infection antizikv...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...e6 cells 10 5 well or zikv were incubated at different infection steps as described below with or without the tested natural products at the specified concentrations of 15 m for gossypol 30 m for curcumin 75 m for digitonin or 30 m for conessine for 1 h before zikv infection 1 h after infection or the same time during infection antizikv compounds such as temoporfin [28] 25hydroxycholesterol [29] bortezomib [16] and nitd008 [30] were included as controls for these steps after the culture of the zikvor compoundtreated cells...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...well or zikv were incubated at different infection steps as described below with or without the tested natural products at the specified concentrations of 15 m for gossypol 30 m for curcumin 75 m for digitonin or 30 m for conessine for 1 h before zikv infection 1 h after infection or the same time during infection antizikv compounds such as temoporfin [28] 25hydroxycholesterol [29] bortezomib [16] and nitd008 [30] were included as controls for these steps after the culture of the zikvor compoundtreated cells at 37 c...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...different infection steps as described below with or without the tested natural products at the specified concentrations of 15 m for gossypol 30 m for curcumin 75 m for digitonin or 30 m for conessine for 1 h before zikv infection 1 h after infection or the same time during infection antizikv compounds such as temoporfin [28] 25hydroxycholesterol [29] bortezomib [16] and nitd008 [30] were included as controls for these steps after the culture of the zikvor compoundtreated cells at 37 c for 45 days plaques were visualized...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...] were included as controls for these steps after the culture of the zikvor compoundtreated cells at 37 c for 45 days plaques were visualized with crystal violet staining as described above and the percent inhibition of natural products was calculated specifically the following six stages of zikv infection were tested a pretreatment of zikv pan201625 10 3 pfu moi0025 with natural products at 37 c for 1 h before incubation with cells b pretreatment of cells with natural products at 37 c for 1 h before incubation with zikv pan2016100 pfu moi0001 c cotreatment of...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...the ratio of molar concentrations of natural products tested alone and in the mixture using the formula ic 50 aloneic 50 in the mixture1 using a plaquebased assay we initially screened 720 natural products at 20 m of concentration from a natural product library for their inhibitory activity against infection of a recent zikv human strain pan2016 based on table 1 four hit natural products including gossypol curcumin digitonin and conessine figure 2a d were selected since they demonstrated inhibitory activity against zikv infection with no obvious cytotoxicity in vero e6 cells when observed under a microscope these...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...20 m of concentration from a natural product library for their inhibitory activity against infection of a recent zikv human strain pan2016 based on table 1 four hit natural products including gossypol curcumin digitonin and conessine figure 2a d were selected since they demonstrated inhibitory activity against zikv infection with no obvious cytotoxicity in vero e6 cells when observed under a microscope these natural products were subsequently ordered from sigma with 95 purity and tested for their cytotoxicity using a cellbased cytotoxicity assay cck8 kit with cc 50 values ranging from 1417 to 32371 m table 2 figure...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...natural products were subsequently ordered from sigma with 95 purity and tested for their cytotoxicity using a cellbased cytotoxicity assay cck8 kit with cc 50 values ranging from 1417 to 32371 m table 2 figure s1 among these natural products curcumin has been previously reported to inhibit zikv infection [37] whereas the other three natural products have not been previously reported to have antizikv activity gossypol curcumin digitonin and conessine were retested to confirm their antizikv strain pan2016 activity with ic 50 values of 348 1367 431 and 975 m respectively table 2 the...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...specific hits primary hits with low cytotoxicity 23 32 specific hits available to purchase 16 22 specific hits ordered from sigma and retested to confirm antizikv activity 6 08 specific hits displaying ic 50 cc 50 4 06 a a total of 61 primary hits inhibited zikv strain pan2016 infection by more than 70 at 20 m whereas the negative control dmso had inhibitory activity less than 10 b observed cytotoxicity of natural products at 20 m under a microscope the cytotoxicity was recorded as 6 grades and the natural products with cytotoxicity greater than or equal to grade...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...53 specific hits primary hits with low cytotoxicity 23 32 specific hits available to purchase 16 22 specific hits ordered from sigma and retested to confirm antizikv activity 6 08 specific hits displaying ic50 cc50 4 06 a a total of 61 primary hits inhibited zikv strain pan2016 infection by more than 70 at 20 m whereas the negative control dmso had inhibitory activity less than 10 b observed cytotoxicity of natural products at 20 m under a microscope the cytotoxicity was recorded as 6 grades and the natural products with cytotoxicity greater than or equal to grade...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

... the above data demonstrate that the identified natural products particularly gossypol were able to block infections of divergent human mosquito and monkey zikv strains isolated from different time periods and countries including six recent zikv human strains confirming their broadspectrum antizikv activity to identify which steps of zikv infection in its life cycle were blocked by these natural products we carried out a timeofaddition experiment by incubating natural products with zikv or cells at different time points during zikv and cell interaction and then calculated the percent inhibition based on the number of plaques formed [21 22 27...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...out a timeofaddition experiment by incubating natural products with zikv or cells at different time points during zikv and cell interaction and then calculated the percent inhibition based on the number of plaques formed [21 22 27 38] to test whether a natural product can neutralize zikv infection or inhibit viral entry by targeting the viral proteins zikv was pretreated with the natural product at 37 c before incubation with the host cells figure 3aa to evaluate whether a natural product can bind to the cellular receptors or cofactors to block virusreceptor binding cells were...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...natural product can inhibit zikv fusion with the cell membrane and then entry into the cell cells were pretreated with zikv at 4 c first and then incubated with the natural product at 37 c figure 3a e to study whether a natural product can inhibit zikv infection at postentry stages ie viral replication virion assembly or release cells were pretreated with zikv and then incubated with the natural product at 37 c figure 3a f after completing the above approaches we gained insight into the potential mechanisms of the natural products responsible for inhibiting...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...stages ie viral replication virion assembly or release cells were pretreated with zikv and then incubated with the natural product at 37 c figure 3a f after completing the above approaches we gained insight into the potential mechanisms of the natural products responsible for inhibiting zikv pan2016 infection after pretreatment of zikv with gossypol at 37 c before incubation with the target cells zikv completely lost its infectivity whereas it maintained its infectivity after other treatments described above figure 3b suggesting that gossypol can effectively neutralize zikv infection by targeting the virus rather than the...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...natural products responsible for inhibiting zikv pan2016 infection after pretreatment of zikv with gossypol at 37 c before incubation with the target cells zikv completely lost its infectivity whereas it maintained its infectivity after other treatments described above figure 3b suggesting that gossypol can effectively neutralize zikv infection by targeting the virus rather than the cell or cellassociated entry or replication stages the results from curcumin revealed that about 75100 of zikv infection was blocked when curcumin was incubated with zikv only at 37 c or coincubated with zikv and cells at 4 c or 37...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...completely lost its infectivity whereas it maintained its infectivity after other treatments described above figure 3b suggesting that gossypol can effectively neutralize zikv infection by targeting the virus rather than the cell or cellassociated entry or replication stages the results from curcumin revealed that about 75100 of zikv infection was blocked when curcumin was incubated with zikv only at 37 c or coincubated with zikv and cells at 4 c or 37 c whereas there was low to no impact on zikv infection when curcumin was pretreated with cells or postincubated with zikvtreated cells at 4...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...or replication stages the results from curcumin revealed that about 75100 of zikv infection was blocked when curcumin was incubated with zikv only at 37 c or coincubated with zikv and cells at 4 c or 37 c whereas there was low to no impact on zikv infection when curcumin was pretreated with cells or postincubated with zikvtreated cells at 4 c and 37 c respectively figure 3c these results suggest that curcumin inhibits zikv infection at the early stages of viral entry particularly the viral attachment stage pretreatment of vero e6 cells with...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...cells at 4 c or 37 c whereas there was low to no impact on zikv infection when curcumin was pretreated with cells or postincubated with zikvtreated cells at 4 c and 37 c respectively figure 3c these results suggest that curcumin inhibits zikv infection at the early stages of viral entry particularly the viral attachment stage pretreatment of vero e6 cells with digitonin and then with zikv or cotreatment of cells with zikv and digitonin at 37 c significantly 94 blocked zikv infection whereas preincubation of cells with zikv and then with digitonin...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...figure 3c these results suggest that curcumin inhibits zikv infection at the early stages of viral entry particularly the viral attachment stage pretreatment of vero e6 cells with digitonin and then with zikv or cotreatment of cells with zikv and digitonin at 37 c significantly 94 blocked zikv infection whereas preincubation of cells with zikv and then with digitonin at 37 c pretreatment of cells with zikv at 4 c and then with digitonin at 37 c or cotreatment of cells with digitonin and zikv at 4 c inhibited about 4974 of zikv infection ...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...zikv infection whereas preincubation of cells with zikv and then with digitonin at 37 c pretreatment of cells with zikv at 4 c and then with digitonin at 37 c or cotreatment of cells with digitonin and zikv at 4 c inhibited about 4974 of zikv infection figure 3d in contrast preincubation of digitonin and zikv had no effect on zikv infection figure 3d these results suggest that digitonin could not directly neutralize zikv infection but inhibited zikv infection by binding to the viral receptors or inhibiting viral entry ie attachment and membrane...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...of cells with zikv at 4 c and then with digitonin at 37 c or cotreatment of cells with digitonin and zikv at 4 c inhibited about 4974 of zikv infection figure 3d in contrast preincubation of digitonin and zikv had no effect on zikv infection figure 3d these results suggest that digitonin could not directly neutralize zikv infection but inhibited zikv infection by binding to the viral receptors or inhibiting viral entry ie attachment and membrane fusion or postentry steps the data from conessine indicated that coincubation of cells with conessine and zikv...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...c or cotreatment of cells with digitonin and zikv at 4 c inhibited about 4974 of zikv infection figure 3d in contrast preincubation of digitonin and zikv had no effect on zikv infection figure 3d these results suggest that digitonin could not directly neutralize zikv infection but inhibited zikv infection by binding to the viral receptors or inhibiting viral entry ie attachment and membrane fusion or postentry steps the data from conessine indicated that coincubation of cells with conessine and zikv at 37 c or postincubation of conessine with zikvtreated cells at 4 c...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...cells with digitonin and zikv at 4 c inhibited about 4974 of zikv infection figure 3d in contrast preincubation of digitonin and zikv had no effect on zikv infection figure 3d these results suggest that digitonin could not directly neutralize zikv infection but inhibited zikv infection by binding to the viral receptors or inhibiting viral entry ie attachment and membrane fusion or postentry steps the data from conessine indicated that coincubation of cells with conessine and zikv at 37 c or postincubation of conessine with zikvtreated cells at 4 c or 37 c...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...or inhibiting viral entry ie attachment and membrane fusion or postentry steps the data from conessine indicated that coincubation of cells with conessine and zikv at 37 c or postincubation of conessine with zikvtreated cells at 4 c or 37 c resulted in 8096 inhibition of zikv infection whereas pretreatment of cells with conessine before zikv incubation blocked about 38 of zikv infection nevertheless preincubation of conessine and zikv at 37 c or cotreatment of cells with conessine and zikv at 4 c had very low to no effect on zikv infection figure 3e ...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...conessine indicated that coincubation of cells with conessine and zikv at 37 c or postincubation of conessine with zikvtreated cells at 4 c or 37 c resulted in 8096 inhibition of zikv infection whereas pretreatment of cells with conessine before zikv incubation blocked about 38 of zikv infection nevertheless preincubation of conessine and zikv at 37 c or cotreatment of cells with conessine and zikv at 4 c had very low to no effect on zikv infection figure 3e these data suggest that conessine does not block zikv attachment to the host cell but...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...8096 inhibition of zikv infection whereas pretreatment of cells with conessine before zikv incubation blocked about 38 of zikv infection nevertheless preincubation of conessine and zikv at 37 c or cotreatment of cells with conessine and zikv at 4 c had very low to no effect on zikv infection figure 3e these data suggest that conessine does not block zikv attachment to the host cell but inhibits zikv infection by targeting viruscell fusion or postentry step the above steps of inhibition of zikv infection were further proven inhibition of zikv infection were further proven by the respective...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...of conessine and zikv at 37 c or cotreatment of cells with conessine and zikv at 4 c had very low to no effect on zikv infection figure 3e these data suggest that conessine does not block zikv attachment to the host cell but inhibits zikv infection by targeting viruscell fusion or postentry step the above steps of inhibition of zikv infection were further proven inhibition of zikv infection were further proven by the respective antizikv compound controls figure 3fi therefore the above data confirm the potent inhibitory activity of the identified natural products particularly...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...zikv at 4 c had very low to no effect on zikv infection figure 3e these data suggest that conessine does not block zikv attachment to the host cell but inhibits zikv infection by targeting viruscell fusion or postentry step the above steps of inhibition of zikv infection were further proven inhibition of zikv infection were further proven by the respective antizikv compound controls figure 3fi therefore the above data confirm the potent inhibitory activity of the identified natural products particularly gossypol in blocking zikv infection at various stages of the viral life cycle antizikv inhibitor...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...low to no effect on zikv infection figure 3e these data suggest that conessine does not block zikv attachment to the host cell but inhibits zikv infection by targeting viruscell fusion or postentry step the above steps of inhibition of zikv infection were further proven inhibition of zikv infection were further proven by the respective antizikv compound controls figure 3fi therefore the above data confirm the potent inhibitory activity of the identified natural products particularly gossypol in blocking zikv infection at various stages of the viral life cycle antizikv inhibitor temoporfin [28] was used...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...or postentry step the above steps of inhibition of zikv infection were further proven inhibition of zikv infection were further proven by the respective antizikv compound controls figure 3fi therefore the above data confirm the potent inhibitory activity of the identified natural products particularly gossypol in blocking zikv infection at various stages of the viral life cycle antizikv inhibitor temoporfin [28] was used as a control for step a g an antizikv entry especially in inhibition of the internalizationfusion step inhibitor 25hydroxycholesterol [29] was used as a control for steps b and e...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...showed no blockage of this binding figure 4d in the meantime there was no binding between the control mab zka78 and ediii protein so no obvious inhibition of gossypol was detected figure 4d the above zikv ediiispecific mabs have been previously shown to potently neutralize zikv infection [17] and recognize epitopes including the lateral ridge such as residues 309314 331337 368 370 371 and 393397 of zikv ediii protein [39] [40] [41] therefore the above data suggest that gossypol most likely binds to the lateral ridge of the...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...showed no blockage of this binding figure 4d in the meantime there was no binding between the control mab zka78 and ediii protein so no obvious inhibition of gossypol was detected figure 4d the above zikv ediiispecific mabs have been previously shown to potently neutralize zikv infection [17] and recognize epitopes including the lateral ridge such as residues 309314 331337 368 370 371 and 393397 of zikv ediii protein [39] [40] [41] therefore the above data suggest that gossypol most likely binds to the lateral ridge of the...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...the highest enhancement of antiprvabc59 activity among the three zikv strains tested table 5 these data show that gossypol can be combined with other inhibitors described above to further increase overall inhibitory activity against current and future emergent zikv strains the above results on the combinatorial effects against zikv infection could not exclude the possibility that the observed decrease in ic 50 in the presence of another natural product might result from the enhanced cell death caused by the natural product in combination therefore we also assessed the change of cc 50 of the natural products alone and in combination...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...them gossypol had the greatest potency to block infections of zikv for almost all 10 strains isolated from 1947 to 2016 from nine countries and three hosts including six recent human strains associated with congenital zika syndrome and other neurological malformations timeofadditionbased mechanistic studies indicated that gossypol could neutralize zikv infection by targeting the virus rather than the cell or cellassociated zikv entry or replication steps inhibition assays revealed that gossypol strongly bound to zikv e protein particularly the conserved ediii and blocked the binding between zikv ediii and ediiispecific neutralizing mabs rationalizing its efficacious and broadspectrum antizikv activity it appears...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...there will be better opportunity to defragment its structure to smaller druglike molecules with higher activity and lower toxicity therefore it is suggested not to use gossypol as the lead molecule but rather the final drug unlike gossypol digitonin and conessine did not neutralize zikv directly but instead inhibited zikv infection at various stages of the life cycle including viral attachment membrane fusion or postentry steps notably digitonin is a glycoalkaloid saponin detergent it is widely used as a cell membrane permeabilizing agent [53 54] and a detergent for selective solubilization of membrane proteins [55] [56...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...to be very nonspecific by comparison conessine appears to be a good candidate with a decent antizikv activity and very low cytotoxicity higher selectivity however it is a steroidal alkaloid [58] which might not be ideal for further optimization similar to gossypol curcumin may directly neutralize zikv infection but it seems to mainly inhibit the early stage attachment of virus infection the mechanism of which is similar to that seen in a previous report using different approaches [37] our data have also demonstrated strong in vitro ability of these natural productsgossypol in particularagainst four serotypes...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...with a decent antizikv activity and very low cytotoxicity higher selectivity however it is a steroidal alkaloid [58] which might not be ideal for further optimization similar to gossypol curcumin may directly neutralize zikv infection but it seems to mainly inhibit the early stage attachment of virus infection the mechanism of which is similar to that seen in a previous report using different approaches [37] our data have also demonstrated strong in vitro ability of these natural productsgossypol in particularagainst four serotypes of denv human strains with low to no cytotoxicity and the ic 50...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...the ic 50 values against denv were similar to those against zikv we have found that gossypol bound to zikv e protein potentially ediii suggesting that it may recognize highly conserved regions and sites in the e proteins of zikv and denv previously curcumin was shown to potentially inhibit denv2 infection through direct effects on viral particle production or various cellular systems [38] we have not found studies in the literature reporting on the antiviral activity of curcumin on other serotypes of denv or the inhibitory effects of gossypol digitonin and conessine on zikv and other flaviviruses thus...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...zikv potentially because gossypol had more potent antiflr activity than antiprvabc59 activity when tested individually also such combinations enhanced the individual antiviral activity of curcumin digitonin and conessine against the test viruses we have shown that the combination of gossypol and bortezomib a licensed proteasome inhibitor previously reported inhibiting zikv infection [16 59] led to significant combinatorial activity against the three epidemic zikv human strains tested therefore our study demonstrates the possibility of combining gossypol with other natural products or compounds to enhance antiviral activity overall this study has evaluated the antiviral activity of four natural products...

Title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as
Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus
Inhibitors
Authors: Gao, Yaning. Tai, Wanbo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7069
ID: 7d8b8767e12fc4fee2b29c6473b7dd1f3244b933
Number of matches: 53

...four natural products in vitro among which three are newly identified natural products with strong antizikv ability future observations will be needed to evaluate the protective efficacy of these natural products individually or in combination or using their defragmented small druglike molecules in the case of gossypol against zikvcaused congenital infection and fetal demise in available animal models modification of the structure of gossypol and identification of its derivatives with better antiviral activity but without cytotoxicity would be essential for developing a safe and effective antizikv agent for human use also future studies to evaluate the antiviral activity of modified gossypol...

Title: Large Eddy Simulation of Air Escape through a
Hospital Isolation Room Single Hinged
Doorway—Validation by Using Tracer Gases and Simulated Smoke
Videos
Authors: Saarinen, Pekka E.. Kalliomäki, Petri...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7070
ID: a5d44eaf14b7ed5402af3501540147d36b314824
Number of matches: 2

...have even been raised for ebola virus during the current epidemic in west africa even though this virus is normally transmitted via direct contact [19] it is this heightened awareness of the potential for airborne transmission of various infectious agents together with the traditionally precautionary approach to infection control that means that patients infected with potentially highly contagious diseases are now being routinely quarantined in negative pressure isolation rooms to prevent further spreading of the disease to protect patients staff and visitors however despite these precautions containment failures can happen and the operation of the isolation room...

Title: Large Eddy Simulation of Air Escape through a
Hospital Isolation Room Single Hinged
Doorway—Validation by Using Tracer Gases and Simulated Smoke
Videos
Authors: Saarinen, Pekka E.. Kalliomäki, Petri...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7070
ID: a5d44eaf14b7ed5402af3501540147d36b314824
Number of matches: 2

...that can be simulated by tracer gas [24] the infectious droplet nuclei generated from human respiratory sources have a diameter 055 m with average being less than 1 m [26 27] the estimations about the extent to which airborne transmission contributes to the overall infection rates in hospitals vary from 10 to 30 [23] hence there is a need to understand the flow patterns caused by door motion and human staff passage through these isolation room doorways in this paper we compare a computational fluid dynamics cfd modelling approach using a timeresolved...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...40] the v protein of apmv1 blocks the downstream signaling pathway by interacting with mda5 resulting in blockage of strong antiviral response of ifn in chicken which provide the benefit to waterfowl via rigi pathway [41 42] positive correlation exist between the resistance to apmv1 infection and expression of the antiviral genes including rigi irf3 irf7 and ifn [43] which was further confirmed in a study demonstrating increased expression of rigi ultimately leading to decreased apmv1 load in vitro as well as in vivo [34] apmv1 infection increases the expression of...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...the resistance to apmv1 infection and expression of the antiviral genes including rigi irf3 irf7 and ifn [43] which was further confirmed in a study demonstrating increased expression of rigi ultimately leading to decreased apmv1 load in vitro as well as in vivo [34] apmv1 infection increases the expression of interleukin il il1 tumor necrosis factorlike factor and interferon ifn in duck embryo fibroblast def cells distinct innate immune responses of the waterfowl against apmv1 may reason the resistance of waterfowls to these infections [44] a higher level of innate immune genes expression...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...paralysis and the effects of this paralysis increases with progression of the disease [46] duck and geese also show the neurological signs such as muscular trembles muscular discoordination circling and twisting of head and neck [23 46 48] these clinical signs disappear according to infection status mildly affected recover sooner and severely affected birds may recover after 15 days of infection [22 46] apmv1 infected ducks and geese show the gross lesions on the immune organs such as bursa spleen thymus mild to severe tracheitis kidney enlargement necrosis of pancreas congestion on...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

... duck and geese also show the neurological signs such as muscular trembles muscular discoordination circling and twisting of head and neck [23 46 48] these clinical signs disappear according to infection status mildly affected recover sooner and severely affected birds may recover after 15 days of infection [22 46] apmv1 infected ducks and geese show the gross lesions on the immune organs such as bursa spleen thymus mild to severe tracheitis kidney enlargement necrosis of pancreas congestion on the meninx and in the brain and diffuse brain edema focal hemorrhages in the mucosa of...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

... these lesions and histopathological changes may be due to higher viral loads multisystemic distribution of the virus in these immune organs [23] as these immune organs are the reservoir of immune cells and their destruction may lead to low antibody titer and other infections experimental infection studies are necessary to determine the virulence and pathogenesis in different bird types age species intervention strategies evaluation comparison of vaccines etc different scientists propose diverse reasons for experimental infection studies and the design of the experimental infection studies varies greatly with the abovementioned factors experimental infection studies on the...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...are the reservoir of immune cells and their destruction may lead to low antibody titer and other infections experimental infection studies are necessary to determine the virulence and pathogenesis in different bird types age species intervention strategies evaluation comparison of vaccines etc different scientists propose diverse reasons for experimental infection studies and the design of the experimental infection studies varies greatly with the abovementioned factors experimental infection studies on the pathogenesis infection route most susceptible age bird line and immune responses are limited in waterfowl and available information is summarized in additional file 1 and are briefly discussed below kang...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...destruction may lead to low antibody titer and other infections experimental infection studies are necessary to determine the virulence and pathogenesis in different bird types age species intervention strategies evaluation comparison of vaccines etc different scientists propose diverse reasons for experimental infection studies and the design of the experimental infection studies varies greatly with the abovementioned factors experimental infection studies on the pathogenesis infection route most susceptible age bird line and immune responses are limited in waterfowl and available information is summarized in additional file 1 and are briefly discussed below kang et al [44] have studied the...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...infections experimental infection studies are necessary to determine the virulence and pathogenesis in different bird types age species intervention strategies evaluation comparison of vaccines etc different scientists propose diverse reasons for experimental infection studies and the design of the experimental infection studies varies greatly with the abovementioned factors experimental infection studies on the pathogenesis infection route most susceptible age bird line and immune responses are limited in waterfowl and available information is summarized in additional file 1 and are briefly discussed below kang et al [44] have studied the immune related gene expression of chicken and duck embryonic...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...are necessary to determine the virulence and pathogenesis in different bird types age species intervention strategies evaluation comparison of vaccines etc different scientists propose diverse reasons for experimental infection studies and the design of the experimental infection studies varies greatly with the abovementioned factors experimental infection studies on the pathogenesis infection route most susceptible age bird line and immune responses are limited in waterfowl and available information is summarized in additional file 1 and are briefly discussed below kang et al [44] have studied the immune related gene expression of chicken and duck embryonic fibroblast cef def by infecting...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...virulent strain nh10 and highly virulent strain ss10 upregulated expression of the toll like receptor tlr 3 tlr7 il1 il6 ifn ifn mhci and mhcii were observed both in cef and def however these expression levels were higher in cef mechanism is described briefly in figure 1 peking duck infection at 3 week of age with nh10 and ss10 via intranasal route showed the systemic replication of the virus into small intestine cecal tonsils brain lung bursa of fabricius thymus and spleen this study also demonstrated the increased expression of the tlr3 tlr7 rigi mda5 il1 il2 il6 il8 ifn...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...] similarly a study of the zhong et al [49] has demonstrated the upregulation of the viperin an ifn stimulated gene in the defs and also in the spleen kidneys liver brain and blood of changbai ducks infected with g7 apmv1 through intranasal or intramuscular route experimental infection of geese with genotype vii apmv1 upregulate the expression of tlr 13 5 7 and 15 avian defensin 57 10 12 and 16 il8 il18 il1 and ifn and mhc class i in different tissues [50] intranasal inoculation of the japanese commercial ducks and chicken males with...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...and chicken males with artificially made apmv1 class i virus 9a5b results in the higher ifn in the duck compared to chicken this study also demonstrated that replication distribution tissue damage and apoptosis were more in the immune organs of the chicken compared to duck [42] intramuscular infection of different ducks mallard gaoyou shaoxing jinding shanma and peking ducks with jsd0812 strain showed that different strains vary in the susceptibility to the disease [46] mallard are the most susceptible and peking ducks are the most resistant species of birds infection of the gaoyou duck at...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...[42] intramuscular infection of different ducks mallard gaoyou shaoxing jinding shanma and peking ducks with jsd0812 strain showed that different strains vary in the susceptibility to the disease [46] mallard are the most susceptible and peking ducks are the most resistant species of birds infection of the gaoyou duck at 15 30 45 60 and 110 with different routes indicate that their susceptibility to disease and virus shedding decreases with the age and birds seldom die after infection through the natural route [46] experimental coinfection of ducks with apmv1 and low or...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...] mallard are the most susceptible and peking ducks are the most resistant species of birds infection of the gaoyou duck at 15 30 45 60 and 110 with different routes indicate that their susceptibility to disease and virus shedding decreases with the age and birds seldom die after infection through the natural route [46] experimental coinfection of ducks with apmv1 and low or high pathogenic avian influenza virus lpaiv and hpaiv indicate that it decreases the virus shedding and transmission to the nave ducks by contact [51] duck after immunization with inactivated vaccine...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...decreases the virus shedding and transmission to the nave ducks by contact [51] duck after immunization with inactivated vaccine of apmv1 and challenge with the same live virulent kenyan apmv1 resulted in the development of more antibody titer than the unchallenged birds [52] experimental infection of geese with virulent apmv1 genotype viid and goose origin apmv1 showed the extensive replication of geese in the immune organs which correlated with the clinical signs and lesions [12 23] and also it transmission to spf chickens [12] geese and chicken were vaccinated then...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...of less morbidity less mortality and less virus shedding after challenge [53] although several natural outbreaks and experimental infections of apmv1 in waterfowl had been reported however it remain to be clarified whether it cause the disease in waterfowl [46] inconsistent results in the infection of apmv1 in waterfowl are due to apmv1 strain dose and rout of inoculation breed and maternal antibody titer additional file 1 ducks are more resistant to infection through natural route than the geese [46] in conclusion these studies indicate that different viruses affect the immune organs...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...reported however it remain to be clarified whether it cause the disease in waterfowl [46] inconsistent results in the infection of apmv1 in waterfowl are due to apmv1 strain dose and rout of inoculation breed and maternal antibody titer additional file 1 ducks are more resistant to infection through natural route than the geese [46] in conclusion these studies indicate that different viruses affect the immune organs and innate immune genes in diverse mechanisms waterfowls are more susceptible to apmv1 infection at an early age and through natural route results in less damage to immune...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...inoculation breed and maternal antibody titer additional file 1 ducks are more resistant to infection through natural route than the geese [46] in conclusion these studies indicate that different viruses affect the immune organs and innate immune genes in diverse mechanisms waterfowls are more susceptible to apmv1 infection at an early age and through natural route results in less damage to immune organs more comprehensive and detailed studies are warranted for the control of nd in waterfowl waterfowl are naturally infected with large number of the viruses which are avirulent and do not cause the diseases in...

Title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special
focus on waterfowl
Authors: Rehman, Zaib Ur.. Meng, Chunchun...
Journal: Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7072
ID: d8ec38752ec638efa9b55dffa8d0277ce889c976
Number of matches: 19

...to commercial poultry industry studies on the humoral immune responses of waterfowl are crucial to develop better intervention strategies it is recommended that rearing facilities of the waterfowl including ducks and geese should be separated from chicken and turkey flocks to prevent the virus transmission additional file 1 experimental infection studies of ducks and geese with avian avulavirus 1 table summarizes...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...affect younger healthier populations and had an increased risk of morbidity and mortality [2] [3] [4] with 1230 of the population developing clinical influenza 4 of those requiring hospital admission and 1 in 5 requiring critical care [5] in general however infection of the h1n1pdm was relatively mild in most persons although a fatal viral pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred in approximately 18000 cases in contrast to seasonal influenza in human cases h1n1pdm infections showed a tropism for the lung similar to h5n1 [6] the ability...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...the host innate immune response and the virus in the progression of disease [13] [14] [15] [16] molecular imaging can potentially play a strong role in basic infectious disease research and clinical response by providing a noninvasive spatiotemporal measurement of viral infection and host inflammation [17 18] to explore the potential utility of molecular imaging in influenza infection we chose the ferret mustela putorius furo model ferrets have been used as an animal model of influenza infection and pathogenesis since 1934 when they were reported to develop an acute...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...[15] [16] molecular imaging can potentially play a strong role in basic infectious disease research and clinical response by providing a noninvasive spatiotemporal measurement of viral infection and host inflammation [17 18] to explore the potential utility of molecular imaging in influenza infection we chose the ferret mustela putorius furo model ferrets have been used as an animal model of influenza infection and pathogenesis since 1934 when they were reported to develop an acute respiratory tract illness when exposed to influenza viruses from humans and swine [19] in contrast to...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...research and clinical response by providing a noninvasive spatiotemporal measurement of viral infection and host inflammation [17 18] to explore the potential utility of molecular imaging in influenza infection we chose the ferret mustela putorius furo model ferrets have been used as an animal model of influenza infection and pathogenesis since 1934 when they were reported to develop an acute respiratory tract illness when exposed to influenza viruses from humans and swine [19] in contrast to mice the ferret can be infected by human isolates without adaptation and display signs and symptoms of infection such...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...influenza infection and pathogenesis since 1934 when they were reported to develop an acute respiratory tract illness when exposed to influenza viruses from humans and swine [19] in contrast to mice the ferret can be infected by human isolates without adaptation and display signs and symptoms of infection such as sneezing and nasal secretions that are similar to what is seen in humans [20] [21] [22] [23] the ferret is an attractive model for imaging influenza pulmonary infections given the ferrets long trachea large lung capacity and bronchiolar branching...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

... the uptake of [ 18 f]fdg in humans and animals suggests the predominant presence of activated neutrophils [32] [33] [34] [35] in studies of mice infected with influenza a virus neutrophils play a critical role in protection and recovery from infection and participate in the process of adaptive immunity to the virus [36] coupled with molecular virology and pathology molecular imaging with important probes of disease has enormous potential to reveal early critical factors that contribute to the clinical progression of illness as well as accelerate screening the...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...clinical progression of illness as well as accelerate screening the efficacy and mechanistic studies of vaccines and antiviral therapies [17 18] to test the hypothesis that fdgpetct imaging could reveal the spatiotemporal nature of h1n1pdm inflammation and disease progression we chose the ferret model of h1n1pdm influenza infection further for these studies we chose a low passage clinical isolate akentucky1802010 or ky180 herein which has a change in the ha1 gene d222g which correlates with increased severity of disease in patient cases from several countries [37] [38] [39] [40]...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...studies we chose a low passage clinical isolate akentucky1802010 or ky180 herein which has a change in the ha1 gene d222g which correlates with increased severity of disease in patient cases from several countries [37] [38] [39] [40] in mice infection with h1n1pdm engineered to include this change show increased viral titers and pathology however in ferrets there do not seem to be any major differences in clinical signs transmissibility or pathogenicity [41 42] our results show for the first time the spatiotemporal progression of inflammation with ct...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...with these modalities for anatomic ct and molecular pet data suggests increased pulmonary inflammation as the amount of circulating virus becomes undetectable these results suggest that molecular imaging will be a great asset in gaining insight into the temporal and spatial progression of the inflammatory process caused by influenza virus infection due to the size of the siemens trimodal gantry for petct imaging we chose four month old females rather than male ferrets the pandemic h1n1 isolate ky180 employed in these studies was isolated from nasal swab sample provided by the severe influenza pneumonia surveillance project a clinical study of...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...days sequencing of the ha1 gene from this isolate revealed the d222g mutation which has been associated with severe disease in human cases [37] [38] [39] [40] the second passage of the ky180 seed was employed in the characterization of infection in the female ferrets the 50 infectious dose in female ferrets was determined to be 10 007 tcid 50 data not shown in group 1 six ferrets were mock infected with pbs in group 2 six ferrets were infected intranasally in with ky180 with a 05 ml dose of 05610...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...dose of 05610 60 tcid 50 per naris on day 0 table 1 group 5 was the only group that was imaged each day while groups 24 were imaged and sacrificed on days 1 2 and 3 postinfection this study design permitted evaluation of the progression of imaging with infection and pathology in two animals each day as well as continuous imaging of the lungs in one cohort over the sevenday timeperiod fdgpet and ct images of the h1n1pdminfected and mockinfected ferrets were successfully obtained and fused for two ferrets on days 1 2 3 and 6 fig...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...2 3 and 6 fig 2 and 3 volumes of interest voi and corresponding maximum standardized uptake values suvmax were generated for any metabolically active lesions in the lung as well as background activity in the lungs liver heart thymus and thoracic lymph nodes baseline imaging prior to infection showed no focal areas of lung consolidation on ct and background standard uptake values suvmax of the [ 18 f]fdg levels ranged from 0710 for pet fig 2a and fig 3a each figure shows the one twodimensional coronal plane that were standardized across days to provide a similar...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...ct with multiple areas of increased radiotracer uptake in both ferrets in caudal and cranial lobes fig 2d and fig 3d suvmax of 60 and 76 on the right 42 and 46 on the left respectively these results suggest that inflammation progresses into the lower respiratory airways after infection into the upper part of the lower respiratory system a ferret from the uninfected cohort was also imaged on day 6 with no focal appearance of consolidation on ct and no evidence of increased [ 18 f]fdg uptake on pet image not shown background suv of 06 to measure...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...ci 5432100 tcid 50 ml virus was also detected in a majority of lung sections from 1 2 and 3 dpi it was absent in the lung sections from one animal on 2 dpi although it was present in the ferrets nasal turbinates suggesting that the timing of infection in this animal was slower than the others of note this same animal had a focus of consolidation on ct and radiotracer uptake on pet this observation also suggests that while the virus may have been undetectable by tcid 50 low levels of virus had entered the lower respiratory...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...the left caudal lobe from control animal 2206 sacrificed on day 1 possible causes of this pattern of change may be an underlying systemic vasculopathy which is typically confirmed by evaluation of other organs that were not collected eg kidney spleen liver in general pulmonary lesions associated with influenza infection were roughly comparable at days 1 and 2 and consisted of variable suppurative or necrosuppurative bronchiolitis and mixed cell alveolitis at minimal to moderate severity levels by 1 dpi there were some small foci of inflammation without much infiltration of the bronchi or bronchioles there was an increased severity of...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...the greater abundance of a23sa in the mouse model [42 43] all of these viruses have an affinity for a26sas associated with attachment to and replication in cells of the upper respiratory tract as shown by the high levels of viral replication in the nasal turbinates thus infection of ferrets with these h1n1pdm isolates engineered with d222g and our clinical isolate have not correlated with clinical findings in patients these results in ferrets are not surprising given that 80 of the fatal cases of h1n1pdm had underlying medical conditions and bacterial infections [6] discovery...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...of the fatal cases of h1n1pdm had underlying medical conditions and bacterial infections [6] discovery of the molecular components of the host response that may promote pathogenesis will be critical for defining new treatments noninvasive imaging can provide realtime in vivo monitoring of the progression of infection inflammation and disease that may give insight into the mechanisms that modulate disease progression recently veldhuis kroeze et al presented data on the monitoring of pulmonary lesions of h1n1pdm influenza virusinfected ferrets with ct scanning which correlated with disease progression and severity [44] as those studies demonstrate...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...studies demonstrate ct is a powerful tool but it will not give the molecular details that can be provided by pet or spect imaging of probes that target critical host responses such as neutrophil invasion in our study we coupled ct scanning with the [ 18 f]fdg radiotracer and show infection and inflammation of influenza infection in the lower respiratory system with foci of increased [ 18 f]fdg uptake corresponding to areas of lung opacity on ct with underlying inflammation on necropsy in comparison to human ct imaging studies of influenza the molecular images in the ferret show strong similarity ct...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...powerful tool but it will not give the molecular details that can be provided by pet or spect imaging of probes that target critical host responses such as neutrophil invasion in our study we coupled ct scanning with the [ 18 f]fdg radiotracer and show infection and inflammation of influenza infection in the lower respiratory system with foci of increased [ 18 f]fdg uptake corresponding to areas of lung opacity on ct with underlying inflammation on necropsy in comparison to human ct imaging studies of influenza the molecular images in the ferret show strong similarity ct findings in patients with confirmed...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...the lower respiratory system with foci of increased [ 18 f]fdg uptake corresponding to areas of lung opacity on ct with underlying inflammation on necropsy in comparison to human ct imaging studies of influenza the molecular images in the ferret show strong similarity ct findings in patients with confirmed influenza infection show patchy groundglass opacities in segmental multifocal distributions mixed with areas of consolidation in the lung [12 25 45] moreover the few case reports of human influenza in which lungs were imaged by [ 18 f]fdg pet demonstrate areas of high uptake in these groundglass opacities and...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...the petct imaging our analyses of viral titers in the four representative sections suggest different levels of infiltration of the lobe the histopathologic scoring for bronchiolitis correlated the best with the suvmax of the lesions seen in the right and left lungs on pet in general the severity of infection and inflammation on imaging can be represented by 1 the volume of affected lung ie the percentage of diseased lung relative to total lung capacity and 2 the extent of parenchymal destruction disruption of pulmonary architecture and inflammatory cell migration our study first aims to correlate fdg uptake measurements with...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...fdg uptake with histologic severity because more severe architectural distortion can lead to necrosis with more dead cells therefore showing less uptake of radiotracer among metabolically inactive dead cells and nonviable tissue our study however shows that progressing inflammatory infiltrates on histology in the studied time period after acute influenza infection corresponds to radiologic trends additionally our study demonstrates spatial progression with increased size and number of abnormal foci in the lung parenchyma during acute infection ultimately utilizing these new imaging tools we envision a number of future experiments to delineate potential differences in the course of h1n1pdm and h5n1...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...metabolically inactive dead cells and nonviable tissue our study however shows that progressing inflammatory infiltrates on histology in the studied time period after acute influenza infection corresponds to radiologic trends additionally our study demonstrates spatial progression with increased size and number of abnormal foci in the lung parenchyma during acute infection ultimately utilizing these new imaging tools we envision a number of future experiments to delineate potential differences in the course of h1n1pdm and h5n1 infection in ferrets we also plan to explore additional radiotracers that might reveal potential differences in host responses in the immune system and the process...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...corresponds to radiologic trends additionally our study demonstrates spatial progression with increased size and number of abnormal foci in the lung parenchyma during acute infection ultimately utilizing these new imaging tools we envision a number of future experiments to delineate potential differences in the course of h1n1pdm and h5n1 infection in ferrets we also plan to explore additional radiotracers that might reveal potential differences in host responses in the immune system and the process of acute injury in the lung future studies will assess differences in presentation of those who recover from infection versus those who eventually succumb to infection...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...in the course of h1n1pdm and h5n1 infection in ferrets we also plan to explore additional radiotracers that might reveal potential differences in host responses in the immune system and the process of acute injury in the lung future studies will assess differences in presentation of those who recover from infection versus those who eventually succumb to infection such as with more lethal isolates such as h5n1 this model should be valuable in rapid assessment of the effect of various treatments on pulmonary inflammation and damage finally these first petct imaging approaches could be extended to a number of other important...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...infection in ferrets we also plan to explore additional radiotracers that might reveal potential differences in host responses in the immune system and the process of acute injury in the lung future studies will assess differences in presentation of those who recover from infection versus those who eventually succumb to infection such as with more lethal isolates such as h5n1 this model should be valuable in rapid assessment of the effect of various treatments on pulmonary inflammation and damage finally these first petct imaging approaches could be extended to a number of other important pulmonary infections caused by pathogens such as...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...seronegative for seasonal and pandemic viruses were shipped directly to the university of louisville regional biocontainment laboratory and acclimated for seven days prior to initiation of the studies animals were fed teklad laboratory diet 2072 harlanteklad madison wi and water ad libitum for the characterization of the progression of infection of the ky180 clinical isolate we utilized four month old female ferrets prior to infection with virus ferrets were anesthetized with 005 mgkg atropine 50 mgkg ketamine and 008 mgkg dexmedetomidine intramuscularly subsequently six animals were inoculated intransally in with 05 ml of infectious virus per naris as a bolus...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...biocontainment laboratory and acclimated for seven days prior to initiation of the studies animals were fed teklad laboratory diet 2072 harlanteklad madison wi and water ad libitum for the characterization of the progression of infection of the ky180 clinical isolate we utilized four month old female ferrets prior to infection with virus ferrets were anesthetized with 005 mgkg atropine 50 mgkg ketamine and 008 mgkg dexmedetomidine intramuscularly subsequently six animals were inoculated intransally in with 05 ml of infectious virus per naris as a bolus which was diluted to 10 57 tcid 50 ml in phosphate buffered saline pbs six...

Title: Molecular Imaging Reveals a Progressive
Pulmonary Inflammation in Lower Airways in Ferrets
Infected with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus
Authors: Jonsson, Colleen B.. Camp, Jeremy V....
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7073
ID: 9d2c6b24e096eac147115b77f295e0ddcb5435c6
Number of matches: 30

...mm hepes each sample was analyzed in quadruplicate following incubation in 96well plates with madindarby canine kidney mdck cell monolayers at 37uc in 5 co 2 for three days supernates were collected from each well were assayed for hemagglutination activity using 05 turkey red blood cells as an indicator of infection viral titers were expressed as log 10 tcid 50 ml and were calculated using the reedmuench method [48] the hi test quantitates serum antibody to influenza virus which can prevent agglutination of turkey rbcs fitzgerald industries international inc ma heatinactivated serum samples were treated with receptordestroying enzyme...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...replication viral 2a and 3c proteases are involved in the cleavage of the polyprotein precursor to release the mature viral proteins while viral protein 3d is the rnadependent rna polymerase rdrp that plays a major role in the synthesis of negativeand positivesense viral rna [11] upon ev71 infection the viral genome is translated into the viral polyprotein and the 3d protein participates in the transcription of the positivesense genomic viral rna into the complementary negativesense viral rna which serves as a template for the synthesis of more positivesense genomic viral rna the genomic rna is then translated into...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...its replication in search for host cellular factors that play a role in ev71 replication an understanding of the cellular proteins involved in different stages of viral replication would be useful for the identification of potential targets for the development of antiviral strategies in this study an immunofluorescence cellbased virus infection assay was setup to screen the human serinethreonine kinase sirna library using a set of validated small interfering rnas sirnas targeting the host serinethreonine kinases several candidate kinases that showed significant inhibition of ev71 replication upon gene knockdown were identified and among the hits misshapenniksrelated kinase mink a novel sterile...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...reported to play a role in the iresmediated viral protein translation of encephalomyocarditis virus emcv viral rna [25] in this study we revealed the involvement of mink in ev71 replication and further elucidated the mechanism through which mink regulates the synthesis of ev71 viral polyprotein upon viral infection a screening assay was previously developed to screen for host factors involved in ev71 replication using targeting sirna [26] in this screen a similar screening approach was adopted based on immunofluorescence assay to detect ev71 structural protein expression as an indicator of successful ev71 infection and...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...viral infection a screening assay was previously developed to screen for host factors involved in ev71 replication using targeting sirna [26] in this screen a similar screening approach was adopted based on immunofluorescence assay to detect ev71 structural protein expression as an indicator of successful ev71 infection and replication positive control wells containing ev71infected cells without sirna treatment had a mean of 51600 antigen positive cells with a standard deviation of 5407 mockinfected cells were used as negative controls to verify the specificity of the antibody in addition the data were analysed by applying zscore statistics and...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...panel ii and fig 2d to further validate the specificity of the mink smartpool sirnas deconvolution assay was performed with 45nm concentrations of each specific individual sirna of the smartpool four specific sirnas this approach would help to ensure that inhibitory effects of the targeting sirnas on ev71 infection observed in the secondary assay was specific and not due to offtarget gene effects before a viral plaque assay was performed to determine the virus titre upon gene knockdown using the individual sirnas within the smartpool gene knockdown efficiency of each individual sirnas was assessed from the western blot analysis...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...viral rna the influence of mink silencing on ev71 replication at the level of translation was determined a time course study was first conducted to identify the time period during which ev71 viral protein expression occurs fig 3c and 3d across a time course of 12h after ev71 infection greatest increase in the ev71 structural viral protein expression vp0 36kda and vp2 28kda was observed between 4 and 8h postinfection fig 3c and 3d as such 8h postinfection was selected as the timepoint for further analysis on the role of mink in viral protein synthesis at 8h...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...as the the virus release process upon the silencing of mink but was due to a decrease in the total production of virus particles as a map kinase kinase kinase kinase map4k mink is activated upstream in mapk pathways and thus we hypothesised that the early events in ev71 infection could be responsible for the activation of mink to investigate if virus binding and entry triggered the phosphorylation of mink western blot analysis on phosphomink was conducted after the transfection of viral rna into cells to bypass the normal entry processes of ev71 since phosphomink antibodies are not available commercially...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...since phosphomink antibodies are not available commercially a phosphatebinding tag phostag [27] was used to separate the phosphorylated proteins from the unphosphorylated proteins 6h and 8h were selected as the timepoints for harvest of cell lysates due to the significant increase in phosphomink levels at these timepoints after infection s1 fig as shown in fig 4a and fig 4b cells transfected with viral rna displayed similar phosphomink levels at 6h and 8h as the infection control ev71infected suggesting that initial binding and entry processes of the virus was not required for the activation of mink upon ev71 infection...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...8h were selected as the timepoints for harvest of cell lysates due to the significant increase in phosphomink levels at these timepoints after infection s1 fig as shown in fig 4a and fig 4b cells transfected with viral rna displayed similar phosphomink levels at 6h and 8h as the infection control ev71infected suggesting that initial binding and entry processes of the virus was not required for the activation of mink upon ev71 infection to further ascertain that initial binding of the virus was not required for the activation of mink an infection inhibition assay was performed it has been...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...infection s1 fig as shown in fig 4a and fig 4b cells transfected with viral rna displayed similar phosphomink levels at 6h and 8h as the infection control ev71infected suggesting that initial binding and entry processes of the virus was not required for the activation of mink upon ev71 infection to further ascertain that initial binding of the virus was not required for the activation of mink an infection inhibition assay was performed it has been wellestablished that scavenger receptor class b2 scarb2 is the cellular receptor for ev71 on rd cells [28] hence an antibody...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...levels at 6h and 8h as the infection control ev71infected suggesting that initial binding and entry processes of the virus was not required for the activation of mink upon ev71 infection to further ascertain that initial binding of the virus was not required for the activation of mink an infection inhibition assay was performed it has been wellestablished that scavenger receptor class b2 scarb2 is the cellular receptor for ev71 on rd cells [28] hence an antibody to scarb2 was used to block the cellular scarb2 receptors to prevent virus binding viral plaque assay was first conducted...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...class b2 scarb2 is the cellular receptor for ev71 on rd cells [28] hence an antibody to scarb2 was used to block the cellular scarb2 receptors to prevent virus binding viral plaque assay was first conducted to confirm the efficacy of the antiscarb2 antibody in blocking ev71 infection a corresponding control igg antibody that does not bind specifically to any proteins was used as a negative control results from the infection inhibition assay showed that pretreatment of rd cells with the antiscarb2 antibody blocked ev71 infection in a dosedependent manner as the virus titre was significantly reduced by15...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...to block the cellular scarb2 receptors to prevent virus binding viral plaque assay was first conducted to confirm the efficacy of the antiscarb2 antibody in blocking ev71 infection a corresponding control igg antibody that does not bind specifically to any proteins was used as a negative control results from the infection inhibition assay showed that pretreatment of rd cells with the antiscarb2 antibody blocked ev71 infection in a dosedependent manner as the virus titre was significantly reduced by15 log at the highest concentration of antiscarb2 antibody used fig 4c on the other hand treatment with the control igg antibody did...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...conducted to confirm the efficacy of the antiscarb2 antibody in blocking ev71 infection a corresponding control igg antibody that does not bind specifically to any proteins was used as a negative control results from the infection inhibition assay showed that pretreatment of rd cells with the antiscarb2 antibody blocked ev71 infection in a dosedependent manner as the virus titre was significantly reduced by15 log at the highest concentration of antiscarb2 antibody used fig 4c on the other hand treatment with the control igg antibody did not affect the binding and entry of virus into the cells fig 4c as...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...antibody was used to detect both phosphorylated upper bands and unphosphorylated mink lower bands actin was used as a loading control a viral rna was transfected into cells and cell lysates were harvested at indicated timepoints to assess the phosphomink levels phosphomink levels in rnatransfected cells were comparable to the infection control at the same timepoints b the band intensities representing mink phosphorylation level were quantitated with reference to actin control bands for each timepoint and 0h using imagej gel analysis program c virus titres in the supernatant of cells treated with the antiscarb2 and antiigg antibodies were analysed via viral...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...not affect the phosphorylation of mink in cells at 6h after addition of virus e the band intensities representing mink phosphorylation level were quantitated with reference to actin control bands for each concentration and 0gml using imagej gel analysis program after determining the triggering event of mink upon ev71 infection we next investigated the mechanism of action of mink on ev71 viral protein synthesis it has been reported that mink activates the p38 mapk pathway [23] a signalling pathway that has also been shown to play a role in the replication of encephalomyelitis virus emcv a member...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...activates the p38 mapk pathway [23] a signalling pathway that has also been shown to play a role in the replication of encephalomyelitis virus emcv a member of the picornaviridae family [25] as such we examined the activation profile of p38 mapk upon ev71 infection to assess whether the p38 mapk signalling pathway is activated during ev71 replication as serum has also been reported to induce phosphorylation of certain proteins [29] fecal calf serum fcs was removed from the virus stock and growth media in the course of this experiment to reduce...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...samples fig 5b and samples exposed to uvinactivated ev71 fig 5c probably due to more total proteins loaded as seen from the total p38 and actin levels however it is evident in the trend of p38 mapk activation profile that phosphop38 mapk levels were significantly increased upon ev71 infection fig 5d hence these results suggested that activation of p38 mapk signalling pathway requires the active replication of ev71 to establish a link between the activation of mink and p38 mapk phosphorylation upon viral infection cells were pretreated with either scrambled mink or mink sirna prior to ev71...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...p38 mapk activation profile that phosphop38 mapk levels were significantly increased upon ev71 infection fig 5d hence these results suggested that activation of p38 mapk signalling pathway requires the active replication of ev71 to establish a link between the activation of mink and p38 mapk phosphorylation upon viral infection cells were pretreated with either scrambled mink or mink sirna prior to ev71 infection and lysed at 8h postinfection for western blot analysis efficacy of the mink sirna was demonstrated with a dosedependent reduction in mink protein levels upon knockdown fig 5e and 5f dosedependent reduction in phosphop38...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...fig 5d hence these results suggested that activation of p38 mapk signalling pathway requires the active replication of ev71 to establish a link between the activation of mink and p38 mapk phosphorylation upon viral infection cells were pretreated with either scrambled mink or mink sirna prior to ev71 infection and lysed at 8h postinfection for western blot analysis efficacy of the mink sirna was demonstrated with a dosedependent reduction in mink protein levels upon knockdown fig 5e and 5f dosedependent reduction in phosphop38 mapk protein levels was also observed with increasing mink sirna concentration 25nm and...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...p38 mapk signalling pathway downstream of mink in the synthesis of viral proteins timeofaddition studies were conducted to identify the window period in the ev71 replication cycle when the p38 mapk inhibitor sb203580 exerts its antiviral effects 50 m of sb203580 was added at different time points before and after infection with ev71 fig 6d all cell culture supernatants were collected for viral plaque assay at 12h postinfection from the results in fig 6d pretreatment of cells with the p38 mapk inhibitor for 2h prior to ev71 infection showed minimal inhibitory effect against viral infection a significant reduction in...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...of sb203580 was added at different time points before and after infection with ev71 fig 6d all cell culture supernatants were collected for viral plaque assay at 12h postinfection from the results in fig 6d pretreatment of cells with the p38 mapk inhibitor for 2h prior to ev71 infection showed minimal inhibitory effect against viral infection a significant reduction in ev71 titres was observed when sb203580 was added at 6h postinfection at 10h postinfection the antiviral activity of sb203580 was reduced this suggested that the blocking of p38 mapk signalling pathway inhibits ev71 replication during the early phase after...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...points before and after infection with ev71 fig 6d all cell culture supernatants were collected for viral plaque assay at 12h postinfection from the results in fig 6d pretreatment of cells with the p38 mapk inhibitor for 2h prior to ev71 infection showed minimal inhibitory effect against viral infection a significant reduction in ev71 titres was observed when sb203580 was added at 6h postinfection at 10h postinfection the antiviral activity of sb203580 was reduced this suggested that the blocking of p38 mapk signalling pathway inhibits ev71 replication during the early phase after viral entry between 0h and 8h postinfection...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...signalling pathway inhibits ev71 replication during the early phase after viral entry between 0h and 8h postinfection a cotreatment assay was conducted to complement data from the pretreatment assay to determine if sb203580 affected viral binding and entry into the cells cotreatment of ev71 with sb203580 failed to inhibit viral infection further confirming the involvement of p38 mapk signalling pathway in the postentry stage in ev71 replication cycle to reaffirm our hypothesis that mink affects viral protein synthesis via p38 mapk signalling pathway the effect of p38 mapk inhibition on viral rna production protein synthesis and viral release was investigated...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...signalling was involved in the regulation of ires efficiency during viral protein synthesis to determine if minkp38 mapk is involved in iresmediated translation of 00001 n 3 versus 10 dmso control d rd cells were treated with 50um sb203580 p38 mapk inhibitor at different time points before and after infection in timeofaddition assay cell supernatants were harvested at 12hpi for quantification via viral plaque assays timeofaddition assay indicates that sb203580 acts between 2hpi and 10hpi to inhibit ev71 replication in the cotreatment assay sb203580 was added with the virus and no significant inhibition of ev71 infection was observed statistical analyses...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...points before and after infection in timeofaddition assay cell supernatants were harvested at 12hpi for quantification via viral plaque assays timeofaddition assay indicates that sb203580 acts between 2hpi and 10hpi to inhibit ev71 replication in the cotreatment assay sb203580 was added with the virus and no significant inhibition of ev71 infection was observed statistical analyses were performed using oneway anova and dunnetts test graphpad software against untreated control p 001 n 3 p 00001 n 3 versus 05 dmso control e ev71 rna synthesis was sensitive to sb203580 treatment quantitative rtpcr assay revealed significant reduction in...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...interaction [34] hence to investigate if eif4e was the downstream effector of the minkp38 mapk pathway that led to the increase in iresmediated protein translation efficiency a time course study was conducted to examine the activation profile of downstream substrates of p38 mapk in response to ev71 infection contrary to the findings in the rhinovirus iresmediated protein translation we did not detect any increase in eif4e phosphorylation levels upon ev71 infection instead eif4e protein expression and phosphorylation levels were observed to decrease upon ev71 infection s4a and s4b fig suggesting that eif4e might not be essential for ev71...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...increase in iresmediated protein translation efficiency a time course study was conducted to examine the activation profile of downstream substrates of p38 mapk in response to ev71 infection contrary to the findings in the rhinovirus iresmediated protein translation we did not detect any increase in eif4e phosphorylation levels upon ev71 infection instead eif4e protein expression and phosphorylation levels were observed to decrease upon ev71 infection s4a and s4b fig suggesting that eif4e might not be essential for ev71 replication since eif4e was unlikely to be the effector of the minkp38 mapk pathway in our study we hypothesized that the minkp38...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...the activation profile of downstream substrates of p38 mapk in response to ev71 infection contrary to the findings in the rhinovirus iresmediated protein translation we did not detect any increase in eif4e phosphorylation levels upon ev71 infection instead eif4e protein expression and phosphorylation levels were observed to decrease upon ev71 infection s4a and s4b fig suggesting that eif4e might not be essential for ev71 replication since eif4e was unlikely to be the effector of the minkp38 mapk pathway in our study we hypothesized that the minkp38 mapk signalling pathway might activate an ires transacting factor itaf downstream which thus resulted...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...the ev71 ires translation efficiency heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein a1 hnrnp a1 is predominantly a nuclear protein but shuttles back and forth between the nucleus and cytoplasm it has been reported that hnrnp a1 act as an itaf that relocalises in the cytoplasm where it interacts with the ev71 ires upon infection promoting its translation efficiency [20] as previous study has also shown that p38 mapk signalling is implicated in the cytoplasmic accumulation of hnrnp a1 in uninfected cells [35] we were interested to know whether minkp38 mapk signalling modulate the ev71 ires activity by altering...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...activity as mnk1 has been implicated in the cytoplasmic localisation of hnrnp a1 downstream of p38 mapk signalling in uninfected cells [37] we were interested to know if mnk1 was the p38 mapk substrate that triggered the increase of hnrnp a1 signals in the cytoplasm during ev71 infection a time course study was first conducted to examine the activation profile of mnk1 compared to the mockinfected cells ev71 infection resulted in increased mnk1 phosphorylation levels at 8h postinfection with relatively constant mnk1 protein expression levels s4a and s4b fig to determine if mnk1 phosphorylation was triggered by the...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...[37] we were interested to know if mnk1 was the p38 mapk substrate that triggered the increase of hnrnp a1 signals in the cytoplasm during ev71 infection a time course study was first conducted to examine the activation profile of mnk1 compared to the mockinfected cells ev71 infection resulted in increased mnk1 phosphorylation levels at 8h postinfection with relatively constant mnk1 protein expression levels s4a and s4b fig to determine if mnk1 phosphorylation was triggered by the replication of the virus rd cells were exposed to uvinactivated ev71 cells exposed to uvinactivated ev71 showed constant phosphorylation level of...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...the 12h time course s4a and s4b fig this indicated that attachment of the virions to cell surface receptors or virus entry process was not sufficient to trigger the phosphorylation of mnk1 which corresponded to what was observed previously for the activation of mink and p38 mapk upon ev71 infection fig 4 and 5 to investigate if mnk1 was involved in the mechanism elucidated in this study we blocked mnk1 kinase activity with a selective mnk inhibitor cgp57380 in rd cells and conducted western blot analyses with phosphoeif4e antibody to determine the effectivity of the drug at 50...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...dunnetts test graphpad software p 005 p 001 and p 00001 versus 10 dmso control doi101371journalppat1004686g007 red an irestransacting factor was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence assay immunofluorescence detection of doublestranded rna dsrna green with the nuclei stained with dapi blue was shown to indicate ev71 infection the images were taken at 100x magnification colocalisation quantification was based on the manders overlap coefficient moc using wholecell immunofluorescence wcif imagej software [36] and represented as percent colocalisation at the respective sirna concentrations error bars represent the standard deviation of duplicate data b rd cells were subjected...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...images were taken at 100x magnification colocalisation quantification was based on the manders overlap coefficient moc using wholecell immunofluorescence wcif imagej software [36] and represented as percent colocalisation at the respective sirna concentrations error bars represent the standard deviation of duplicate data b rd cells were subjected to infection with ev71 and posttreated with sb203580 p38 mapk inhibitor for 8h sb203580treated cells were fixed and the subcellular localisation of hnrnp a1 red was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence assay mockinfected and dmsotreated cells were included as infection and solvent control respectively the images were taken at 100x magnification colocalisation quantification...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...represent the standard deviation of duplicate data b rd cells were subjected to infection with ev71 and posttreated with sb203580 p38 mapk inhibitor for 8h sb203580treated cells were fixed and the subcellular localisation of hnrnp a1 red was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence assay mockinfected and dmsotreated cells were included as infection and solvent control respectively the images were taken at 100x magnification colocalisation quantification was based on the moc using wcif imagej software and represented as percent colocalisation at the respective drug concentrations error bars represent the standard deviation of duplicate data a1 s4h fig thus it is likely that the...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...of hnrnp a1 as a result of minkp38 mapk signalling was not triggered by mnk further investigation is required to identify the p38 substrates involved downstream of minkp38 mapk signalling that modulates the cytoplasmic localisation of hnrnp a1 viruses have been known to hijack cellular signalling pathways during viral infection to facilitate events such as viral entry inhibition of apoptosis and to escape antiviral activities elicited by host factors such as interferon [38 39 40] in relation to ev71 the recent work conducted by hussain and colleagues 2011 identified several kinases with potential involvement in the clathrinmediated...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...41] and the pathogenesis of viruses [42 43] here we demonstrated that mink plays an essential role in ev71 replication and may be a potential target for antiviral development infected cells have been shown to induce the activation of kinases in early events of viral infection such as the activation of pak1 upon myxoma virus infection [44] since mink is a map4k an upstream regulator in the mapk signalling cascade it was hypothesised that mink might have been activated by early events of viral infection such as the attachment of the virus or...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...] here we demonstrated that mink plays an essential role in ev71 replication and may be a potential target for antiviral development infected cells have been shown to induce the activation of kinases in early events of viral infection such as the activation of pak1 upon myxoma virus infection [44] since mink is a map4k an upstream regulator in the mapk signalling cascade it was hypothesised that mink might have been activated by early events of viral infection such as the attachment of the virus or the uncoating of the virions activation profiles of mink and...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...activation of kinases in early events of viral infection such as the activation of pak1 upon myxoma virus infection [44] since mink is a map4k an upstream regulator in the mapk signalling cascade it was hypothesised that mink might have been activated by early events of viral infection such as the attachment of the virus or the uncoating of the virions activation profiles of mink and entry assays have revealed that virus attachment and clathrinmediated entry was not sufficient in triggering the activation of mink instead active replication of the virus and the accumulation of viral rna or...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...have revealed that virus attachment and clathrinmediated entry was not sufficient in triggering the activation of mink instead active replication of the virus and the accumulation of viral rna or proteins might be potential inducers of mink phosphorylation to determine the exact cellular or viral factor that activated mink upon infection further studies such as a coimmunoprecipitation could be employed to identify viral factors that interact with mink protein to trigger its activation investigation into the stage of involvement of mink in ev71 replication has also revealed interesting findings on the functional role of mink in the propagation of ev71...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...mink suppressed the production of progeny virus and not virus release although the functional relationship between mink and p38 mapk in normal cellular processes [23 49] has already been established this association has not been reported in virus replication here activation profile of p38 mapk upon ev71 infection has suggested its essential role in ev71 replication and sirnamediated gene knockdown has demonstrated the correlation between mink protein expression consequently its activation and p38 mapk activation in the context of virus replication the activation profile of mink and p38 mapk has also ascertained that p38 mapk was activated downstream...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...a downregulation in the protein expression of eif4e which led to a consequent reduction in its phosphorylation levels suggesting that eif4e phosphorylation and expression may not be crucial for ev71 replication this finding was supported by another study [53] that has demonstrated that induction of mirna141 during ev71 infection downregulated eif4e in an attempt to suppress capdependent translation and promote the switch to capindependent translation apart from factor eif4e other canonical translation factor such as eif2 has also been reported to play a role in picornavirus replication [54] factor eif2 is a 36kda protein that...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...from factor eif4e other canonical translation factor such as eif2 has also been reported to play a role in picornavirus replication [54] factor eif2 is a 36kda protein that contains a serine residue ser51 which can be phosphorylated under nutrient deprivation or cellular stresses such as virus infection or heatshock gcn2 pkr perk and hri have been shown to phosphorylated eif2 in response to amino acid starvation doublestranded rna protein misfolding at the endoplasmic reticulum and the absence of heme respectively [55] phosphorylation of eif2 inhibits the gdpgtp recycling catalysed by eif2b hindering the generation...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...independent of phosphorylation of eif2 [57 58] consistent with studies on enteroviruses [32] we observed an increasing level of phosphorylated eif2 at late times postinfection s3a and s3b fig published studies on poliovirus have also demonstrated that resistance to eif2 phosphorylation increases as enteroviral infection progresses due to the cleavage of initiation factor eif5b by the viral 3c protease as such the induction of eif2 phosphorylation at the late timepoints of ev71 infection may also serve to promote the viral protein synthesis indirectly by suppressing cellular capdependent protein synthesis [59] although p38...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...late times postinfection s3a and s3b fig published studies on poliovirus have also demonstrated that resistance to eif2 phosphorylation increases as enteroviral infection progresses due to the cleavage of initiation factor eif5b by the viral 3c protease as such the induction of eif2 phosphorylation at the late timepoints of ev71 infection may also serve to promote the viral protein synthesis indirectly by suppressing cellular capdependent protein synthesis [59] although p38 mapk signalling has not been implicated in the phosphorylation of eif2 and significant reduction in capdependent protein translation was not observed in our luciferase data we have conducted...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...modulate the iresmediated viral protein translation of various viruses such as the human rhinovirus hrv [61] and ev71 [20] although hnrnp a1 localises predominantly in the nucleus it is able to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm in a regulated manner [62] infection of cells with hrv and ev71 has shown to result in the cytoplasmic relocalisation of hnrnp a1 where it interacts directly with the viral ires sequences [20] apart from picornaviruses cytoplasmic accumulation of hnrnp a1 has also been reported to play a role in the positive regulation...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...a phosphorylationdependent cytoplasmic accumulation of hnrnp a1 [35] furthermore a separate study has also demonstrated that the p38 mapk interacts and regulates the subcellular localisation of hnrnp a1 in a mnk1dependent manner in senescent cells [37] the cytoplasmic relocalisation of hnrnp a1 after ev71 infection may therefore also be dependent on the p38 mapk pathway and its downstream substrate mnk1 as in uninfected cells in our study subcellular localisation studies unravelled the relationship between mink protein expression and hnrnp a1 localisation in the cells interestingly we have found that the silencing of mink upon ev71...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...may therefore also be dependent on the p38 mapk pathway and its downstream substrate mnk1 as in uninfected cells in our study subcellular localisation studies unravelled the relationship between mink protein expression and hnrnp a1 localisation in the cells interestingly we have found that the silencing of mink upon ev71 infection did not result in the cytoplasmic accummulation of hnrnp a1 which was usually observed in infected cells the nuclear retention of hnrnp a1 could be due to either lower levels of ev71 replication as a result of mink silencing or a block in nuclear export signal [64] brought...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...we have also shown that despite its activation during ev71 p38 mapk substrate mnk1 was not involved in the regulation of ev71 protein synthesis and the cytoplasmic relocalisation of hnrnp a1 hence the exact mechanism of how minkp38 mapk signalling pathway affected the cytoplasmic relocalisation of hnrnp a1 during ev71 infection and the p38 mapk substrates involved needs to be further established nonetheless we have shown in this study that a novel host kinase mink mediates the capindependent translation of ev71 rna possibly by modulating the subcellular localisation of hnrnp a1 which further supports its propagation fig 9 as such...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...depctreated reverse osmosis ro water to a stock concentration of 100m the sirnas were then diluted to desired working concentrations with dharmafect cell culture reagent dccr and dharmafect1 transfection reagent the sirnas were transfected into rd cells for 72h at 37c in a 5 co 2 atmosphere prior to infection in the primary screen cell monolayers were washed twice with pbs and fixed in cold absolute methanol sinopharm chemical at 20c for 10 min at 12h postinfection the cells were then washed thrice with pbs using the automated plate washer molecular device and incubated for 1h with 10l of...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...of colocalisation between the hnrnp a1 signals and nucleus was determined based on the moc plaque assay was performed on monolayers of rd cells in 24well plates for the quantification of virus titre supernatants from ev71infected samples were diluted in 10fold dilutions with dmem supplemented with 2 fcs before infection the cells were incubated with the supernatant for 1h at 37c with gentle rocking during the adsorption period infected cells were washed twice with pbs and overlaid with 1 carboxymethylcellulose cmc in dmem with 2 fcs plaques were allowed to form for 4 days at 37c in an atmosphere of...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...concentrations of cgp57380 postadsorption were analysed via viral plaque assay error bars represent standard deviation sd of triplicate data statistical analyses were performed using oneway anova and dunnetts test graphpad software against untreated control p 005 n 3 versus 10 dmso control h rd cells were subjected to infection with ev71 and posttreated with cgp57380 mnk1 inhibitor for 8h cgp57380treated cells were fixed and the subcellular localisation of hnrnp a1 red was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence assay immunofluorescence detection of doublestranded rna dsrna green with the nuclei stained with dapi blue was shown to indicate ev71 infection the images...

Title: The Role of Misshapen NCK-related kinase
(MINK), a Novel Ste20 Family Kinase, in the
IRES-Mediated Protein Translation of Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Leong, Shi Yun. Ong, Bryan Kit Teck...
Journal: PLoS Pathog
Item: Infection
Index: 7077
ID: a8f7ee410837cdbf7f974543e432d161fb70cd11
Number of matches: 58

...subjected to infection with ev71 and posttreated with cgp57380 mnk1 inhibitor for 8h cgp57380treated cells were fixed and the subcellular localisation of hnrnp a1 red was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence assay immunofluorescence detection of doublestranded rna dsrna green with the nuclei stained with dapi blue was shown to indicate ev71 infection the images were taken at 100x magnification colocalisation quantification was based on the moc using wcif imagej software and represented as percent colocalisation at the respective drug concentrations error bars represent the standard deviation of duplicate data pptx...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

......

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...viruses are a significant threat to public health worldwide although vaccines are the most effective strategy to prevent viral infection vaccine development is a long process and may be effective only against the corresponding virus therefore it is essential to develop antiviral agents for intranasal administration as nonspecific prophylaxis against infection by emerging or reemerging respiratory viruses with epidemic or pandemic potential cholera toxin ct which acts as a mucosal adjuvant to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses has the potential for intranasal application as an immunotherapeutic against infection by respiratory viruses 1 however ct can exacerbate lung pathology after...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...to develop antiviral agents for intranasal administration as nonspecific prophylaxis against infection by emerging or reemerging respiratory viruses with epidemic or pandemic potential cholera toxin ct which acts as a mucosal adjuvant to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses has the potential for intranasal application as an immunotherapeutic against infection by respiratory viruses 1 however ct can exacerbate lung pathology after influenza virus infection through the induction of il17 a potent proinflammatory cytokine because coadministration of an il17ra neutralizing antibody with ct attenuates lung pathology and increases protection against influenza virus infection 2 therefore we hypothesized that intranasal application of...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...or reemerging respiratory viruses with epidemic or pandemic potential cholera toxin ct which acts as a mucosal adjuvant to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses has the potential for intranasal application as an immunotherapeutic against infection by respiratory viruses 1 however ct can exacerbate lung pathology after influenza virus infection through the induction of il17 a potent proinflammatory cytokine because coadministration of an il17ra neutralizing antibody with ct attenuates lung pathology and increases protection against influenza virus infection 2 therefore we hypothesized that intranasal application of a mucosal stimulant that induces antiviral cytokines except il17 may be effective against influenza...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...potential for intranasal application as an immunotherapeutic against infection by respiratory viruses 1 however ct can exacerbate lung pathology after influenza virus infection through the induction of il17 a potent proinflammatory cytokine because coadministration of an il17ra neutralizing antibody with ct attenuates lung pathology and increases protection against influenza virus infection 2 therefore we hypothesized that intranasal application of a mucosal stimulant that induces antiviral cytokines except il17 may be effective against influenza virus infection in this regard polyethyleneimine pei a mucosal adjuvant exhibits stronger mucosal adjuvanticity but induces much lower il17 expression than cholera toxin subunit b ctb 3...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...the induction of il17 a potent proinflammatory cytokine because coadministration of an il17ra neutralizing antibody with ct attenuates lung pathology and increases protection against influenza virus infection 2 therefore we hypothesized that intranasal application of a mucosal stimulant that induces antiviral cytokines except il17 may be effective against influenza virus infection in this regard polyethyleneimine pei a mucosal adjuvant exhibits stronger mucosal adjuvanticity but induces much lower il17 expression than cholera toxin subunit b ctb 3 therefore for the first time we tested pei for its potential protective effects against influenza virus infection tenweekold specificpathogenfree spf female balbc mice were...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...il17 may be effective against influenza virus infection in this regard polyethyleneimine pei a mucosal adjuvant exhibits stronger mucosal adjuvanticity but induces much lower il17 expression than cholera toxin subunit b ctb 3 therefore for the first time we tested pei for its potential protective effects against influenza virus infection tenweekold specificpathogenfree spf female balbc mice were anesthetized with pelltobarbitalum natricum then 50 l of pbs containing 20 g of 25 kd linear pei polysciences warrington pa or 25 g of ctb sigmaaldrich st louis mo usa or pbs alone as a control was intranasally administered twice at 24 and...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...lung viral titers on day 2 after h1n1 challenge whereas the viral titers in the lungs of mice in the ctband pbspretreated groups showed no significant differences figure 1c subsequently we examined lung sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin as previously described 2 on day 2 after h1n1 infection the pulmonary alveoli were relatively intact and only a few inflammatory cells were observed in the lung tissues of mice in the peipretreated group however the lungs of mice in the ctband pbspretreated groups were filled with abundant inflammatory cells figure 1d these results suggest that intranasal application...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...challenge showing no significant body weight loss figure 1e and a 100 survival rate whereas those in the pbs group lost more than 25 of their body weight and showed a 0 survival rate on day 6 postchallenge figure 1f therefore peimediated protection against influenza virus infection is not subtypespecific to elucidate the mechanism of action of pei we examined the rna levels of ifn4 ifn ifn gmcsf ifitm3 and il17 in the lungs of mice pretreated with pei ctb and pbs respectively before viral challenge using quantitative reverse transcriptionpcr qrtpcr as previously reported some of...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...the rna levels of ifn4 ifn ifn gmcsf ifitm3 and il17 in the lungs of mice pretreated with pei ctb and pbs respectively before viral challenge using quantitative reverse transcriptionpcr qrtpcr as previously reported some of these cytokines such as interferon gmcsf and ifitm3 were effective in protecting against influenza infection [6] [7] [8] as shown in supplementary figure s1 pei induced a significantly higher rna level of ifn4 than ctb or pbs furthermore the rna levels of gmcsf and ifitm3 elicited by pei were similar to those induced by ctb but much higher...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...by pbs the rna level of il17 in mice pretreated with ctb an il17inducing adjuvant was approximately 7and 42fold higher than that in mice pretreated with pei and pbs respectively these results suggest that ifn4 gmcsf and ifitm3 are good cytokines because they act as protective mediators against influenza virus infection whereas il17 is a bad cytokine that exacerbates pathology primarily in the lung after influenza infection in summary we demonstrated that pei a mucosal stimulant for topical intranasal administration is highly effective in preventing influenza virus infection compared to the bacteriaproduced toxin ctb the chemically synthesized polymer pei is...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...approximately 7and 42fold higher than that in mice pretreated with pei and pbs respectively these results suggest that ifn4 gmcsf and ifitm3 are good cytokines because they act as protective mediators against influenza virus infection whereas il17 is a bad cytokine that exacerbates pathology primarily in the lung after influenza infection in summary we demonstrated that pei a mucosal stimulant for topical intranasal administration is highly effective in preventing influenza virus infection compared to the bacteriaproduced toxin ctb the chemically synthesized polymer pei is safer for mucosal application in humans pei has been tested in several clinical trials for gene...

Title: Intranasal application of polyethyleneimine
suppresses influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: He, Biao. Fu, Yuhong...
Journal: Emerg Microbes Infect
Item: Infection
Index: 7078
ID: d52f0060c0eefc59aa2383d4951125726984fab3
Number of matches: 13

...are good cytokines because they act as protective mediators against influenza virus infection whereas il17 is a bad cytokine that exacerbates pathology primarily in the lung after influenza infection in summary we demonstrated that pei a mucosal stimulant for topical intranasal administration is highly effective in preventing influenza virus infection compared to the bacteriaproduced toxin ctb the chemically synthesized polymer pei is safer for mucosal application in humans pei has been tested in several clinical trials for gene delivery in vivo demonstrating a good safety profile 9 moreover its low cost of production and abundance makes pei more suitable for...

Title: Species‐specific clinical characteristics
of human coronavirus infection among otherwise
healthy adolescents and adults
Authors: Bouvier, Monique. Chen, Wei‐Ju...
Journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7079
ID: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14
Number of matches: 4

......

Title: Species‐specific clinical characteristics
of human coronavirus infection among otherwise
healthy adolescents and adults
Authors: Bouvier, Monique. Chen, Wei‐Ju...
Journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7079
ID: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14
Number of matches: 4

...hcov229e are much more prevalent much less severe and common causes of influenzalike illness ili [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] five previous studies have described the speciesspecific clinical characteristics of hcov infection among adults 6 7 [10] [11] [12] in two of these studies a significant proportion of the study population had underlying medical conditions 6 7 herein we describe among a cohort of otherwise healthy adolescents and adults with influenzalike illness ili the speciesspecific prevalence...

Title: Species‐specific clinical characteristics
of human coronavirus infection among otherwise
healthy adolescents and adults
Authors: Bouvier, Monique. Chen, Wei‐Ju...
Journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7079
ID: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14
Number of matches: 4

...[11] [12] in two of these studies a significant proportion of the study population had underlying medical conditions 6 7 herein we describe among a cohort of otherwise healthy adolescents and adults with influenzalike illness ili the speciesspecific prevalence and severity of symptoms associated with hcov infection 13 patients 065 years of age and presenting for care 72 hours after onset of ili symptoms were recruited for study participation ili was defined as a temperature 1004f and sore throat or one of the following respiratory symptoms cough sputum production shortness of breath or chest pain both inpatient...

Title: Species‐specific clinical characteristics
of human coronavirus infection among otherwise
healthy adolescents and adults
Authors: Bouvier, Monique. Chen, Wei‐Ju...
Journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7079
ID: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14
Number of matches: 4

...symptom data and the use of a symptom severity scale similar to what has been employed previously 15 one important limitation of this study was our selective recruitment of individuals who had presented to a healthcare facility for care of an ili therefore our cases are not representative of hcov infection in the community where individuals with mild selflimiting illness due to hcov opt not to seek medical care for the management of their ili in summary we have shown that hcov is a significant cause of ili among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults presenting for medical evaluation although there...

Title: A Functional Promoter Polymorphism of IFITM3
Is Associated with Susceptibility to Pediatric
Tuberculosis in Han Chinese Population
Authors: Shen, Chen. Wu, Xi-rong...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7081
ID: 7862ffdcf951e5860a7e3dc66c9d3b07f5fbc281
Number of matches: 4

...of tb in adults is 104 by who report 2012 [7] while the prevalence of tb in children is 0918 according to a nationwide survey [8] compared with adults children present a special risk group for tb due to rapid progression of a recent infection towards disease [9] [10] [11] [12] certain pediatric tb reflects mendelian predispositions while adult tb seems to be more complex for genetic predisposition [11] studying the effects of the candidate susceptibility genes on pediatric tb may aid in...

Title: A Functional Promoter Polymorphism of IFITM3
Is Associated with Susceptibility to Pediatric
Tuberculosis in Han Chinese Population
Authors: Shen, Chen. Wu, Xi-rong...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7081
ID: 7862ffdcf951e5860a7e3dc66c9d3b07f5fbc281
Number of matches: 4

...[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] interferon gamma ifnc is produced and released in response to the presence of pathogens [21] it is secreted as a major cytokine to activate macrophages during m tuberculosis infection [22] mutant mice lacking ifng have weakened defense against m tuberculosis [23] and genetic variations in ifng and its receptor ifngr have been implicated in susceptibility to human tb [24 25] ifitm3 has been proven to be an important component of...

Title: A Functional Promoter Polymorphism of IFITM3
Is Associated with Susceptibility to Pediatric
Tuberculosis in Han Chinese Population
Authors: Shen, Chen. Wu, Xi-rong...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7081
ID: 7862ffdcf951e5860a7e3dc66c9d3b07f5fbc281
Number of matches: 4

...1 plus 2 or 1 plus either two of 36 were present participants of the control group n 794 were recruited among those admitted to beijing childrens hospital for surgery all of them had negative tuberculin ppd skintest results 5 mm and no history of tb or hiv infection and were matched with tb cases for age sex and ethnicity dna extraction and genotyping genomic dna was extracted from peripheral leukocytes by using a genomic dna extraction kit qiaamp dna blood mini kit qiagen hilden germany the core promoter of ifitm3 was amplified by pcr using 59gag ccc...

Title: A Functional Promoter Polymorphism of IFITM3
Is Associated with Susceptibility to Pediatric
Tuberculosis in Han Chinese Population
Authors: Shen, Chen. Wu, Xi-rong...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7081
ID: 7862ffdcf951e5860a7e3dc66c9d3b07f5fbc281
Number of matches: 4

... were proven to be associated with tb susceptibility lysosomal pathway plays an important role in tb pathogenesis [36 37] it may directly determine the successful elimination of m tuberculosis by macrophages or the survival of m tuberculosis within macrophages as sufficient expression of ifitm3 effectively restricted infection by influenza virus [16 17] vesticular stomatitis virus [18] filoviruses and sars coronavirus [16] sufficient expression of ifitm3 might also be critical in reducing survival of m tuberculosis the present study was conducted among newly diagnosed pediatric tb patients of...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...cells 31 32 however it was not clear whether gltscr2 might be involved in viral replication in this work we pursued the role of gltscr2 in viral replication translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm enabled gltscr2 to attenuate the ability of rigi to induce ifn in cells responding to viral infection we also investigated mechanisms for gltscr2induced attenuation of rigi our studies revealed a previously unrecognized role of gltscr2 in attenuation of rigi and ifn and for the first time our results provided insights into nucleolar proteins involved in innate immunity response to viral infection gltscr2 for production of viral...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...ifn in cells responding to viral infection we also investigated mechanisms for gltscr2induced attenuation of rigi our studies revealed a previously unrecognized role of gltscr2 in attenuation of rigi and ifn and for the first time our results provided insights into nucleolar proteins involved in innate immunity response to viral infection gltscr2 for production of viral particles to investigate whether gltscr2 might play any role in viral replication we used small interfering rna sirna to knock down gltscr2 in cells followed by infection with rhabdoviridae vesicular stomatitis virus vsv paramyxoviridae newcastle disease virus ndv and coronaviridae infectious bronchitis virus ibv...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...the first time our results provided insights into nucleolar proteins involved in innate immunity response to viral infection gltscr2 for production of viral particles to investigate whether gltscr2 might play any role in viral replication we used small interfering rna sirna to knock down gltscr2 in cells followed by infection with rhabdoviridae vesicular stomatitis virus vsv paramyxoviridae newcastle disease virus ndv and coronaviridae infectious bronchitis virus ibv as shown in fig 1a decreases of gltscr2 resulted in reduced production of viral particles of vsv ndv and ibv by 60 120 and 20 folds respectively gltscr2 reduction also resulted in...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

... decreases of gltscr2 resulted in reduced production of viral particles of vsv ndv and ibv by 60 120 and 20 folds respectively gltscr2 reduction also resulted in decreased levels of viral proteins in cells indicating an important role of gltscr2 for production of various viruses to investigate if viral infection might modulate gltscr2 level in cells we studied the timecourse of gltscr2 during vsv infection and we detected that gltscr2 level was not significantly affected by viral infection fig 1b indicating the endogenous level of gltscr2 was sufficient to support viral replication studies indicated that the cterminal region...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...ibv by 60 120 and 20 folds respectively gltscr2 reduction also resulted in decreased levels of viral proteins in cells indicating an important role of gltscr2 for production of various viruses to investigate if viral infection might modulate gltscr2 level in cells we studied the timecourse of gltscr2 during vsv infection and we detected that gltscr2 level was not significantly affected by viral infection fig 1b indicating the endogenous level of gltscr2 was sufficient to support viral replication studies indicated that the cterminal region ranging from residue 347 to 478 contains key nucleolar localization sequences 29 30 the...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...decreased levels of viral proteins in cells indicating an important role of gltscr2 for production of various viruses to investigate if viral infection might modulate gltscr2 level in cells we studied the timecourse of gltscr2 during vsv infection and we detected that gltscr2 level was not significantly affected by viral infection fig 1b indicating the endogenous level of gltscr2 was sufficient to support viral replication studies indicated that the cterminal region ranging from residue 347 to 478 contains key nucleolar localization sequences 29 30 the cterminal region of residues 330 to 478 plays a role in gltscr2 interaction...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...expressed wt g3 and g4 of gltscr2 and infected cells with ndv or ibv as shown in fig 1d e ectopic expression of wt and variants of gltscr2 was able to increase gene expression of viral ndvn fig 1d and ibvn fig 1e especially in 24 hours after viral infection meanwhile expression of wt gltscr2 but not g3 or g4 consistently resulted in upregulation of these viral genes in 6 hours after viral infection and supported viral replication to higher levels than g3 and g4 did throughout the entire infection course the results lead us to suggest that gltscr2 played...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...and variants of gltscr2 was able to increase gene expression of viral ndvn fig 1d and ibvn fig 1e especially in 24 hours after viral infection meanwhile expression of wt gltscr2 but not g3 or g4 consistently resulted in upregulation of these viral genes in 6 hours after viral infection and supported viral replication to higher levels than g3 and g4 did throughout the entire infection course the results lead us to suggest that gltscr2 played a supportive role in viral replication translocation of gltscr2 to cytoplasm for vsv replication gltscr2 is a nuclear protein it was reported that...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...ibvn fig 1e especially in 24 hours after viral infection meanwhile expression of wt gltscr2 but not g3 or g4 consistently resulted in upregulation of these viral genes in 6 hours after viral infection and supported viral replication to higher levels than g3 and g4 did throughout the entire infection course the results lead us to suggest that gltscr2 played a supportive role in viral replication translocation of gltscr2 to cytoplasm for vsv replication gltscr2 is a nuclear protein it was reported that the translocation of gltscr2 from nucleus to cytoplasm was induced by infection with hsv1 32 ...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...did throughout the entire infection course the results lead us to suggest that gltscr2 played a supportive role in viral replication translocation of gltscr2 to cytoplasm for vsv replication gltscr2 is a nuclear protein it was reported that the translocation of gltscr2 from nucleus to cytoplasm was induced by infection with hsv1 32 however it was not clear whether gltscr2 cytoplasmic translocation might be associated with viral replication to verify the cytoplasmic translocation of gltscr2 in response to vsv replication we ectopically expressed gfptagged gltscr2 in hela cells followed by infection of cells with vsv as shown in fig...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...gltscr2 from nucleus to cytoplasm was induced by infection with hsv1 32 however it was not clear whether gltscr2 cytoplasmic translocation might be associated with viral replication to verify the cytoplasmic translocation of gltscr2 in response to vsv replication we ectopically expressed gfptagged gltscr2 in hela cells followed by infection of cells with vsv as shown in fig 2a gfptagged gltscr2 was detectable in the nucleus lane 1 and then was detected in the cytoplasm by 7 lane 2 and 10 lane 3 hours after viral infection cytoplasmic translocation of gfptagged gltscr2 was blocked by leptomycin b lmb lane...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...vsv replication we ectopically expressed gfptagged gltscr2 in hela cells followed by infection of cells with vsv as shown in fig 2a gfptagged gltscr2 was detectable in the nucleus lane 1 and then was detected in the cytoplasm by 7 lane 2 and 10 lane 3 hours after viral infection cytoplasmic translocation of gfptagged gltscr2 was blocked by leptomycin b lmb lane 4 which is able to inhibit broad range of nuclear protein export pathways mediated by crm1exportin 1 39 indicating that the export of gltscr2 to cytoplasm was in a crm1dependent manner in addition gltscr2 glt variant in...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...of nuclear protein export pathways mediated by crm1exportin 1 39 indicating that the export of gltscr2 to cytoplasm was in a crm1dependent manner in addition gltscr2 glt variant in which the nuclear export sequence nes residues 358 to 370 was deleted failed to translocate into the cytoplasm after vsv infection lane 5 furthermore the levels of viral production fig 2b left and viral proteins fig 2b right were greatly increased by ectopic expression of wt gltscr2 the ectopic expression of gltscr2 glt however resulted in slightly increased production of viral particles fig 2b the results indicated that...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...slightly increased production of viral particles fig 2b the results indicated that cytoplasmic translocation of gltscr2 played an important role in support of vsv replication to reveal the mechanism for gltscr2 in supporting viral replication we investigated any effects of ectopically expressed gltscr2 on ifn after viral infection increases of ectopically expressed gltscr2 resulted in decreases of ifn promoter activity in cells infected with either sendai virus sev or vsv fig 3a we also detected that increases of ectopically expressed gltscr2 resulted in decreasing nf bdependent promoter activity in cells infected with either sev or vsv fig...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...sev or vsv fig 3a we also detected that increases of ectopically expressed gltscr2 resulted in decreasing nf bdependent promoter activity in cells infected with either sev or vsv fig 3b these results indicated that gltscr2 might be involved in downregulation of ifn and nf b during viral infection of cells in contrast knockdown of endogenous gltscr2 resulted in significant increases of ifn promoter activity fig 3c and ifn secretion fig 3d in addition the ability of recombinant ifn to suppress vsv replication indexed by viral particle production fig 3e left and the viral protein vsvg fig 3e...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...gltscr2 and vsvg were measured by immunoblotting with specific antibodies with actin as a control c hep2 cells in t25 flask were transfected with control plasmid ctrl and plasmids to express flagtagged wt gltscr2 or truncated gltscr2 variants g3 and g4 5 g each for 36 h followed by infection with vsv or ndv at a moi of 01 for 48 h cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting with specific antibodies to detect flag vsvg ndvp with actin as a control de hep2 cells in t25 flask were transfected with plasmid vector as control ctrl and plasmids to express flagtagged...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting with specific antibodies to detect flag vsvg ndvp with actin as a control de hep2 cells in t25 flask were transfected with plasmid vector as control ctrl and plasmids to express flagtagged wt gltscr2 or truncated g3 and g4 5 g each followed by infection with ndv or ibv at 10 pfu per cell total rnas were isolated gene expression levels of ndvn d and ibvn e were quantified by qrtpcr and normalized with glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase gapdh the level set in control cells as 1 values represent means of triplicates with sd p 005...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...suppression of ifn induction in the support of viral replication to reveal the mechanism for gltscr2 in downregulation of the type i ifn we investigated modulators involved in the regulation of ifn it has been indicated that rigi mavs and tbk1 are activated in cells responding to vsv infection 40 we found that ectopic expression then the cells were fixed with 4 paraformaldehyde nuclei were stained with dapi and gltscr2 was visualized from the fused gfp fluorescence b hek293t cells in t25 flask were transfected with control plasmid plasmids to express wt gltscr2 or glt 5...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...however failed to interact with rigi suggesting that the deletion of the sequences 358370 disrupted their interaction fig 4b under the same experimental condition we found that rigi fig 4c left but not mavs fig 4c right was in the immune complexes with gltscr2 regardless of viral infection in addition hatagged rigi was detected in the immunecomplexes with g3 and g4 variants versus wt gltscr2 fig 4d apparently the cterminal region of gltscr2 was able along with ifn luc and prltk for 48 h dualluciferase reporter assays were performed and assessed as described in fig 3a...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...in deactivation of rigi and blockage of ifn induction 24 addressing whether usp15 was responsible for gltscr2induced k63linked ubiquitination of rigi we ectopically coexpressed myctagged usp15 and flagtagged gltscr2 in cells with and without being infected with vsv the result showed that usp15 can interact with gltscr2 upon viral infection fig 6a furthermore we detected that usp15 was in the immune complexes with wt g3 and g4 variants of gltscr2 at the moment of vsv infection fig 6b these results indicated that usp15 interacted with gltscr2 via binding to the range of residues 330432 g3 to address...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...and flagtagged gltscr2 in cells with and without being infected with vsv the result showed that usp15 can interact with gltscr2 upon viral infection fig 6a furthermore we detected that usp15 was in the immune complexes with wt g3 and g4 variants of gltscr2 at the moment of vsv infection fig 6b these results indicated that usp15 interacted with gltscr2 via binding to the range of residues 330432 g3 to address whether usp15 was responsible for gltscr2 regulation of k63linked ubiquitination of rigi we coexpressed flagtagged rigin and hatagged k63 ubiquitin in the presence or absence of myctagged...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...7a usp21 fig 7b or usp3 fig 7c in cells with and without being infected with vsv to detect if they were in the immune complexed with gltscr2 under the experimental condition similar to fig 6a it was showed no evidence of the interaction regardless of viral infection to further address whether trim25 or usp21 were responsible for gltscr2 regulation of k63linked ubiquitination of rigi we coexpressed flagtagged rigin and hatagged k63 ubiquitin in the presence or absence of trim25 fig 7d or usp21 fig 7e in hek293t or gltscr2 knockdown cells no evidence was presented to...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...hatagged k63 ubiquitin in the presence or absence of trim25 fig 7d or usp21 fig 7e in hek293t or gltscr2 knockdown cells no evidence was presented to support trim25 or usp21 mediated gltscr2 removal of k63linked polyubiquitin chains from rigi in this work we presented evidence that viral infection induced translocation of gltscr2 from nucleus to cytoplasm and cytoplasmic translocation enabled gltscr2 to effectively attenuate ifn and support viral replication however viral infection did not result in elevating gltscr2 in cells it was reported that viruses are able to utilize host cells ubiquitin ligase and deubiqutinases to antagonize rigi...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...evidence was presented to support trim25 or usp21 mediated gltscr2 removal of k63linked polyubiquitin chains from rigi in this work we presented evidence that viral infection induced translocation of gltscr2 from nucleus to cytoplasm and cytoplasmic translocation enabled gltscr2 to effectively attenuate ifn and support viral replication however viral infection did not result in elevating gltscr2 in cells it was reported that viruses are able to utilize host cells ubiquitin ligase and deubiqutinases to antagonize rigi mavs tbk1 and irf3mediated innate immune response in order to succeed viral replications [43] [44] [45] cellular...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...as pcbp2 ndfip1 socs3 siglec1 and foxo1 are involved in recruiting ubiquitin ligases to downregulate mavs tbk1 and irf3 by k48linked ubiquitination and degradation [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] on the other hand studies showed that influenza a virus infection induces nuclear accumulation of catenin to suppress ifn induction 51 and nuclear translocation of trim26 promotes k48linked ubiquitination and degradation of irf3 thereby blocking ifn induction 43 in contrast our studies showed that cytoplasmic translocation of nucleolar gltscr2 contributed to attenuation of ifn induction and replication of...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...the usp15 ability to deconjugate k48linked ubiquitination of rigi decreases of k63linked ubiquitination or increases of k48linked ubiquitination of rigi resulted in attenuation of rigi thereby blocking the rigi to ifn pathway and supporting viral replication type i ifn plays an important role in host cell defense against viral infection our studies revealed a novel role the nucleolar protein gltscr2 played in attenuation of ifn via cytoplasmic translocation to induce the ability of usp15 to deactivate rigi our findings advanced current knowledge of nucleolar modulators translocated into the cytoplasm for attenuation of type i ifn and support viral replication...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...revealed a novel role the nucleolar protein gltscr2 played in attenuation of ifn via cytoplasmic translocation to induce the ability of usp15 to deactivate rigi our findings advanced current knowledge of nucleolar modulators translocated into the cytoplasm for attenuation of type i ifn and support viral replication during viral infection however whether cytoplasmic translocation of gltscr2 and abrogation of rigi activity might induce additional pathways bypassing attenuation of ifn to support viral replication remains to be clarified what viral components or cellular modulators in response to viral infection induced gltscr2 translocation to the cytoplasm also needs to be studied...

Title: The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for
efficient viral replication
Authors: Wang, Peng. Meng, Wen...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7082
ID: 20af160641510a4c79b9a23b06ea83d27ebba059
Number of matches: 29

...attenuation of type i ifn and support viral replication during viral infection however whether cytoplasmic translocation of gltscr2 and abrogation of rigi activity might induce additional pathways bypassing attenuation of ifn to support viral replication remains to be clarified what viral components or cellular modulators in response to viral infection induced gltscr2 translocation to the cytoplasm also needs to be studied materials and experimental procedures cells hep2 hela and hek293t cells were cultured in dulbeccos modified eagles medium dmem with high glucose that was supplemented with 2 mm lglutamine nonessential amino acids sodium pyruvate and 10 heatinactivated fetal...

Title: Steroid-Associated Hip Joint Collapse in
Bipedal Emus
Authors: Zheng, Li-Zhen. Liu, Zhong...
Journal: PLoS One
Item: Infection
Index: 7083
ID: f86ac2580002e6b374ec325717eeee73e84af1c5
Number of matches: 1

...weight were given intramuscularly at gluteus muscle at an interval of 2 days in addition each emu was intramuscularly injected at gluteus muscle with 40 mg omeprazole sodium and orally with 250 mg amoxicillin dispersible per day for 7 days immediately after induction to prevent potential stomach ulcers and systemic infection figure s1 mri was performed with a 10 t mr unit magnetom harmony siemens erlangen germany at baseline week 2 and then at monthly basis on saon induced emus for in vivo examination on bilateral proximal femora until 12 weeks post induction for facilitating in vivo bioimaging examination...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...as the major cause of c jejuniassociated sheep abortion in the usa [5] in addition clone sa has been also detected in abortion cases in cows and goats [7] the pathogenesis of ovine campylobacteriosis is thought to include bacteremia placentitis and uterine and fetal infection which may ultimately lead to abortion that typically occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy [4 8] furthermore infection can occasionally result in the retention of dead fetus in the uterus which may cause death of pregnant ewes due to septicemia and uterine sepsis however no clinical...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...also detected in abortion cases in cows and goats [7] the pathogenesis of ovine campylobacteriosis is thought to include bacteremia placentitis and uterine and fetal infection which may ultimately lead to abortion that typically occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy [4 8] furthermore infection can occasionally result in the retention of dead fetus in the uterus which may cause death of pregnant ewes due to septicemia and uterine sepsis however no clinical signs can be seen at the beginning of infection [4] the mechanisms by which the gut commensal c jejuni...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy [4 8] furthermore infection can occasionally result in the retention of dead fetus in the uterus which may cause death of pregnant ewes due to septicemia and uterine sepsis however no clinical signs can be seen at the beginning of infection [4] the mechanisms by which the gut commensal c jejuni is able to establish systemic infection and lead to an acute abortion in sheep are still not completely defined furthermore in a recent study pfge analysis of c jejuni sa isolates revealed a high similarity to human...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...retention of dead fetus in the uterus which may cause death of pregnant ewes due to septicemia and uterine sepsis however no clinical signs can be seen at the beginning of infection [4] the mechanisms by which the gut commensal c jejuni is able to establish systemic infection and lead to an acute abortion in sheep are still not completely defined furthermore in a recent study pfge analysis of c jejuni sa isolates revealed a high similarity to human gastroenteritisassociated c jejuni isolates [7] this suggested a potential relevance of these ovine abortion isolates to...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...c jejuni 81176 g1 the second and third groups were inoculated with bovine abortion g2 and ovine abortionii g3 isolates respectively in each group two ewes were inoculated with c jejuni via oral route and the other two were inoculated iv oral inoculation simulated the natural route of c jejuni infection in sheep however to insure that the infection will occur sheep were also inoculated iv the fourth group which consisted of two ewes was used as a noninoculated control ewes were either drench inoculated orally with 50 ml sterile pbs containing 10 10 cfu ml 1 or via iv using...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...groups were inoculated with bovine abortion g2 and ovine abortionii g3 isolates respectively in each group two ewes were inoculated with c jejuni via oral route and the other two were inoculated iv oral inoculation simulated the natural route of c jejuni infection in sheep however to insure that the infection will occur sheep were also inoculated iv the fourth group which consisted of two ewes was used as a noninoculated control ewes were either drench inoculated orally with 50 ml sterile pbs containing 10 10 cfu ml 1 or via iv using a syringe with 15 ml sterile pbs containing...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...ewes were either drench inoculated orally with 50 ml sterile pbs containing 10 10 cfu ml 1 or via iv using a syringe with 15 ml sterile pbs containing 10 9 cfu these doses were selected based on previous studies [8 15] the ewes were monitored after infection until abortion or the end of pregnancy ewes and fetuses were necropsied immediately following abortion or normal delivery maternal tissues caruncles and placenta liver kidney spleen lungs uterus small intestine blood colostrum placental fluids and feces and fetal tissues small intestine lung liver meconium cecal contents fetal fluids abdominal...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...guinea pigs infected with ovine abortion inducing c jejuni strain [9] pregnant ewes iv or orally infected with the abortionassociated c jejuni exhibited histopathological changes in the placental and uterine tissues based on this observation it is presumed that these strains might employ bacteremia to establish their infection in the reproductive organs using ihc bacterial antigens were mainly detected in trophoblasts lining the chorioallontoic membrane usually undergoing necrosis figure 2e and f placentomes also exhibited severe suppurative inflammatory and necrotic lesions possibly caused by c jejuni which was frequently observed within the lesions figure 2c and...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...examination revealed c jejuni in multiple tissues including liver spleen uterus placenta blood small intestine of infected ewes as well as from offsprings feces fetuses meconium small intestine and blood as shown in table 1 based on the data the abortionassociated c jejuni might be able to induce systemic infection usually accompanied by intestinal and reproductive infection in the pregnant guinea pig model large numbers of c jejuni were mainly retrieved from placental and uterine tissues while small to moderate numbers of bacteria were recovered from feces and blood as well as from fetal liver and lung samples [9...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...including liver spleen uterus placenta blood small intestine of infected ewes as well as from offsprings feces fetuses meconium small intestine and blood as shown in table 1 based on the data the abortionassociated c jejuni might be able to induce systemic infection usually accompanied by intestinal and reproductive infection in the pregnant guinea pig model large numbers of c jejuni were mainly retrieved from placental and uterine tissues while small to moderate numbers of bacteria were recovered from feces and blood as well as from fetal liver and lung samples [9] similarly high counts of c...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...or the g1 infected with 81176 table 2 in addition insulinlike 3 leydig cell insl3 that is essential for the embryonic development [25] was downregulated in g2 and g3 vs the control group these data suggest that the impairment of embryonic development caused by abortionassociated c jejuni infection might be in part responsible for abortion of fetuses identified in the g3 in the g3 infected with ovine c jejuni the gene encoding egr1 which stimulates apoptosis and inflammatory response [26] was upregulated compared to g1 and g2 concomitantly there was an increase in the gene...

Title: Insights into potential pathogenesis
mechanisms associated with Campylobacter
jejuni-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Sanad, Yasser M. Jung, Kwonil...
Journal: BMC Vet Res
Item: Infection
Index: 7084
ID: 3a8f3c3b8c4be0144795e7dc34472a9a7dd35cc5
Number of matches: 12

...g2 concomitantly there was an increase in the gene expression of a proinflammatory cytokine il6 in g3 compared to g1 and g2 table 2 elevated levels of il6 in the placenta amniotic cells and endometrium have been demonstrated in pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of the membranes intrauterine infection and prematurity [27 28] consistent with the increased levels of prostaglandin receptor ep4 ptger4 in uterine tissue of il6mice compared with wild type mice [29] downregulation of ptger4 gene was significantly observed in the g3 showing increased il6 in addition to increased expression of...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

......

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...in viral infections zinc has a necessary role in the replication of many viruses however antiviral action of zinc has also been demonstrated in in vitro infection models most likely through induction of host antiviral responses therefore depending on the host machinery that the virus employs at different stages of infection zinc may either facilitate or inhibit virus infection in this study we show that zinc plays divergent roles in rotavirus and dengue virus infections in epithelial cells dengue virus infection did not perturb the epithelial barrier functions despite the release of virus from the basolateral surface whereas rotavirus infection led...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...in the replication of many viruses however antiviral action of zinc has also been demonstrated in in vitro infection models most likely through induction of host antiviral responses therefore depending on the host machinery that the virus employs at different stages of infection zinc may either facilitate or inhibit virus infection in this study we show that zinc plays divergent roles in rotavirus and dengue virus infections in epithelial cells dengue virus infection did not perturb the epithelial barrier functions despite the release of virus from the basolateral surface whereas rotavirus infection led to disruption of epithelial junctions in rotavirus infection...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...through induction of host antiviral responses therefore depending on the host machinery that the virus employs at different stages of infection zinc may either facilitate or inhibit virus infection in this study we show that zinc plays divergent roles in rotavirus and dengue virus infections in epithelial cells dengue virus infection did not perturb the epithelial barrier functions despite the release of virus from the basolateral surface whereas rotavirus infection led to disruption of epithelial junctions in rotavirus infection zinc supplementation postinfection did not block barrier disruption suggesting that zinc does not affect rotavirus lifecycle or protects epithelial barriers postinfection suggesting...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...of infection zinc may either facilitate or inhibit virus infection in this study we show that zinc plays divergent roles in rotavirus and dengue virus infections in epithelial cells dengue virus infection did not perturb the epithelial barrier functions despite the release of virus from the basolateral surface whereas rotavirus infection led to disruption of epithelial junctions in rotavirus infection zinc supplementation postinfection did not block barrier disruption suggesting that zinc does not affect rotavirus lifecycle or protects epithelial barriers postinfection suggesting the involvement of cellular pathways in the beneficial effect of zinc supplementation in enteric infections zinc depletion by nnnntetrakis2pyridinylmethyl12ethanediamine...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...infection in this study we show that zinc plays divergent roles in rotavirus and dengue virus infections in epithelial cells dengue virus infection did not perturb the epithelial barrier functions despite the release of virus from the basolateral surface whereas rotavirus infection led to disruption of epithelial junctions in rotavirus infection zinc supplementation postinfection did not block barrier disruption suggesting that zinc does not affect rotavirus lifecycle or protects epithelial barriers postinfection suggesting the involvement of cellular pathways in the beneficial effect of zinc supplementation in enteric infections zinc depletion by nnnntetrakis2pyridinylmethyl12ethanediamine tpen inhibited dengue virus and japanese encephalitis virus jev...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...zinc supplementation postinfection did not block barrier disruption suggesting that zinc does not affect rotavirus lifecycle or protects epithelial barriers postinfection suggesting the involvement of cellular pathways in the beneficial effect of zinc supplementation in enteric infections zinc depletion by nnnntetrakis2pyridinylmethyl12ethanediamine tpen inhibited dengue virus and japanese encephalitis virus jev infection but had no effect on rotavirus timeofaddition experiments suggested that zinc chelation affected both early and late stages of dengue virus infectious cycle and zinc chelation abrogated dengue virus rna replication we show that transient zinc chelation induces er stress and antiviral response by activating nfkappab leading to induction of...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...affected both early and late stages of dengue virus infectious cycle and zinc chelation abrogated dengue virus rna replication we show that transient zinc chelation induces er stress and antiviral response by activating nfkappab leading to induction of interferon signaling these results suggest that modulation of zinc homeostasis during virus infection could be a component of host antiviral response and altering zinc homeostasis may act as a potent antiviral strategy against flaviviruses zinc is the most abundant micronutrient after iron and zinc deficiency rates in developing countries range from 20 to 30 zinc is known to regulate the functions of...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...a prominent role in the polymerase activity of denv one of the prominent physiological functions of zinc is in the regulation of permeability barrier functions in epithelial and endothelial cells although many previous reports have focused on the pathogenesis of dengue using vascular endothelial cells the effect of dengue virus infection on epithelial barrier functions has not been characterized epithelial cells play a major role in dengue transmission by mosquitos and animal studies indicate that epithelial cells are active sites of virus infection and contribute to pathogenesis 13 14 considering the important role of zinc in epithelial barrier functions we...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...previous reports have focused on the pathogenesis of dengue using vascular endothelial cells the effect of dengue virus infection on epithelial barrier functions has not been characterized epithelial cells play a major role in dengue transmission by mosquitos and animal studies indicate that epithelial cells are active sites of virus infection and contribute to pathogenesis 13 14 considering the important role of zinc in epithelial barrier functions we were interested in investigating the effect of virus infection on epithelial barrier functions and to test whether zinc has a functional role in epithelial cells infected with dengue virus we show that...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...epithelial cells play a major role in dengue transmission by mosquitos and animal studies indicate that epithelial cells are active sites of virus infection and contribute to pathogenesis 13 14 considering the important role of zinc in epithelial barrier functions we were interested in investigating the effect of virus infection on epithelial barrier functions and to test whether zinc has a functional role in epithelial cells infected with dengue virus we show that similar to mid gut epithelial cells in mosquitos dengue virus infected human intestinal epithelial cells and was capable of exiting infected cells from both apical and basolateral...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...functional role in epithelial cells infected with dengue virus we show that similar to mid gut epithelial cells in mosquitos dengue virus infected human intestinal epithelial cells and was capable of exiting infected cells from both apical and basolateral surface without disrupting cellular junctions or affecting barrier functions unlike rotavirus infection which disrupted the epithelial barrier addition of znso 4 in the culture medium after virus adsorption had no effect on viral titres or barrier functions we utilized nnn ntetrakis2pyridinylmethyl12ethanediamine tpen a zincspecific chelator to mimic acute zincdeficiency in cell culture models of infection and investigated the effect of zinc depletion...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...junctions or affecting barrier functions unlike rotavirus infection which disrupted the epithelial barrier addition of znso 4 in the culture medium after virus adsorption had no effect on viral titres or barrier functions we utilized nnn ntetrakis2pyridinylmethyl12ethanediamine tpen a zincspecific chelator to mimic acute zincdeficiency in cell culture models of infection and investigated the effect of zinc depletion on denv japanese encephalitis virus jev and rotavirus rv infections in this study zinc chelation showed an inhibitory effect on denv and jev replication but had no effect on rv infection we further probed the mechanism of action of tpen and showed zinc...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...a zincspecific chelator to mimic acute zincdeficiency in cell culture models of infection and investigated the effect of zinc depletion on denv japanese encephalitis virus jev and rotavirus rv infections in this study zinc chelation showed an inhibitory effect on denv and jev replication but had no effect on rv infection we further probed the mechanism of action of tpen and showed zinc chelation affect early stages of dengue lifecycle by inhibiting denv rna replication by rna seq analysis we observed that zinc chelation leads to induction of er stress and heat shock proteins activation of nfb leading to upregulation of...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...rna seq analysis we observed that zinc chelation leads to induction of er stress and heat shock proteins activation of nfb leading to upregulation of a subset of type i interferondependent antiviral response which specifically blocks denv replication thus our study provides information on the role of zinc in flavivirus infection and demonstrates that alteration of zinc homeostasis leads to induction of an antiviral response involving er stress and nfb that specifically affects flaviviruses caco2 a549 huh7 bhk21 c636 hep2 ps and ma104 cells were cultured as described previously 15 16 17 virus strains used in the study and...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...and demonstrates that alteration of zinc homeostasis leads to induction of an antiviral response involving er stress and nfb that specifically affects flaviviruses caco2 a549 huh7 bhk21 c636 hep2 ps and ma104 cells were cultured as described previously 15 16 17 virus strains used in the study and infection procedures has been described before 15 16 17 denv2 new guinea c strain was a kind gift from dr navin khanna rotavirus was activated using 10 gml trypsin worthington biochemical corporation for 1 h at 37 c caco2 cells were infected with activated virus at 05 moi for...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...virus at 05 moi for 1 h in serumfree medium after adsorption cells were washed twice with pbs and cells were grown in serumfree medium containing trypsin at 05 gml throughout this study we have used two epithelial cell lines caco2 and a549 cells as both these cells support denv infection in all the experiments caco2 cells were infected with denv at 10 moi and a549 at 5 moi most of the experiments have been performed in both the cell lines and we have obtained similar results plaque assay for denv jev and rv was set up in bhk21 ps and...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...15 16 17 cells were treated with 05 m n n n n tetrakis2pyridinylmethyl12ethanediamine tpen sigma in serumfree media for chelation of intracellular zinc zinc levels were measured by flow cytometry as described in the labile zinc measurement section below to study the effect of tpen on virus infection 05 m tpen was added in serumfree media after infection at indicated time points supernatant was collected for estimating virus titer by plaque assay and cells were collected for western blotting or quantitative realtime pcr qrtpcr as described in the following sections for timeofaddition experiments caco2 cells infected with denv...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...n n n n tetrakis2pyridinylmethyl12ethanediamine tpen sigma in serumfree media for chelation of intracellular zinc zinc levels were measured by flow cytometry as described in the labile zinc measurement section below to study the effect of tpen on virus infection 05 m tpen was added in serumfree media after infection at indicated time points supernatant was collected for estimating virus titer by plaque assay and cells were collected for western blotting or quantitative realtime pcr qrtpcr as described in the following sections for timeofaddition experiments caco2 cells infected with denv were treated with tpen at 8 16 cells were...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...for estimating virus titer by plaque assay and cells were collected for western blotting or quantitative realtime pcr qrtpcr as described in the following sections for timeofaddition experiments caco2 cells infected with denv were treated with tpen at 8 16 cells were washed once with pbs after treatment or infection following which they were detached using trypsin 80120 l gibco and collected by adding defined trypsin inhibitor gibco cells were resuspended in dmem without phenol red gibco supplemented with 2 mm lglutamine gibco staining media cells were stained using either 5 m fluozin3am molecular probes or 25 m zinpyr1 zp1...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...washed with pbs and 2 medium containing znso 4 was added apically basolaterally or both sides of the transwells teer was monitored and cells were used for measuring zinc uptake and viability by flow cytometry as explained in labile zinc measurement section to assess effect of denv and rv infection on epithelial cells barrier caco2 cells were grown in transwells for 4 days and infected with denv2 and rv at 10 and 05 moi respectively as mentioned above teer was monitored till 72 h pi for denv infection and 16 h pi for rv infection supernatants were collected from both...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...labile zinc measurement section to assess effect of denv and rv infection on epithelial cells barrier caco2 cells were grown in transwells for 4 days and infected with denv2 and rv at 10 and 05 moi respectively as mentioned above teer was monitored till 72 h pi for denv infection and 16 h pi for rv infection supernatants were collected from both apical and basolateral surface for measuring viral titres by plaque assay effect of zinc in rescuing rv induced barrier damage was assessed by adding 50 m znso 4 in the media of infected cells and measuring teer and...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...effect of denv and rv infection on epithelial cells barrier caco2 cells were grown in transwells for 4 days and infected with denv2 and rv at 10 and 05 moi respectively as mentioned above teer was monitored till 72 h pi for denv infection and 16 h pi for rv infection supernatants were collected from both apical and basolateral surface for measuring viral titres by plaque assay effect of zinc in rescuing rv induced barrier damage was assessed by adding 50 m znso 4 in the media of infected cells and measuring teer and viral titres cytotoxicity was assessed by...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...both apical and basolateral media suggesting that enhanced zinc uptake may compromise cell viability figure 1d gastrointestinal bleeding is a hallmark of severe dengue disease and previous reports implicate inflammatory cytokines such as tnf as a major player in this event 31 however primate models of dengue infection have shown gastrointestinal tract to be one of the sites of virus replication but there have been no investigations to assess the direct effect of dengue infection on gut barrier functions 14 we examined the effect of dengue infection on barrier integrity in caco2 cells grown on transwells cells...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...and previous reports implicate inflammatory cytokines such as tnf as a major player in this event 31 however primate models of dengue infection have shown gastrointestinal tract to be one of the sites of virus replication but there have been no investigations to assess the direct effect of dengue infection on gut barrier functions 14 we examined the effect of dengue infection on barrier integrity in caco2 cells grown on transwells cells were infected with denv2 serotype at 10 moi and cultured for 3 days with teer readings recorded every 24 hrs and supernatants collected from apical and basolateral...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...in this event 31 however primate models of dengue infection have shown gastrointestinal tract to be one of the sites of virus replication but there have been no investigations to assess the direct effect of dengue infection on gut barrier functions 14 we examined the effect of dengue infection on barrier integrity in caco2 cells grown on transwells cells were infected with denv2 serotype at 10 moi and cultured for 3 days with teer readings recorded every 24 hrs and supernatants collected from apical and basolateral chambers for estimating viral titers we observed no effect on teer in cells...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...3 days with teer readings recorded every 24 hrs and supernatants collected from apical and basolateral chambers for estimating viral titers we observed no effect on teer in cells infected with denv up to 72 h pi surprisingly dengue infected cells showed a significantly higher teer values at later stages infection figure 2a despite lack of any negative effect on barrier functions dengue virus was detected both in the apical and basolateral chamber of infected cells as early as 24 h pi and the virus titers steadily increased up to 72 h pi figure 2b these results suggest...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...does not directly disrupt epithelial barrier functions and is capable of exiting infected cells from the basolateral membranes we used rotavirus rv which has been showed to infect caco2 cells and disrupt barrier functions by previous studies 32 as a positive control and observed that teer was disrupted by rv infection at 16 h pi figures 2cd further confirming that these cells were not resistant to barrier disruption we measured cell viability in rotavirus infection at 16 h pi by livedead staining using flow cytometry and did not find any difference between mock and rv infection suggesting that factors other than...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...been showed to infect caco2 cells and disrupt barrier functions by previous studies 32 as a positive control and observed that teer was disrupted by rv infection at 16 h pi figures 2cd further confirming that these cells were not resistant to barrier disruption we measured cell viability in rotavirus infection at 16 h pi by livedead staining using flow cytometry and did not find any difference between mock and rv infection suggesting that factors other than cytotoxicity are responsible for disruption in the teer figure 2e many zn supplementation trials suggest that zn therapy is beneficial in reducing the...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...teer was disrupted by rv infection at 16 h pi figures 2cd further confirming that these cells were not resistant to barrier disruption we measured cell viability in rotavirus infection at 16 h pi by livedead staining using flow cytometry and did not find any difference between mock and rv infection suggesting that factors other than cytotoxicity are responsible for disruption in the teer figure 2e many zn supplementation trials suggest that zn therapy is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity in children infected with rv 33 since zn addition alone did not impact permeability barrier functions under...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...suggest that zn therapy is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity in children infected with rv 33 since zn addition alone did not impact permeability barrier functions under our experimental conditions we were interested in assessing the function of zinc on barrier functions in the context of rv infection we next tested if addition of zinc into the medium 1 h after virus adsorption would prevent barrier disruption induced by rv cells were infected with 05 moi of rv followed by apical treatment with 50 m znso 4 till 16 h pi teer dropped by about 60 in rvinfected...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...infected cells figure 2f the essential role of zn in cellular functions has been demonstrated by many studies by using tpen a cellpermeable zn chelator 34 35 36 we sought to mimic zinc deficiency in vitro using tpen and determine the effect of zn depletion on denv infection many previous studies have shown around 7080 depletion in labile zn levels using high concentrations of tpen for short duration 37 38 we first measured the effect of increasing concentrations of tpen on cell proliferation cells were treated with 025 05 075 and 1 m tpen for 24 h...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...denv replication we performed supplementation experiments after tpen treatment we assessed whether the effect of tpen can be blocked by addition of salts of zn or other divalent cations such as magnesium mg manganese mn copper cu or iron fe caco2 cells were treated with tpen for 4 h after infection with denv2 after 4 h treatment the culture medium was supplemented with 10 m of znso 4 mncl 2 mgcl 2 cucl 2 feso 4 and viral titers in the supernatant was measured by plaque assay at 24 h pi we observed that only znso 4 blocked the inhibitory effect...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...assay at 24 h pi we observed that only znso 4 blocked the inhibitory effect of zinc chelation figure 3i these results confirm that the inhibitory effect of tpen is specifically due to zinc chelation to further demonstrate the mechanism of action of tpen treatment in denv infection we performed timeofaddition experiments we added tpen at 8 16 and 24 h pi and viral titers were measured after 16 h treatment at each time point we observed a significant reduction in viral titers when tpen was added at any of the timepoints indicated above however the reduction in...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...and 24 h pi and viral titers were measured after 16 h treatment at each time point we observed a significant reduction in viral titers when tpen was added at any of the timepoints indicated above however the reduction in viral titers was more drastic at early stages of viral infection figure 4a denv is a positive strand rna virus which replicates via negative strand rna intermediates therefore estimating the quantity of negative strand rna is a direct measure of virus replication we next measured the positive and negative strand viral rna in total rna isolated from cells from the...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...medium we observed that the labile zinc levels recovered to about 90 of dmso controls within 2 h of replacing the medium suggesting that transient zinc chelation may activate pathways that counter dengue replication figure 4f we were next interested in determining whether zinc chelation prior to dengue infection has any effect on virus infection caco2 and a549 cells were pretreated with tpen for 4 h prior to denv infection cells were infected as above and cultured for 24 h in the absence of tpen virus titers in the supernatant was measured by plaque assays at 24 h pi...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...zinc levels recovered to about 90 of dmso controls within 2 h of replacing the medium suggesting that transient zinc chelation may activate pathways that counter dengue replication figure 4f we were next interested in determining whether zinc chelation prior to dengue infection has any effect on virus infection caco2 and a549 cells were pretreated with tpen for 4 h prior to denv infection cells were infected as above and cultured for 24 h in the absence of tpen virus titers in the supernatant was measured by plaque assays at 24 h pi we observed a significant reduction in...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...medium suggesting that transient zinc chelation may activate pathways that counter dengue replication figure 4f we were next interested in determining whether zinc chelation prior to dengue infection has any effect on virus infection caco2 and a549 cells were pretreated with tpen for 4 h prior to denv infection cells were infected as above and cultured for 24 h in the absence of tpen virus titers in the supernatant was measured by plaque assays at 24 h pi we observed a significant reduction in denv titers in both the cell lines and denv rna levels were also reduced upon...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...absence of tpen virus titers in the supernatant was measured by plaque assays at 24 h pi we observed a significant reduction in denv titers in both the cell lines and denv rna levels were also reduced upon tpen pretreatment in caco2 cells suggesting that perturbing zinc homeostasis prior to infection also affects denv infection figures 5ab this effect was not due to defect in cellular entry of the virus as the amount of internalized viral rna after 1 h of virus adsorption was not different between mocktreated and zincdepleted cells figure 5c pretreating cells with tpen had...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...titers in the supernatant was measured by plaque assays at 24 h pi we observed a significant reduction in denv titers in both the cell lines and denv rna levels were also reduced upon tpen pretreatment in caco2 cells suggesting that perturbing zinc homeostasis prior to infection also affects denv infection figures 5ab this effect was not due to defect in cellular entry of the virus as the amount of internalized viral rna after 1 h of virus adsorption was not different between mocktreated and zincdepleted cells figure 5c pretreating cells with tpen had no effect on rotavirus...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...figures 5ab this effect was not due to defect in cellular entry of the virus as the amount of internalized viral rna after 1 h of virus adsorption was not different between mocktreated and zincdepleted cells figure 5c pretreating cells with tpen had no effect on rotavirus infection figure 5d these data suggest that zinc chelation specifically affects dengue virus infection our results showed that a transient and reversible zinc chelation was sufficient to perturb denv replication suggesting that chelating free zinc may modulate cellular pathways that negatively affect denv replication to gain further insights into...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...the virus as the amount of internalized viral rna after 1 h of virus adsorption was not different between mocktreated and zincdepleted cells figure 5c pretreating cells with tpen had no effect on rotavirus infection figure 5d these data suggest that zinc chelation specifically affects dengue virus infection our results showed that a transient and reversible zinc chelation was sufficient to perturb denv replication suggesting that chelating free zinc may modulate cellular pathways that negatively affect denv replication to gain further insights into the molecular mechanism behind zinc depletioninduced inhibition of denv replication we treated cells with...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...7fh interestingly ifit5 was one of the genes upregulated upon tpen treatment in the rna seq data supplementary table 2 our results suggest that zinc chelation activates nfb and generates an antiviral state by inducing a specific subset of interferonmediated antiviral signaling that renders cells resistant to denv infection in this study we focused on the effect of rotavirus and dengue virus infection on epithelial junctions and the importance of zinc in maintaining the barrier functions in caco2 cells in the context of virus infection zinc supplementation trials have shown that oral zinc as a supplement in diarrhea...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...rna seq data supplementary table 2 our results suggest that zinc chelation activates nfb and generates an antiviral state by inducing a specific subset of interferonmediated antiviral signaling that renders cells resistant to denv infection in this study we focused on the effect of rotavirus and dengue virus infection on epithelial junctions and the importance of zinc in maintaining the barrier functions in caco2 cells in the context of virus infection zinc supplementation trials have shown that oral zinc as a supplement in diarrhea is beneficial in children over 6 months of age in regions where zinc deficiency is...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...a specific subset of interferonmediated antiviral signaling that renders cells resistant to denv infection in this study we focused on the effect of rotavirus and dengue virus infection on epithelial junctions and the importance of zinc in maintaining the barrier functions in caco2 cells in the context of virus infection zinc supplementation trials have shown that oral zinc as a supplement in diarrhea is beneficial in children over 6 months of age in regions where zinc deficiency is prevalent 33 indicating that chronic zinc deficiency could be corrected by zinc supplementation however whether zinc would be beneficial in enteric infections...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...the midgut epithelial cells of mosquitos and isolation of viable virus from the intestine of experimentallyinfected rhesus monkeys suggest that gut epithelial cells may be one of the active sites of denv replication and virus dissemination 13 14 we show that caco2 cells were not only permissive to dengue infection but the virus was released from both the apical and basolateral surfaces without disruption of cellular junctions based on these observations we propose a crucial role for epithelial cells in dengue pathogenesis which needs to be further verified in relevant and immunocompetent animal models zinc salts have been shown...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...without disruption of cellular junctions based on these observations we propose a crucial role for epithelial cells in dengue pathogenesis which needs to be further verified in relevant and immunocompetent animal models zinc salts have been shown to inhibit some of the rna viruses using in vitro assays or infection systems 4 5 6 7 8 9 zinc has been shown to alter various stages of viral infection as in the case of poliovirus and other picornaviruses and hepatitis c virus where zinc salts were shown to inhibit viral protease activity 46 47 contrary to many of the...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...pathogenesis which needs to be further verified in relevant and immunocompetent animal models zinc salts have been shown to inhibit some of the rna viruses using in vitro assays or infection systems 4 5 6 7 8 9 zinc has been shown to alter various stages of viral infection as in the case of poliovirus and other picornaviruses and hepatitis c virus where zinc salts were shown to inhibit viral protease activity 46 47 contrary to many of the aforesaid reports zinc chelation was shown to inhibit the alfalfa mosaic virus rnadependentrna polymerase rdrp activity 48 the...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...of replication adopted by the rna viruses from different families we took the approach of mimicking moderate zinc deficiency conditions by zinc chelation using tpen to identify the effect of zincdependent viral and cellular functions on rna virus infections we observed that zinc depletion by tpen inhibited denv and jev infection but not rv infection timeofaddition experiments indicated that zinc plays an essential role at early stages of viral rna replication postentry and postuncoating as observed by a drastic reduction in the synthesis of negative and positive strand rna in tpentreated cells additionally zinc chelation for only first 4 h of...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...the rna viruses from different families we took the approach of mimicking moderate zinc deficiency conditions by zinc chelation using tpen to identify the effect of zincdependent viral and cellular functions on rna virus infections we observed that zinc depletion by tpen inhibited denv and jev infection but not rv infection timeofaddition experiments indicated that zinc plays an essential role at early stages of viral rna replication postentry and postuncoating as observed by a drastic reduction in the synthesis of negative and positive strand rna in tpentreated cells additionally zinc chelation for only first 4 h of infection led to nearcomplete...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...but not rv infection timeofaddition experiments indicated that zinc plays an essential role at early stages of viral rna replication postentry and postuncoating as observed by a drastic reduction in the synthesis of negative and positive strand rna in tpentreated cells additionally zinc chelation for only first 4 h of infection led to nearcomplete inhibition of virus replication the inhibitory effect of tpen was specific to zn chelation because only zn supplementation could reverse the effect and other divalent cations failed to do so our rna seq analysis provided insights into the molecular functions perturbed due to transient and moderate...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...modification and protein folding many zincfinger proteins which function as transcription factors were dysregulated suggesting a global effect on host transcription and translation therefore it is not surprising that addition of tpen even at 24 h postinfection was able to significantly inhibit virus titers however these changes specifically affected flavivirus infection and had no effect on rotavirus suggesting that zinc homeostasis may regulate few viruses depending on the requirement of cellular zinc for completion of virus lifecycle we further discovered that transient zinc chelation led to induction of an antiviral state in cells via induction of heat shock proteins and activation...

Title: Zinc Chelation Specifically Inhibits Early
Stages of Dengue Virus Replication by Activation of
NF-κB and Induction of Antiviral Response in
Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kar, Meenakshi. Khan, Naseem Ahmed...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7085
ID: e8ae86b48db5e9860652f9c78c61f13c1b41c700
Number of matches: 54

...disseminate in vivo we speculate that in the case of acute viral infections strategies to transiently block zinc redistribution during viremic stages may inhibit viruses that depend on cellular zinc pools for replication this would provide a window for the immune system to gain an upper hand and control viral infection the datasets generated for this study has been deposited in the gene expression omnibus geo database with accession number gse135873...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

... and express high levels of mannose receptor cd206 and chitinase3like protein 3 chi3l3 6 18 as such mil4 m are widely considered regulatory and reparative cells 19 however unchecked expansion of m2 m can cause severe pathologies 19 for example during chronic hepatitis c virus hcv infection circulating and liver monocytes convert to an m2like state resulting in fibrosis development 20 it is therefore important to study m polarization during virus infection as a strategy to unlock m targeting therapeutics to limit virusassociated damage 17 during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection lcmv m support viral replication...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...reparative cells 19 however unchecked expansion of m2 m can cause severe pathologies 19 for example during chronic hepatitis c virus hcv infection circulating and liver monocytes convert to an m2like state resulting in fibrosis development 20 it is therefore important to study m polarization during virus infection as a strategy to unlock m targeting therapeutics to limit virusassociated damage 17 during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection lcmv m support viral replication process and present viral antigens to activate cd8 t cells 21 22 23 24 25 26 activated cd8 t cells proliferate gradually acquire...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...chronic hepatitis c virus hcv infection circulating and liver monocytes convert to an m2like state resulting in fibrosis development 20 it is therefore important to study m polarization during virus infection as a strategy to unlock m targeting therapeutics to limit virusassociated damage 17 during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection lcmv m support viral replication process and present viral antigens to activate cd8 t cells 21 22 23 24 25 26 activated cd8 t cells proliferate gradually acquire cytotoxic t lymphocyte ctl effector function and home to the site of infection to secrete ifn and lyse virally...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...17 during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection lcmv m support viral replication process and present viral antigens to activate cd8 t cells 21 22 23 24 25 26 activated cd8 t cells proliferate gradually acquire cytotoxic t lymphocyte ctl effector function and home to the site of infection to secrete ifn and lyse virally infected upon recognition of viral epitopes on mhci 27 it is known that mil4 peritoneal m and bmm inhibit otii proliferation in a signal transducer and activator of transcription stat6dependent fashion 28 moreover in a murine norovirus infection model helminthinduced m2 cells...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...to the site of infection to secrete ifn and lyse virally infected upon recognition of viral epitopes on mhci 27 it is known that mil4 peritoneal m and bmm inhibit otii proliferation in a signal transducer and activator of transcription stat6dependent fashion 28 moreover in a murine norovirus infection model helminthinduced m2 cells inhibit cd8 tcell proliferation 29 yet how polarized m engage cd8 t cells to control proliferation and functions during rna virus infection remains unexplored here we report on a novel finding supporting a dichotomized regulatory role of mil4 tissue m where they can...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...bmm inhibit otii proliferation in a signal transducer and activator of transcription stat6dependent fashion 28 moreover in a murine norovirus infection model helminthinduced m2 cells inhibit cd8 tcell proliferation 29 yet how polarized m engage cd8 t cells to control proliferation and functions during rna virus infection remains unexplored here we report on a novel finding supporting a dichotomized regulatory role of mil4 tissue m where they can inhibit cd8 tcell proliferation without affecting their ifn production after peptidespecific antigen presentation phenotypic and functional characterization of activated spleenderived spm nitrite and urea production are known...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...expression of costimulatory molecules 31 nevertheless lcmv has evolved mechanisms to interrupt apc activation and costimulatory molecule expression 32 therefore in order to assess the ability of polarized spm to engage cd8 tcell receptors we characterized surface expression of activated spm markers following 24 h of lcmv infection figure 1b with regard to cd80 expression m0 and mlps ifn cells increased surface levels following viral infection while mil4 cells expression of cd80 remained largely unchanged column 1 interestingly m0 cells slightly decreased cd86 expression following lcmv infection compared with mlps ifn and mil4 cells...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...therefore in order to assess the ability of polarized spm to engage cd8 tcell receptors we characterized surface expression of activated spm markers following 24 h of lcmv infection figure 1b with regard to cd80 expression m0 and mlps ifn cells increased surface levels following viral infection while mil4 cells expression of cd80 remained largely unchanged column 1 interestingly m0 cells slightly decreased cd86 expression following lcmv infection compared with mlps ifn and mil4 cells where no change was detected column 2 m0 cells exhibited slight mhci reduction but not mlps ifn or mil4 spm...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...activated spm markers following 24 h of lcmv infection figure 1b with regard to cd80 expression m0 and mlps ifn cells increased surface levels following viral infection while mil4 cells expression of cd80 remained largely unchanged column 1 interestingly m0 cells slightly decreased cd86 expression following lcmv infection compared with mlps ifn and mil4 cells where no change was detected column 2 m0 cells exhibited slight mhci reduction but not mlps ifn or mil4 spm column 3 in addition we also assessed expression of the inhibitory molecule pdl1 column 4 we observed that mlps ifn...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...mil4 spm column 3 in addition we also assessed expression of the inhibitory molecule pdl1 column 4 we observed that mlps ifn cells expressed the greatest levels of pdl1 while m0 and mil4 had similar expression levels which confirmed data in bmm published by another group 33 lcmv infection increased expression of pdl1 in m0 and mil4 while reduced expression in mlps ifn spm these data demonstrate that polarized cells are not negatively affected by lcmv infection when considering cd8086 or mhci expression while lcmv increases inhibitory molecule pdl1 expression in m2 and m0 cells but not mlps...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...pdl1 while m0 and mil4 had similar expression levels which confirmed data in bmm published by another group 33 lcmv infection increased expression of pdl1 in m0 and mil4 while reduced expression in mlps ifn spm these data demonstrate that polarized cells are not negatively affected by lcmv infection when considering cd8086 or mhci expression while lcmv increases inhibitory molecule pdl1 expression in m2 and m0 cells but not mlps ifn to characterize further the functional profile of polarized cells we investigated the release of proand antiinflammatory cytokines in uninfected and lcmvinfected 24 h spm as expected...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...cytokines in uninfected and lcmvinfected 24 h spm as expected for the secretion of the cytokines tnf and il6 figure 1c m0 and mil4 cells were poor while mlps ifn stimulation produced substantial levels agreeing with what has been described previously 34 interestingly 24 h postlcmv infection m0 and mil4 cells both significantly increased production of tnf and il6 moreover mlps ifn cells had reduced production of tnf after infection but were still producing significantly higher amounts than m0 and mil4 no changes in il6 secretion were observed with mlps ifn after the infection ...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...and mil4 cells were poor while mlps ifn stimulation produced substantial levels agreeing with what has been described previously 34 interestingly 24 h postlcmv infection m0 and mil4 cells both significantly increased production of tnf and il6 moreover mlps ifn cells had reduced production of tnf after infection but were still producing significantly higher amounts than m0 and mil4 no changes in il6 secretion were observed with mlps ifn after the infection lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection significantly decreased production of il12p40 in m0 and mlps ifn cells while the opposite is true for mil4 where...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...postlcmv infection m0 and mil4 cells both significantly increased production of tnf and il6 moreover mlps ifn cells had reduced production of tnf after infection but were still producing significantly higher amounts than m0 and mil4 no changes in il6 secretion were observed with mlps ifn after the infection lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection significantly decreased production of il12p40 in m0 and mlps ifn cells while the opposite is true for mil4 where production levels increased collectively these data point to lcmvpromoting mil4 cells to acquire a mixed mlps ifnmil4 phenotype considering the ability to produce proinflammatory...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...cells both significantly increased production of tnf and il6 moreover mlps ifn cells had reduced production of tnf after infection but were still producing significantly higher amounts than m0 and mil4 no changes in il6 secretion were observed with mlps ifn after the infection lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection significantly decreased production of il12p40 in m0 and mlps ifn cells while the opposite is true for mil4 where production levels increased collectively these data point to lcmvpromoting mil4 cells to acquire a mixed mlps ifnmil4 phenotype considering the ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines postinfection for the antiinflammatory...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...of il12p40 in m0 and mlps ifn cells while the opposite is true for mil4 where production levels increased collectively these data point to lcmvpromoting mil4 cells to acquire a mixed mlps ifnmil4 phenotype considering the ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines postinfection for the antiinflammatory cytokine il10 lcmv infection increased secretion in all subsets however mlps ifn and mil4 produced substantially less amounts than m0 infected cells figure 1c bound to mhci at lower levels compared with mlps ifn c cells were pulsed 10 7 or 10 9 m siinfekl for 2 h at 37c...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...able to elicit similar activation of the memory t cells compared with m0 data not shown therefore we were able to demonstrate that mil4m polarization does not negatively influence their ability to stimulate activation and release of ifn from antigenspecific effector or memory cd8 t cells after virus infection to assess whether the functional abilities with regard to antigen presentation were retained by the m during viral infection we infected spm with lcmv moi 5 and assessed their ability to present lcmv antigens to epitopespecific ctl it was clear from the data figure 4a that lcmv...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...to demonstrate that mil4m polarization does not negatively influence their ability to stimulate activation and release of ifn from antigenspecific effector or memory cd8 t cells after virus infection to assess whether the functional abilities with regard to antigen presentation were retained by the m during viral infection we infected spm with lcmv moi 5 and assessed their ability to present lcmv antigens to epitopespecific ctl it was clear from the data figure 4a that lcmv was to infect the polarized m in vitro and initiate its replication cycle as evident by lcmvnp detection 24 h...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...cells were restimulated with gp3341 pulsed bma or unpulsed controls for detection of ifn production by ics in a restimulation assay to detect their epitopespecific activation graphs show mean sd from three replicates where p 005 and p 00005 cfse carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester lcmv lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection figure 5b after 4 days of coculturing the cd8 t cells were tested for cfse dilution as described before cfse carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester lcmv lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection 47 evidence suggests that for efficient cd8 tcell responses to occur the apc must be helped by cd4...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...sd from three replicates where p 005 and p 00005 cfse carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester lcmv lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection figure 5b after 4 days of coculturing the cd8 t cells were tested for cfse dilution as described before cfse carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester lcmv lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection 47 evidence suggests that for efficient cd8 tcell responses to occur the apc must be helped by cd4 t cells 48 in particular direct engagement between cd40 and cd40l activates apc to enable il2 production for memory cd8 tcell proliferation 49 given that il2...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...in particular direct engagement between cd40 and cd40l activates apc to enable il2 production for memory cd8 tcell proliferation 49 given that il2 rescued cd8 tcell proliferation in mil4 m cultures in our experimental model we reasoned that activated cd4 t from an in vivo lcmv infection would compensate for the mil4 ability to support cd8 t cells in our model when the exogenous il2 levels are limiting in culture to test this hypothesis we sorted cd4 t cells from lcmvinfected mice on day 4 because it has been shown that cd69 expression levels...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...to support cd8 t cells in our model when the exogenous il2 levels are limiting in culture to test this hypothesis we sorted cd4 t cells from lcmvinfected mice on day 4 because it has been shown that cd69 expression levels are near their peak after virus infection in vivo 50 we cocultured the sorted cd4 t cells with the m plus cd8 t cells during the cfse proliferation assays in our model when exogenous il2 levels are limiting although we observed that addition of cd4 t cells enhanced the ability of m0 cells...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...was noted with mlps ifn cells when we included the helper cells indicating that a possible maximum proliferation had already been reached at such il2 levels without the cd4 t cells present in the culture it is now understood that polarized m can modulate the outcome of infection and play a role in exacerbating or combating multiple diseases 4 10 we previously reported that mcsf induces in vitro differentiation of spm into cells that resemble splenic red pulp m 23 51 further characterization revealed that spm are effective antigen presenting cells capable of direct and cross presentation...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...impair proliferation of nave lcmvspecific transgenic p14 cd8 t cells in a helminthnorovirus coinfection model 28 29 however not much is known regarding how polarized m influence antigenspecific cd8 tcell ifn secretion and memory cd8 tcell recall responses after antigen presentation has ensued particularly during viral infection to this end using the welldefined lcmv model our study uncovers a dichotomous 56 57 58 moreover larginine deprivation yields a g0g1 arrest by preventing increases of cyclin d3 and cyclindependent kinase 4 cdk4 levels 58 thus mil4 cells have the ability to modulate tcell proliferation by contactdependent...

Title: M(IL-4) Tissue Macrophages Support Efficient
Interferon-Gamma Production in Antigen-Specific CD8(+) T Cells
with Reduced Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Mulder, Rylend. Banete, Andra...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7086
ID: 6387603fb5f8eda220411438a86234c475aa728e
Number of matches: 28

...our reported novel finding that il2 can overcome mil4 stimulatory deficits cd8 t cell is of immense interest to the immunotherapy field another novel finding that is reported here is the ability of the polarized m to elicit ifn production by antigenspecific ctl following peptide stimulation or lcmv infection given the impairment of cd8 tcell tcr signaling described above following mil4 coculture we anticipated mil4 cells to poorly induce ifn secretion from ctl 57 59 a limitation of these studies was that they did not address the consequence of shortterm 24 h mil4 mtcell interactions on cd3...

Title: Using patient-collected clinical samples and
sera to detect and quantify the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
Authors: He, Zhongping. Zhuang, Hui...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7087
ID: 71f2f3ffaa761b9d7e50b3d22eb0aacb78728bd9
Number of matches: 4

...] the largest outbreak was in beijing with over 2521 cases [2] the sarsassociated coronavirus sarscov was identified as the causal agent following its isolation and detection by electron microscopy and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction rtpcr from a range of clinical specimens serological evidence of infection has been found in most patients fitting the clinical definition of sars [3] [4] [5] [6] the clinical radiological and laboratory findings of sars from beijing and elsewhere have been described previously [2 5 [7] [8]...

Title: Using patient-collected clinical samples and
sera to detect and quantify the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
Authors: He, Zhongping. Zhuang, Hui...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7087
ID: 71f2f3ffaa761b9d7e50b3d22eb0aacb78728bd9
Number of matches: 4

...19 stool specimens with an overall specificity of 100 [15] to date no significant differences in the sensitivity and specificity of various commercial and inhouse rtpcr or other molecular assays have been reported [16] [17] [18] it causes significant nosocomial infection and requires aggressive infection control practices rarely used for other causes of atypical pneumonia laboratory confirmation of sars is crucial in the management of patients presenting with pneumonia particularly as the clinical features of sars make it difficult to distinguish from other causes of atypical pneumonia molecular methods for sars...

Title: Using patient-collected clinical samples and
sera to detect and quantify the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
Authors: He, Zhongping. Zhuang, Hui...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7087
ID: 71f2f3ffaa761b9d7e50b3d22eb0aacb78728bd9
Number of matches: 4

...an overall specificity of 100 [15] to date no significant differences in the sensitivity and specificity of various commercial and inhouse rtpcr or other molecular assays have been reported [16] [17] [18] it causes significant nosocomial infection and requires aggressive infection control practices rarely used for other causes of atypical pneumonia laboratory confirmation of sars is crucial in the management of patients presenting with pneumonia particularly as the clinical features of sars make it difficult to distinguish from other causes of atypical pneumonia molecular methods for sars diagnosis are useful although...

Title: Using patient-collected clinical samples and
sera to detect and quantify the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
Authors: He, Zhongping. Zhuang, Hui...
Journal: Virol J
Item: Infection
Index: 7087
ID: 71f2f3ffaa761b9d7e50b3d22eb0aacb78728bd9
Number of matches: 4

...it difficult to distinguish from other causes of atypical pneumonia molecular methods for sars diagnosis are useful although their value is affected by the observation that maximal viral shedding occurs after the first week of illness rather than at the initial clinical presentation the sars outbreak was characterized by high infection rates in healthcare workers patient selfcollected specimens such as throat washes or feces or serum may pose less risk to healthcare workers particularly in the context of concerns about nosocomial acquisition although npas and other lower respiratory tract samples are the sample of choice for suspected respiratory viral infections patient...

Title: RNA Virus Fidelity Mutants: A Useful Tool for
Evolutionary Biology or a Complex Challenge?
Authors: Kautz, Tiffany F.. Forrester, Naomi L.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7088
ID: a636cda3a52177d0c79927f54079b476b04b85b3
Number of matches: 11

...was able to grow well in the muscle when injected intramuscularly im but severely restricted in its ability to disseminate into the brain [33] this was not caused by an inability to grow in these tissues however as mice infected intracranially ic were completely susceptible to infection by g64s or wt virus soon after these reports vignuzzi et al [34] independently recovered the g64s mutant also by passaging pv in cells cultured with ribavirin the g64s mutant acted very similarly in the hands of a different lab with no alteration of growth kinetics in vitro...

Title: RNA Virus Fidelity Mutants: A Useful Tool for
Evolutionary Biology or a Complex Challenge?
Authors: Kautz, Tiffany F.. Forrester, Naomi L.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7088
ID: a636cda3a52177d0c79927f54079b476b04b85b3
Number of matches: 11

...defect for pv g64s [54] further work is needed to determine if other fidelity mutants are also attenuated in primary cells additionally as replication kinetics assays may not be sensitive to small differences between viruses eg due to slight differences in timing the beginning of the virus infection collection times and pipetting errors it is difficult to determine if 23fold differences in titer are accurate between different viruses a biochemical assay can be used to determine the exact rate of nucleoside triphosphate ntp addition further detailed in molecular and structural determinants underlying fidelity in brief highfidelity mutants incorporate...

Title: RNA Virus Fidelity Mutants: A Useful Tool for
Evolutionary Biology or a Complex Challenge?
Authors: Kautz, Tiffany F.. Forrester, Naomi L.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7088
ID: a636cda3a52177d0c79927f54079b476b04b85b3
Number of matches: 11

...33 35 37 39 [41] [42] [43] [44] 46 47 50 51] however there is some debate as to the reasons for this observed attenuation [54] increased survival rates and tissue restrictions are commonly observed during the infection of hosts with fidelity mutants it is currently not well understood why certain organs fail to become infected with fidelity variants especially when different routes of inoculation are used but this is likely due to increased virus sensitivity to host bottlenecks interferon ifn may also be a factor in this...

Title: RNA Virus Fidelity Mutants: A Useful Tool for
Evolutionary Biology or a Complex Challenge?
Authors: Kautz, Tiffany F.. Forrester, Naomi L.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7088
ID: a636cda3a52177d0c79927f54079b476b04b85b3
Number of matches: 11

...its genetic stability and efficacy as a vaccine [35 66] to examine stability the microrna mirna let7 was inserted into the pv genome and cells expressing the mirna were infected with wt or highfidelity pv the wt pv quickly mutated this mirna sequence and began a productive infection while the g64s variant necessitated an additional 48 h before it was also able to overcome this selection pressure interestingly all of the g64s isolates contained the same deletion to remove the let7 mirna while the wt virus isolates reverted using different mutations and deletions this suggests that although highfidelity...

Title: RNA Virus Fidelity Mutants: A Useful Tool for
Evolutionary Biology or a Complex Challenge?
Authors: Kautz, Tiffany F.. Forrester, Naomi L.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7088
ID: a636cda3a52177d0c79927f54079b476b04b85b3
Number of matches: 11

...exon mutant was examined as a potential vaccine candidate [66] removal of the exon gene increased the virus mutation frequency by 115fold without harming replication kinetics in vitro [66] this decrease in fidelity was stable with a much higher accumulation of virus mutations during infection of mice with the exon mutant versus the wt virus even after 3 murine passages the exon mutant virus remained attenuated while the wt virus became completely lethal after 1 passage as a vaccine the mutant was well tolerated even in immunocompromised hosts the exon mutant was also able to...

Title: RNA Virus Fidelity Mutants: A Useful Tool for
Evolutionary Biology or a Complex Challenge?
Authors: Kautz, Tiffany F.. Forrester, Naomi L.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7088
ID: a636cda3a52177d0c79927f54079b476b04b85b3
Number of matches: 11

...70] perhaps the lower titers produced by fidelity mutants act as a bottleneck producing a virus population without the correct mutant spectrum to infect the same number of tissues as wt virus additionally a drop in the virus titer due to slightly slower replication kinetics likely makes the infection easier for the host to control which could be a confounding factor in the quasispecies hypothesis of attenuation commonly believed to be responsible for the in vivo attenuation observed for fidelity mutants this begs the question of whether replication fidelity and kinetics can ever truly be separated newer technologies...

Title: RNA Virus Fidelity Mutants: A Useful Tool for
Evolutionary Biology or a Complex Challenge?
Authors: Kautz, Tiffany F.. Forrester, Naomi L.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7088
ID: a636cda3a52177d0c79927f54079b476b04b85b3
Number of matches: 11

...the first study to examine pv g64s in vivo infected cohorts of 10weekold pvr mice im with 5 10 6 pfu of g64s or wt pv [33] of the 25 mice per cohort approximately 10 g64s pv mice exhibited no symptoms over the course of infection while only 5 of the mice infected with wt pv exhibited no symptoms while it was stated that fewer deaths were recorded for g64s infected mice this data was not shown similar results to this initial paper were recently published by fitzsimmons et al [54] which found...

Title: RNA Virus Fidelity Mutants: A Useful Tool for
Evolutionary Biology or a Complex Challenge?
Authors: Kautz, Tiffany F.. Forrester, Naomi L.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7088
ID: a636cda3a52177d0c79927f54079b476b04b85b3
Number of matches: 11

...were recorded for g64s infected mice this data was not shown similar results to this initial paper were recently published by fitzsimmons et al [54] which found that only 10 of 68weekold pvr mice infected im with 10 6 pfu g64s pv were able to survive infection although time to death was delayed for these mice fitzsimmons et al additionally reported im median lethal dose ld 50 values of 147 10 5 pfu for wt pv and 681 10 5 pfu for g64s a 46fold difference in contrast to these papers vignuzzi et...

Title: RNA Virus Fidelity Mutants: A Useful Tool for
Evolutionary Biology or a Complex Challenge?
Authors: Kautz, Tiffany F.. Forrester, Naomi L.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7088
ID: a636cda3a52177d0c79927f54079b476b04b85b3
Number of matches: 11

...147 10 5 pfu for wt pv and 681 10 5 pfu for g64s a 46fold difference in contrast to these papers vignuzzi et al [34] found that 100 of 8weekold pvr mice infected im with 10 7 pfu of g64s were able to survive infection suggesting that this g64s virus stock was more attenuated than the stocks used during these other in vivo virulence studies [33] vignuzzi et al also used this experiment to calculate ld 50 values which were 12 10 6 pfu for wt pv and 39 10...

Title: RNA Virus Fidelity Mutants: A Useful Tool for
Evolutionary Biology or a Complex Challenge?
Authors: Kautz, Tiffany F.. Forrester, Naomi L.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7088
ID: a636cda3a52177d0c79927f54079b476b04b85b3
Number of matches: 11

...lab [35] this alone would not be too concerning as all of the above papers demonstrated that g64s pv was more attenuated in vivo than wt pv however a recent dissertation [76] reported complete hind limb paralysis in all mice a common proxy for lethal infection when 46weekold pvr mice were infected im with 10 7 pfu of g64s these mice also showed no difference in the ld 50 values for the g64s mutant versus the wt pv intriguingly for this group g64s was only more attenuated than wt pv when 5weekold mice were infected...

Title: RNA Virus Fidelity Mutants: A Useful Tool for
Evolutionary Biology or a Complex Challenge?
Authors: Kautz, Tiffany F.. Forrester, Naomi L.
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7088
ID: a636cda3a52177d0c79927f54079b476b04b85b3
Number of matches: 11

...the wt pv intriguingly for this group g64s was only more attenuated than wt pv when 5weekold mice were infected ip this finding was further reinforced by xiao et al which also found that 5weekold pvr mice infected im with 10 7 pfu of the g64s mutant succumbed to infection at identical rates as the wt virus [30] additionally there was no difference in the ld 50 values xiao et al suggested that this difference may be due to age as the wt pv ld 50 for 8week old mice in this study was 10 7 pfu...

Title: Respiratory viral pathogens among Singapore
military servicemen 2009 – 2012: epidemiology and
clinical characteristics
Authors: Tan, Xin Quan. Zhao, Xiahong...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 7089
ID: 3330a6e81c27b196cb5171baf11239a9560ff6e7
Number of matches: 3

...this necessitates a better understanding of their epidemiology to assess the utility and importance of surveillance in these settings the yearround circulation of respiratory viruses in the tropics may also predispose patients to coinfection with multiple pathogens with implications for severity of disease [10 11] and secondary bacteria infection [12 13] while there have been studies comparing differences in clinical presentation between influenza and noninfluenza cases [14] few describe the epidemiology and differences in clinical presentation among various noninfluenza respiratory viruses as influenza viruses have accounted for only between 101 to 530 of...

Title: Respiratory viral pathogens among Singapore
military servicemen 2009 – 2012: epidemiology and
clinical characteristics
Authors: Tan, Xin Quan. Zhao, Xiahong...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 7089
ID: 3330a6e81c27b196cb5171baf11239a9560ff6e7
Number of matches: 3

...] [39] the heterogeneity of results across different studies highlight the difficulty of using clinical symptoms in determining the etiology of ili we also detected a small proportion of asymptomatic individuals who tested positive for the various viruses table 2 these could represent carriage without infection or subclinicalasymptomatic infections during periods of virus circulation although ili is widely used to identify influenza the traditional definition would have picked up only 69 of influenza infections except untyped flua that were identified as fri adv infections also frequently fulfilled the ili definition 897 of advb and 650 of...

Title: Respiratory viral pathogens among Singapore
military servicemen 2009 – 2012: epidemiology and
clinical characteristics
Authors: Tan, Xin Quan. Zhao, Xiahong...
Journal: BMC Infect Dis
Item: Infection
Index: 7089
ID: 3330a6e81c27b196cb5171baf11239a9560ff6e7
Number of matches: 3

...of 21037 and high npv of 81900 adv are as likely as influenza viruses to present with fever and tend to be captured by the ili definition however they are more likely to present with cough and sorethroat than influenza it may be possible to differentiate adv and influenza infection based on rhinorrhea and other symptoms this could be useful in surveillance and clinical management especially when deliberating whether to start antivirals early etiologic diagnosis of influenza has been shown to be cost effective [42] with reduced antibiotic use and may reduce complications with early antivirals it may...

Title: Molecular Characterizations of Subcellular
Localization Signals in the Nucleocapsid Protein of Porcine
Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Shi, Da. Lv, Maojie...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7090
ID: 507796937879c600ac886d0aa7080e73bedb5044
Number of matches: 1

...netherlands according to the instructions of the manufacturer protein samples were collected 48 h after transfection by direct lysis of the cells in 5 sds protein sample buffer with 5 2mercaptoethanol the samples were boiled for 5 min resolved with 12 sdspage and blotted with the following antibodies for the infection and transfection protein samples the n protein polyclonal antiserum was the first antibody and irdyetm700dx conjugated affinity purified antimouse igg hlmouse licor biosciences lincoln ne usa was the second antibody the images were acquired by the odysseytm infrared imaging system licor vero e6 cells were grown on coverslips and...

Title: eEF1A Interacts with the NS5A Protein and
Inhibits the Growth of Classical Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Li, Su. Feng, Shuo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7093
ID: f793bcacac81ad9341709c9351c6c40c49f4c52e
Number of matches: 10

...on the leica sp2 confocal system fitted with a 63objective lens scale bar 75 m to investigate the effects of eef1a on the csfv replication stable pk15 cell line overexpressing egfpeef1a pkegfpeef1a or egfp pkegfp was generated and infected with the csfv shimen strain at a multiplicity of infection moi of 01 the n pro expression in the csfvinfected pkegfpeef1a cells was decreased at 48 and 72 h postinfection hpi compared with that in the pkegfp cells figure 3a b realtime rtpcr analysis revealed that the viral genome copies in the pkegfpeef1a cells were also reduced at 48...

Title: eEF1A Interacts with the NS5A Protein and
Inhibits the Growth of Classical Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Li, Su. Feng, Shuo...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7093
ID: f793bcacac81ad9341709c9351c6c40c49f4c52e
Number of matches: 10

...recombinant lentiviruses expressing short hairpin rna shrna against eef1a sheef1a or nontargeting negative control shrna shnc to investigate the effects of eef1a on the csfv replication stable pk15 cell line overexpressing egfpeef1a pkegfpeef1a or egfp pkegfp was generated and infected with the csfv shimen strain at a multiplicity of infection moi of 01 the n pro expression in the csfvinfected pkegfpeef1a cells was decreased at 48 and 72 h postinfection hpi compared with that in the pkegfp cells figure 3a b realtime rtpcr analysis revealed that the viral genome copies in the pkegfpeef1a cells were also reduced at 48...

Title: Gradual Increase of High Mobility Group
Protein B1 in the Lungs after the Onset of Acute
Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Ebina, Masahito. Taniguchi, Hiroyuki...
Journal: Pulm Med
Item: Infection
Index: 7096
ID: 049d68aa5279d807e4125c33a3d563f6df987cb4
Number of matches: 3

...with the criteria by the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis clinical research network investigators in 2007 [2] bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was sampled at tosei general hospital from seven patients with ipf after two to four instances of acute exacerbation in each patient to allow for the diagnostic exclusion of infection and the samples were stored at 80 c degrees the surgical biopsies of ten patients with stable ipf and the autopsied lungs of eight patients with ipf who died after acute exacerbation were obtained at tohoku university hospital the diseasefree lung tissues autopsied from three patients without any chronic...

Title: Gradual Increase of High Mobility Group
Protein B1 in the Lungs after the Onset of Acute
Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Ebina, Masahito. Taniguchi, Hiroyuki...
Journal: Pulm Med
Item: Infection
Index: 7096
ID: 049d68aa5279d807e4125c33a3d563f6df987cb4
Number of matches: 3

...to acute lung injury the gradual increase of hmgb1 in the epithelial lining fluids in the lungs after the initial onset of lung injury was also reported in both experimental and clinical acute lung injury [6] although hmgb1 can be released by macrophages in response to viral infection [23] the gradual increase of hmgb1 observed in this study is considered to be induced by passive release from necrotic alveolar type ii epithelial cells [5] and by active secretion from alveolar macrophages in response to tnf il1 ifn and oxidative stress without proved molecular...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

......

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...host cells and the suitability of these strategies to overcome cellular antiviral defenses intrinsic antiviral defenses include passive features that protect the host from infection for example the cell membrane separates the intracellular space from the environment and creates a barrier to invading pathogens in addition to intrinsic barriers to infection cells have innate immune defenses activated by pathogen recognition viruses must overcome both intrinsic and innate barriers to infection interacting with the cell to avoid or impair the cells defenses the major component of innate antiviral defense is the type 1 interferon ifni system the ability of a virus...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...that protect the host from infection for example the cell membrane separates the intracellular space from the environment and creates a barrier to invading pathogens in addition to intrinsic barriers to infection cells have innate immune defenses activated by pathogen recognition viruses must overcome both intrinsic and innate barriers to infection interacting with the cell to avoid or impair the cells defenses the major component of innate antiviral defense is the type 1 interferon ifni system the ability of a virus to prevent ifni production is critical for replication and is an important determinant of a viruss species tropism [...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...by irf3 dimerization nuclear translocation and dna binding [7] however irf3 activation markers are often inconsistent in response to different stimuli suggesting alternate modes of irf3 activation exist [8] furthermore different modes of irf3 activation allow cells to respond accordingly to the severity of infection [9] for example infection with low particle numbers of nonreplicating enveloped virus induces a subset of isgs in an irf3dependent ifnindependent manner [10 11] this response is hypothesized to act as a first line of defense during initial stages of virus infection before subsequent...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...binding [7] however irf3 activation markers are often inconsistent in response to different stimuli suggesting alternate modes of irf3 activation exist [8] furthermore different modes of irf3 activation allow cells to respond accordingly to the severity of infection [9] for example infection with low particle numbers of nonreplicating enveloped virus induces a subset of isgs in an irf3dependent ifnindependent manner [10 11] this response is hypothesized to act as a first line of defense during initial stages of virus infection before subsequent rounds of viral replication since the ifnindependent...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...severity of infection [9] for example infection with low particle numbers of nonreplicating enveloped virus induces a subset of isgs in an irf3dependent ifnindependent manner [10 11] this response is hypothesized to act as a first line of defense during initial stages of virus infection before subsequent rounds of viral replication since the ifnindependent response is particularly tuned to lowlevel infection only cells with intact antiviral defense pathways are able to respond properly while tumorderived cell lines may retain the ability to respond to ifni and potent ifni inducers like replicating sendai virus sev and...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...enveloped virus induces a subset of isgs in an irf3dependent ifnindependent manner [10 11] this response is hypothesized to act as a first line of defense during initial stages of virus infection before subsequent rounds of viral replication since the ifnindependent response is particularly tuned to lowlevel infection only cells with intact antiviral defense pathways are able to respond properly while tumorderived cell lines may retain the ability to respond to ifni and potent ifni inducers like replicating sendai virus sev and the synthetic double stranded rna dsrna analog polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid poly ic most do not mount an...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...antiviral defense pathways are able to respond properly while tumorderived cell lines may retain the ability to respond to ifni and potent ifni inducers like replicating sendai virus sev and the synthetic double stranded rna dsrna analog polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid poly ic most do not mount an ifnindependent response to lowlevel infection ifn activity is nearly undetectable in unstimulated cells because aberrant isg expression can be harmful and is associated with autoimmune disease however lowlevel basal ifn signaling plays an important role in priming cells to rapidly and robustly respond to infection and maintain homeostasis [12 13] for...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...most do not mount an ifnindependent response to lowlevel infection ifn activity is nearly undetectable in unstimulated cells because aberrant isg expression can be harmful and is associated with autoimmune disease however lowlevel basal ifn signaling plays an important role in priming cells to rapidly and robustly respond to infection and maintain homeostasis [12 13] for example while irf3 is constitutively expressed and quite stable the more labile irf7 requires a basal ifn signaling loop for its expression and is maintained at low to undetectable levels [14 15] basal ifn signaling regulates a number...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...loop for its expression and is maintained at low to undetectable levels [14 15] basal ifn signaling regulates a number of isgs involved in antiviral defense virus recognition and induction of ifn this basal activity allows signaling components upregulated by ifn to amplify the response to virus infection however cells lacking such signaling also lack basal expression of important genes that regulate the induction of ifn an ideal in vitro system should be tractable and representative of cells in vivo primary cells better resemble the healthy cells of their tissue of origin because they have not accumulated...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...are often approaching senescence by the time selection is complete in addition to the hallmarks of senescence including cell cycle arrest cell enlargement and resistance to apoptosis cells at later passage number and approaching senescence express higher basal levels of ifn and consequently mount a stronger ifni response to virus infection [16 17] the phenotypic changes that occur in primary cells at later passage can impact virushost interactions and consequently passagematched cells are required for experiments another difficulty is that primary cells are often resistant to transfection with plasmid dna making transient expression of exogenous genes difficult the...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...of cell lines suited to answering difficult research questions and are critical for a deeper understanding of virushost interactions however transformed cells often do not resemble the original cell type cells accumulate mutations during tumorigenesis and continual culture that over time affect the phenotype and how cells respond to virus infection furthermore innate signaling pathways may overlap with senescence pathways making dysregulation of these pathways a natural consequence of spontaneous immortalization consequently when the ifn signaling loop is dysregulated in immortalized cell lines these cells have a broadly impaired antiviral response there are multiple paths to cellular immortalization first cells...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...evolutionary history and that many tumor suppressors first evolved as a defense against dna viruses [16 31 32] in support of this hypothesis cells lacking antiviral genes are more easily immortalized in culture [33] additionally cells lacking tumor suppressors are more susceptible to virus infection [34 35] antiviral genes may be silenced by the loss of certain tumor suppressors or selected against during tumorigenesis due to their antiproliferative nature immortalization is a complex and often stochastic process but certain defects are commonly linked with the loss of antiviral responsiveness p53 is...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...[36] additionally cytosolic p53 can induce transcriptionindependent apoptosis by interacting at the mitochondria with bcell lymphoma 2 bcl2 [37] not only is p53 an important tumor suppressor but it also plays a role in antiviral immunity by halting growth or triggering apoptosis during virus infection [38] a number of viruses including simian virus 40 sv40 adenovirus human herpesvirus8 hhv8 and papillomavirus encode p53 antagonists highlighting the importance of p53 during antiviral defense [32] in fact p53 was initially discovered as a 53 kda protein coprecipitated with the sv40 large...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...in part by p53 [42] as irf9 is essential for signaling downstream of ifni downregulation of irf9 in p53 cells would interfere with basal ifn signaling thus the loss of p53 indirectly impairs the ability of cells to induce and respond to ifni during a viral infection prb is another important tumor suppressor that plays a role in antiviral signaling in addition to regulating proteins involved in cell cycle progression prb regulates a number of immune signaling proteins involved in the induction and response to cytokines [43] prb knockout cells have a number...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...domain of adenovirus early region 1a e1a is required for it to suppress nuclear factor kappa b nfkb activation downstream of tumor necrosis factor tnf [48] thus prb plays a number of distinct roles in innate signaling which explains why prbdeficient cells are more permissive to virus infection irf1 and ras play an interconnected role in tumorigenesis with implications for innate signaling irf1 is a transcription factor first identified to regulate ifn expression and a subset of isgs but is lost in a variety of cancers [49] overexpression of irf2 which antagonizes irf1 promotes transformation...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...61] furthermore ifni signaling increases in mefs as they approach senescence with late passage mefs producing higher basal levels of ifn than early passage mefs [17] due to higher basal ifn signaling late passage mefs have higher levels of ifn induction in response to virus infection [17] one explanation for the increase in basal ifn as cells age may be the response to dna doublestranded breaks dsb when telomeres shorten past a certain point the genome ends are recognized by the dna dsb repair machinery and trigger senescence [62] dna...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...from senescence by treatment with antiifn antibodies [63] while mice lacking the telomerase component terc show signs of accelerated aging this phenotype is reversed in double knockouts additionally lacking the ifni receptor component ifnar1 [63] to study the ifnindependent antiviral response to lowlevel virus infection a sufficiently sensitive cell type must be used because of the subtle nature of the stimuli and the sensitivity of the response to cell stress unfortunately defects in innate antiviral signaling present in cancer cell lines impact both ifni signaling and the ifnindependent response to identify an immortalized cell type...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...present in cancer cell lines impact both ifni signaling and the ifnindependent response to identify an immortalized cell type in which to study ifnindependent antiviral responses we screened a number of candidates from the nci60 panel of human tumor cell lines for their ability to mount an antiviral response following infection with ultraviolet uvinactivated rna or dna viruses there was a high degree of variability between cell lines with some responding to both one or none of the uvinactivated viruses unpublished data the existence of cell lines responsive to multiple uvinactivated viruses shows that tumorigenesis does not necessarily result in loss...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...their ability to mount an antiviral response all immortalized mefs had defects in their antiviral response to virus particles unpublished data similar to our own experiments testing the ifnindependent response wang et al observed that 3t3 immortalized mefs had impaired ifni activity following myxoma virus challenge making them permissive to infection [69] interestingly they did not observe impairment in ifni signaling instead the immortalized mefs had an impaired ability to produce ifn in response to myxoma virus infection the defects in the innate antiviral response of cancer cell lines and spontaneously immortalized mefs highlight the care that...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...wang et al observed that 3t3 immortalized mefs had impaired ifni activity following myxoma virus challenge making them permissive to infection [69] interestingly they did not observe impairment in ifni signaling instead the immortalized mefs had an impaired ability to produce ifn in response to myxoma virus infection the defects in the innate antiviral response of cancer cell lines and spontaneously immortalized mefs highlight the care that must be taken during immortalization to preserve antiviral signaling an alternative to spontaneous immortalization is exogenous expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase htert htert is the limiting component of the...

Title: The Importance of Physiologically Relevant
Cell Lines for Studying Virus–Host Interactions
Authors: Hare, David. Collins, Susan...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7098
ID: bf2609459ed9b514ad4b6ee4b0eb3656c0d6542d
Number of matches: 22

...mutations and higher passage htert immortalized cells will resemble the original primary cells less however directed immortalization by expression of htert avoids the bottleneck that occurs during spontaneous immortalization while in vitro studies will never be able to recapitulate the totality and complexity of the host antiviral response to infection understanding specific virushost interactions at the molecular level requires the use of model systems that best reflect the status of the host organism alterations in any number of pathways involved in cell homeostasis can affect antiviral defense because of the complex and interconnected nature of innate signaling therefore primary cultures...

Title: Role of Incretin Axis in Inflammatory Bowel
Disease
Authors: Duan, Lihua. Rao, Xiaoquan...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7099
ID: 7fd0d03264447b79984a3a48e12470e08df672d0
Number of matches: 4

...of ibd 11 12 therefore the immune suppressive drugs which can inhibit the effector t cells immune response and promoting treg expansion are also being used in ibd patients however not all patients exhibit an effective response to this therapy 13 14 in addition serious side effects including infection anaphylaxis and malignancy have been observed during these treatments 15 therefore alternative therapeutics are imperative for the treatment of ibd glucagonlike peptides glps including glp1 and glp2 are secreted by the endocrine cells in the gut up on nutrient uptake 1618 through stimulating the islet cells to secret insulin...

Title: Role of Incretin Axis in Inflammatory Bowel
Disease
Authors: Duan, Lihua. Rao, Xiaoquan...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7099
ID: 7fd0d03264447b79984a3a48e12470e08df672d0
Number of matches: 4

...effects on macrophage migration cd11b cd11c and ly6c hi 72 73 furthermore in nonobese diabetic nod mice dpp4 inhibitors significantly increased the tgf levels and treg expansion 74 beyond that our recent study as well as others demonstrated that dpp4 plays a role in the infection of middle eastern respiratory syndrome mers virus 75 bplowering and antiatherosclerotic effects of glp1r agonists have been well demonstrated while the gastrointestinal effects of glps are underappreciated here we will discuss the relationship between glp1 and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract uc patients with colectomy showed a slower release...

Title: Role of Incretin Axis in Inflammatory Bowel
Disease
Authors: Duan, Lihua. Rao, Xiaoquan...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7099
ID: 7fd0d03264447b79984a3a48e12470e08df672d0
Number of matches: 4

...cc motif ligand 20 ccl20 il33 and il22 78 as has been previously established ccl20 is a key chemokine for ccr6 th17 cells regarding the inhibition of enterocyte apoptosis and stimulation of crypt cell proliferation glp2 is thought to be associated with tissue repair during injury or infection 17 23 therefore in chemically induced enteritis 48 or vascularischemia reperfusion injury 87 88 89 glp2 shows a protective effect based on reducing epithelial barrier damage and lowering bacterial infection it stands to reason that glp2 might be a potential therapeutic target in ibd a condition characterized by destruction...

Title: Role of Incretin Axis in Inflammatory Bowel
Disease
Authors: Duan, Lihua. Rao, Xiaoquan...
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7099
ID: 7fd0d03264447b79984a3a48e12470e08df672d0
Number of matches: 4

...apoptosis and stimulation of crypt cell proliferation glp2 is thought to be associated with tissue repair during injury or infection 17 23 therefore in chemically induced enteritis 48 or vascularischemia reperfusion injury 87 88 89 glp2 shows a protective effect based on reducing epithelial barrier damage and lowering bacterial infection it stands to reason that glp2 might be a potential therapeutic target in ibd a condition characterized by destruction of the gastrointestinal epithelium in an adoptive cd4 tcell transfer model of colitis the amount of glp2 in colon tissue was also further decreased compared with that in normal mice...

Title: The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An
Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans
Authors: Majzoub, Karim. Wrensch, Florian...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7100
ID: 54458ee775b72a18830ed116a31336638b909fa7
Number of matches: 11

...novelty however the pathways dictating its production existed early in metazoan evolution [3 6] figure 2 interestingly ifn is not the only vsg induced upon viral detection in mammals certain isgs that directly interfere with the viral life cycle like viperin are also immediately induced after viral infection in an ifnindependent fashion [7] [8] [9] in this review we will focus on the conserved pathways that are responsible for sensing viral pamps signaling and inducing antiviral genes upon infection in animals we will start by describing our current view on the...

Title: The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An
Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans
Authors: Majzoub, Karim. Wrensch, Florian...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7100
ID: 54458ee775b72a18830ed116a31336638b909fa7
Number of matches: 11

...the viral life cycle like viperin are also immediately induced after viral infection in an ifnindependent fashion [7] [8] [9] in this review we will focus on the conserved pathways that are responsible for sensing viral pamps signaling and inducing antiviral genes upon infection in animals we will start by describing our current view on the immediate activation of the ifn and nfkb pathways in vertebrate species we will then zoom in on two important viral nucleic acid receptor families tolllike receptors tlrs and rigilike receptors rlrs describe their function in viral rna detection...

Title: The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An
Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans
Authors: Majzoub, Karim. Wrensch, Florian...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7100
ID: 54458ee775b72a18830ed116a31336638b909fa7
Number of matches: 11

...or rna could have peculiar biochemical features that differentiate them from endogenous host rna [34] in rna molecules for example the lack of a 7methylguanosine cap structure double strandedness or the trior biphosphorylation at their ends are often used by prrs for selfnonselfdiscrimination prrs that detect viral infection can be classified into four families tlrs rlrs aim2like receptors alrs and the cgassting sensors [35] after viral detection prrmediated signaling directly or indirectly induces transcription factors including ifnregulatory factors irfs and nuclear factor kb nfkb to upregulate expression of vsgs including proinflammatory cytokines another class of...

Title: The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An
Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans
Authors: Majzoub, Karim. Wrensch, Florian...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7100
ID: 54458ee775b72a18830ed116a31336638b909fa7
Number of matches: 11

...4142] detect viral rnas in the cytosol whereas cytosolic viral dna is mainly recognized by cyclicgmpamp cgamp synthase cgas [43] therefore the nature of the viral particle eg enveloped vs nonenveloped and the viral genome eg dna vs rna dictates which of these receptors recognizes the infection first figure 1 singlestranded rna ssrna is a potent tlr7 and tlr8 ligand while tlr3 is specific for dsrna tlr3 for example recognizes dsrna viruses from reoviruses [36] but can probably also recognize dsrna intermediates from strand rna viruses like coxsackievirus and west nile...

Title: The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An
Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans
Authors: Majzoub, Karim. Wrensch, Florian...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7100
ID: 54458ee775b72a18830ed116a31336638b909fa7
Number of matches: 11

...and mda5 oligomers then serve as a scaffold for binding to the adaptor protein mavs mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein also known as ips1 visa and cardif [92] [93] [94] mavs has been shown to be critical for mounting an efficient immune response to infection by several rna viruses [95] its cterminal transmembrane domain is inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane [96] whereas its nterminal card domain mediates its aggregation on the mitochondrial surface by interacting with the tandem cards of rigi or mda5 oligomers [97 98]...

Title: The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An
Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans
Authors: Majzoub, Karim. Wrensch, Florian...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7100
ID: 54458ee775b72a18830ed116a31336638b909fa7
Number of matches: 11

...detects viral dna cgamp second messengers can also travel to neighboring cells through gapjunctions [114] or after being packaged in newly formed virions [116 117] this intercellular transfer of free or packaged cgamp permits uninfected cells to mount a preventive ifn response protecting them from infection or providing a faster response to dna viruses that encode cgas antagonists upon cgamp binding sting undergoes a conformational change that results in the release of its cterminal tail ctt from its autoinhibitory state and in the formation of sting homodimers that translocate to perinuclear regions to colocalize with...

Title: The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An
Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans
Authors: Majzoub, Karim. Wrensch, Florian...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7100
ID: 54458ee775b72a18830ed116a31336638b909fa7
Number of matches: 11

...pathogens in c gigas natural habitats occurs very quickly which is highlighted by the mass mortality events the ostreid herpesvirus 1 oshv1 has caused in many oyster nurseries tlr sensing of oshv1 results in the differential regulation of more than a thousand genes many of which are related to viral infection eg cytosolic dna sensing and dna replication [5 139] in contrast to the very diverse set of tlr repertoires found in other bilateria species eg nematodes sea urchins and oysters chordates and more particularly vertebrates contain roughly equal numbers of tlrs reflecting the reduced need for highly...

Title: The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An
Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans
Authors: Majzoub, Karim. Wrensch, Florian...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7100
ID: 54458ee775b72a18830ed116a31336638b909fa7
Number of matches: 11

...in many teleost fish rigi homologs have only been identified in some fish species like salmon and carp [146] rigi is absent in the chicken genome although mda5 and lgp2 are both present [147 148] interestingly chickens suffer severely from avian influenza virus aiv infection compared to ducks that do possess the rigi gene which could be due to the loss of rigi affecting their first line of defense in epithelial cells [148] most studied mammals possess rigi however it has been lost in at least one mammalian species the chinese tree...

Title: The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An
Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans
Authors: Majzoub, Karim. Wrensch, Florian...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7100
ID: 54458ee775b72a18830ed116a31336638b909fa7
Number of matches: 11

...deubiquitination activity and interfere with rigi mediated signaling [177 [200] [201] [202] rigi and mda5 phosphorylation status can also be subverted by viruses in normal conditions phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues keeps rigi and mda5 in an inactive state upon viral infection pp1 phosphatases are recruited to dephosphorylate specific marks on those receptors and activate them v proteins from measles and nipah viruses mev and niv act as decoys and have been shown to bind pp1 and pp1 sequestering them away from mda5 and rigi [203 204] similar to...

Title: The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An
Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans
Authors: Majzoub, Karim. Wrensch, Florian...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7100
ID: 54458ee775b72a18830ed116a31336638b909fa7
Number of matches: 11

...] notably the hbv polymerase can bind to sting to block its lys63linked ubiquitination inhibiting the production of ifn [207] moreover even though cgas is expressed in human hepatocytes and is able to sense and signal upon transfection of naked relaxedcircular hbv dna during a natural infection hbv dna seems to escape cgas detection likely due to packaging of the genome into the viral capsid [208] kshv another dna virus has been shown to act on both cgas and sting several kshv proteins eg orf52 and lana can either sequestrate stimulatory dna or directly...

Title: The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An
Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans
Authors: Majzoub, Karim. Wrensch, Florian...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7100
ID: 54458ee775b72a18830ed116a31336638b909fa7
Number of matches: 11

...lacks these lrrg residues and ns2bns3 of denv is neither able to cleave the murine sting nor to block murine ifn production therefore it has been proposed that the inability of denv to cleave mouse sting might explain its host tropism as murine cells are not very susceptible to denv infection [212 213] in animals prrs and their associated signaling pathways are early and potent cellular sensors of viral elements that mobilize the organisms defenses by inducing an antiviral state major advances have been made in the last two decades in the understanding of their function in mammalian...

Title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
ORF4b protein inhibits type I interferon production
through both cytoplasmic and nuclear targets
Authors: Yang, Yang. Ye, Fei...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7101
ID: 4e6d4c7d205f8a78c8b6adf1e0a27a23254851d7
Number of matches: 3

...multiple virusencoded proteins are involved in this process 30 to the best of our knowledge at least nine proteins encoded by sarscov have been identified as ifn antagonists nsp1 plp nsp7 nsp15 n m orf3b orf6 and orf9b 3141 similar to sarscov previous studies have shown that merscov infection failed to elicit strong type i or iii ifn or proinflammatory innate immune responses in ex vivo respiratory tissue cultures 11 12 and the infection is impeded to some extent by exogenously added ifns 13 14 until recently this inhibition was thought to be mediated through viral structural...

Title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
ORF4b protein inhibits type I interferon production
through both cytoplasmic and nuclear targets
Authors: Yang, Yang. Ye, Fei...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7101
ID: 4e6d4c7d205f8a78c8b6adf1e0a27a23254851d7
Number of matches: 3

...as ifn antagonists nsp1 plp nsp7 nsp15 n m orf3b orf6 and orf9b 3141 similar to sarscov previous studies have shown that merscov infection failed to elicit strong type i or iii ifn or proinflammatory innate immune responses in ex vivo respiratory tissue cultures 11 12 and the infection is impeded to some extent by exogenously added ifns 13 14 until recently this inhibition was thought to be mediated through viral structural accessory and nonstructural proteins m orf4a orf4b orf5 and plpro [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [...

Title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
ORF4b protein inhibits type I interferon production
through both cytoplasmic and nuclear targets
Authors: Yang, Yang. Ye, Fei...
Journal: Sci Rep
Item: Infection
Index: 7101
ID: 4e6d4c7d205f8a78c8b6adf1e0a27a23254851d7
Number of matches: 3

...mechanisms remained unknown excluding orf4a in a recent study 18 orf4a protein was shown to interact with pact in an rnadependent manner and inhibit pactinduced activation of rigi and mda5 in our previous study orf4b could prevent the activation and nuclear translocation of irf3 in response to sev infection 15 here we further investigated the molecular mechanisms by which orf4b protein inhibits ifn expression signaling as sev is a strong inducer of the rlrmediated ifn signaling pathway 23 orf4bmediated inhibition of sevinduced ifn production and irf3 activation suggests that the protein targets one or several components of...

Title: Quantitative Analysis of Hepatitis C NS5A
Viral Protein Dynamics on the ER Surface
Authors: Knodel, Markus M.. Nägel, Arne...
Journal: Viruses
Item: Infection
Index: 7102
ID: 502fc7e74c22bd0763542416c09589b5dca35b75
Number of matches: 1

......

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

......

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

......

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...deficiencies today many newborns with severe combined immune deficiency scid are detected by newborn screening however this is not true in all parts of the world nor is it true in all states in the usa a study by the pidtc found that 21 of their cohort had a respiratory infection prior to transplant with the most common being parainfluenza followed by rsv rhinovirus and influenza 11 although other types of infections were more common as presenting features in this cohort respiratory infections were among the least likely to resolve prior to transplant all viral infections are typically prolonged in...

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...and the nature of the infecting virus any patient with prolonged viral infections is at risk for bacterial superinfection it is not therefore uncommon to see a mixed picture of viral and bacterial infections additionally severe t cell defects are associated with compromised antibody production also contributing to a mixed infection picture t cell defects are associated with a generally increased predisposition to viral infections irf7 deficiency in contrast is associated with a selective susceptibility to influenza 13 it is otherwise uncommon to see an isolated susceptibility to a respiratory virus the single reported patient had a severe primary...

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...picture t cell defects are associated with a generally increased predisposition to viral infections irf7 deficiency in contrast is associated with a selective susceptibility to influenza 13 it is otherwise uncommon to see an isolated susceptibility to a respiratory virus the single reported patient had a severe primary infection with influenza associated with poor production of type i and type iii interferons there are many specific genetic types of immunodeficiencies associated with t cell deficiency and the diagnostic considerations are different depending on the age of the patient infants with a prolonged or severe respiratory viral infection should...

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...primary infection with influenza associated with poor production of type i and type iii interferons there are many specific genetic types of immunodeficiencies associated with t cell deficiency and the diagnostic considerations are different depending on the age of the patient infants with a prolonged or severe respiratory viral infection should be evaluated for scid and patients of any age with dysmorphic features or other associated features should be evaluated for chromosome 22q112 deletion syndrome 14 most states now have a newborn screening program to detect scid the results can be accessed to identify significant t cell lymphopenia in...

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...can be accessed to identify significant t cell lymphopenia in early infancy newborn screening has significantly improved survival of infants with scid there are however significant t cell disorders not identified by this test and therefore t cell disorders still represent a concern in the setting of a prolonged viral infection t cell enumeration is often the quickest way to screen for t cell defects the vast majority of t cell deficiency conditions will have management of respiratory tract infections in nonscid t cell defects is largely supportive with optimization of bronchodilators antiviral therapy if available and attention to nutrition...

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...donor type of conditioning and type of transplant but respiratory infections clearly impact the transplant outcome 11 any adjunctive measure to improve respiratory status should be sought children with severe t cell defects are also susceptible to systemic viral infections patients with scid are extremely susceptible to progressive infection with cytomegalovirus cmv as well as other systemic viral infections infants with suspected scid should be protected from exposures such as breast milk transfusions potentially infected siblings live viral vaccines and caregivers there is another circumstance in which susceptibility to gammaherpes viruses such as cmv and epsteinbarr virus ebv occurs...

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...to malignancy and they require careful monitoring leaky scid has been defined as t cell lymphopenia cd3 3001500 cellsmm 3 functional impairment as defined by proliferative responses absence of maternal engraftment and most often having identified hypomorphic mutations in genes associated with scid when the consideration is prolonged infection with gammaherpes viruses without hlh t cell counts and function can be helpful as supporting information but often genetic testing is the quickest approach for hlh disorders enumerating the hlh criteria is a useful exercise cd163 staining of the bone marrow can be a sensitive way to identify active hemophagocytosis...

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...29 risks and benefits of antiviral therapy must be carefully weighed as all approaches can have significant adverse events management decisions are often impacted by subsequent transplant strategies cutaneous manifestations are common in pidd as many as twothirds of the patients have cutaneous manifestations at some point atopy infection and inflammatory lesions have all been described and there may be interplay between the features 30 awareness of common skin infections is important both to aid in the early diagnosis and also in the treatment of potentially lifethreatening infections that can begin in the skin bacterial infections are one of...

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...33 school age children have been estimated to have a cutaneous warts prevalence of over 40 34 while sexually active women 2024 years of age have a prevalence of genital papillomavirus of nearly 50 35 clinically significant genital warts occur in only 5 of women 36 genital hpv infection has been associated with malignant transformation leading to the development of the first vaccine intended to prevent cancer worldwide 5 of cancer is caused by hpv 37 nearly all t cell disorders can be associated with increased susceptibility to warts however there is a small group of pidds that...

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...hsct is unclear because hsct outcomes have been poor gata2 mutations yield a complex set of phenotypes patients tend to have monocytopenia and low nk and b cell counts and have susceptibility to hpv among other infections 49 the laboratory defects are progressive with age and correlate with increasing infection burden clinical features include lymphedema risk of malignancy and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis infections include fungal infections and cutaneous viral infections the cutaneous viral infections can be the most prominent feature but there is a wideranging phenotypic heterogeneity 50 51 the cutaneous viral infections and genital hpv are associated with...

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...control the enteropathy patients with netherton syndrome secondary to spink5 mutations demonstrate congenital ichthyosis and have higher susceptibility to evassociated hpv strains 53 54 although netherton syndrome can have a mild humoral immune deficiency the susceptibility to warts seems to be a result of disrupted local response to infection 55 the warts are generally controllable with local measures serinethreonine kinase 4 stk4 encoded by a gene called mst1 affects the foxo1 transcription factor and thus impacts t cell lifespan and has been shown to increase susceptibility to hpv infections 56 as well as causing b cell lymphopenia...

Title: Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ruffner, Melanie A.. Sullivan, Kathleen E....
Journal: Front Immunol
Item: Infection
Index: 7103
ID: 9ec445cf691671bf14bc883bbb07dc5b3e8026b4
Number of matches: 33

...strain infections a recent study demonstrates a case of a patient whose warts improved after quadrivalent hpv vaccination 61 an ectodermal dysplasia syndrome with alterations in hair and nails not generally in teeth which can present with eccrine syringofibroadenomatosis that is reminiscent of ev and is associated with hpv infection 62 idiopathic cd4 t cell lymphopenia is associated with increased risk of cutaneous warts 63 and scid patients posthsct can have an increased risk of warts especially with specific underlying mutations 64 65 management of cutaneous warts typically progresses from low level removal approaches involving topical therapy...
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